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Cui X, Buonfiglio F, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Aging in Ocular Blood Vessels: Molecular Insights and the Role of Oxidative Stress. Biomedicines 2024; 12:817. [PMID: 38672172 PMCID: PMC11048681 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acknowledged as a significant pathogenetic driver for numerous diseases, aging has become a focal point in addressing the profound changes associated with increasing human life expectancy, posing a critical concern for global public health. Emerging evidence suggests that factors influencing vascular aging extend their impact to choroidal and retinal blood vessels. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of vascular aging on ocular blood vessels and related diseases. Additionally, this study aims to illuminate molecular insights contributing to vascular cell aging, with a particular emphasis on the choroid and retina. Moreover, innovative molecular targets operating within the domain of ocular vascular aging are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (N.P.)
| | | | | | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (N.P.)
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Zaitoun IS, Song YS, Zaitoun HB, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Assessment of Choroidal Vasculature and Innate Immune Cells in the Eyes of Albino and Pigmented Mice. Cells 2022; 11:3329. [PMID: 36291198 PMCID: PMC9600292 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The visualization of choroidal vasculature and innate immune cells in the eyes of pigmented mice has been challenging due to the presence of a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer separating the choroid and retina. Here, we established methods for visualizing the choroidal macrophages, mast cells, and vasculature in eyes of albino and pigmented mice using cell type-specific staining. We were able to visualize the choroidal arterial and venous systems. An arterial circle around the optic nerve was found in mice similar to the Zinn-Haller arterial circle that exists in humans and primates. Three different structural patterns of choriocapillaris were observed throughout the whole choroid: honeycomb-like, maze-like, and finger-like patterns. Choroidal mast cells were relatively few but dense around the optic nerve. Mast cell distribution in the middle and periphery was different among strains. Macrophages were found in all layers of the choroid. Thus, utilizing the simple and reliable methods described herein will allow the evaluation of transgenic and preclinical mouse models of ocular diseases that affect the choroid, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic choroidopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity. These studies will advance our understanding of the pathophysiology, and molecular and cellular mechanisms that can be targeted therapeutically, in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail S. Zaitoun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hammam B. Zaitoun
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University in Irbid, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Wang T, Zhou P, Xie X, Tomita Y, Cho S, Tsirukis D, Lam E, Luo HR, Sun Y. Myeloid lineage contributes to pathological choroidal neovascularization formation via SOCS3. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103632. [PMID: 34688035 PMCID: PMC8546367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological neovascularization in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. Increasing evidence shows that cells of myeloid lineage play important roles in controlling pathological endothelium formation. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) pathway has been linked to neovascularization. Methods We utilised a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model to investigate the neovascular aspect of human AMD. In several cell lineage reporter mice, bone marrow chimeric mice and Socs3 loss-of-function (knockout) and gain-of-function (overexpression) mice, immunohistochemistry, confocal, and choroidal explant co-culture with bone marrow-derived macrophage medium were used to study the mechanisms underlying pathological CNV formation via myeloid SOCS3. Findings SOCS3 was significantly induced in myeloid lineage cells, which were recruited into the CNV lesion area. Myeloid Socs3 overexpression inhibited laser-induced CNV, reduced myeloid lineage-derived macrophage/microglia recruitment onsite, and attenuated pro-inflammatory factor expression. Moreover, SOCS3 in myeloid regulated vascular sprouting ex vivo in choroid explants and SOCS3 agonist reduced in vivo CNV. Interpretation These findings suggest that myeloid lineage cells contributed to pathological CNV formation regulated by SOCS3. Funding This project was funded by NIH/NEI (R01EY030140, R01EY029238), BrightFocus Foundation, American Health Assistance Foundation (AHAF), and Boston Children's Hospital Ophthalmology Foundation for YS and the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (U01HL098166) for PZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pingzhu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuemei Xie
- Division of Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios Tsirukis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Enton Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongbo Robert Luo
- Division of Blood Bank, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Lejoyeux R, Benillouche J, Ong J, Errera MH, Rossi EA, Singh SR, Dansingani KK, da Silva S, Sinha D, Sahel JA, Freund KB, Sadda SR, Lutty GA, Chhablani J. Choriocapillaris: Fundamentals and advancements. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 87:100997. [PMID: 34293477 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The choriocapillaris is the innermost structure of the choroid that directly nourishes the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. This article provides an overview of its hemovasculogenesis development to achieve its final architecture as a lobular vasculature, and also summarizes the current histological and molecular knowledge about choriocapillaris and its dysfunction. After describing the existing state-of-the-art tools to image the choriocapillaris, we report the findings in the choriocapillaris encountered in the most frequent retinochoroidal diseases including vascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, myopia, pachychoroid disease spectrum disorders, and glaucoma. The final section focuses on the development of imaging technology to optimize visualization of the choriocapillaris as well as current treatments of retinochoroidal disorders that specifically target the choriocapillaris. We conclude the article with pertinent unanswered questions and future directions in research for the choriocapillaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua Ong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marie-Hélène Errera
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ethan A Rossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sumit R Singh
- Jacobs Retina Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kunal K Dansingani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Susana da Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Rothschild Foundation, 75019, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - K Bailey Freund
- LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- Doheny Image Reading Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jay Chhablani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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5
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Xiong Z, Wang Q, Li W, Huang L, Zhang J, Zhu J, Xie B, Wang S, Kuang H, Lin X, Lee C, Kumar A, Li X. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-D Activates Complement System to Propagate Macrophage Polarization and Neovascularization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686886. [PMID: 34150781 PMCID: PMC8207142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) is highly expressed in immune cells. However, the potential role of PDGF-D in immune system remains thus far unclear. Here, we reveal a novel function of PDGF-D in activating both classical and alternative complement pathways that markedly increase chemokine and cytokine responses to promote macrophage polarization. Pharmacological targeting of the complement C3a receptor using SB290157 alleviated PDGF-D-induced neuroinflammation by blocking macrophage polarization and inhibited pathological choroidal neovascularization. Our study thus suggests that therapeutic strategies targeting both PDGF-D and the complement system may open up new possibilities for the treatment of neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianchai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Edwards M, Lutty GA. Bruch's Membrane and the Choroid in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1256:89-119. [PMID: 33847999 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A healthy choroidal vasculature is necessary to support the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors, because there is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between the components of the photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/Bruch's membrane (BrMb)/choriocapillaris (CC) complex. This relationship is compromised in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by the dysfunction or death of the choroidal vasculature. This chapter will provide a basic description of the human Bruch's membrane and choroidal anatomy and physiology and how they change in AMD.The choriocapillaris is the lobular, fenestrated capillary system of choroid. It lies immediately posterior to the pentalaminar Bruch's membrane (BrMb). The blood supply for this system is the intermediate blood vessels of Sattler's layer and the large blood vessels in Haller's layer.In geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of dry AMD, large confluent drusen form on BrMb, and hyperpigmentation (presumably dysfunction in RPE) appears to be the initial insult. The resorption of these drusen and loss of RPE (hypopigmentation) can be predictive for progression of GA. The death and dysfunction of CC and photoreceptors appear to be secondary events to loss in RPE. The loss of choroidal vasculature may be the initial insult in neovascular AMD (nAMD). We have observed a loss of CC with an intact RPE monolayer in nAMD, by making RPE hypoxic. These hypoxic cells then produce angiogenic substances like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which stimulate growth of new vessels from CC, resulting in choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Reduction in blood supply to the CC, often stenosis of intermediate and large blood vessels, is associated with CC loss.The polymorphisms in the complement system components are associated with AMD. In addition, the environment of the CC, basement membrane and intercapillary septa, is a proinflammatory milieu with accumulation of proinflammatory molecules like CRP and complement components during AMD. In this toxic milieu, CC die or become dysfunctional even early in AMD. The loss of CC might be a stimulus for drusen formation since the disposal system for retinal debris and exocytosed material from RPE would be limited. Ultimately, the photoreceptors die of lack of nutrients, leakage of serum components from the neovascularization, and scar formation.Therefore, the mutualistic symbiotic relationship of the photoreceptor/RPE/BrMb/CC complex is lost in both forms of AMD. Loss of this functionally integrated relationship results in death and dysfunction of all of the components in the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia Edwards
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Innate Immunity in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1256:121-141. [PMID: 33848000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of investigation have demonstrated that inflammation plays significant roles in etiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although interventional trials in AMD therapy targeting inflammatory pathways have been conducted, they have not yet been successful and a detailed understanding as to why some have failed is still elusive. One limitation is the relative dearth of information on how immune cells interact with retinal cells to generate AMD phenotypes at each disease stage. Here, we summarize current research evidence and hypotheses regarding potential pathogenic roles of innate immune cells in the eye, which include resident retinal microglia, macrophages derived from infiltrating systemic monocytes, and macrophages resident in the choroid. We relate recent findings regarding the physiology, function, and cellular interactions involving innate immune cells in the retina and choroid to AMD-related processes, including: (1) drusen formation and regression, (2) the onset and spread of degeneration in late atrophic AMD, and (3) the initiation, growth, and exudation of neovascular vessels in late "wet" AMD. Understanding how innate immune cells contribute to specific AMD phenotypes can assist in generating a comprehensive view on the inflammatory etiology of AMD and aid in identifying anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies and selecting appropriate clinical outcomes for the planned interventions.
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Summers JA, Cano EM, Kaser-Eichberger A, Schroedl F. Retinoic acid synthesis by a population of choroidal stromal cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108252. [PMID: 32961175 PMCID: PMC7736536 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal all- trans -retinoic acid (atRA) may play a key role in the control of postnatal eye growth in a variety of vertebrates through modulation of scleral extracellular matrix synthesis and may therefore play a crucial role in the development of myopia. In the chick eye, choroidal atRA synthesis is exclusively regulated by its synthesizing enzyme, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2). In chicks and humans, RALDH2 has been detected in a population of hitherto uncharacterized choroidal cells.Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the RALDH2+ cell type(s) in the choroid and determine how these cells modulate atRA concentrations during periods of visually guided eye growth. Chicks wore translucent goggles on one eye for 10 days and choroids were analyzed for RALDH activity and RALDH2 protein expression at days 0, 1, 4, 7, 15 following removal of the goggle ("recovery"); choroids from contralateral eyes served as controls. The presence of RALDH2+ cells was assessed in chick choroid wholemounts using multiphoton microscopy. RALDH2 protein expression was measured by western blot and RALDH2 activity was assessed via HPLC quantification of atRA. Cell proliferation was assessed by BrdU-labelling in combination with RALDH2-immunohistochemistry. For characterization of RALDH2+ cells, immunohistochemistry for various tissue specific markers was applied in chicken (Ia antigen, CD5, Col1-propeptide, desmin, IgY, L-Cam, Cadherin1, MHC-II; Tcr-γδ, vimentin) and human donor tissue (α-smooth-muscle-actin, CD's 31/34/68/146, desmin, IBA1, LYVE-1, PGP9.5, vimentin) followed by confocal microscopy. In the chick and human choroid, RALDH2+ cells with variable morphology were present in the stroma and adjacent to choroidal blood vessels. In chick wholemounts, RALDH2+ cells were concentrated toward the choriocapillaris, and their number increased nearly linearly between 1 and 7 days of recovery and plateaued between 7 and 15 days compared to corresponding controls. A significant increase in choroidal RALDH2 protein concentration and atRA synthetic activity was observed by four days of recovery (↑107% and ↑120%) by western blot and HPLC, respectively. A 3-fold increase in RALDH2+/BrDU+ cells was observed following 4 days of recovery compared to controls (12.43 ± 0.73% of all RALDH2+ cells in recovering eyes as compared with 4.46 ± 0.63% in control eyes, p < 0.001). In chick choroids, the vast majority of RALDH2+ cells co-expressed Col1-propetide, but did not co-label with any other antibodies tested. In human choroid, some, but not all RALDH2+ cells colocalized with vimentin, but were negative for all other antibodies tested. RALDH2+ cells represent a novel cell type in the chick and human choroid. Our findings that some human RALDH2+ cells were positive for vimentin and all chick RALDH2+ cells were positive for Col1, suggest that RALDH2+ cells most closely resemble perivascular and stromal fibroblasts. The increased number of RALDH2+/BRDU+ cells following 4 days of recovery suggests that choroidal atRA concentrations are partially controlled by proliferation of RALDH2+ cells. The identification of this choroidal cell type will provide a broader understanding of the cellular events responsible for the regulation of postnatal ocular growth, and may provide new avenues for specifically targeted strategies for the treatment of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A Summers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Martinez Cano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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9
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Effects of age and binarising area on choroidal vascularity index in healthy eyes: an optical coherence tomography study. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 41:825-834. [PMID: 33170421 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the changes in the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) with age and to compare the effect of the binarised area on CVI in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and twenty-four eyes of 224 healthy subjects were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. The eyes were divided into different age groups to analyse the possible age-related choroidal structural changes. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), CVI, total choroidal area (TCA), stromal area (SA), luminal area (LA), and CVI within the central 1500 µm of the macula were analysed using enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT. The CVI was defined as the proportion of the LA to the TCA, and its values for the two binarised areas were compared (CVItotal vs. CVI1500). RESULTS The mean age was 34.77 ± 20.97 (range: 5-70) years. The mean CVItotal was statistically lower (66.71 ± 2.58%) than the mean CVI1500 (67.54 ± 3.13%, p = 0.008) among all the healthy participants. TCA, LA, CVItotal, and CVI1500 were statistically higher in the ≤ 18-year-old group compared to the > 18-year-old group (p < 0.05), but SA was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.327). Similarly, TCA, LA, CVItotal, and CVI1500 between the five studied age groups were statistically different (p < 0.001), showing larger figures in the 0-10-year-old group. However, this was not true for the stromal region (p = 0.139). CVItotal exhibited a very strong positive correlation with CVI1500. No significant gender-related difference was observed in CVI. CONCLUSION Decreased LA, TCA, and CVI were observed in healthy eyes with increasing age. CVI1500 was higher than CVItotal in a single B scan OCT. This result may provide valuable information about the choroid under different conditions, such as its physiological changes and disease pathophysiology.
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Choroidal and retinal structural, cellular and vascular changes in a rat model of Type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110811. [PMID: 33069967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Choroidal changes in diabetes have been reported and several attempts were made to validate in vivo choroidal thickness (CT) as a marker of retinopathy. We aimed to study choroidal and retinal changes associated with retinopathy in an animal model of spontaneous Type 2 diabetes, Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Sclerochoroidal whole mounts and cryosections were prepared from 52-week-old GK and age-matched control Wistar Han rats. CT was measured by optical coherence tomography. Microglia reactivity, pericyte and endothelial cells distribution, and immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Choroidal vessels were visualized by direct perfusion with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil). Choroidal vascular density was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. GK rats had increased CT (58.40 ± 1.15 μm versus 50.90 ± 1.58 μm, p < 0.001), reduced vascular density of the choriocapillaris (CC) (p = 0.045), increased Iba1+ cells density in the outer retina (p = 0.003) and increased VEGFR2 immunoreactivity in most retinal layers (p = 0.021 to 0.037). Choroidal microglial cells and pericytes showed polarity in their distribution, sparing the innermost choroid. This cell-free gap in the inner choroid was more pronounced in GK rats. In summary, GK rats have increased CT with decreased vascular density in the innermost choroid, increased VEGFR2 immunoreactivity in the retina and increased Iba1+ cells density in the outer retina.
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Campos A, Campos EJ, Martins J, Rodrigues FSC, Silva R, Ambrósio AF. Inflammatory cells proliferate in the choroid and retina without choroidal thickness change in early Type 1 diabetes. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108195. [PMID: 32841650 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Choroidal inflammatory changes in diabetes have been reported and in vivo choroidal thickness (CT) has been searched as a marker of retinopathy with contradictory results. We aimed to investigate the early stages in the retina and choroid in an animal model of Type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats via a single i.p. streptozotocin injection. At 8 weeks after disease onset, CT, choroidal vascular density, VEGF and VEGFR2 expression, microglial cell and pericyte distribution were evaluated. Diabetic rats showed no significant change in CT and choroidal vascular density. A widened pericyte-free gap between the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid was observed in diabetic rats. The immunoreactivity of VEGFR2 was decreased in the retina of diabetic rats, despite no statistically significant difference in the immunoreactivity of VEGF. The density of microglial cells significantly increased in the choroid and retina of diabetic rats. Reactive microglial cells were found to be more abundant in the choroid of diabetic rats. Evidences of the interconnection between the superficial, intermediate, and deep plexuses of the retina were also observed. At early stages, Type 1 diabetes does not affect choroidal thickness and choroidal vascular density. Proliferation and reactivity of microglial cells occurs in the choroidal stroma and the retina. The expression of VEGFR2 decreases in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Campos
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Leiria EPE, Leiria, Portugal; ciTechCare, Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Elisa J Campos
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Martins
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Instituto de Ciências Nucleares Aplicadas à Saúde (ICNAS), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávia S C Rodrigues
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rufino Silva
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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McMenamin PG, Shields GT, Seyed-Razavi Y, Kalirai H, Insall RH, Machesky LM, Coupland SE. Melanoblasts Populate the Mouse Choroid Earlier in Development Than Previously Described. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:33. [PMID: 32797202 PMCID: PMC7441366 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human choroidal melanocytes become evident in the last trimester of development, but very little is known about them. To better understand normal and diseased choroidal melanocyte biology we examined their precursors, melanoblasts (MB), in mouse eyes during development, particularly their relation to the developing vasculature and immune cells. Methods Naïve B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J/J albino mice were used between embryonic (E) day 15.5 and postnatal (P) day 8, with adult controls. Whole eyes, posterior segments, or dissected choroidal wholemounts were stained with antibodies against tyrosinase-related protein 2, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 or isolectin B4, and examined by confocal microscopy. Immunoreactive cell numbers in the choroid were quantified with Imaris. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test assessed statistical significance. Results Small numbers of MB were present in the presumptive choroid at E15.5 and E18.5. The density significantly increased between E18.5 (381.4 ± 45.8 cells/mm2) and P0 (695.2 ± 87.1 cells/mm2; P = 0.032). In postnatal eyes MB increased in density and formed multiple layers beneath the choriocapillaris. MB in the periocular mesenchyme preceded the appearance of vascular structures at E15.5. Myeloid cells (Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1-positive) were also present at high densities from this time, and attained adult-equivalent densities by P8 (556.4 ± 73.6 cells/mm2). Conclusions We demonstrate that choroidal MB and myeloid cells are both present at very early stages of mouse eye development (E15.5). Although MB and vascularization seemed to be unlinked early in choroidal development, they were closely associated at later stages. MB did not migrate into the choroid in waves, nor did they have a consistent relationship with nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham T. Shields
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yashar Seyed-Razavi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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13
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Jamali A, Kenyon B, Ortiz G, Abou-Slaybi A, Sendra VG, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100877. [PMID: 32717378 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subpopulation of immune cells, distinct from classical dendritic cells. pDCs are generated in the bone marrow and following development, they typically home to secondary lymphoid tissues. While peripheral tissues are generally devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues, including the lung, kidney, vagina, and in particular ocular tissues harbor resident pDCs. pDCs were originally appreciated for their potential to produce large quantities of type I interferons in viral immunity. Subsequent studies have now unraveled their pivotal role in mediating immune responses, in particular in the induction of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on pDCs in ocular tissues in both mice and humans, in particular in the cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, choroid, retina, and lacrimal gland. Further, we will review our current understanding on the significance of pDCs in ameliorating inflammatory responses during herpes simplex virus keratitis, sterile inflammation, and corneal transplantation. Moreover, we describe their novel and pivotal neuroprotective role, their key function in preserving corneal angiogenic privilege, as well as their potential application as a cell-based therapy for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdo Abou-Slaybi
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Ozcaliskan S, Balci S, Yenerel NM. Choroidal vascularity index determined by binarization of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography images in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 30:1512-1518. [DOI: 10.1177/1120672120919341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate choroidal structural changes in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration using choroidal vascularity index. Methods The eyes of patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration and controls were evaluated with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography images. Subfoveal choroidal area was segmented into luminal area and stromal area by the binarization technique on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography images using ImageJ software. Choroidal vascularity index was defined as the ratio of luminal area to total circumscribed subfoveal choroidal area. Results Fifty-seven eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration and 60 healthy control eyes were included in the study. The choroidal vascularity index was computed as 59.53% ± 4.9% in the intermediate age-related macular degeneration group and as 62.7% ± 4.3% in the control group ( p = 0.002). Patients with age-related macular degeneration showed significantly lower values of stromal area and higher values of luminal area compared to control subjects (0.51 ± 0.22 vs 0.87 ± 0.21, p < 0.001 and 0.74 ± 0.22 vs 0.52 ± 0.18, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration demonstrated reduced choroidal vascularity index compared to healthy eyes. Choroidal vascularity index seems to be a potential non-invasive quantitative method for studying structural changes of the choroid in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehnaz Ozcaliskan
- University of Health Sciences, Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevcan Balci
- University of Health Sciences, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nursal Melda Yenerel
- University of Health Sciences, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Yang X, Zhao L, Campos MM, Abu-Asab M, Ortolan D, Hotaling N, Bharti K, Wong WT. CSF1R blockade induces macrophage ablation and results in mouse choroidal vascular atrophy and RPE disorganization. eLife 2020; 9:55564. [PMID: 32234210 PMCID: PMC7156269 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid, which provides vascular supply to the outer retina, demonstrates progressive degeneration in aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However mechanisms that maintain or compromise choroidal homeostasis are obscure. We discovered that the ablation of choroidal macrophages via CSF1R blockade was associated with choroidal vascular atrophy and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) changes including structural disruption, downregulation of visual cycle genes, and altered angiogenic factor expression. Suspending CSF1R blockade following ablation enabled spontaneous macrophage regeneration, which fully restored original macrophage distributions and morphologies. Macrophage regeneration was accompanied by arrested vascular degeneration and ameliorated pathological RPE alterations. These findings suggest that choroidal macrophages play a previously unappreciated trophic role in maintaining choroidal vasculature and RPE cells, implicating insufficiency in choroidal macrophage function as a factor in aging- and AMD-associated pathology. Modulating macrophage function may constitute a strategy for the therapeutic preservation of the choroid and RPE in age-related retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Section on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lian Zhao
- Section on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Maria M Campos
- Section on Histopathology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Section on Histopathology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Davide Ortolan
- Section on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nathan Hotaling
- Section on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Section on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Wai T Wong
- Section on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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16
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Wang T, Tsirukis DI, Sun Y. Targeting Neuroinflammation in Neovascular Retinal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:234. [PMID: 32210818 PMCID: PMC7076162 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal blood vessels provide the necessary energy, nutrients and oxygen in order to support visual function and remove harmful particles from blood, thus acting to protect neuronal cells. The homeostasis of the retinal vessels is important for the maintenance of retinal visual function. Neovascularization is the most common cause of blindness in patients with retinopathy. Previous studies have shown that inflammatory mediators are known key regulators in retinopathy, but their causal link has been elusive. Although inflammation is often thought to arise from inflammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and resident microglia, retinal neurons have also been reported to contribute to inflammation, through inflammatory signals, which mediate blood vessel growth. Therefore, it is important to explore the detailed mechanisms of neuroinflammation’s effects on retinal neovascularization. This review looks to summarize current research on the relationship between retinal angiogenesis and neuroinflammation in retinopathy, as well as the potential effects of neuroinflammation on retinal neovascularization in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Demetrios I Tsirukis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Fu Z, Sun Y, Cakir B, Tomita Y, Huang S, Wang Z, Liu CH, S. Cho S, Britton W, S. Kern T, Antonetti DA, Hellström A, E.H. Smith L. Targeting Neurovascular Interaction in Retinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1503. [PMID: 32098361 PMCID: PMC7073081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tightly structured neural retina has a unique vascular network comprised of three interconnected plexuses in the inner retina (and choroid for outer retina), which provide oxygen and nutrients to neurons to maintain normal function. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that neuronal metabolic needs control both normal retinal vascular development and pathological aberrant vascular growth. Particularly, photoreceptors, with the highest density of mitochondria in the body, regulate retinal vascular development by modulating angiogenic and inflammatory factors. Photoreceptor metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation may cause adaptive but ultimately pathological retinal vascular responses, leading to blindness. Here we focus on the factors involved in neurovascular interactions, which are potential therapeutic targets to decrease energy demand and/or to increase energy production for neovascular retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Steve S. Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - William Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - David A. Antonetti
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Lois E.H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (Y.S.); (B.C.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (Z.W.); (C.-H.L.); (S.S.C.); (W.B.)
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18
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McMenamin PG, Saban DR, Dando SJ. Immune cells in the retina and choroid: Two different tissue environments that require different defenses and surveillance. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 70:85-98. [PMID: 30552975 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the eye immune defenses must take place in a plethora of differing microenvironments ranging from the corneal and conjunctival epithelia facing the external environment to the pigmented connective tissue of the uveal tract containing smooth muscle, blood vessels and peripheral nerves to the innermost and highly protected neural retina. The extravascular environment of the neural retina, like the brain parenchyma, is stringently controlled to maintain conditions required for neural transmission. The unique physiological nature of the neural retina can be attributed to the blood retinal barriers (BRB) of the retinal vasculature and the retinal pigment epithelium, which both tightly regulate the transport of small molecules and restrict passage of cells and macromolecules from the circulation into the retina in a similar fashion to the blood brain barrier (BBB). The extracellular environment of the neural retina differs markedly from that of the highly vascular, loose connective tissue of the choroid, which lies outside the BRB. The choroid hosts a variety of immune cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and mast cells. This is in marked contrast to the neural parenchyma of the retina, which is populated almost solely by microglia. This review will describe the current understanding of the distribution, phenotype and physiological role of ocular immune cells behind or inside the blood-retinal barriers and those in closely juxtaposed tissues outside the barrier. The nature and function of these immune cells can profoundly influence retinal homeostasis and lead to disordered immune function that can lead to vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Terao N, Koizumi H, Kojima K, Yamagishi T, Yamamoto Y, Yoshii K, Kitazawa K, Hiraga A, Toda M, Kinoshita S, Sotozono C, Hamuro J. Distinct Aqueous Humour Cytokine Profiles of Patients with Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy and Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10520. [PMID: 30002400 PMCID: PMC6043533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pathophysiological features of pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) by analysing and comparing cytokine profiles in aqueous humour (AH) collected from 18 PNV, 18 nAMD and 11 control patients. Responses to intravitreal injection of aflibercept were also analysed in the PNV and nAMD groups. In the PNV group, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A was significantly lower than in the nAMD group (p = 0.03) but was almost identical to that in the control group (p = 0.86). The nAMD group showed positive correlations between interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 (r = 0.78, p < 0.001), IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (r = 0.68, p = 0.002) and IL-8 and MCP-1 (r = 0.68, p = 0.002). In the nAMD group, eyes with dry maculae one month after the first aflibercept injection showed significantly lower VEGF-A and placental growth factor (PlGF) at baseline than those with wet maculae (p = 0.02 for both). However, there was no significant difference between dry and wet maculae in the PNV group. The results suggest that angiogenic factors and proinflammatory cytokines may play the distinct roles in the pathogenesis of PNV and nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Terao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Koizumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Kojima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamagishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Yoshii
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics in Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Kitazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Asako Hiraga
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munetoyo Toda
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Hamuro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Rathnasamy G, Foulds WS, Ling EA, Kaur C. Retinal microglia - A key player in healthy and diseased retina. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:18-40. [PMID: 29864456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain and retina, are constantly engaged in the surveillance of their surrounding neural tissue. During embryonic development they infiltrate the retinal tissues and participate in the phagocytosis of redundant neurons. The contribution of microglia in maintaining the purposeful and functional histo-architecture of the adult retina is indispensable. Within the retinal microenvironment, robust microglial activation is elicited by subtle changes caused by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. When there is a disturbance in the cell-cell communication between microglia and other retinal cells, for example in retinal injury, the activated microglia can manifest actions that can be detrimental. This is evidenced by activated microglia secreting inflammatory mediators that can further aggravate the retinal injury. Microglial activation as a harbinger of a variety of retinal diseases is well documented by many studies. In addition, a change in the microglial phenotype which may be associated with aging, may predispose the retina to age-related diseases. In light of the above, the focus of this review is to highlight the role played by microglia in the healthy and diseased retina, based on findings of our own work and from that of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurugirijha Rathnasamy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Wallace S Foulds
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Level 6, The Academia, Discovery Tower, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN CHOROIDAL VASCULAR DENSITY OF HEALTHY SUBJECTS BASED ON IMAGE BINARIZATION OF SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. Retina 2018; 38:508-515. [PMID: 28234809 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the vascular density of the choroid in a healthy population using swept-source optical coherence tomography. METHODS A cross-sectional, noninterventional study. INCLUSION CRITERIA best-corrected visual acuity between 20/20 and 20/25, spherical equivalent between ±3 diopters, no systemic or ocular diseases, and ages ranging between 3 and 85 years. One hundred and thirty-six eyes from 136 subjects were analyzed, 86 eyes (63.2%) were from male and 50 eyes (36.8%) from female subjects. The eyes were divided into different age groups to analyze the possible age-related changes. Twelve-millimeter horizontal, fovea-centered B-scans were used. Choroidal stroma and vessel area analysis involved automated segmentation and binarization using validated algorithms. RESULTS Mean age was 33.1 ± 24.5 years. Mean choroidal area was 0.5554 ± 0.1377 mm. Mean stromal area was 0.2524 ± 0.0762 mm, and mean vascular region area was 0.3029 ± 0.0893 mm. The percentage of choroidal vascularity (vascular area/total area) was 54.40 ± 8.35%. Choroid area, vascular region, and percentage of choroidal vascular density were statistically higher in the <18-year-old group versus the >18-year-old group (P < 0.001). The stromal region was not different (P = 0.46). In the same way, choroid area, vascular region, and percentage of choroidal vascular density between the 5 age groups were statistically different (P < 0.001), showing larger figures in the 0 to 10-year-old group, but not stromal region (P = 0.71). There were no gender-related differences. CONCLUSION The luminal area and the percentage of vascular/total area decrease with increasing age, while the stromal area remains stable.
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Chambers SEJ, O'Neill CL, Guduric-Fuchs J, McLoughlin KJ, Liew A, Egan AM, O'Brien T, Stitt AW, Medina RJ. The Vasoreparative Function of Myeloid Angiogenic Cells Is Impaired in Diabetes Through the Induction of IL1β. Stem Cells 2018; 36:834-843. [PMID: 29484768 PMCID: PMC6001623 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) promote revascularization through the paracrine release of angiogenic factors and have been harnessed as therapeutic cells for many ischemic diseases. However, their proangiogenic properties have been suggested to be diminished in diabetes. This study investigates how the diabetic milieu affects the immunophenotype and function of MACs. Both MACs isolated from diabetic conditions and healthy cells exposed to a diabetic environment were used to determine the potential of MACs as a cell therapy for diabetic‐related ischemia. MACs were isolated from human peripheral blood and characterized alongside proinflammatory macrophages M (LPS + IFNγ) and proangiogenic macrophages M (IL4). Functional changes in MACs in response to high‐d‐glucose were assessed using an in vitro 3D‐tubulogenesis assay. Phenotypic changes were determined by gene and protein expression analysis. Additionally, MACs from type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients and corresponding controls were isolated and characterized. Our evidence demonstrates MACs identity as a distinct macrophage subtype that shares M2 proangiogenic characteristics, but can be distinguished by CD163hi expression. High‐d‐glucose treatment significantly reduced MACs proangiogenic capacity, which was associated with a significant increase in IL1β mRNA and protein expression. Inhibition of IL1β abrogated the antiangiogenic effect induced by high‐d‐glucose. IL1β was also significantly upregulated in MACs isolated from T1D patients with microvascular complications compared to T1D patients without microvascular complications or nondiabetic volunteers. This study demonstrates that Type 1 diabetes and diabetic‐like conditions impair the proangiogenic and regenerative capacity of MACs, and this response is mediated by IL‐1β. Stem Cells2018;36:834–843
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E J Chambers
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Christina L O'Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasenka Guduric-Fuchs
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran J McLoughlin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Liew
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science
| | - Aoife M Egan
- Galway Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhold J Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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On phagocytes and macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:98-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
PDGFs and their receptors are critical regulators of numerous tissues and organs, including the eye. Extensive studies have shown that PDGFs and their receptors play critical roles in many ocular neovascular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In addition, PDGFs and PDGFRs are also important players in ocular diseases involving the degeneration of retinal neuronal and vascular cells, such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa. Due to their critical roles in the pathogenesis of many blinding ocular diseases, the PDGFs and PDGFRs have been considered as important target molecules for the treatment of eye diseases. PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family and are potent angiogenic and survival factors. Recent studies have demonstrated their important roles in different types of eye diseases. Thus, modulating PDGF-C and PDGF-D activities may have therapeutic values for the treatment of ocular neovascular and degenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances on PDGF-C and PDGF-D biology in relationship to some major ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China.
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McLeod DS, Bhutto I, Edwards MM, Silver RE, Seddon JM, Lutty GA. Distribution and Quantification of Choroidal Macrophages in Human Eyes With Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5843-5855. [PMID: 27802514 PMCID: PMC5098452 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Increasing evidence suggests a role for macrophages in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study examined choroidal macrophages and their activation in postmortem eyes from subjects with and without AMD. Methods Choroids were incubated with anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (anti-IBA1) to label macrophages, anti-human leukocyte antigen-antigen D-related (anti-HLA-DR) as a macrophage activation marker, and Ulex europaeus agglutinin lectin to label blood vessels. Whole mounts were imaged using confocal microscopy. IBA1- and HLA-DR–positive (activated) cells were counted in submacula, paramacula, and nonmacula, and cell volume and sphericity were determined using computer-assisted image analysis. Results In aged control eyes, the mean number of submacular IBA1+ and HLA-DR+ macrophages was 433/mm2 and 152/mm2, respectively. In early AMD eyes, there was a significant increase in IBA1+ and HLA-DR+ cells in submacula compared to those in controls (P = 0.0015 and P = 0.008, respectively). In eyes with neovascular AMD, there were significantly more HLA-DR+ cells associated with submacular choroidal neovascularization (P = 0.001). Mean cell volume was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.02), and sphericity was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.005) in all AMD groups compared to controls. Conclusions The average number of IBA1+ macrophages in submacular and paramacular choroid was significantly higher in early/intermediate AMD compared to that in aged controls. HLA-DR+ submacular macrophages were significantly increased in all stages of AMD, and they were significantly more round and smaller in size in the submacular AMD choroid, suggesting their activation. These findings support the concept that AMD is an inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott McLeod
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Imran Bhutto
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Malia M Edwards
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel E Silver
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johanna M Seddon
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 3Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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26
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Chinnery HR, McMenamin PG, Dando SJ. Macrophage physiology in the eye. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:501-515. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abu-Asab MS, Yeung IYL, Ardeljan C, Gonzalez AN, Sidransky E, Chan CC. Ocular Implications of Gaucher Disease. ESSENTIALS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56511-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Choroidal Structure in Children with Anisohypermetropic Amblyopia Determined by Binarization of Optical Coherence Tomographic Images. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164672. [PMID: 27736947 PMCID: PMC5063323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the choroidal structure of the subfoveal area in the eyes of children with anisohypermetropic amblyopia to that of the fellow eyes and to age-matched controls using a binarization method of the images obtained by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods This study was performed at Nara Medical University Hospital, Tokushima University Hospital, and Kagoshima University Hospital, Japan. Forty amblyopic eyes with anisohypermetropic amblyopia and their fellow eyes (5.9 ± 2.1 years, mean ± standard deviation), and 103 age-matched controls (6.7 ± 2.4 years) were studied. The control eyes were divided into myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic eyes. The total choroidal area, luminal area and stromal area of the subfoveal choroid were measured by the binarization method. The luminal/stromal ratio and the axial length of the amblyopic eyes were compared to that of the control eyes. Results The total choroidal area in the amblyopic eyes was significantly larger than that of the fellow eyes (P = 0.005). The luminal/stromal ratio was significantly larger in the amblyopic eyes than that of the fellow eyes (P<0.001) and the control hyperopic eyes (P<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between the luminal/stromal ratio and the axial length in the control eyes (r = -0.30, P = 0.001), but no significant correlation was found in the amblyopic eyes. Conclusions The choroidal structure of the amblyopic eyes was different from that of the fellow and the control hyperopic eyes. The choroidal changes are related to amblyopia.
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Sonoda S, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T, Uchino E, Kawano H, Yoshihara N, Terasaki H, Shirasawa M, Tomita M, Ishibashi T. Luminal and stromal areas of choroid determined by binarization method of optical coherence tomographic images. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 159:1123-1131.e1. [PMID: 25790737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the proportion of luminal and stromal areas of normal choroids in the optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images obtained by enhanced depth imaging (EDI)-OCT. DESIGN A prospective, masked, observational cross-sectional study. METHODS setting: This study was performed at the Kagoshima University Hospital, Japan. STUDY POPULATION One hundred and eighty right eyes of 180 healthy volunteers (106 women; mean age of 55.9 years) without ocular pathology. observational procedures: The EDI-OCT images of the posterior choroid 7500 μm from the optic disc in the horizontal plane were converted to binary images. The total cross-sectional choroidal area, luminal area, and stromal area of the choroid were measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Correlations between clinical factors and each choroidal structure and ratio of luminal/stromal areas were determined. The correlations of each choroidal structure and the age, sex, axial length (AL), and refractive errors were calculated. RESULTS The mean total cross-sectional choroidal area was 1.84 mm(2) (luminal area 1.21 mm(2) and stromal area 0.63 mm(2)). Multivariate analysis (standardized partial regression coefficient) showed that age (-0.723, P < .001) was significantly correlated with the reduced area of the choroid, and the correlation was greater than that for the AL (-0.408, P < .001). The ratio of luminal/stromal area was significantly reduced in eyes with longer ALs (-0.531, P < .001), and the strength of the correlation was greater than that of age (-0.389, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Although both the luminal and the stromal areas decrease with increasing age and with longer ALs, the degree of decrease and areas affected were not the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Takehiro Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroto Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirasawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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7-Ketocholesterol increases retinal microglial migration, activation, and angiogenicity: a potential pathogenic mechanism underlying age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9144. [PMID: 25775051 PMCID: PMC4360733 DOI: 10.1038/srep09144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been associated with both accumulation of lipid and lipid oxidative products, as well as increased neuroinflammatory changes and microglial activation in the outer retina. However, the relationships between these factors are incompletely understood. 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh) is a cholesterol oxidation product localized to the outer retina with prominent pro-inflammatory effects. To explore the potential relationship between 7KCh and microglial activation, we localized 7KCh and microglia to the outer retina of aged mice and investigated 7KCh effects on retinal microglia in both in vitro and in vivo systems. We found that retinal microglia demonstrated a prominent chemotropism to 7KCh and readily internalized 7KCh. Sublethal concentrations of 7KCh resulted in microglial activation and polarization to a pro-inflammatory M1 state via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Microglia exposed to 7KCh reduced expression of neurotrophic growth factors but increased expression of angiogenic factors, transitioning to a more neurotoxic and pro-angiogenic phenotype. Finally, subretinal transplantation of 7KCh-exposed microglia promoted choroidal neovascularization (CNV) relative to control microglia in a Matrigel-CNV model. The interaction of retinal microglia with 7KCh in the aged retina may thus underlie how outer retinal lipid accumulation in intermediate AMD results in neuroinflammation that ultimately drives progression towards advanced AMD.
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Karlstetter M, Scholz R, Rutar M, Wong WT, Provis JM, Langmann T. Retinal microglia: just bystander or target for therapy? Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 45:30-57. [PMID: 25476242 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond to various insults with a morphological and functional transformation into reactive phagocytes. There is strong evidence from animal models and in situ analyses of human tissue that microglial reactivity is a common hallmark of various retinal degenerative and inflammatory diseases. These include rare hereditary retinopathies such as retinitis pigmentosa and X-linked juvenile retinoschisis but also comprise more common multifactorial retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and uveitis as well as neurological disorders with ocular manifestation. In this review, we describe how microglial function is kept in balance under normal conditions by cross-talk with other retinal cells and summarize how microglia respond to different forms of retinal injury. In addition, we present the concept that microglia play a key role in local regulation of complement in the retina and specify aspects of microglial aging relevant for chronic inflammatory processes in the retina. We conclude that this resident immune cell of the retina cannot be simply regarded as bystander of disease but may instead be a potential therapeutic target to be modulated in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Karlstetter
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scholz
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan M Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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