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Oh S, Kim C, Park YH. Decrease of alpha-crystallin A by miR-325-3p in retinal cells under blue light exposure. Mol Cells 2024; 47:100091. [PMID: 38997088 DOI: 10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to blue light can lead to retinal degeneration, causing adverse effects on eye health. Although the loss of retinal cells due to blue light exposure has been observed, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the role of alpha-crystallin A (CRYAA) in neuro-retinal degeneration and their regulation by blue light. We observed significant apoptotic cell death in both the retina of rats and the cultured neuro-retinal cells. The expressions of Cryaa mRNA and protein were significantly downregulated in the retina exposed to blue light. We identified that miR-325-3p reduces Cryaa mRNA and protein by binding to its 3'-untranslated region. Upregulation of miR-325-3p destabilized Cryaa mRNA and suppresses CRYAA, whereas downregulation of miR-325-3p increased both expressions. Blue light-induced neuro-retinal cell death was alleviated by CRYAA overexpression. These results highlight the critical role of Cryaa mRNA and miR-325-3p molecular axis in blue light-induced retinal degeneration. Consequently, targeting CRYAA and miR-325-3p presents a potential strategy for protecting against blue light-induced retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subeen Oh
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Chongtae Kim
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Park
- Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea.
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2
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Martins B, Pires M, Ambrósio AF, Girão H, Fernandes R. Contribution of extracellular vesicles for the pathogenesis of retinal diseases: shedding light on blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:48. [PMID: 38730462 PMCID: PMC11088087 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), loom as threats to vision, causing detrimental effects on the structure and function of the retina. Central to understanding these diseases, is the compromised state of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), an effective barrier that regulates the influx of immune and inflammatory components. Whether BRB breakdown initiates retinal distress, or is a consequence of disease progression, remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is an indication of retinal dysfunction and potential vision loss.The intricate intercellular dialogues among retinal cell populations remain unintelligible in the complex retinal milieu, under conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress. The retina, a specialized neural tissue, sustains a ceaseless demand for oxygen and nutrients from two vascular networks. The BRB orchestrates the exchange of molecules and fluids within this specialized region, comprising the inner BRB (iBRB) and the outer BRB (oBRB). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous structures, and act as messengers facilitating intercellular communication in this milieu.EVs, both from retinal and peripheral immune cells, increase complexity to BRB dysfunction in DR and AMD. Laden with bioactive cargoes, these EVs can modulate the retinal microenvironment, influencing disease progression. Our review delves into the multifaceted role of EVs in retinal degenerative diseases, elucidating the molecular crosstalk they orchestrate, and their microRNA (miRNA) content. By shedding light on these nanoscale messengers, from their biogenesis, release, to interaction and uptake by target cells, we aim to deepen the comprehension of BRB dysfunction and explore their therapeutic potential, therefore increasing our understanding of DR and AMD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martins
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - Maria Pires
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000- 548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, 3004-531, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal.
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
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3
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Chen Y, Vats A, Xi Y, Wolf-Johnston A, Clinger O, Arbuckle R, Dermond C, Li J, Stolze D, Sahel JA, Jackson E, Birder L. Oral 8-aminoguanine against age-related retinal degeneration. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4022389. [PMID: 38765984 PMCID: PMC11100887 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4022389/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Visual decline in the elderly is often attributed to retinal aging, which predisposes the tissue to pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration. Currently, effective oral pharmacological interventions for retinal degeneration are limited. We present a novel oral intervention, 8-aminoguanine (8-AG), targeting age-related retinal degeneration, utilizing the aged Fischer 344 rat model. A low-dose 8-AG regimen (5 mg/kg body weight) via drinking water, beginning at 22 months for 8 weeks, demonstrated significant retinal preservation. This was evidenced by increased retinal thickness, improved photoreceptor integrity, and enhanced electroretinogram responses. 8-AG effectively reduced apoptosis, oxidative damage, and microglial/macrophage activation associated with aging retinae. Age-induced alterations in the retinal purine metabolome, characterized by elevated levels of inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine, were partially mitigated by 8-AG. Transcriptomics highlighted 8-AG's anti-inflammatory effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. Extended treatment to 17 weeks further amplified the retinal protective effects. Moreover, 8-AG showed temporary protective effects in the RhoP23H/+ mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, reducing active microglia/macrophages. Our study positions 8-AG as a promising oral agent against retinal aging. Coupled with previous findings in diverse disease models, 8-AG emerges as a promising anti-aging compound with the capability to reverse common aging hallmarks.
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Yen CY, Chiu CM, Fang IM. MicroRNA expression profiling in tears and blood as predictive biomarkers for anti-VEGF treatment response in wet age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s00417-024-06478-x. [PMID: 38581435 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tears, blood, and aqueous humor as biomarkers for predicting treatment response in wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients undergoing anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. METHODS In a single-center prospective cohort study, treatment-naïve wet AMD patients and age-matched controls were enrolled. Clinical data and miRNA levels (miR-199a-3p, miR-365-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-195-5p, miR-335-5p, and miR-185-5p) in tears, blood, and aqueous humor were collected. Treatment response was categorized into responders and non-responders based on visual acuity and central subfield thickness. MiRNA levels were quantified using reverse-transcription PCR. Statistical analyses were performed, including ROC analysis, to evaluate predictive accuracy. RESULTS Dysregulated miRNA profiles were observed in wet AMD tears and blood compared to controls. Specifically, miR-199a-3p, miR-195-5p, and miR-185-5p were upregulated, while miR-200b-3p was downregulated in tears. All six miRNAs were elevated in wet AMD blood samples. Notably, responders showed higher tear expression of miR-195-5p and miR-185-5p. Combining these miRNAs yielded the highest predictive power (AUC = 0.878, p = 0.006) for anti-VEGF responders. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated miRNA profiles in tears and blood suggest their potential as biomarkers for wet AMD. MiR-195-5p and miR-185-5p in tears demonstrate predictive value for anti-VEGF treatment responders. This study underscores the non-invasive prediction potential of miRNA tear analysis in wet AMD treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yu Yen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - I-Mo Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, No. 87, Tonde Road, Nankang District, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Special Education, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Optometry, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Rajanala K, Upadhyay A. Epigenetic Switches in Retinal Homeostasis and Target for Drug Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2840. [PMID: 38474086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal homeostasis, a tightly regulated process maintaining the functional integrity of the retina, is vital for visual function. Emerging research has unveiled the critical role of epigenetic regulation in controlling gene expression patterns during retinal development, maintenance, and response to mutational loads and injuries. Epigenetic switches, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, play pivotal roles in orchestrating retinal gene expression and cellular responses through various intracellular, extracellular, and environmental modulators. This review compiles the current knowledge on epigenetic switches in retinal homeostasis, providing a deeper understanding of their impact on retinal structural integrity and function and using them as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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6
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Jiang W, He S, Liu L, Meng X, Lu J, Li J, Chen T, Xu Y, Xiao Q, Qi L, Zhang J. New insights on the role of microRNAs in retinal Müller glial cell function. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:329-335. [PMID: 37751989 PMCID: PMC10894836 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-324132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs belong to the family of non-coding RNAs that participate in cell proliferation, cell death and development. The Müller glial cells are the inherent and specific neuroglia cells in the retinal organisation and play significant roles in retinal neuroprotection, organisational maintenance, inflammation and immunity, regeneration, and the occurrence and development of retinal diseases. However, only a few studies report the underlying mechanism of how miRNAs drive the function of Müller glial cells in the development of retinal diseases. This review aims to summarise the roles of miRNAs in retinal Müller glial cell function, including gliogenesis, inflammation and immunity, regeneration, the development of retinal diseases, and retinal development. This review may point out a novel miRNA-based insight into retinal repair and regeneration. MiRNAs in Müller glial cells may be considered a diagnostic and therapeutic target in the process of retinal repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Jiang
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Siqi He
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Logen Liu
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiguo Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Institute of Digestive Disease, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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7
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Latifi-Navid H, Barzegar Behrooz A, Jamehdor S, Davari M, Latifinavid M, Zolfaghari N, Piroozmand S, Taghizadeh S, Bourbour M, Shemshaki G, Latifi-Navid S, Arab SS, Soheili ZS, Ahmadieh H, Sheibani N. Construction of an Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecular Network Using Multi-Layer Network Analysis, a Fuzzy Logic Model, and Deep Learning Techniques: Are Retinal and Brain Neurodegenerative Disorders Related? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1555. [PMID: 38004422 PMCID: PMC10674956 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The current management of nAMD is limited and involves regular intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). However, the effectiveness of these treatments is limited by overlapping and compensatory pathways leading to unresponsiveness to anti-VEGF treatments in a significant portion of nAMD patients. Therefore, a system view of pathways involved in pathophysiology of nAMD will have significant clinical value. The aim of this study was to identify proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), various metabolites, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a significant role in the pathogenesis of nAMD. To accomplish this goal, we conducted a multi-layer network analysis, which identified 30 key genes, six miRNAs, and four lncRNAs. We also found three key metabolites that are common with AMD, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified nine key SNPs and their related genes that are common among AMD, AD, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, our findings suggest that there exists a connection between nAMD and the aforementioned neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, our study also demonstrates the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence, specifically the LSTM network, a fuzzy logic model, and genetic algorithms, to identify important metabolites in complex metabolic pathways to open new avenues for the design and/or repurposing of drugs for nAMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Saleh Jamehdor
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran;
| | - Maliheh Davari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Masoud Latifinavid
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, 06790 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Narges Zolfaghari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Somayeh Piroozmand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Sepideh Taghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mahsa Bourbour
- Department of Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran;
| | - Golnaz Shemshaki
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570005, India;
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran;
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran;
| | - Zahra-Soheila Soheili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1666673111, Iran;
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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8
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Chen SY, Kannan M. Neural crest cells and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Mechanisms and potential targets for prevention. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106855. [PMID: 37460002 PMCID: PMC10528842 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of preventable and nongenetic birth defects caused by prenatal alcohol exposure that can result in a range of cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and functioning deficits, as well as craniofacial dysmorphology and other congenital defects. During embryonic development, neural crest cells (NCCs) play a critical role in giving rise to many cell types in the developing embryos, including those in the peripheral nervous system and craniofacial structures. Ethanol exposure during this critical period can have detrimental effects on NCC induction, migration, differentiation, and survival, leading to a broad range of structural and functional abnormalities observed in individuals with FASD. This review article provides an overview of the current knowledge on the detrimental effects of ethanol on NCC induction, migration, differentiation, and survival. The article also examines the molecular mechanisms involved in ethanol-induced NCC dysfunction, such as oxidative stress, altered gene expression, apoptosis, epigenetic modifications, and other signaling pathways. Furthermore, the review highlights potential therapeutic strategies for preventing or mitigating the detrimental effects of ethanol on NCCs and reducing the risk of FASD. Overall, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the impact of ethanol on NCCs and its role in FASD, shedding light on potential avenues for future research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Maharajan Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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9
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Han JW, Chang HS, Yang JY, Choi HS, Park HS, Jun HO, Choi JH, Paik SS, Chung KH, Shin HJ, Nam S, Son JH, Lee SH, Lee EJ, Seo KY, Lyu J, Kim JW, Kim IB, Park TK. Intravitreal Administration of Retinal Organoids-Derived Exosomes Alleviates Photoreceptor Degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons Rats by Targeting the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12068. [PMID: 37569444 PMCID: PMC10419150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that exosomes are involved in retinal cell degeneration, including their insufficient release; hence, they have become important indicators of retinopathies. The exosomal microRNA (miRNA), in particular, play important roles in regulating ocular and retinal cell functions, including photoreceptor maturation, maintenance, and visual function. Here, we generated retinal organoids (ROs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells that differentiated in a conditioned medium for 60 days, after which exosomes were extracted from ROs (Exo-ROs). Subsequently, we intravitreally injected the Exo-RO solution into the eyes of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. Intravitreal Exo-RO administration reduced photoreceptor apoptosis, prevented outer nuclear layer thinning, and preserved visual function in RCS rats. RNA sequencing and miRNA profiling showed that exosomal miRNAs are mainly involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In addition, the expression of MAPK-related genes and proteins was significantly decreased in the Exo-RO-treated group. These results suggest that Exo-ROs may be a potentially novel strategy for delaying retinal degeneration by targeting the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Hun Soo Chang
- Department of Microbiolo and BK21 FOUR Project, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31538, Republic of Korea; (H.S.C.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Han Sol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Hyo Song Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Hyoung Oh Jun
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Ji Hye Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea; (S.-S.P.); (I.-B.K.)
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwun Chung
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Hee Jeong Shin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seungyeon Nam
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Notre Dame College of Science, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Ji-Hye Son
- Department of Microbiolo and BK21 FOUR Project, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31538, Republic of Korea; (H.S.C.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Si Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jungmook Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejun 32992, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.W.K.)
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea; (S.-S.P.); (I.-B.K.)
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea;
- oligoNgene Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea
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10
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Hong Y, Wang Y, Cui Y, Pan J, Mao S, Zhu Y, Wen T, Qi T, Wang A, Luo Y. MicroRNA-124-3p Attenuated Retinal Neovascularization in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mice by Inhibiting the Dysfunction of Retinal Neuroglial Cells through STAT3 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11767. [PMID: 37511525 PMCID: PMC10380620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a non-coding RNA that can regulate the expression of many target genes, and it is widely involved in various important physiological activities. MiR-124-3p was found to associate with the normal development of retinal vessels in our previous study, but the mechanism of its anti-angiogenic effect on pathological retinal neovascularization still needed to be explored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-124-3p on retinal neovascularization in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Here, we found that intravitreal injection of miR-124-3p agomir attenuated pathological retinal neovascularization in OIR mice. Moreover, miR-124-3p preserved the astrocytic template, inhibited reactive gliosis, and reduced the inflammatory response as well as necroptosis. Furthermore, miR-124-3p inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway and decreased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor. Taken together, our results revealed that miR-124-3p inhibited retinal neovascularization and neuroglial dysfunction by targeting STAT3 in OIR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yishen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yamei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jianying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shudi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tianyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Aoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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11
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Gu F, Jiang J, Sun P. Recent advances of exosomes in age-related macular degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1204351. [PMID: 37332352 PMCID: PMC10272348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1204351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-150 nm extracellular vesicles that are secreted by almost all types of cells. Exosomes contain a variety of biologically active substances, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and are important in the intercellular communication of biological mediators involved in nerve injury and repair, vascular regeneration, immune response, fibrosis formation, and many other pathophysiological processes. Although it has been extensively studied in the field of cancer, the exploration of ocular diseases has only just begun. Here, we discuss the latest developments in exosomes for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including the pathogenesis of exosomes in age-related macular degeneration, their potential as diagnostic markers, and therapeutic vectors of the disease. Finally, the study of exosomes in age-related macular degeneration is still relatively few, and more detailed basic research and clinical trials are needed to verify its application in treatment and diagnosis, so as to adopt more personalized diagnosis and treatment strategies to stop the progression of age-related macular degeneration.
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12
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Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Wills E, Chu-Tan JA, Sekar R, Natoli R. Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage triggers molecular signals indicative of early retinal degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1088654. [PMID: 37180103 PMCID: PMC10174249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1088654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, currently affecting over 350 billion people globally. For the most prevalent late-stage form of this disease, atrophic AMD, there are no available prevention strategies or treatments, in part due to inherent difficulties in early-stage diagnosis. Photo-oxidative damage is a well-established model for studying inflammatory and cell death features that occur in late-stage atrophic AMD, however to date has not been investigated as a potential model for studying early features of disease onset. Therefore, in this study we aimed to determine if short exposure to photo-oxidative damage could be used to induce early retinal molecular changes and advance this as a potential model for studying early-stage AMD. Methods C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24h photo-oxidative damage (PD) using 100k lux bright white light. Mice were compared to dim-reared (DR) healthy controls as well as mice which had undergone long periods of photo-oxidative damage (3d and 5d-PD) as known timepoints for inducing late-stage retinal degeneration pathologies. Cell death and retinal inflammation were measured using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. To identify retinal molecular changes, retinal lysates were sent for RNA sequencing, following which bioinformatics analyses including differential expression and pathway analyses were performed. Finally, to investigate modulations in gene regulation as a consequence of degeneration, microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns were quantified using qRT-PCR and visualized using in situ hybridization. Results Short exposure to photo-oxidative damage (1-24h-PD) induced early molecular changes in the retina, with progressive downregulation of homeostatic pathways including metabolism, transport and phototransduction observed across this time-course. Inflammatory pathway upregulation was observed from 3h-PD, preceding observable levels of microglia/macrophage activation which was noted from 6h-PD, as well as significant photoreceptor row loss from 24h-PD. Further rapid and dynamic movement of inflammatory regulator miRNA, miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p, was visualized in the retina in response to degeneration. Conclusion These results support the use of short exposure to photo-oxidative damage as a model of early AMD and suggest that early inflammatory changes in the retina may contribute to pathological features of AMD progression including immune cell activation and photoreceptor cell death. We suggest that early intervention of these inflammatory pathways by targeting miRNA such as miR-124-3p and miR-155-5p or their target genes may prevent progression into late-stage pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Elly Wills
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Rakshanya Sekar
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Clear Vision Research Group, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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13
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Chen Y, Schlotterer A, Kurowski L, Li L, Dannehl M, Hammes HP, Lin J. miRNA-124 Prevents Rat Diabetic Retinopathy by Inhibiting the Microglial Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032291. [PMID: 36768614 PMCID: PMC9917205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by vasoregression and glial activation. miRNA-124 (miR-124) reduces retinal microglial activation and alleviates vasoregression in a neurodegenerative rat model. Our aim was to determine whether miR-124 affects vascular and neural damage in the early diabetic retina. Diabetes was induced in 8-week-old Wistar rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. At 16 and 20 weeks, the diabetic rats were intravitreally injected with miR-124 mimic, and retinae were analyzed at 24 weeks. Microvascular damage was identified by evaluating pericyte loss and acellular capillary (AC) formation. Müller glial activation was assessed by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence staining. Microglial activation was determined by immunofluorescent staining of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) in whole mount retinae. The neuroretinal function was assessed by electroretinography. The expression of inflammation-associated genes was evaluated by qRT-PCR. A wound healing assay was performed to quantitate the mobility of microglial cells. The results showed that miR-124 treatment alleviated diabetic vasoregression by reducing AC formation and pericyte loss. miR-124 blunted Müller glial- and microglial activation in diabetic retinae and ameliorated neuroretinal function. The retinal expression of inflammatory factors including Tnf-α, Il-1β, Cd74, Ccl2, Ccl3, Vcam1, Tgf-β1, Arg1, and Il-10 was reduced by miR-124 administration. The elevated mobility of microglia upon high glucose exposure was normalized by miR-124. The expression of the transcription factor PU.1 and lipid raft protein Flot1 was downregulated by miR-124. In rat DR, miR-124 prevents vasoregression and glial activation, improves neuroretinal function, and modulates microglial activation and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Schlotterer
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luke Kurowski
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus Dannehl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jihong Lin
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-3774
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14
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Chen YH, Huang YC, Chen CH, Wen YT, Tsai RK, Chen C. Investigation of the Protective Effect of Extracellular Vesicle miR-124 on Retinal Ganglion Cells Using a Photolabile Paper-Based Chip. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:17. [PMID: 36689234 PMCID: PMC9896847 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Photolabile paper-based chips were developed to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from small-volume samples (less than 30 µL), such as vitreous humor. Putative neuroprotective effects of EVs' microRNAs were investigated by using the paper chip and a rodent model with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION). Methods rNAION was established using laser-induced photoactivation of rose bengal administered intravenously. On days 0, 0.25, 1, 3, and 7 after rNAION induction, CD63-positive EV microRNAs (CD63+-EV miRNAs) in vitreous humor samples were enriched using the paper chip and assessed using microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. The viability and visual function of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were further assessed by measuring photopic flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs). Results We identified 38 different variations of CD63+-EV miRNAs with more than twofold altered expressions. Among them, M1-related miRNA, mR-31a-5p, and M2-related miRNA, miR-125a-5p, miR-182, miR-181a-5p, and miR-124-3, were capable of coordinating anti-inflammatory reactions during rNAION because of their capacity to activate macrophages. In particular, miR-124, having the most dramatic alteration of gene expression, was synthesized and injected intravitreally. Compared to controls, rats that received miR-124 had shown increased RGC survivability and improved visual function. Conclusions Our research team has developed a paper-based chip capable of capturing EVs that can be released after UV exposure. The quantity and quality of EV-miRNAs extracted are adequate for microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Animal studies suggest that miR-124 may play a neuroprotective role in the natural recovery of rNAION and holds the potential to be a novel treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsun Chen
- Institution of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories (BDL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy & Institute Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China,Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hung Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories (BDL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institution of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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15
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Aggio-Bruce R, Schumann U, Cioanca AV, Chen FK, McLenachan S, Heath Jeffery RC, Das S, Natoli R. Serum miRNA modulations indicate changes in retinal morphology. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1130249. [PMID: 36937046 PMCID: PMC10020626 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1130249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the developed world and the detection of its onset and progression are based on retinal morphological assessments. MicroRNA (miRNA) have been explored extensively as biomarkers for a range of neurological diseases including AMD, however differences in experimental design and the complexity of human biology have resulted in little overlap between studies. Using preclinical animal models and clinical samples, this study employs a novel approach to determine a serum signature of AMD progression. Methods Serum miRNAs were extracted from mice exposed to photo-oxidative damage (PD; 0, 1, 3 and 5 days), and clinical samples from patients diagnosed with reticular pseudodrusen or atrophic AMD. The expression of ~800 miRNAs was measured using OpenArray™, and differential abundance from controls was determined using the HTqPCR R package followed by pathway analysis with DAVID. MiRNA expression changes were compared against quantifiable retinal histological indicators. Finally, the overlap of miRNA changes observed in the mouse model and human patient samples was investigated. Results Differential miRNA abundance was identified at all PD time-points and in clinical samples. Importantly, these were associated with inflammatory pathways and histological changes in the retina. Further, we were able to align findings in the mouse serum to those of clinical patients. Conclusion In conclusion, serum miRNAs are a valid tool as diagnostics for the early detection of retinal degeneration, as they reflect key changes in retinal health. The combination of pre-clinical animal models and human patient samples led to the identification of a preliminary serum miRNA signature for AMD. This study is an important platform for the future development of a diagnostic serum miRNA panel for the early detection of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- The School of Medicine and Psychology, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- The Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Fred K. Chen
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rachael C. Heath Jeffery
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shannon Das
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- The School of Medicine and Psychology, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Riccardo Natoli,
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16
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Han XD, Jiang XG, Yang M, Chen WJ, Li LG. miRNA‑124 regulates palmitic acid‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and cell migration in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by targeting LIN7C. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:481. [PMID: 35761801 PMCID: PMC9214593 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study revealed that palmitic acid (PA) treatment induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are involved in the progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). ARPE-19 cells were treated with PA followed by miRNA screening and EMT marker detection using qRT-PCR. Then, miR-124 mimic or inhibitor was transfected into ARPE-19 cells to explore the role of miR-124 on the EMT of ARPE-19 cells using transwell assay. The underlying mechanism of miRNA were predicted by bioinformatics method and confirmed by luciferase activity reporter assay. Furthermore, gain-of-function strategy was also used to explore the role of LIN7C in the EMT of ARPE-19 cells. The expression of miRNA or mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR and the protein expression was determined using western blot assay. The result presented that PA reduced the expression of E-cadherin/ZO-1 whilst increasing the expression of fibronectin/α-SMA. In addition, PA treatment enhanced the expression of microRNA (miR)-124 in ARPE-19 cells. Overexpression of miR-124 enhanced PA-induced upregulation of E-cadherin and ZO-1 expression and downregulation of fibronectin and α-SMA. Moreover, miR-124 mimic also enhanced the migration of ARPE-19 cells induced by PA treatment. Inversely, miR-124 inhibitor presented opposite effect on PA-induced EMT and cell migration in ARPE-19 cells. Luciferase activity reporter assay confirmed that Lin-7 homolog C (LIN7C) was a direct target of miR-124 in ARPE-19 cells. Overexpression of LIN7C was found to suppress the migration ability and expression of fibronectin and α-SMA, while increasing expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1; miR-124 mimic abrogated the inhibitive effect of LIN7C on the EMT of ARPE-19 cells and PA further enhanced this abolishment. Collectively, these findings suggest that miR-124/LIN7C can modulate EMT and cell migration in RPE cells, which may have therapeutic implications in the management of PVR diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Han
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Xi'an Aier Ancient City Eye Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Guang Jiang
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Xi'an Aier Ancient City Eye Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Xi'an Aier Ancient City Eye Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Chen
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Xi'an Aier Ancient City Eye Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, P.R. China
| | - Li-Gang Li
- Department of Cataracts, Xi'an Aier Ancient City Eye Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710082, P.R. China
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17
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Gene-independent therapeutic interventions to maintain and restore light sensitivity in degenerating photoreceptors. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 90:101065. [PMID: 35562270 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative retinal diseases are a prime cause of blindness in industrialized countries. In many cases, there are no therapeutic treatments, although they are essential to improve patients' quality of life. A set of disease-causing genes, which primarily affect photoreceptors, has already been identified and is of major interest for developing gene therapies. Nevertheless, depending on the nature and the state of the disease, gene-independent strategies are needed. Various strategies to halt disease progression or maintain function of the retina are under research. These therapeutic interventions include neuroprotection, direct reprogramming of affected photoreceptors, the application of non-coding RNAs, the generation of artificial photoreceptors by optogenetics and cell replacement strategies. During recent years, major breakthroughs have been made such as the first optogenetic application to a blind patient whose visual function partially recovered by targeting retinal ganglion cells. Also, RPE cell transplantation therapies are under clinical investigation and show great promise to improve visual function in blind patients. These cells are generated from human stem cells. Similar therapies for replacing photoreceptors are extensively tested in pre-clinical models. This marks just the start of promising new cures taking advantage of developments in the areas of genetic engineering, optogenetics, and stem-cell research. In this review, we present the recent therapeutic advances of gene-independent approaches that are currently under clinical evaluation. Our main focus is on photoreceptors as these sensory cells are highly vulnerable to degenerative diseases, and are crucial for light detection.
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18
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Chen Y, Xia Q, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Regulations of Retinal Inflammation: Focusing on Müller Glia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898652. [PMID: 35573676 PMCID: PMC9091449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal inflammation underlies multiple prevalent retinal diseases. While microglia are one of the most studied cell types regarding retinal inflammation, growing evidence shows that Müller glia play critical roles in the regulation of retinal inflammation. Müller glia express various receptors for cytokines and release cytokines to regulate inflammation. Müller glia are part of the blood-retinal barrier and interact with microglia in the inflammatory responses. The unique metabolic features of Müller glia in the retina makes them vital for retinal homeostasis maintenance, regulating retinal inflammation by lipid metabolism, purine metabolism, iron metabolism, trophic factors, and antioxidants. miRNAs in Müller glia regulate inflammatory responses via different mechanisms and potentially regulate retinal regeneration. Novel therapies are explored targeting Müller glia for inflammatory retinal diseases treatment. Here we review new findings regarding the roles of Müller glia in retinal inflammation and discuss the related novel therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghong Xia
- Operating Room of Anesthesia Surgery Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Macular Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Meixia Zhang,
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19
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Zhang C, Owen LA, Lillvis JH, Zhang SX, Kim IK, DeAngelis MM. AMD Genomics: Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061484. [PMID: 35329812 PMCID: PMC8954267 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the world’s leading cause of blindness in the aging population. Although the clinical stages and forms of AMD have been elucidated, more specific prognostic tools are required to determine when patients with early and intermediate AMD will progress into the advanced stages of AMD. Another challenge in the field has been the appropriate development of therapies for intermediate AMD and advanced atrophic AMD. After numerous negative clinical trials, an anti-C5 agent and anti-C3 agent have recently shown promising results in phase 3 clinical trials, in terms of slowing the growth of geographic atrophy, an advanced form of AMD. Interestingly, both drugs appear to be associated with an increased incidence of wet AMD, another advanced form of the disease, and will require frequent intravitreal injections. Certainly, there remains a need for other therapeutic agents with the potential to prevent progression to advanced stages of the disease. Investigation of the role and clinical utility of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is a major advancement in biology that has only been minimally applied to AMD. In the following review, we discuss the clinical relevance of ncRNAs in AMD as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
| | - Leah A. Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - John H. Lillvis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14212, USA
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (I.K.K.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14212, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Correspondence: (I.K.K.); (M.M.D.)
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Xu M, Tan GY, Tao XM. Research on Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) Prompted by MicroRNA-124 and Effect on Inflammatory Reaction of Spinal Cord Injury Nerve Cells. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The major feature of spinal cord injury (SCI) was the damage of nervous tissue in spinal cord. The damaged spinal cord was difficult to be repaired and regenerated. MicroRNA-124 could play a role in the repairing and recovering the injured tissue. The BMSCs could participate in repairing
the damage. However, the regulatory effect of MicroRNA-124 on BMSCs and the inflammatory response of SCI was still not illustrated. These spinal cord nerve cells were assigned into group of mechanical damage, BMSCs and BMSCs with miR-124 overexpression followed by analysis of proliferation
of nerve cells by MTT assay, apoptotic activity, expression of miR-124, GFAP and BDNF by Real time PCR, levels of TNF-α and IL-6 by ELISA as well as MDH and SOD activity. miR-124 mimics transfection significantly promoted BMSCs proliferation and increased ALK activity and the
expression of GFAP and BDNF. In conclusion, the proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs could be regulated by miR-124. The inflammation and oxidative stress could be restrained so as to prompt the proliferation and repair of SCI cells and restrain apoptosis, indicating that it might be
beneficial to recover the SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Dazu District, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402360, China
| | - Guo Yong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Dazu District, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing, 402360, China
| | - Xian Ming Tao
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Dazu District, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing, 402360, China
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21
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Fishman ES, Han JS, La Torre A. Oscillatory Behaviors of microRNA Networks: Emerging Roles in Retinal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:831750. [PMID: 35186936 PMCID: PMC8847441 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.831750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A broad repertoire of transcription factors and other genes display oscillatory patterns of expression, typically ranging from 30 min to 24 h. These oscillations are associated with a variety of biological processes, including the circadian cycle, somite segmentation, cell cycle, and metabolism. These rhythmic behaviors are often prompted by transcriptional feedback loops in which transcriptional activities are inhibited by their corresponding gene target products. Oscillatory transcriptional patterns have been proposed as a mechanism to drive biological clocks, the molecular machinery that transforms temporal information into accurate spatial patterning during development. Notably, several microRNAs (miRNAs) -small non-coding RNA molecules-have been recently shown to both exhibit rhythmic expression patterns and regulate oscillatory activities. Here, we discuss some of these new findings in the context of the developing retina. We propose that miRNA oscillations are a powerful mechanism to coordinate signaling pathways and gene expression, and that addressing the dynamic interplay between miRNA expression and their target genes could be key for a more complete understanding of many developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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22
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Guo J, Liu H, Fu L. MicroRNA-124 ameliorates autophagic dysregulation in glaucoma via regulation of P2X7-mediated Akt/mTOR signaling. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 41:43-48. [PMID: 34844494 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.2003378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to irrevocable blindness. In glaucoma, even though axonal damage and function deficit culminates in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, our knowledge on the autophagic mechanisms and the role of specific microRNAs is still limited. In this study, we investigated the role of microRNA-124 (MiR-124) in surgically induced glaucomatous neurodegeneration using a mouse model. Animals were segregated into four cohorts of 10 each: (i) sham-operated (n = 10); (ii) surgically induced glaucoma (SIG; n = 10); (iii) SIG + miR-124 mimic; (iv) SIG + miR-NC. Chronic elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical risk factor for glaucoma. In our study, chronically elevated IOP caused anterograde axonal transport (AAT) defect, increased the autophagic activity (manifested by significantly (p < 0.05) increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, beclin-1 and Atg7 protein expressions) and also downmodulated the protein expression of p-Akt and p-mTOR, mediated by the purinergic P2 receptor subtype 7 (P2X7) upmodulation-leading to retinal degeneration. However, administration of miR-124 mimic improved the retinal integrity and function, as indicated by the improved AAT function, normalized the autophagic dysfunction, modulated the protein expression of P2X7-mediated p-Akt and p-mTOR. Hence, we propose that development of miR-124-based advanced therapies might be a potential avenue in the treatment of glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated with Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Haojie Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated with Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated with Dalian University, Dalian, China
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23
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Chen Y, Lin J, Schlotterer A, Kurowski L, Hoffmann S, Hammad S, Dooley S, Buchholz M, Hu J, Fleming I, Hammes HP. MicroRNA-124 Alleviates Retinal Vasoregression via Regulating Microglial Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011068. [PMID: 34681723 PMCID: PMC8538759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is implicated in retinal vasoregression of the neurodegenerative ciliopathy-associated disease rat model (i.e., the polycystic kidney disease (PKD) model). microRNA can regulate microglial activation and vascular function, but the effect of microRNA-124 (miR-124) on retinal vasoregression remains unclear. Transgenic PKD and wild-type Sprague Dawley (SD) rats received miR-124 at 8 and 10 weeks of age intravitreally. Retinal glia activation was assessed by immunofluorescent staining and in situ hybridization. Vasoregression and neuroretinal function were evaluated by quantitative retinal morphometry and electroretinography (ERG), respectively. Microglial polarization was determined by immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR. Microglial motility was examined via transwell migration assays, wound healing assays, and single-cell tracking. Our data showed that miR-124 inhibited glial activation and improved vasoregession, as evidenced by the reduced pericyte loss and decreased acellular capillary formation. In addition, miR-124 improved neuroretinal function. miR-124 shifted microglial polarization in the PKD retina from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype by suppressing TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, CCL3, MHC-II, and IFN-γ and upregulating Arg1 and IL-10. miR-124 also decreased microglial motility in the migration assays. The transcriptional factor of C/EBP-α-PU.1 signaling, suppressed by miR-124 both in vivo (PKD retina) and in vitro (microglial cells), could serve as a key regulator in microglial activation and polarization. Our data illustrate that miR-124 regulates microglial activation and polarization. miR-124 inhibits pericyte loss and thereby alleviates vasoregression and ameliorates neurovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Jihong Lin
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Andrea Schlotterer
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Luke Kurowski
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Sigrid Hoffmann
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (S.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (S.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.H.); (I.F.)
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.H.); (I.F.)
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (Y.C.); (J.L.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-2663
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24
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Hyttinen J, Blasiak J, Tavi P, Kaarniranta K. Therapeutic potential of PGC-1α in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) - the involvement of mitochondrial quality control, autophagy, and antioxidant response. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:773-785. [PMID: 34637373 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1991913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading, cause of sight loss in the elderly in the Western world. Most patients remain still without any treatment options. The targeting of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), a transcription co-factor, is a putative therapy against AMD. AREAS COVERED The characteristics of AMD and their possible connection with PGC-1α as well as the transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of PGC-1α are discussed. The PGC-1α-driven control of mitochondrial functions, and its involvement in autophagy and antioxidant responses are also examined. Therapeutic possibilities via drugs and epigenetic approaches to enhance PGC-1α expression are discussed. Authors conducted a search of literature mainly from the recent decade from the PubMed database. EXPERT OPINION Therapy options in AMD could include PGC-1α activation or stabilization. This could be achieved by a direct elevation of PGC-1α activity, a stabilization or modification of its upstream activators and inhibitors by chemical compounds, like 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside, metformin, and resveratrol. Furthermore, manipulations with epigenetic modifiers of PGC-1α expression, including miRNAs, e.g. miR-204, are considered. A therapy aimed at PGC-1α up-regulation may be possible in other disorders besides AMD, if they are associated with disturbances in the mitochondria-antioxidant response-autophagy axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Rajool Dezfuly A, Safaee A, Salehi H. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles' miRNAs on retinal regeneration: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:530. [PMID: 34620234 PMCID: PMC8499475 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which consist of microvesicles and exosomes, are secreted from all cells to transform vital information in the form of lipids, proteins, mRNAs and small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Many studies demonstrated that EVs' miRNAs have effects on target cells. Numerous people suffer from the blindness caused by retinal degenerations. The death of retinal neurons is irreversible and creates permanent damage to the retina. In the absence of acceptable cures for retinal degenerative diseases, stem cells and their paracrine agents including EVs have become a promising therapeutic approach. Several studies showed that the therapeutic effects of stem cells are due to the miRNAs of their EVs. Considering the effects of microRNAs in retinal cells development and function and studies which provide the possible roles of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs miRNA content on retinal diseases, we focused on the similarities between these two groups of miRNAs that could be helpful for promoting new therapeutic techniques for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rajool Dezfuly
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Safaee
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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26
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Wang RK, Sun YY, Li GY, Yang HT, Liu XJ, Li KF, Zhu X, Yu GY. MicroRNA-124-5p delays the progression of cerebral aneurysm by regulating FoxO1. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1172. [PMID: 34504617 PMCID: PMC8393823 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysm (CA) is a common brain disease, and the development of cerebral aneurysm is driven by inflammation and hemodynamic stress. MicroRNA (miR)-124-5p is reported to be associated with inflammatory response in brain disease such as cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the function and molecular mechanism of miR-124-5p in CA are not clear, thus, the effects of miR-124-5p on inflammatory response in CA were explored. Firstly, the expression of miR-124-5p in the peripheral blood of patients with CA and the control group was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Then, the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used as an in vitro model system and stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β to simulate the inflammatory environment of CA, and the expression of miR-124-5p was detected. Next, the effect of miR-124-5p on the migration and invasion of HUVECs was detected using Transwell assays. Meanwhile, the function of miR-124-5p on various inflammatory factors was determined by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Next, the TargetScan website was used to predict FoxO1 as a target gene of miR-124-5p, and this target association was validated by double luciferase reporter assay and western blotting. Finally, the interaction of miR-124-5p with FoxO1 in CA was measured by Transwell western blotting and ELISA assays. The results showed that the expression level of miR-124-5p in the peripheral blood of patients with CA was lower compared with that of control group, and the miR-124-5p in HUVECs stimulated by IL-1β was less compared with that in normal HUVECs. Besides, miR-124-5p could inhibit the migration and invasion abilities of HUVECs and the release of inflammatory factors. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-124-5p was able to inhibit the expression of FoxO1. miR-124-5p-inhibitor promoted the migration and invasion of HUVECs, as well as inflammatory response, which was weakened following the introduction of FoxO1 small interfering RNA. Overall, the present study demonstrated that miR-124-5p could prevent the occurrence and development of cerebral aneurysm by downregulating the expression of FoxO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ke Wang
- Section 2, Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- CT Room, Handan First Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056002, P.R. China
| | - Guang-You Li
- Section 2, Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Tang Yang
- Section 2, Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Jie Liu
- Section 2, Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Feng Li
- Section 2, Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Section 2, Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yu
- Section 2, Department of Neurosurgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, Hebei 056001, P.R. China
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27
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Li Y, Meng Y, Liu Y, van Wijnen AJ, Eirin A, Lerman LO. Differentially Expressed Functional LncRNAs in Human Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome Reflect a Competing Endogenous RNA Network in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:667056. [PMID: 34485379 PMCID: PMC8415968 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.667056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a collective cluster of disease risk factors that include dyslipidemia, obesity, inflammation, hypertension, and insulin resistance, affects numerous people worldwide. Accumulating studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to play essential roles in regulating gene expression in various diseases. To explore the role of lncRNAs as ceRNAs in MetS, we examined a MetS-associated network in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) collected from the systemic blood of MetS and control patients (n = 5 each). In total, 191 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 1,389 mRNAs, and 138 miRNAs were selected for further analysis. Biological processes and pathway functional enrichment analysis were performed based on the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The lncRNA/mRNA/miRNA ceRNA network was constructed by Cytoscape v3.8 based on the DE-RNAs and included 13 lncRNAs, 8 miRNAs, and 64 mRNAs. MetS patients showed elevated body weight, glucose, blood pressure, insulin, liver injury, and inflammatory marker levels. We found that lncRNAs reflect a ceRNA network that may regulate central cellular processes and complications of MetS, including cancer. These findings suggest that MetS alters the interactions among the ceRNA network components in circulating EVs and that this cargo of circulating EVs may have potential translational ramifications for MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yu Meng
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, China.,Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Health Sciences Research and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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28
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Chu-Tan JA, Cioanca AV, Feng ZP, Wooff Y, Schumann U, Aggio-Bruce R, Patel H, Rutar M, Hannan K, Panov K, Provis J, Natoli R. Functional microRNA targetome undergoes degeneration-induced shift in the retina. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:60. [PMID: 34465369 PMCID: PMC8406976 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miRNA) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of complex neurodegenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), acting as post-transcriptional gene suppressors through their association with argonaute 2 (AGO2) - a key member of the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). Identifying the retinal miRNA/mRNA interactions in health and disease will provide important insight into the key pathways miRNA regulate in disease pathogenesis and may lead to potential therapeutic targets to mediate retinal degeneration. METHODS To identify the active miRnome targetome interactions in the healthy and degenerating retina, AGO2 HITS-CLIP was performed using a rodent model of photoreceptor degeneration. Analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data was performed to identify the cellular location of AGO2 and key members of the microRNA targetome in the retina. AGO2 findings were verified by in situ hybridization (RNA) and immunohistochemistry (protein). RESULTS Analysis revealed a similar miRnome between healthy and damaged retinas, however, a shift in the active targetome was observed with an enrichment of miRNA involvement in inflammatory pathways. This shift was further demonstrated by a change in the seed binding regions of miR-124-3p, the most abundant retinal AGO2-bound miRNA, and has known roles in regulating retinal inflammation. Additionally, photoreceptor cluster miR-183/96/182 were all among the most highly abundant miRNA bound to AGO2. Following damage, AGO2 expression was localized to the inner retinal layers and more in the OLM than in healthy retinas, indicating a locational miRNA response to retinal damage. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insight into the alteration of miRNA regulatory activity that occurs as a response to retinal degeneration and explores the miRNA-mRNA targetome as a consequence of retinal degenerations. Further characterisation of these miRNA/mRNA interactions in the context of the degenerating retina may provide an important insight into the active role these miRNA may play in diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Zhi-Ping Feng
- The ANU Bioinformatics Consultancy, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Hardip Patel
- The ANU Bioinformatics Consultancy, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Matt Rutar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Katherine Hannan
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Konstantin Panov
- School of Biological Sciences Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland
| | - Jan Provis
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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29
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MicroRNAs in the regulation of autophagy and their possible use in age-related macular degeneration therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101260. [PMID: 33516915 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive sight-impairing disease of the elderly. The pathogenic mechanisms of AMD are not well understood although both genetic and many environmental factors have been associated with the development of AMD. One clinical hallmark of AMD is the detrimental aggregation of damaged proteins. Recently, it has been suggested that the weakening of autophagy clearance is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of AMD. Autophagy is important in the removal of damaged or no longer needed cellular material and its recycling. A considerable number of autophagy-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs), small RNA molecules and epigenetic regulators have been found to be either up- or down-regulated in AMD patients and experimental models. The important role of autophagy-targeting miRNAs is supported by several studies and can open the prospect of the use of these miRNAs in the therapy for AMD.
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Aggio-Bruce R, Chu-Tan JA, Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Schumann U, Natoli R. Inhibition of microRNA-155 Protects Retinal Function Through Attenuation of Inflammation in Retinal Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:835-854. [PMID: 33037565 PMCID: PMC7843561 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although extensively investigated in inflammatory conditions, the role of pro-inflammatory microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-155 and miR-146a, has not been well-studied in retinal degenerative diseases. We therefore aimed to explore the role and regulation of these miRNA in the degenerating retina, with a focus on miR-155. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to photo-oxidative damage for up to 5 days to induce focal retinal degeneration. MiR-155 expression was quantified by qRT-PCR in whole retina, serum, and small-medium extracellular vesicles (s-mEVs), and a PrimeFlow™ assay was used to identify localisation of miR-155 in retinal cells. Constitutive miR-155 knockout (KO) mice and miR-155 and miR-146a inhibitors were utilised to determine the role of these miRNA in the degenerating retina. Electroretinography was employed as a measure of retinal function, while histological quantification of TUNEL+ and IBA1+ positive cells was used to quantify photoreceptor cell death and infiltrating immune cells, respectively. Upregulation of miR-155 was detected in retinal tissue, serum and s-mEVs in response to photo-oxidative damage, localising to the nucleus of a subset of retinal ganglion cells and glial cells and in the cytoplasm of photoreceptors. Inhibition of miR-155 showed increased function from negative controls and a less pathological pattern of IBA1+ cell localisation and morphology at 5 days photo-oxidative damage. While neither dim-reared nor damaged miR-155 KO animals showed retinal histological difference from controls, following photo-oxidative damage, miR-155 KO mice showed increased a-wave relative to controls. We therefore consider miR-155 to be associated with the inflammatory response of the retina in response to photoreceptor-specific degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
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31
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Kang S, Larbi D, Andrade M, Reardon S, Reh TA, Wohl SG. A Comparative Analysis of Reactive Müller Glia Gene Expression After Light Damage and microRNA-Depleted Müller Glia-Focus on microRNAs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620459. [PMID: 33614628 PMCID: PMC7891663 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia (MG) are the predominant glia in the neural retina and become reactive after injury or in disease. microRNAs (miRNAs) are translational repressors that regulate a variety of processes during development and are required for MG function. However, no data is available about the MG miRNAs in reactive gliosis. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to profile miRNAs and mRNAs in reactive MG 7 days after light damage. Light damage was performed for 8 h at 10,000 lux; this leads to rapid neuronal loss and strong MG reactivity. miRNAs were profiled using the Nanostring platform, gene expression analysis was conducted via microarray. We compared the light damage dataset with the dataset of Dicer deleted MG in order to find similarities and differences. We found: (1) The vast majority of MG miRNAs declined in reactive MG 7 days after light damage. (2) Only four miRNAs increased after light damage, which included miR-124. (3) The top 10 genes found upregulated in reactive MG after light damage include Gfap, Serpina3n, Ednrb and Cxcl10. (4) The miRNA decrease in reactive MG 7 days after injury resembles the profile of Dicer-depleted MG after one month. (5) The comparison of both mRNA expression datasets (light damage and Dicer-cKO) showed 1,502 genes were expressed under both conditions, with Maff , Egr2, Gadd45b, and Atf3 as top upregulated candidates. (6) The DIANA-TarBase v.8 miRNA:RNA interaction tool showed that three miRNAs were found to be present in all networks, i.e., after light damage, and in the combined data set; these were miR-125b-5p, let-7b and let-7c. Taken together, results show there is an overlap of gene regulatory events that occur in reactive MG after light damage (direct damage of neurons) and miRNA-depleted MG (Dicer-cKO), two very different paradigms. This suggests that MG miRNAs play an important role in a ubiquitous MG stress response and manipulating these miRNAs could be a first step to attenuate gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Kang
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, The State University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Larbi
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, The State University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Monica Andrade
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, The State University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sara Reardon
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stefanie G. Wohl
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, The State University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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32
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Pawlick JS, Zuzic M, Pasquini G, Swiersy A, Busskamp V. MiRNA Regulatory Functions in Photoreceptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620249. [PMID: 33553155 PMCID: PMC7858257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression. These small, non-coding RNAs post-transcriptionally silence messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in a sequence-specific manner. In this way, miRNAs control important regulatory functions, also in the retina. If dysregulated, these molecules are involved in several retinal pathologies. For example, several miRNAs have been linked to essential photoreceptor functions, including light sensitivity, synaptic transmission, and modulation of inflammatory responses. Mechanistic miRNA knockout and knockdown studies further linked their functions to degenerative retinal diseases. Of note, the type and timing of genetic manipulation before, during, or after retinal development, is important when studying specific miRNA knockout effects. Within this review, we focus on miR-124 and the miR-183/96/182 cluster, which have assigned functions in photoreceptors in health and disease. As a single miRNA can regulate hundreds of mRNAs, we will also discuss the experimental validation and manipulation approaches to study complex miRNA/mRNA regulatory networks. Revealing these networks is essential to understand retinal pathologies and to harness miRNAs as precise therapeutic and diagnostic tools to stabilize the photoreceptors’ transcriptomes and, thereby, function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sophie Pawlick
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marta Zuzic
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pasquini
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Carrella S, Banfi S, Karali M. Sophisticated Gene Regulation for a Complex Physiological System: The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Photoreceptor Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:629158. [PMID: 33537317 PMCID: PMC7848107 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.629158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors (PRs) are specialized neuroepithelial cells of the retina responsible for sensory transduction of light stimuli. In the highly structured vertebrate retina, PRs have a highly polarized modular structure to accommodate the demanding processes of phototransduction and the visual cycle. Because of their function, PRs are exposed to continuous cellular stress. PRs are therefore under pressure to maintain their function in defiance of constant environmental perturbation, besides being part of a highly sophisticated developmental process. All this translates into the need for tightly regulated and responsive molecular mechanisms that can reinforce transcriptional programs. It is commonly accepted that regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), are not only involved but indeed central in conferring robustness and accuracy to developmental and physiological processes. Here we integrate recent findings on the role of regulatory ncRNAs (e.g., miRNAs, lncRNAs, circular RNAs, and antisense RNAs), and of their contribution to PR pathophysiology. We also outline the therapeutic implications of translational studies that harness ncRNAs to prevent PR degeneration and promote their survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marianthi Karali
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Li Y, Meng Y, Zhu X, Van Wijnen A, Eirin A, Lerman LO. Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Altered mRNA and miRNA Content in Human Circulating Extracellular Vesicles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:687586. [PMID: 34456862 PMCID: PMC8387871 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.687586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As mediators of intercellular communication, circulating extracellular vehicles (EVs) can modulate tissue and cellular pathways by altering transcription profiles in recipient cells, and their content may reflect the status of their parent cells. However, whether their cargo is altered in the metabolic syndrome (Mets) remains unclear. We hypothesized that MetS altered mRNAs and miRNAs packed within circulating-EVs. EVs were collected from plasma of patients with MetS or age-matched Lean controls (n=4 each). RNA sequencing was performed to identify dysregulated mRNAs and miRNAs, and analyze genes targeted by miRNAs, top pathways, and diseases associated with MetS-EVs. MetS patients showed elevated body weight, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and liver injury markers levels. 1,446 mRNAs were downregulated and 32 upregulated in MetS- compared to Lean-EVs, whereas 40 miRNAs were selectively enriched and 10 downregulated in MetS-EVs. MetS upregulated in EVs genes involved in apoptosis, mitochondrial regulation, transport, and lipoproteins, but downregulated vessel and heart development, protein complex biogenesis, and angiogenesis. MetS also upregulated miRNAs targeting genes implicated in cellular processes, including oxidation-reduction, and downregulated miRNAs capable of modulating catalytic activity, as well as heart, blood vessel, and skeletal development, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Our study, thus, indicates that human subjects with MetS show modified cargo of circulating EVs, which in turn may modulate several critical cellular functions and fate. These EVs may reflect the anomalous status of their parent cells, and potentially serve as important regulators, biomarkers, and targets in the progression and treatment of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yu Meng
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lilach O. Lerman, ; Yu Meng,
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andre Van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Lilach O. Lerman, ; Yu Meng,
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35
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Photoreceptor protection by mesenchymal stem cell transplantation identifies exosomal MiR-21 as a therapeutic for retinal degeneration. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:1041-1061. [PMID: 33082517 PMCID: PMC7937676 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor apoptosis is recognized as one key pathogenesis of retinal degeneration, the counteraction of which represents a promising approach to safeguard visual function. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (MSCT) has demonstrated immense potential to treat ocular disorders, in which extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged as effective ophthalmological therapeutics. However, whether and how MSCT protects photoreceptors against apoptotic injuries remains largely unknown. Here, we discovered that intravitreal MSCT counteracted photoreceptor apoptosis and alleviated retinal morphological and functional degeneration in a mouse model of photoreceptor loss induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Interestingly, effects of MSCT were inhibited after blockade of exosomal generation by GW4869 preconditioning. Furthermore, MSC-derived exosomal transplantation (EXOT) effectively suppressed MNU-provoked photoreceptor injury. Notably, therapeutic efficacy of MSCT and EXOT on MNU-induced retinal degeneration was long-lasting as photoreceptor preservance and retinal maintenance were detected even after 1–2 months post to injection for only once. More importantly, using a natural occurring retinal degeneration model caused by a nonsense mutation of Phosphodiesterase 6b gene (Pde6bmut), we confirmed that MSCT and EXOT prevented photoreceptor loss and protected long-term retinal function. In deciphering therapeutic mechanisms regarding potential exosome-mediated communications, we identified that miR-21 critically maintained photoreceptor viability against MNU injury by targeting programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) and was transferred from MSC-derived exosomes in vivo for functional regulation. Moreover, miR-21 deficiency aggravated MNU-driven retinal injury and was restrained by EXOT. Further experiments revealed that miR-21 mediated therapeutic effects of EXOT on MNU-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and retinal dysfunction. These findings uncovered the efficacy and mechanism of MSCT-based photoreceptor protection, indicating exosomal miR-21 as a therapeutic for retinal degeneration.
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36
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Sun L, Chen X, Jin Z. Emerging roles of non‐coding RNAs in retinal diseases: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:1085-1101. [PMID: 32519377 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan‐Fang Sun
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Xue‐Jiao Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Zi‐Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing China
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37
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Fernando N, Wong JHC, Das S, Dietrich C, Aggio-Bruce R, Cioanca AV, Wooff Y, Chu-Tan JA, Schumann U, Ngo C, Essex RW, Dorian C, Robertson SA, Man SM, Provis J, Natoli R. MicroRNA-223 Regulates Retinal Function and Inflammation in the Healthy and Degenerating Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:516. [PMID: 32671067 PMCID: PMC7333019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that have powerful regulatory properties, with the ability to regulate multiple messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and biological pathways. MicroRNA-223-3p (miR-223) is known to be a critical regulator of the innate immune response, and its dysregulation is thought to play a role in inflammatory disease progression. Despite miR-223 upregulation in numerous neurodegenerative conditions, largely in cells of the myeloid lineage, the role of miR-223 in the retina is relatively unexplored. Here, we investigated miR-223 in the healthy retina and in response to retinal degeneration. METHODS miR-223-null mice were investigated in control and photo-oxidative damage-induced degeneration conditions. Encapsulated miR-223 mimics were intravitreally and intravenously injected into C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Retinal functional responses were measured using electroretinography (ERG), while extracted retinas were investigated by retinal histology (TUNEL and immunohistochemistry) and molecular analysis (qPCR and FACS). RESULTS Retinal function in miR-223-/- mice was adversely affected, indicating that miR-223 may be critical in regulating the retinal response. In degeneration, miR-223 was elevated in the retina, circulating serum, and retinal extracellular vesicles. Conversely, retinal microglia and macrophages displayed a downregulation of miR-223. Further, isolated CD11b+ inflammatory cells from the retinas and circulation of miR-223-null mice showed an upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes that are critically linked to retinal inflammation and progressive photoreceptor loss. Finally, both local and systemic delivery of miR-223 mimics improved retinal function in mice undergoing retinal degeneration. CONCLUSION miR-223 is required for maintaining normal retinal function, as well as regulating inflammation in microglia and macrophages. Further investigations are required to determine the targets of miR-223 and their key biological pathways and interactions that are relevant to retinal diseases. Future studies should investigate whether sustained delivery of miR-223 into the retina is sufficient to target these pathways and protect the retina from progressive degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Josephine H. C. Wong
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shannon Das
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Catherine Dietrich
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chinh Ngo
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rohan W. Essex
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Camilla Dorian
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jan Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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38
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Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Chu-Tan JA, Aggio-Bruce R, Schumann U, Natoli R. Small-Medium Extracellular Vesicles and Their miRNA Cargo in Retinal Health and Degeneration: Mediators of Homeostasis, and Vehicles for Targeted Gene Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:160. [PMID: 32670023 PMCID: PMC7330137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death and inflammation are known to occur progressively in retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these biological processes are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication with emerging roles in the modulation of immune responses. EVs, including exosomes, encapsulate and transfer microRNA (miRNA) to recipient cells and in this way can modulate the environment of recipient cells. Dysregulation of EVs however is correlated to a loss of cellular homeostasis and increased inflammation. In this work we investigated the role of isolated retinal small-medium sized EV (s-mEV) which includes exosomes in both the healthy and degenerating retina. Isolated s-mEV from normal retinas were characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting, and quantified across 5 days of photo-oxidative damage-induced degeneration using nanotracking analysis. Small RNAseq was used to characterize the miRNA cargo of retinal s-mEV isolated from healthy and damaged retinas. Finally, the effect of exosome inhibition on cell-to-cell miRNA transfer and immune modulation was conducted using systemic daily administration of exosome inhibitor GW4869 and in situ hybridization of s-mEV-abundant miRNA, miR-124-3p. Electroretinography and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess functional and morphological changes to the retina as a result of GW4869-induced exosome depletion. Results demonstrated an inverse correlation between s-mEV concentration and photoreceptor survivability, with a decrease in s-mEV numbers following degeneration. Small RNAseq revealed that s-mEVs contained uniquely enriched miRNAs in comparison to in whole retinal tissue, however, there was no differential change in the s-mEV miRNAnome following photo-oxidative damage. Exosome inhibition via the use of GW4869 was also found to exacerbate retinal degeneration, with reduced retinal function and increased levels of inflammation and cell death demonstrated following photo-oxidative damage in exosome-inhibited mice. Further, GW4869-treated mice displayed impaired translocation of photoreceptor-derived miR-124-3p to the inner retina during damage. Taken together, we propose that retinal s-mEV and their miRNA cargo play an essential role in maintaining retinal homeostasis through immune-modulation, and have the potential to be used in targeted gene therapy for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrian V Cioanca
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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39
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Chu-Tan JA, Natoli R. The potential for microRNA-based therapeutics in retinal disorders. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:419. [PMID: 32395463 PMCID: PMC7210186 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Acton, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, College of Health and Medicine, Acton, Australia
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40
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Hao L, Liu MW, Gu ST, Huang X, Deng H, Wang X. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract ameliorates lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by attenuating the hedgehog signaling pathway via regulation of miR-124 expression. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:88. [PMID: 32178661 PMCID: PMC7076998 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sedum sarmentosum is traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in China. It has protective effects against acute liver injury, but the exact mechanism of such effects remains unclear. This study investigated the protective effects of S. sarmentosum extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice and the mechanism of such effects. Methods Mice were randomly divided into control, treatment, model, and model treatment groups. Acute liver injury was induced in model mice via intraperitoneal injection of LPS and D-GalN with doses of 10 μg/kg of LPS and 500 mg/kg, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of miR-124, Hedgehog, Patched (Ptch), Smoothened (Smo), and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) in liver tissues were determined through RT-PCR, and the protein levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, Gli, P13k, Akt, HMGB1, TLR4, IkB-α, p-IkB-α, and NF-kB65 were evaluated via Western blot analysis. The serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IL-12, and ICAM-1 were determined via ELISA. TLR4 and NF-κBp65 activity and the levels of DNA-bound NF-KB65 and TLR4 in LPS/D-GalN-induced liver tissues were also determined. We recorded the time of death, plotted the survival curve, and calculated the liver index. We then observed the pathological changes in liver tissue and detected the levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST]) in the serum and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and plasma inflammatory factors in the liver homogenate. Afterward, we evaluated the protective effects of S. sarmentosum extracts on acute liver injury in mice. Results Results showed that after S. sarmentosum extract was administered, the expression level of miR-124 increased in liver tissues. However, the protein expression levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, Gli, P13k, p-Akt, HMGB1, TLR4, p-IκB-α, and NF-κB65 and the mRNA expression levels of Hedgehog, Ptch, Smo, and Gli decreased. The MPO level in the liver, the IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IL-12, and MMP-9 levels in the plasma, and the serum ALT and AST levels also decreased, thereby reducing LPS/D-GalN-induced liver injury and improving the survival rate of liver-damaged animals within 24 h. Conclusions S. sarmentosum extract can alleviate LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice and improve the survival rate of mice. The mechanism may be related to the increase in miR-124 expression, decrease in Hedgehog and HMGB1 signaling pathway activities, and reduction in inflammatory responses in the liver. Hedgehog is a regulatory target for miR-124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hao
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Ming-Wei Liu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Wu Hua District, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Song-Tao Gu
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Emergency, Yan'an Hospital of Kunming City, Panlong District, 245 Renmin East Road, Kunming, 650051, China.
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Liu CH, Huang S, Britton WR, Chen J. MicroRNAs in Vascular Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020649. [PMID: 31963809 PMCID: PMC7014392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA) decades ago, studies of miRNA biology have expanded in many biomedical research fields, including eye research. The critical roles of miRNAs in normal development and diseases have made miRNAs useful biomarkers or molecular targets for potential therapeutics. In the eye, ocular neovascularization (NV) is a leading cause of blindness in multiple vascular eye diseases. Current anti-angiogenic therapies, such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment, have their limitations, indicating the need for investigating new targets. Recent studies established the roles of various miRNAs in the regulation of pathological ocular NV, suggesting miRNAs as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets in vascular eye diseases. This review summarizes the biogenesis of miRNAs, and their functions in the normal development and diseases of the eye, with a focus on clinical and experimental retinopathies in both human and animal models. Discovery of novel targets involving miRNAs in vascular eye diseases will provide insights for developing new treatments to counter ocular NV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-919-2525
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Combined microRNA and mRNA detection in mammalian retinas by in situ hybridization chain reaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:351. [PMID: 31942002 PMCID: PMC6962165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved in situ hybridization methods for mRNA detection in tissues have been developed based on the hybridization chain reaction (HCR). We show that in situ HCR methods can be used for the detection of microRNAs in tissue sections from mouse retinas. In situ HCR can be used for the detection of two microRNAs simultaneously or for the combined detection of microRNA and mRNA. In addition, miRNA in situ HCR can be combined with immunodetection of proteins. We use these methods to characterize cells expressing specific microRNAs in the mouse retina. We find that miR-181a is expressed in amacrine cells during development and in adult retinas, and it is present in both GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells. The detection of microRNAs with in situ HCR should facilitate studies of microRNA function and gene regulation in the retina and other tissues.
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Juźwik CA, S Drake S, Zhang Y, Paradis-Isler N, Sylvester A, Amar-Zifkin A, Douglas C, Morquette B, Moore CS, Fournier AE. microRNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 182:101664. [PMID: 31356849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While the root causes for individual neurodegenerative diseases are distinct, many shared pathological features and mechanisms contribute to neurodegeneration across diseases. Altered levels of microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs involved in post transcriptional regulation of gene expression, are reported for numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, comparison between diseases to uncover commonly dysregulated microRNAs during neurodegeneration in general is lagging. We performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications describing differential microRNA expression in neurodegenerative diseases and related animal models. We compiled the results from studies covering the prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in the literature: Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, ataxia, dementia, myotonic dystrophy, epilepsy, glaucoma, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and prion disorders. MicroRNAs which were dysregulated most often in these diseases and their models included miR-9-5p, miR-21-5p, the miR-29 family, miR-132-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-223-3p. Common pathways targeted by these predominant miRNAs were identified and revealed great functional overlap across diseases. We also identified a strong role for each microRNA in both the neural and immune components of diseases. microRNAs regulate broad networks of genes and identifying microRNAs commonly dysregulated across neurodegenerative diseases could cultivate novel hypotheses related to common molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Juźwik
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Sienna S Drake
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Yang Zhang
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Paradis-Isler
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Alexandra Sylvester
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Amar-Zifkin
- McGill University Health Centre- Medical Libraries, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Chelsea Douglas
- Program Manager, Plotly Technologies Inc, 5555 Gaspe Avenue #118, Montréal, QC, H2T 2A3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Morquette
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Retinal miRNA Functions in Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050377. [PMID: 31108959 PMCID: PMC6562649 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The health and function of our visual system relies on accurate gene expression. While many genetic mutations are associated with visual impairment and blindness, we are just beginning to understand the complex interplay between gene regulation and retinal pathologies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, are important regulators of gene expression that exert their function through post-transcriptional silencing of complementary mRNA targets. According to recent transcriptomic analyses, certain miRNA species are expressed in all retinal cell types, while others are cell type-specific. As miRNAs play important roles in homeostasis, cellular function, and survival of differentiated retinal cell types, their dysregulation is associated with retinal degenerative diseases. Thus, advancing our understanding of the genetic networks modulated by miRNAs is central to harnessing their potential as therapeutic agents to overcome visual impairment. In this review, we summarize the role of distinct miRNAs in specific retinal cell types, the current knowledge on their implication in inherited retinal disorders, and their potential as therapeutic agents.
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