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Borrelli E, Bandello F, Boon CJF, Carelli V, Lenaers G, Reibaldi M, Sadda SR, Sadun AA, Sarraf D, Yu-Wai-Man P, Barboni P. Mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies: The impact of retinal imaging on modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101264. [PMID: 38703886 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in ocular imaging have significantly broadened our comprehension of mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies by examining the structural and pathological aspects of the retina and optic nerve in these conditions. This article aims to review the prominent imaging characteristics associated with mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies, aiming to deepen our insight into their pathogenesis and clinical features. Preceding this exploration, the article provides a detailed overview of the crucial genetic and clinical features, which is essential for the proper interpretation of in vivo imaging. More importantly, we will provide a critical analysis on how these imaging modalities could serve as biomarkers for characterization and monitoring, as well as in guiding treatment decisions. However, these imaging methods have limitations, which will be discussed along with potential strategies to mitigate them. Lastly, the article will emphasize the potential advantages and future integration of imaging techniques in evaluating patients with mitochondrial eye disorders, considering the prospects of emerging gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Borrelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, "City of Health and Science" Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Equipe MitoLab, Unité MitoVasc, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 49933, Angers, France; Service de Neurologie, CHU d'Angers, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, "City of Health and Science" Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Srinivas R Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Sarraf
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Piero Barboni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Studio Oculistico d'Azeglio, Bologna, Italy.
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Sangani P, Temple S, Bhandary S, Narayanan R, Johnson E, Das AV, Ali MH, Takkar B. Macular Pigment Assessment in Indian Population Using Degree of Polarization Threshold: Impact of Diet on Macular Pigment Density. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:20. [PMID: 38517446 PMCID: PMC10981160 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine macular pigment (MP) density scores in healthy Indians and examine correlations with demographic and lifestyle variables. Methods We observed 484 Indians without an ocular pathology. Body mass index (BMI) and self-reported lifestyle factors (sunglasses usage, physical activity, and smoking) were noted. MP density was assessed as the threshold of perception of the shadow of their macular pigments on their retina using a new MP assessment tool (MP-eye). Lutein and zeaxanthin intake was assessed using a prevalidated questionnaire regionally designed for the Indian diet. Clusters of participants were created for statistical analysis based on MP-eye scores secondarily to detect any relevant effects in very low, low, medium, and high ranges of MPs. Results Data analyzed included 235 males and 249 females with mean age of 36.1 ± 12.9 years (range, 14-72). The median MP-eye score was 6 (range, 0-10, with 10 being high). Most were non-smokers (413, 85.3%) and did not use sunglasses (438, 90.5%), and 314 (64.9%) had low physical activity. Diabetes was present in 62 participants (12.8%) and hypertension in 53 (10.9%). Advancing age (r = -0.209; P < 0.000) and BMI (r = -0.094; P = 0.038) had weak negative correlation with MP-eye scores. Hypertension was less prevalent (7/88) in the cluster with the highest median MP-eye score (P = 0.033). Dietary intake of MPs and other lifestyle factors did not correlate significantly with MP-eye score overall or when analyzed in clusters. Conclusions MP-eye scores of an Indian population were normally distributed. Higher age, high BMI, and presence of hypertension were weakly associated with lower MP-eye scores. The impact of diet on MPs requires further evaluation. Translational Relevance This normative regional database enables risk stratification of macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Sangani
- Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shelby Temple
- School of Optometry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Azul Optics, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shashank Bhandary
- Suven Clinical Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raja Narayanan
- Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Anthony Vipin Das
- Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Md Hasnat Ali
- Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Computational Biostatistics and Data Science, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Brijesh Takkar
- Indian Health Outcomes, Public Health, and Economics Research Centre (IHOPE), LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Li CHZ, Pas JAAH, Corradi Z, Hitti-Malin RJ, Hoogstede A, Runhart EH, Dhooge PPA, Collin RWJ, Cremers FPM, Hoyng CB. Study of Late-Onset Stargardt Type 1 Disease: Characteristics, Genetics, and Progression. Ophthalmology 2024; 131:87-97. [PMID: 37598860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Late-onset Stargardt disease is a subtype of Stargardt disease type 1 (STGD1), defined by an age of onset of 45 years or older. We describe the disease characteristics, underlying genetics, and disease progression of late-onset STGD1 and highlight the differences from geographic atrophy. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-one patients with late-onset STGD1. METHODS Medical files were reviewed for clinical data including age at onset, initial symptoms, and best-corrected visual acuity. A quantitative and qualitative assessment of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy was performed on fundus autofluorescence images and OCT scans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age at onset, genotype, visual acuity, atrophy growth rates, and loss of external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, and RPE. RESULTS Median age at onset was 55.0 years (range, 45-82 years). A combination of a mild and severe variant in ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 4 (ABCA4) was the most common genotype (n = 49 [69.0%]). The most frequent allele, c.5603A→T (p.Asn1868Ile), was present in 43 of 71 patients (60.6%). No combination of 2 severe variants was found. At first presentation, all patients have flecks. Foveal-sparing atrophy was present in 33.3% of eyes, whereas 21.1% had atrophy with foveal involvement. Extrafoveal atrophy was present in 38.9% of eyes, and no atrophy was evident in 6.7% of eyes. Time-to-event curves showed a median duration of 15.4 years (95% confidence interval, 11.1-19.6 years) from onset to foveal involvement. The median visual acuity decline was -0.03 Snellen decimal per year (interquartile range [IQR], -0.07 to 0.00 Snellen decimal; 0.03 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution). Median atrophy growth was 0.590 mm2/year (IQR, 0.046-1.641 mm2/year) for definitely decreased autofluorescence and 0.650 mm2/year (IQR, 0.299-1.729 mm2/year) for total decreased autofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS Late-onset STGD1 is a subtype of STGD1 with most commonly 1 severe and 1 mild ABCA4 variant. The general patient presents with typical fundus flecks and retinal atrophy in a foveal-sparing pattern with preserved central vision. Misdiagnosis as age-related macular degeneration should be avoided to prevent futile invasive treatments with potential complications. In addition, correct diagnosis lends patients with late-onset STGD1 the opportunity to participate in potentially beneficial therapeutic trials for STGD1. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherina H Z Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A A H Pas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zelia Corradi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Alliance Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, and Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebekkah J Hitti-Malin
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Alliance Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, and Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Hoogstede
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esmee H Runhart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patty P A Dhooge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob W J Collin
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Alliance Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, and Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Academic Alliance Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, and Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bućan I, Bućan K. Paramacular Choriocapillaris Atrophy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2074. [PMID: 37509713 PMCID: PMC10377535 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a review of a rare case of paramacular choriocapillaris atrophy with a foveal-sparing phenotype is carried out. The 73-year-old patient stated that they had impaired vision and photophobia in both eyes during a regular ophthalmological examination, denying visual field defects and night blindness. A complete ophthalmological examination (best-corrected visual acuity, applanation tonometry, and biomicroscopy of anterior and posterior segments) and diagnostic tests, including fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography with angiography, computerized perimetry, and electroretinography, were carried out. The underlying genetic pattern is unclear, which points to paramacular choriocapillaris atrophy. According to recent research on histology, pathologies categorized as regional choroidal dystrophies are caused by alterations at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. Despite the unresolved etiopathogenetic mechanism of foveal sparing in central choroidal and retinal dystrophies, a highly variable disease phenotype with spared fovea and central visual acuity present in a variety of heterogeneous dystrophies supports a disease-independent mechanism that allows the survival of foveal cones. The related preservation of BCVA has implications for individual prognosis and influences how treatment trials for choroidal and retinal dystrophies are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Bućan
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Kajo Bućan
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Opthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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A laser-induced mouse model of progressive retinal degeneration with central sparing displays features of parafoveal geographic atrophy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4194. [PMID: 36918701 PMCID: PMC10014848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no disease-modifying treatments available for geographic atrophy (GA), the advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration. Current murine models fail to fully recapitulate the features of GA and thus hinder drug discovery. Here we describe a novel mouse model of retinal degeneration with hallmark features of GA. We used an 810 nm laser to create a retinal lesion with central sparing (RLCS), simulating parafoveal atrophy observed in patients with progressive GA. Laser-induced RLCS resulted in progressive GA-like pathology with the development of a confluent atrophic lesion. We demonstrate significant changes to the retinal structure and thickness in the central unaffected retina over a 24-week post-laser period, confirmed by longitudinal optical coherence tomography scans. We further show characteristic features of progressive GA, including a gradual reduction in the thickness of the central, unaffected retina and of total retinal thickness. Histological changes observed in the RLCS correspond to GA pathology, which includes the collapse of the outer nuclear layer, increased numbers of GFAP + , CD11b + and FcγRI + cells, and damage to cone and rod photoreceptors. We demonstrate a laser-induced mouse model of parafoveal GA progression, starting at 2 weeks post-laser and reaching confluence at 24 weeks post-laser. This 24-week time-frame in which GA pathology develops, provides an extended window of opportunity for proof-of-concept evaluation of drugs targeting GA. This time period is an added advantage compared to several existing models of geographic atrophy.
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Saeed OB, Traboulsi EI, Coussa RG. Profiling of visual acuity and genotype correlations in RP2 patients: a cross-sectional comparative meta-analysis between carrier females and affected males. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:350-355. [PMID: 35094030 PMCID: PMC9873705 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-01954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) is the most severe form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and accounts for 15-20% of all RP cases. In this study, we investigated the progression of visual acuity loss across age groups in female carriers and compared it to affected males. METHODS A PubMed literature search was conducted, and RP2 cases were included based on specific inclusion criteria. Visual acuity (VA), refractive error spherical equivalent (SE), and retinal findings were recorded. Cross-sectional analyses investigated the relationship between VA and age in carrier females and affected males. Genotype-phenotype VA correlations were studied using t-tests. RESULTS 35 carrier females and 28 affected males with confirmed RP2 mutations were collected from 13 studies. The mean age and logMAR VA of carrier females were 44.2 ± 17.4 years, and 0.5 ± 0.5, respectively. 78.8% of carrier females showed abnormal XLRP-related fundus findings and had significantly reduced VA compared to those with normal fundi (0.6 ± 0.5 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1; p = 0.03). Compared to affected males, no statistical correlation was found between logMAR VA and advancing age in carrier females (p = 0.75). Statistically significant linear correlations were found between logMAR VA and SE in each of carrier females (p = 0.01). There were no observed differences in logMAR VA based on mutation type (p = 0.97) or mutation location (p = 0.83). Anisometropia was observed in 38% of carrier females and 68% of affected males; these prevalence numbers are statistically significant between the two groups (1.7 ± 0.3 vs. 3.9 ± 10.9 dioptres; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS RP2 carrier females generally maintain good VA throughout their lifetime, as opposed to affected males, whose vision progressively declines. Our study provides important VA prognostic data that is crucial for patient counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias I Traboulsi
- Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, Center for Genetic Eye Diseases, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Razek Georges Coussa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Sajovic J, Meglič A, Volk M, Maver A, Jarc-Vidmar M, Hawlina M, Fakin A. Stargardt-like Clinical Characteristics and Disease Course Associated with Variants in the WDR19 Gene. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020291. [PMID: 36833218 PMCID: PMC9957452 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in WDR19 (IFT144) have been implicated as another possible cause of Stargardt disease. The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinal multimodal imaging of a WDR19-Stargardt patient, harboring p.(Ser485Ile) and a novel c.(3183+1_3184-1)_(3261+1_3262-1)del variant, with 43 ABCA4-Stargardt patients. Age at onset, visual acuity, Ishihara color vision, color fundus, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, microperimetry and electroretinography (ERG) were evaluated. First symptom of WDR19 patient was nyctalopia at the age of 5 years. After the age of 18 years, OCT showed hyper-reflectivity at the level of the external limiting membrane/outer nuclear layer. There was abnormal cone and rod photoreceptor function on ERG. Widespread fundus flecks appeared, followed by perifoveal photoreceptor atrophy. Fovea and peripapillary retina remained preserved until the latest exam at 25 years of age. ABCA4 patients had median age of onset at 16 (range 5-60) years and mostly displayed typical Stargardt triad. A total of 19% had foveal sparing. In comparison to ABCA4 patients, the WDR19 patient had a relatively large foveal preservation and severe rod photoreceptor impairment; however, it was still within the ABCA4 disease spectrum. Addition of WDR19 in the group of genes producing phenocopies of Stargardt disease underlines the importance of genetic testing and may help to understand its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sajovic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Meglič
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Volk
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Maver
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Jarc-Vidmar
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Fakin
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grablovičeva 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Arrigo A, Aragona E, Battaglia Parodi M, Bandello F. Quantitative approaches in multimodal fundus imaging: State of the art and future perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 92:101111. [PMID: 35933313 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
When it first appeared, multimodal fundus imaging revolutionized the diagnostic workup and provided extremely useful new insights into the pathogenesis of fundus diseases. The recent addition of quantitative approaches has further expanded the amount of information that can be obtained. In spite of the growing interest in advanced quantitative metrics, the scientific community has not reached a stable consensus on repeatable, standardized quantitative techniques to process and analyze the images. Furthermore, imaging artifacts may considerably affect the processing and interpretation of quantitative data, potentially affecting their reliability. The aim of this survey is to provide a comprehensive summary of the main multimodal imaging techniques, covering their limitations as well as their strengths. We also offer a thorough analysis of current quantitative imaging metrics, looking into their technical features, limitations, and interpretation. In addition, we describe the main imaging artifacts and their potential impact on imaging quality and reliability. The prospect of increasing reliance on artificial intelligence-based analyses suggests there is a need to develop more sophisticated quantitative metrics and to improve imaging technologies, incorporating clear, standardized, post-processing procedures. These measures are becoming urgent if these analyses are to cross the threshold from a research context to real-life clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
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9
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The Clinical Spectrum and Disease Course of DRAM2 Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137398. [PMID: 35806404 PMCID: PMC9266529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2 gene (DRAM2) cause a rare autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy and its disease course is not well understood. We present two Slovenian patients harboring a novel DRAM2 variant and a detailed review of all 23 other patients described to date. Whole exome and whole genome sequencing were performed in the two patients, and both underwent ophthalmological examination with a 2-year follow-up. PubMed was searched for papers with clinical descriptions of DRAM2 retinopathy. Patient 1 was homozygous for a novel variant, p.Met1?, and presented with the acute onset of photopsia and retina-wide retinopathy at the age of 35 years. The patient was first thought to have an autoimmune retinopathy and was treated with mycophenolate mofetil, which provided some symptomatic relief. Patient 2 was compound heterozygous for p.Met1? and p.Leu246Pro and presented with late-onset maculopathy at the age of 59 years. On review, patients with DRAM2 retinopathy usually present in the third decade with central visual loss, outer retinal layer loss on optical coherence tomography and a hyperautofluorescent ring on fundus autofluorescence. Either cone–rod or rod–cone dystrophy phenotype is observed on electroretinography, reflecting the importance of DRAM2 in both photoreceptor types. Non-null variants can result in milder disease.
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Wang VY, Kuo BL, Chen AX, Wang K, Greenlee TE, Conti TF, Singh RP. Fluctuations in macular thickness in patients with diabetic macular oedema treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:1461-1467. [PMID: 34234291 PMCID: PMC9232615 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retinal thickness fluctuations in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections. METHODS Visual acuity (VA) and central subfield thickness (CST) were collected at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Retinal thickness fluctuation was quantified by standard deviation (SD) of CST across 12 months. A mixed effects regression model evaluated the relationship between CST SD and VA at 12 months. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate predictors of CST SD. RESULTS Mean baseline and 12-month VAs were 63.5 ± 15.7 and 69.0 ± 13.8 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters (change = +5.1 ± 16.1 letters, p < 0.001). Mean baseline and 12-month CSTs were 396.9 ± 109.7 and 337.7 ± 100.7 μm (change = -59.2 ± 114.8 μm, p < 0.001). Retinal thickness variability across the first 12 months was 59.4 ± 43.6 μm. Stratification of patient eyes by CST SD demonstrated 9.7 letters difference in 12-month VA between first and fourth quartiles. Significant predictors of CST SD include baseline CST, injection type, laser treatment, and DR stage. CONCLUSIONS Larger retinal thickness fluctuations are associated with poorer visual outcomes in eyes with DMO treated with anti-VEGF injections. Retinal thickness variability may be an important prognostic biomarker for DMO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Y Wang
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Blanche L Kuo
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew X Chen
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tyler E Greenlee
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thais F Conti
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rishi P Singh
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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11
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Lindner M, Gilhooley MJ, Hughes S, Hankins MW. Optogenetics for visual restoration: From proof of principle to translational challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101089. [PMID: 35691861 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative retinal disorders are a diverse family of diseases commonly leading to irreversible photoreceptor death, while leaving the inner retina relatively intact. Over recent years, innovative gene replacement therapies aiming to halt the progression of certain inherited retinal disorders have made their way into clinics. By rendering surviving retinal neurons light sensitive optogenetic gene therapy now offers a feasible treatment option that can restore lost vision, even in late disease stages and widely independent of the underlying cause of degeneration. Since proof-of-concept almost fifteen years ago, this field has rapidly evolved and a detailed first report on a treated patient has recently been published. In this article, we provide a review of optogenetic approaches for vision restoration. We discuss the currently available optogenetic tools and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Possible cellular targets will be discussed and we will address the question how retinal remodelling may affect the choice of the target and to what extent it may limit the outcomes of optogenetic vision restoration. Finally, we will analyse the evidence for and against optogenetic tool mediated toxicity and will discuss the challenges associated with clinical translation of this promising therapeutic concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Lindner
- The Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jules Thorn SCNi, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Philipps University, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael J Gilhooley
- The Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jules Thorn SCNi, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Hughes
- The Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jules Thorn SCNi, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Hankins
- The Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Jules Thorn SCNi, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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12
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Kazmierczak de Camargo JP, Prezia GNDB, Shiokawa N, Sato MT, Rosati R, Beate Winter Boldt A. New Insights on the Regulatory Gene Network Disturbed in Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy-Beyond Classical Gene Candidates. Front Genet 2022; 13:886461. [PMID: 35656327 PMCID: PMC9152281 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.886461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central areolar choroidal dystrophy (CACD) is a rare hereditary disease that mainly affects the macula, resulting in progressive and usually profound visual loss. Being part of congenital retinal dystrophies, it may have an autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance and, until now, has no effective treatment. Given the shortage of genotypic information about the disease, this work systematically reviews the literature for CACD-causing genes. Three independent researchers selected 33 articles after carefully searching and filtering the Scielo, Pubmed, Lilacs, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases. Mutations of six genes (PRPH2, GUCA1A, GUCY2D, CDHR1, ABCA4, and TTLL5) are implicated in the monogenic dominant inheritance of CACD. They are functionally related to photoreceptors (either in the phototransduction process, as in the case of GUCY2D, or the recovery of retinal photodegradation in photoreceptors for GUCA1A, or the formation and maintenance of specific structures within photoreceptors for PRPH2). The identified genetic variants do not explain all observed clinical features, calling for further whole-genome and functional studies for this disease. A network analysis with the CACD-related genes identified in the systematic review resulted in the identification of another 20 genes that may influence CACD onset and symptoms. Furthermore, an enrichment analysis allowed the identification of 13 transcription factors and 4 long noncoding RNAs interacting with the products of the previously mentioned genes. If mutated or dysregulated, they may be directly involved in CACD development and related disorders. More than half of the genes identified by bioinformatic tools do not appear in commercial gene panels, calling for more studies about their role in the maintenance of the retina and phototransduction process, as well as for a timely update of these gene panels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Nazaré de Barros Prezia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology Applied to Child and Adolescent Health, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe and Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Naoye Shiokawa
- Retina and Vitreo Consulting Eye Clinic, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mario Teruo Sato
- Retina and Vitreo Consulting Eye Clinic, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmol/Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Roberto Rosati
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology Applied to Child and Adolescent Health, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe and Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, Brazil
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13
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Kong X, Ibrahim-Ahmed M, Bittencourt MG, Strauss RW, Birch DG, Cideciyan AV, Ervin AM, Ho A, Sunness JS, Audo IS, Michaelides M, Zrenner E, Sadda S, Ip MS, West S, Scholl HPN. Longitudinal Changes in Scotopic and Mesopic Macular Function as Assessed with Microperimetry in Patients With Stargardt Disease: SMART Study Report No. 2. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 236:32-44. [PMID: 34695402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate and compare cross-sectional scotopic versus mesopic macular sensitivity losses measured by microperimetry, and to report and compare the longitudinal rates of scotopic and mesopic macular sensitivity losses in ABCA4 gene-associated Stargardt disease (STGD1). DESIGN This was a multicenter prospective cohort study. METHODS Participants comprised 127 molecularly confirmed STGD1 patients enrolled from 6 centers in the United States and Europe and followed up every 6 months for up to 2 years. The Nidek MP-1S device was used to measure macular sensitivities of the central 20° under mesopic and scotopic conditions. The mean deviations (MD) from normal for mesopic macular sensitivity for the fovea (within 2° eccentricity) and extrafovea (4°-10° eccentricity), and the MD for scotopic sensitivity for the extrafovea, were calculated. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate mesopic and scotopic changes. Main outcome measures were baseline mesopic mean deviation (mMD) and scotopic MD (sMD) and rates of longitudinal changes in the mMDs and sMD. RESULTS At baseline, all eyes had larger sMD, and the difference between extrafoveal sMD and mMD was 10.7 dB (P < .001). Longitudinally, all eyes showed a statistically significant worsening trend: the rates of foveal mMD and extrafoveal mMD and sMD changes were 0.72 (95% CI = 0.37-1.07), 0.86 (95% CI = 0.58-1.14), and 1.12 (95% CI = 0.66-1.57) dB per year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In STGD1, in extrafovea, loss of scotopic macular function preceded and was faster than the loss of mesopic macular function. Scotopic and mesopic macular sensitivities using microperimetry provide alternative visual function outcomes for STGD1 treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Kong
- Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University (X.K., M.G.B., A.-M.E., S.W., H.P.N.S.), Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Biostatistics (X.K.), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Epidemiology (X.K., A.-M.E.), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Society (X.K.), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | - Millena G Bittencourt
- Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University (X.K., M.G.B., A.-M.E., S.W., H.P.N.S.), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rupert W Strauss
- Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (R.W.S., M.M.), London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology (R.W.S.), Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Linz, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology (R.W.S.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - David G Birch
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest (D.G.B.), Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Artur V Cideciyan
- Scheie Eye Institute (A.V.C.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann-Margaret Ervin
- Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University (X.K., M.G.B., A.-M.E., S.W., H.P.N.S.), Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Epidemiology (X.K., A.-M.E.), Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Ho
- Doheny Image Reading Center (A.H., S.V.S., M.S.I.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janet S Sunness
- Greater Baltimore Medical Center (J.S.S.), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabelle S Audo
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts (I.S.A.), DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (R.W.S., M.M.), London, UK
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Universitäts-Augenklinik (E.Z.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - SriniVas Sadda
- Doheny Image Reading Center (A.H., S.V.S., M.S.I.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael S Ip
- Doheny Image Reading Center (A.H., S.V.S., M.S.I.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sheila West
- Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University (X.K., M.G.B., A.-M.E., S.W., H.P.N.S.), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Wilmer Eye Institute at the Johns Hopkins University (X.K., M.G.B., A.-M.E., S.W., H.P.N.S.), Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB) (H.P.N.S.), Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology (H.P.N.S.), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Albertos-Arranz H, Sánchez-Sáez X, Martínez-Gil N, Pinilla I, Coco-Martin RM, Delgado J, Cuenca N. Phenotypic Differences in a PRPH2 Mutation in Members of the Same Family Assessed with OCT and OCTA. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050777. [PMID: 33925984 PMCID: PMC8146155 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal dystrophies comprise a group of chorioretinal degenerations. However, the different findings observed among these patients make it difficult to establish a correct clinical diagnosis. The objective of this study was to characterize new clinical findings by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in these patients. Four family members with a PRPH2 gene mutation (p.Arg195Leu) were included. OCT was performed at the macula, and the thickness of the outer and inner retina, total retina, and choroid was measured. The features of the vascular network were analyzed by OCTA. Patients showed a decreased outer nuclear layer in the avascular area compared with the controls. Two patients presented greater foveal and parafoveal degeneration of the outer retina, whereas the most degenerated area in the rest was the perifovea. Disruption of the third outer band at the foveola is one of the first-altered outer bands. Slow blood flow areas or capillary dropout were main signs in the deep capillary plexus. Microaneurysms were frequently observed in less degenerated retinas. Vascular loops and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs) were present in the superficial plexus. Extensive degeneration of the choriocapillaris was detected. Phenotypic differences were found between patients: two showed central areolar choroidal dystrophy and the rest had extensive chorioretinal atrophy. These signs observed in OCT and OCTA can help to more appropriately define the clinical disease in patients with choroidal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Albertos-Arranz
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (H.A.-A.); (X.S.-S.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (H.A.-A.); (X.S.-S.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (H.A.-A.); (X.S.-S.); (N.M.-G.)
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aragon Health Science Institute (IIS Aragón), Lozano Blesa University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), (RETICS) Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Coco-Martin
- National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), (RETICS) Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Medical School, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (H.A.-A.); (X.S.-S.); (N.M.-G.)
- National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), (RETICS) Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- San Vicente del Raspeig Campus, Ramón Margalef Institute, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-909-916
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15
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van Dijk EHC, Boon CJF. Serous business: Delineating the broad spectrum of diseases with subretinal fluid in the macula. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100955. [PMID: 33716160 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of ocular diseases can present with serous subretinal fluid in the macula and therefore clinically mimic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). In this manuscript, we categorise the diseases and conditions that are part of the differential diagnosis into 12 main pathogenic subgroups: neovascular diseases, vitelliform lesions, inflammatory diseases, ocular tumours, haematological malignancies, paraneoplastic syndromes, genetic diseases, ocular developmental anomalies, medication-related conditions and toxicity-related diseases, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and tractional retinal detachment, retinal vascular diseases, and miscellaneous diseases. In addition, we describe 2 new clinical pictures associated with macular subretinal fluid accumulation, namely serous maculopathy with absence of retinal pigment epithelium (SMARPE) and serous maculopathy due to aspecific choroidopathy (SMACH). Differentiating between these various diseases and CSC can be challenging, and obtaining the correct diagnosis can have immediate therapeutic and prognostic consequences. Here, we describe the key differential diagnostic features of each disease within this clinical spectrum, including representative case examples. Moreover, we discuss the pathogenesis of each disease in order to facilitate the differentiation from typical CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elon H C van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Starace V, Battista M, Brambati M, Pederzolli M, Viganò C, Arrigo A, Cicinelli MV, Bandello F, Parodi MB. Genotypic and phenotypic factors influencing the rate of progression in ABCA-4-related Stargardt disease. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1860753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Starace
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battista
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Brambati
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Pederzolli
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Viganò
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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17
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Genetic and Clinical Findings in an Ethnically Diverse Cohort with Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with Pathogenic Variants in CERKL. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121497. [PMID: 33322828 PMCID: PMC7763961 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa is caused by mutations in over 40 genes, one of which is the ceramide kinase-like gene (CERKL). We present a case series of six patients from six unrelated families diagnosed with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) and with two variants in CERKL recruited from a multi-ethnic British population. A retrospective review of clinical data in these patients was performed and included colour fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (AF) imaging, spectral domain–optical coherence tomography (SD–OCT), visual fields and electroretinogram (ERG) assessment where available. Three female and three male patients were included. Age at onset ranged from 7 years old to 45 years, with three presenting in their 20s and two presenting in their 40s. All but one had central visual loss as one of their main presenting symptoms. Four patients had features of retinitis pigmentosa with significant variation in severity and extent of disease, and two patients had no pigment deposition with only macular involvement clinically. Seven variants in CERKL were identified, of which three are novel. The inherited retinopathies associated with the CERKL gene vary in age at presentation and in degree of severity, but generally are characterised by a central visual impairment early on.
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18
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Sung YC, Yang CH, Yang CM, Lin CW, Huang DS, Huang YS, Hu FR, Chen PL, Chen TC. Genotypes Predispose Phenotypes-Clinical Features and Genetic Spectrum of ABCA4-Associated Retinal Dystrophies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121421. [PMID: 33261146 PMCID: PMC7759801 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABCA4 gene is one of the most common disease-causing genes of inherited retinal degeneration. In this study, we report different phenotypes of ABCA4-associated retinal dystrophies in the Taiwanese population, its clinical progression, and its relationship with genetic characteristics. Thirty-seven subjects were recruited and all patients underwent serial ophthalmic examinations at a single medical center. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images were quantified for clinical evaluation, and panel-based next-generation sequencing testing was performed for genetic diagnosis. Visual preservation, disease progression, and genotype–phenotype correlation were analyzed. In this cohort, ABCA4-associated retinal degeneration presented as Stargardt disease 1 (STGD1, 62.16%), retinitis pigmentosa (32.43%), and cone-rod dystrophy (5.41%). STGD1 could be further divided into central and dispersed types. In each phenotype, the lesion areas quantified by FAF increased with age (p < 0.01) and correlated with poorer visual acuity. However, three patients had the foveal sparing phenotype and had relatively preserved visual acuity. Forty-two ABCA4 variants were identified as disease-causing, with c.1804C>T (p.Arg602Trp) the most frequent (37.84%). Patients with a combination of severe/null variants could have more extensive phenotypes, such as arRP and dispersed STGD1. This is the first cohort study of ABCA4-associated retinal degeneration in Taiwan with wide spectrums of both genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. An extremely high prevalence of c.1804C>T, which has not been reported in East Asia before, was noted. The extensiveness of retinal involvement might be regarded as a spectrum of ABCA4-associated retinal dystrophies. Different types of genetic variations could lead to distinctive phenotypes, according to the coding impact of variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Sung
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (D.-S.H.); (Y.-S.H.); (F.-R.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (D.-S.H.); (Y.-S.H.); (F.-R.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (D.-S.H.); (Y.-S.H.); (F.-R.H.)
| | - Ding-Siang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (D.-S.H.); (Y.-S.H.); (F.-R.H.)
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (D.-S.H.); (Y.-S.H.); (F.-R.H.)
| | - Fung-Rong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (D.-S.H.); (Y.-S.H.); (F.-R.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-L.C.); (T.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 71942) (P.-L.C.); +886-2-23123456 (ext. 63783) (T.-C.C.); Fax: +886-2-23934420 (T.-C.C.)
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.Y.); (C.-M.Y.); (C.-W.L.); (D.-S.H.); (Y.-S.H.); (F.-R.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-L.C.); (T.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-2-23123456 (ext. 71942) (P.-L.C.); +886-2-23123456 (ext. 63783) (T.-C.C.); Fax: +886-2-23934420 (T.-C.C.)
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19
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Talib M, Boon CJF. Retinal Dystrophies and the Road to Treatment: Clinical Requirements and Considerations. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:159-179. [PMID: 32511120 PMCID: PMC7299224 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
: Retinal dystrophies (RDs) comprise relatively rare but devastating causes of progressive vision loss. They represent a spectrum of diseases with marked genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Mutations in the same gene may lead to different diagnoses, for example, retinitis pigmentosa or cone dystrophy. Conversely, mutations in different genes may lead to the same phenotype. The age at symptom onset, and the rate and characteristics of peripheral and central vision decline, may vary widely per disease group and even within families. For most RD cases, no effective treatment is currently available. However, preclinical studies and phase I/II/III gene therapy trials are ongoing for several RD subtypes, and recently the first retinal gene therapy has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for RPE65-associated RDs: voretigene neparvovec-rzyl (Luxturna). With the rapid advances in gene therapy studies, insight into the phenotypic spectrum and long-term disease course is crucial information for several RD types. The vast clinical heterogeneity presents another important challenge in the evaluation of potential efficacy in future treatment trials, and in establishing treatment candidacy criteria. This perspective describes these challenges, providing detailed clinical descriptions of several forms of RD that are caused by genes of interest for ongoing and future gene or cell-based therapy trials. Several ongoing and future treatment options will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mays Talib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Pfau M, Holz FG, Müller PL. Retinal light sensitivity as outcome measure in recessive Stargardt disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:258-264. [PMID: 32345606 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate the applicability of mesopic light sensitivity measurements obtained by fundus-controlled perimetry (FCP, also termed 'microperimetry') as clinical trial endpoint in Stargardt disease (STGD1). METHODS In this retrospective, monocentre cohort study, 271 eyes of 136 patients (age, 37.1 years) with STGD1 and 87 eyes of 54 healthy controls (age, 41.0 years) underwent mesopic FCP, using a pattern of 50 stimuli (achromatic, 400-800 nm) centred on the fovea. The concurrent validity of mesopic FCP testing using the MAIA device (CenterVue, Italy), the retest variability and its determinants, and the progression of sensitivity loss over time were investigated using mixed-model analyses. The main outcomes were the average pointwise sensitivity loss in dependence of patients' demographic, functional and imaging characteristics, the intrasession 95% coefficient of repeatability, and the pointwise sensitivity loss over time. RESULTS Pointwise sensitivity loss was on average (estimate (95% CI)) 13.88 dB (12.55 to 15.21) along the horizontal meridian and was significantly associated with the electrophysiological subgroup, presence/absence of foveal sparing, best-corrected visual acuity and disease duration. The 95% coefficient of repeatability was 12.15 dB (10.78 to 13.38) and varied in dependence of the underlying mean sensitivity and local sensitivity slope. The global progression rate for the sensitivity loss was 0.45 dB/year (0.13 to 0.78) and was higher for the central and inner ETDRS subfields compared with more peripheral regions. CONCLUSIONS Mesopic light sensitivity measured by FCP is reliable and susceptible for functional changes. It constitutes a potential clinical outcome for both natural history studies as well as future interventional studies in patients with STGD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Pfau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp L Müller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany .,Center for Rare Diseases, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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21
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Cremers FPM, Lee W, Collin RWJ, Allikmets R. Clinical spectrum, genetic complexity and therapeutic approaches for retinal disease caused by ABCA4 mutations. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100861. [PMID: 32278709 PMCID: PMC7544654 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ABCA4 protein (then called a “rim protein”) was first
identified in 1978 in the rims and incisures of rod photoreceptors. The
corresponding gene, ABCA4, was cloned in 1997, and variants
were identified as the cause of autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1).
Over the next two decades, variation in ABCA4 has been
attributed to phenotypes other than the classically defined STGD1 or fundus
flavimaculatus, ranging from early onset and fast progressing cone-rod dystrophy
and retinitis pigmentosa-like phenotypes to very late onset cases of mostly mild
disease sometimes resembling, and confused with, age-related macular
degeneration. Similarly, analysis of the ABCA4 locus uncovered
a trove of genetic information, including >1200 disease-causing mutations
of varying severity, and of all types – missense, nonsense, small
deletions/insertions, and splicing affecting variants, of which many are located
deep-intronic. Altogether, this has greatly expanded our understanding of
complexity not only of the diseases caused by ABCA4 mutations,
but of all Mendelian diseases in general. This review provides an in depth
assessment of the cumulative knowledge of ABCA4-associated retinopathy –
clinical manifestations, genetic complexity, pathophysiology as well as current
and proposed therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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22
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Shen LL, Ahluwalia A, Sun M, Young BK, Grossetta Nardini HK, Del Priore LV. Long-term Natural History of Atrophy in Eyes with Choroideremia-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual-Level Data. Ophthalmol Retina 2020; 4:840-852. [PMID: 32362554 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the natural history of atrophy secondary to choroideremia (CHM). CLINICAL RELEVANCE A sensitive and reliable anatomic measure to monitor disease progression is needed in treatment trials for CHM. However, the long-term natural history of the residual retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is unclear, with reported RPE area decline rates varying widely among patients. METHODS We searched in 7 literature databases up through July 17, 2019, to identify studies that assessed the residual RPE area in untreated eyes with CHM using fundus autofluorescence (FAF). We sought individual-eye data and investigated the RPE decline pattern using 3 models: the area linear model (ALM), radius linear model (RLM), and area exponential model (AEM), in which the area, radius, and log-transformed area of RPE change linearly with time, respectively. To account for different eyes' entry times into the studies, we added a horizontal translation factor to each dataset. The RPE decline rate was estimated using a 2-stage random-effects meta-analysis. We assessed the risk of bias using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. RESULTS Of 807 articles screened, we included 9 articles containing cross-sectional data (257 eyes) from 6 studies and longitudinal data (229 visits from 68 eyes) from 5 studies. The residual RPE area followed a trend of exponential decay as a function of patient age. After the introduction of horizontal translation factors to longitudinal datasets of individual eyes, the datasets fit along a straight line in the AEM over nearly 60 years (r2 = 0.997). The decline rate of log-transformed RPE area was 0.050 (95% confidence interval, 0.046-0.055) log(mm2)/year and was independent of the baseline RPE area (r = -0.18; P = 0.15) and age (r = 0.06; P = 0.63). In contrast, the decline rates of the area and effective radius of residual RPE strongly correlated with the baseline RPE area (r = 0.90 and 0.61, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The loss of residual RPE area in untreated eyes with CHM follows the AEM over approximately 60 years. Log-transformed residual RPE area measured by FAF can serve as an anatomic endpoint to monitor CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo L Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aneesha Ahluwalia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin K Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Lucian V Del Priore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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