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Chen X, Ren Y, Zheng T, Cheng H, Shen Y, Liu Y, Ke M. The effect of airborne particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) on meibomian gland. Exp Eye Res 2024; 245:109956. [PMID: 38849003 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matters in air pollution of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) was associated with loss of meibomian glands. The aim of this study was to verify that PM2.5 could directly impact meibomian gland epithelial cells and damage their function. To investigate the impact of PM2.5 on meibomian gland, immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells were treated with various concentrations of PM2.5in vitro. Meibomian gland cell microstructure, cell viability, expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and IL-1β, and intracellular accumulation of acidic vesicles were measured by transmission electron microscopy, cell counting, Western blot and LysoTracker staining, respectively. To further study the effect of PM2.5in vivo, male C57BL/6J mice were treated with 5 mg/ml PM2.5 or vehicle for 3 months. Corneal fluorescein staining and ocular examinations were done before and after the treatment. Eyelids tissues were processed for morphological studies, immunostaining and Oil Red O staining. Our data suggest that exposure to PM2.5 caused significant meibomian gland dropout, clogged gland orifice and increased corneal fluorescein staining that were consistent with the clinical presentations of meibomian gland dysfunction. Prominent changes in the morphology and ultrastructure of meibomian glands was observed with PM2.5 treatment. PM2.5 promoted ductal keratinization, inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis and increased Interleukin-1β production in meibomian gland epithelial cells. This study may explain the association between PM2.5 exposure and meibomian gland dropout observed in clinic. PM2.5 resuspension instillation could be used to induce a meibomian gland dysfunction animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Chen
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoyao Ren
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Zheng
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanru Shen
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Min Ke
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Bu J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Zhuang J, Zhao J, Sun L, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:154-165. [PMID: 38490475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the Meibomian glands (MGs) that is recognized as the leading cause of evaporative dry eye worldwide. Despite its prevalence, however, the pathophysiology of MGD remains elusive, and effective disease management continues to be a challenge. In the past 50 years, different models have been developed to illustrate the pathophysiological nature of MGD and the underlying disease mechanisms. An understanding of these models is crucial if researchers are to select an appropriate model to address specific questions related to MGD and to develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the various models of MGD, discuss their applications and limitations, and provide perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingbin Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Liu R, Tu M, Xue J, Xiao B, Li J, Liang L. Oleic acid induces lipogenesis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in organotypic mouse meibomian gland and human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109851. [PMID: 38453039 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of oleic acid (OA) in the meibum from patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) suggests that it may contribute to meibomian gland (MG) functional disorder, as it is a potent stimulator of acne-related lipogenesis and inflammation in sebaceous gland. Therefore, we investigate whether OA induces lipogenesis and inflammasome activation in organotypic cultured mouse MG and human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs). Organotypic cultured mouse MG and HMGECs were exposed to OA or combinations with specific AMPK agonists 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). Lipogenic status, ductal keratinization, squamous metaplasia, NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 inflammasome activation, proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β production, and AMPK pathway phosphorylation in MG were subsequently examined by lipid staining, immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemical staining, ELISA assay, and Western blot analyses. We found that OA significantly induced lipid accumulation, ductal keratinization, and squamous metaplasia in organotypic cultured MG, as evidenced by increased lipids deposition within acini and duct, upregulated expression of lipogenic proteins (SREBP-1 and HMGCR), and elevation of K10/Sprr1b. Additionally, OA induced NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 inflammasome activation, cleavage of Caspase-1, and production of downstream proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. The findings of lipogenesis and NLRP3-related proinflammatory response in OA-stimulated HMGECs were consistent with those in organotypic cultured MG. OA exposure downregulated phospho-AMPK in two models, while AICAR treatment alleviated lipogenesis by improving AMPK/ACC phosphorylation and SREBP-1/HMGCR expression. Furthermore, AMPK amelioration inhibited activation of the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 axis and secretion of IL-1β, thereby relieving the OA-induced proinflammatory response. These results demonstrated that OA induced lipogenic disorder and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in organotypic cultured mouse MG and HMGECs by suppressing the AMPK signaling pathway, indicating OA may play an etiological role in MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Mengqian Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jianwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Tu M, Liu R, Xue J, Xiao B, Li J, Liang L. Urban Particulate Matter Triggers Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:8. [PMID: 38315493 PMCID: PMC10851789 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The meibomian gland (MG), as the largest modified sebaceous gland, is potentially damaged by urban particulate matter (UPM) based on epidemiological evidence, but the specific experimental mechanisms remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of UPM on MG dysfunction (MGD) in rodent models. Methods Female C57BL/6J mice received eye drops containing UPM suspension or PBS for 14 days. The proliferative capacity and progenitor of MG were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Cell apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay, along with the analysis of caspase family expression. Lipid accumulation was visualized by Oil Red O staining and LipidTox staining. Ductal hyperkeratinization, neutrophil infiltration, and pyroptosis activation were detected through immunostaining. The relative gene expression and signaling pathway activation were determined by Western blot analysis. Results Administration of UPM caused MGD-like clinical signs, manifested as distinct corneal epithelial erosion, increased MG orifice occlusion, and glandular dropout. UPM exposure significantly induced progenitor loss, cellular apoptosis, and lipogenic disorder in MG, by reducing P63/Lrig1 expression and increasing cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 and meibum lipogenic protein (HMGCR/SREBP-1) expression. UPM-treated mice exhibited ductal hyperkeratinization and neutrophil recruitment. Simultaneously, pyroptosis was motivated, as indicated by the heightened expression of NLRP3 and the cleavage of caspase-1 and -4 and gasdermin D, as well as the increase in IL-1β and IL-18 downstream. The underlying pathological mechanisms of UPM involve the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB. Conclusions These results provided direct evidence for the toxicity of UPM in MG. UPM-induced activation of pyroptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway might account for the inflammatory MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Peng X, Du YL, Liu ST, Chen H, Wang JS, Wang C, Xie HT, Zhang MC. Isolation and Culture of Human Meibomian Gland Ductal Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:29. [PMID: 38133507 PMCID: PMC10746932 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hyperkeratinization of meibomian gland (MG) ducts is currently recognized as the primary pathologic mechanism of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). This research figured out a method to isolate the MG ducts and established a novel system to culture the human meibomian gland ductal cells (HMGDCs) for investigating the process of MGD. Methods The MG ducts were obtained from the eyelids of recently deceased donors and subjected to enzymatic digestion. The acini were then removed to isolate independent ducts. These MG ducts were subsequently cultivated on Matrigel-coated wells and covered with a glass plate to obtain HMGDCs. The HMGDCs were further cultivated until passage 2, and when they reached 60% confluence, they were treated with IL-1β and rosiglitazone for a duration of 48 hours. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot techniques were employed to identify ductal cells and analyze the effects of IL-1β on HMGDCs in an in vitro setting. Results Ophthalmic micro-forceps and insulin needles can be employed for the purpose of isolating ducts. Within this particular culture system, the rapid expansion of HMGDCs occurred in close proximity to the duct tissue. MG ducts specifically expressed keratin 6 (Krt6) and hardly synthesized lipids. Furthermore, the expression of Krt6 was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in HMGDCs compared to human meibomian gland cells. Upon treatment with IL-1β, HMGDCs exhibited an overexpression of keratin 1, which was effectively blocked by the administration of rosiglitazone. Conclusions The present study successfully isolated human MG ducts and cultured HMGDCs, providing a valuable in vitro model for investigating the mechanism of MGD. Additionally, the potential therapeutic efficacy of rosiglitazone in treating hyperkeratinization of ducts in patients with MGD was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Li Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Song Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Moreno I, Verma S, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Recent advances in age-related meibomian gland dysfunction (ARMGD). Ocul Surf 2023; 30:298-306. [PMID: 37979775 PMCID: PMC11092925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian glands (MGs), located within the tarsal plate of the eyelid, secrete meibum which is the lipid-rich secretion necessary for stabilizing the tear film and preventing tear evaporation. Changes in the quality and quantity of meibum produced causes MG dysfunction (MGD), the leading cause of evaporative dry eye disease (EDED). MGD is an underdiagnosed disease and it is estimated that, in the US, approximately 70 % of the population over 60 have MGD. Three forms of MGD occur based on their meibum secretion: hyposecretory, obstructive, and hypersecretory MGD. The pathophysiology of MGD remains poorly understood, however aging is the primary risk factor. With age, MGs undergo various age-related changes, including decreased acinar basal cell proliferation, hyperkeratinization, MG atrophy, and eventual MG drop-out, leading to age-related MGD (ARMGD). Additionally, studies have suggested that MGs can suffer inflammatory cell infiltration and changes innervation patterns with aging, which could also contribute towards ARMGD. This review focuses on how the aging process affects the MG, and more importantly, how age-related changes to the MG can lead to MG atrophy and MG drop-out, ultimately leading to ARMGD. This review also highlights the most recent developments in potential therapeutic interventions for ARMGD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhir Verma
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, USA; Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Wang G, Xu L, Shi R, Ye Y, Zeng B, Yang X, Liu Z, Liu Z, Wang S, Xue Y, Li C. Organotypic culture model of mouse meibomian gland as a screening platform for risk factors related to meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:73-84. [PMID: 37619669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian glands (MGs) are crucial for maintaining tear film stability and ocular surface health. Here, we aim to establish a novel organotypic culture model of MGs and explore the risk factors of MG dysfunction (MGD). METHODS We developed a novel organotypic culture model for MGs at the air-liquid interface. The viability and cell proliferation of MGs were assessed using CCK-8, immunofluorescence, and qPCR. Lipid accumulation was evaluated by Nile red staining and microscopic examination. Protein expression levels were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blot assay. EdU assay was employed to track the proliferation of acinar cells. The validity of the model was confirmed through culturing MGs from mice of different ages and incorporating certain drugs (Dex) into the culture system. RESULTS Utilizing the novel culture model, the MG tissue exhibited sustained viability, cellular division, and continuous production of lipids for a duration of 7 days. Lipid droplets formed were directly visualized using light field microscopy. Through the cultivation of aged mice's MGs, it was discovered that aging resulted in diminished proliferation and lipid synthesis, along with an aberrant increase in Krt10 expression. Further application of this model showed that Dex treatment diminished MG's proliferation and lipid synthesis. Finally, an in vivo study was conducted to provide additional confirmation of the phenomenon of Dex-induced abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a stable organotypic culture model of the MGs was established. The organotypic culture model offers a valuable tool to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms and facilitate drug screening for MG-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Lina Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Ruize Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Yingyue Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Baihui Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130041, China
| | - Xiuqin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.
| | - Yuhua Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Zhang W, Hu S, Ke H, Bao Z, Liu H, Hu Z. Study of pathological processes of meibomian gland dysfunction by in vitro culture airlifting conditions. J Histotechnol 2023; 46:101-113. [PMID: 37216482 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2023.2199370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a group of disorders linked by functional abnormalities of the meibomian glands. Current studies on MGD pathogenesis focus on meibomian gland cells, providing information on a single cell's response to experimental manipulation, and do not maintain the architecture of an intact meibomian gland acinus and the acinar epithelial cells' secretion state in vivo. In this study, rat meibomian gland explants were cultured by a Transwell chamber-assisted method under an air-liquid interface (airlift) in vitro for 96 h. Analyses for tissue viability, histology, biomarker expression, and lipid accumulation were performed with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and TUNEL assays, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunofluorescence, Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and western blotting (WB). MTT, TUNEL, and H&E staining indicated better tissue viability and morphology than the submerged conditions used in previous studies. Levels of MGD biomarkers, including keratin 1 (KRT1) and 14 (KRT14) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), along with oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, gradually increased over culture time. The MGD pathophysiological changes and biomarker expression of meibomian gland explants cultured under airlift conditions were similar to those reported by previous studies, indicating that abnormal acinar cell differentiation and glandular epithelial cell hyperkeratosis may contribute to obstructive MGD occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongqin Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengyilin Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhulin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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GAO Y, LIAN H, DENG S, DUAN Y, ZHANG P, WANG Z, ZHANG Y. Dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction treated with Pinggan Yuyin Qingre formula: a stratified randomized controlled trial. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:770-779. [PMID: 37454262 PMCID: PMC10320449 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20230526.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical efficacy on improving the quality of meibum in patients suffer from dry eye disease (DED) due to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) with hyperactivity ofdue todeficiency pattern after being treated with Pinggan Yuyin Qingre formula (, PGYYQR). METHODS Totally 120 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included and stratified into three levels according to the level of MGD (1-3), and patients in each level was randomly allocated into the treatment group and control group according to a 1∶1 ratio. Both groups were treated with sodium hyaluronate eye drops, and the treatment group was also given PGYYQR granules. Both groups were treated continuously for eight weeks. The score of the properties of meibomian gland (MG) secretion, the score of the palpebral margins, the average noninvasive tear breakup time (NITBUTav), lipid layer thickness (LLT), and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome efficacy were compared between the two groups after treatment. RESULTS A total of 116 cases were included in the statistical analysis. The differences were statistically significant in the score of the properties of MG secretion, the score of the palpebral margins, and NITBUTav between the two groups after treatment, the treatment group was superior to the control group; there was no evidence of a difference in LLT. In terms of TCM syndrome efficacy, the total effective rate was 84.7% in the treatment group and 50.9% in the control group, with the statistically significant difference. None of the included cases had adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS PGYYQR is effective in improving the quality of meibum, and the tear film stability which thereby relieving the ocular symptoms in MGD-related DED patients with hyperactivity ofdue todeficiency pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinli GAO
- 1 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Haihong LIAN
- 1 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shijing DENG
- 2 Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ying DUAN
- 1 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Peng ZHANG
- 1 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhiqun WANG
- 3 Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yang ZHANG
- 3 Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100005, China
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10
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Qu JY, Xie HT, Xiao YT, Zhang YY, Hu ZX, Wang JS, Zhang MC, Xi H. The inhibition of p38 MAPK blocked inflammation to restore the functions of rat meibomian gland epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109470. [PMID: 37059216 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian glands (MGs) are vital for ocular surface health. However, the roles of inflammation in the progression of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) are largely unknown. In this study, the roles of the inflammation factor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway on rat meibomian gland epithelial cells (RMGECs) were explored. Eyelids from adult rat mice at 2 months and 2 years of age were stained with specific antibodies against IL-1β to identify inflammation levels. RMGECs were exposed to IL-1β and/or SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK signaling pathway, for 3 days. Cell proliferation, keratinization, lipid accumulation, and matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) expression were evaluated by MTT assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence staining, apoptosis assay, lipid staining, and Western blot analyses. We found that IL-1β was significantly higher in the terminal ducts of MGs in rats with age-related MGD than in young rats. IL-1β inhibited cell proliferation, suppressed lipid accumulation and peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, and promoted apoptosis while activating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Cytokeratin 1 (CK1), a marker for complete keratinization, and MMP9 in RMGECs were also up-regulated by IL-1β. SB203580 effectively diminished the effects of IL-1β on differentiation, keratinization, and MMP9 expression by blocking IL-1β-induced p38 MAPK activation, although it also inhibited cell proliferation. The inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway blocked IL-1β-induced differentiation reduction, hyperkeratinization, and MMP9 overexpression of RMGECs, which provides a potential therapy for MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, 266000, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu-Ting Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia-Song Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Han Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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11
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Zeng H, Gong L. A Review of Applications and Intracellular Mechanisms of Intense Pulsed Light in Eyelid Inflammatory Diseases. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2023; 41:104-119. [PMID: 36927050 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2022.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate relevant clinical outcomes and conclude possible mechanisms of intense pulsed light (IPL) in eyelid inflammation. Background: IPL devices were primarily applied in cutaneous vascular malformations and have been used in ocular diseases for about 20 years, mostly including meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), blepharitis, and ocular rosacea. Recent findings: Seventy-two original clinical researches were included, 57 for MGD, 4 for blepharitis or blepharitis-related keratoconjunctivitis, and 11 for rosacea. Dry eye symptoms, (tear) break-up time (BUT), and meibomian structure and/or functions were improved in most patients, but production of reactive oxygen species is an important link in the photobiomodulation mediated by IPL, which can influence numerous signal pathways to achieve anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, and prodifferentiation effects. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that IPL is an effective therapeutic tool for most patients with MGD, but more clinical evidence is needed for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, the Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, the Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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12
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Du YL, Peng X, Liu Y, Wang JS, Ye YF, Xu KK, Qu JY, Chen H, Xie HT, Zhang MC. Ductal Hyperkeratinization and Acinar Renewal Abnormality: New Concepts on Pathogenesis of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1889-1901. [PMID: 36975492 PMCID: PMC10047716 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a functional and morphological disorder of the meibomian glands which results in qualitative or quantitative alteration in meibum secretion and is the major cause of evaporative dry eye (EDE). EDE is often characterized by tear film instability, increased evaporation, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and ocular surface disorder. The precise pathogenesis of MGD remains elusive. It has been widely considered that MGD develops as a result of ductal epithelial hyperkeratinization, which obstructs the meibomian orifice, halts meibum secretion, and causes secondary acinar atrophy and gland dropout. Abnormal self-renewal and differentiation of the acinar cells also play a significant role in MGD. This review summarizes the latest research findings regarding the possible pathogenesis of MGD and provides further treatment strategies for MGD-EDE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jia-Song Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - You-Fan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing-Yu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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13
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Su J, Li H, Lin B, Li S, Zhou X, Li W, Guo P. Proteomic Analysis of Meibomian Gland Secretions in Patients With Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:4. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Su
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baotao Lin
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Zahn I, Garreis F, Schicht M, Rötzer V, Waschke J, Liu Y, Altersberger VL, Paulsen F, Dietrich J. A New Organotypic 3D Slice Culture of Mouse Meibomian Glands Reveals Impact of Melanocortins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314947. [PMID: 36499274 PMCID: PMC9737810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The meibomian glands (MGs) within the eyelids produce a lipid-rich secretion that forms the superficial layer of the tear film. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) results in excessive evaporation of the tear film, which is the leading cause of dry eye disease (DED). To develop a research model similar to the physiological situation of MGs, we established a new 3D organotypic slice culture (OSC) of mouse MGs (mMGs) and investigated the effects of melanocortins on exocrine secretion. Tissue viability, lipid production and morphological changes were analyzed during a 21-day cultivation period. Subsequently, the effects on lipid production and gene expression were examined after stimulation with a melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and/or an MCR antagonist, JNJ-10229570. The cultivation of mMGs OSCs was possible without impairment for at least seven days. Stimulation with the MCR agonists induced lipid production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas this effect was tapered with the simultaneous incubation of the MCR antagonist. The new 3D OSC model is a promising approach to study the (patho-) physiological properties of MG/MGD while reducing animal studies. Therefore, it may accelerate the search for new treatments for MGD/DED and lead to new insights, such as that melanocortins likely stimulate meibum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Zahn
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (F.P.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-26734 (I.Z.); +49-9131-85-22865 (F.P.)
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera Rötzer
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuqiuhe Liu
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valerian L. Altersberger
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (F.P.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-26734 (I.Z.); +49-9131-85-22865 (F.P.)
| | - Jana Dietrich
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Zou Z, Wang H, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Chen R, Yang L. Inhibition of Gli1 suppressed hyperglycemia-induced meibomian gland dysfunction by promoting pparγ expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113109. [PMID: 35594713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the risk factors for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD); however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. The current study aims to examine the effects of glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1), a transcription factor of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, in the modulation of diabetic-related MGD. Here, using RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR, we examined the mRNA changes of Shh pathway involving genes. mRNA sequencing analysis showed that the Shh pathway involving genes Shh and Gli1 were markedly upregulated in diabetic MG, and qRT-PCR detection of Shh pathway-associated genes found that Gli1 expression increased most significantly. Contrary to the elevation of Gli1 level, the expression of pparγ was downregulated in diabetic MG and in high glucose treated organotypic cultured mouse MG. GANT61, an inhibitor of Gli1, effectively inhibited the reduction of pparγ expression and lipid accumulation induced by high glucose, which was suppressed by pparγ inhibitor T0070907. We further demonstrated that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) treatment also promoted the expression of Gli1 and pparγ in organotypic cultured mouse MG. AGEs inhibitor Aminoguanidine suppressed high glucose caused Gli1 upregulation in organotypic cultured mouse MG. These results suggest that suppression of Gli1 may be a potentially useful therapeutic option for diabetic-related MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzheng Zou
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Huifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China.
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16
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Xie L, Song W, Dong W, Li Y, Chen S, Sun X, Huang M, Cheng Y, Gao Y, Yang S, Yan X. Indirect Application of Intense Pulsed Light Induces Therapeutic Effects on Experimental Murine Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:923280. [PMID: 35721080 PMCID: PMC9201038 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.923280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the indirect effects of intense pulsed light (IPL) on morphological and pathological changes of the meibomian glands (MGs) in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE–/–) mice and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods ApoE–/– mice were treated with or without IPL three times below the lower eyelids and MGs were not directly exposed to irradiation. The eyelids and ocular surface were observed under a stereoscope. The morphology of MGs was examined by photographing and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Lipid droplets in MGs were examined by Oil Red O staining. The ultrastructure of meibocytes and mitochondria was observed under transmission electron microscopy. The relative gene and protein expression in MGs of upper eyelids was determined by immunostaining, Western blot, and qRT–PCR. Results Three IPL treatments decreased the toothpaste-like plugging of orifices and thickening and irregularity of the upper and lower eyelid margins in ApoE–/– mice. The morphology of some MGs improved after IPL treatments, accompanied by increased proliferation of acinar basal cells and decreased ductal keratinization. Furthermore, the accumulation of hyperchromatic lipid droplets in the acini increased, and the lipid droplets distributed in the cells around the acini were round and small. Compared with untreated ApoE–/– mice, oxidative stress and apoptosis were downregulated by IPL treatment, accompanied by the improvements in mitochondrial structure. Further research showed that IPL treatments reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-6 in MGs and inactivated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κ B). Conclusion Collectively, the results demonstrate that indirect effects of IPL can improve the structure and function of MGs and mitigate the progression of MGD, which may be related to the indirect effects of photobiomodulation.
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17
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Asiedu K. Candidate Molecular Compounds as Potential Indicators for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:873538. [PMID: 35685417 PMCID: PMC9170961 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.873538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the leading cause of dry eye disease throughout the world. Studies have shown that several molecules in meibum, including but not limited to interleukins, amino acids, cadherins, eicosanoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, are altered in meibomian gland dysfunction compared with healthy normal controls. Some of these molecules such as antileukoproteinase, phospholipase A2, and lactoperoxidase also show differences in concentrations in tears between meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease, further boosting hopes as candidate biomarkers. MGD is a complex condition, making it difficult to distinguish patients using single biomarkers. Therefore, multiple biomarkers forming a multiplex panel may be required. This review aims to describe molecules comprising lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates with the potential of serving various capacities as monitoring, predictive, diagnostic, and risk biomarkers for meibomian gland dysfunction.
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18
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Liu R, Li J, Xu Y, Chen Z, Ye H, Tang J, Wei L, Liang L. Melatonin Attenuates LPS-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Lipogenesis in Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells via MAPK/NF-κB Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:6. [PMID: 35506935 PMCID: PMC9078073 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation contributes to the development of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) under specific disease conditions, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We examined whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a proinflammatory cytokine response and lipogenesis in human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) and whether melatonin (MLT), a powerful anti-inflammatory regent in the eyes, could protect against LPS-induced disorders. Methods Human meibomian gland (MG) tissues and immortalized HMGECs were stained to identify Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and MLT receptors (MT1 and MT2). HMGECs were pretreated with or without MLT and then stimulated with LPS. Then, TLR4 activation, cytokine levels, lipid synthesis, apoptosis, autophagy, and MAPK/NF-κB factor phosphorylation in HMGECs were analyzed. Results TLR4, MT1, and MT2 were expressed in human MG acini and HMGECs. Pretreatment with MLT inhibited the TLR4/MyD88 signaling and attenuated proinflammatory cytokine response and lipogenesis in LPS-stimulated HMGECs, which manifested as decreased production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α), reduced lipid droplet formation, and downregulated expression of meibum lipogenic proteins (ADFP, ELOVL4, and SREBP-1). Phospho-histone H2A.X foci, lysosome accumulation, and cytoplasmic cleaved caspase 3/LC3B-II staining were increased in LPS-stimulated HMGECs, indicating enhanced cell death mediated by apoptosis and autophagy during LPS-induced lipogenesis. MLT downregulated cleaved caspase 3 levels and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to alleviate apoptosis and ameliorated the expression of Beclin 1 and LC3B-II to inhibit autophagy. The protective mechanisms of MLT include the inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation. Conclusions MLT attenuated lipogenesis, apoptosis, and autophagy in HMGECs induced by proinflammatory stimuli, indicating the protective potential of MLT in MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Wang H, Zou Z, Wan L, Xue J, Chen C, Yu B, Zhang Z, Yang L, Xie L. Periplocin ameliorates mouse age-related meibomian gland dysfunction through up-regulation of Na/K-ATPase via SRC pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112487. [PMID: 34883449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the main cause of evaporative dry eye disease in an aging population. Decreased meibocyte cell renewal and lipid synthesis are associated with age-related MGD. Here, we found an obvious decline of Ki67, ΔNp63, and Na+/K+ ATPase expression in aged meibomian glands. Potential Na+/K+ ATPase agonist periplocin, a naturally occurring compound extracted from the traditional herbal medicine cortex periplocae, could promote the proliferation and stem cell activity of meibocyte cells in vitro. Moreover, we observed that periplocin treatment effectively increased the expression of Na+ /K+ ATPase, accompanied with the enhanced expression of Ki67 and ΔNp63 in aged meibomian glands, indicating that periplocin may accelerate meibocyte cell renewal in aged mice. LipidTox staining showed increased lipid accumulation after periplocin treatment in cultured meibomian gland cells and aged meibomian glands. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the SRC pathway was inhibited in aged meibomian glands; however, it was activated by periplocin. Accordingly, the inhibition of the SRC signaling pathway by saracatinib blocked periplocin-induced proliferation and lipid accumulation in meibomian gland cells. In sum, we suggest periplocin-ameliorated meibocyte cell renewal and lipid synthesis in aged meibomian glands via the SRC pathway, which could be a promising candidate for age-related MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wang
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Zongzheng Zou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Luqin Wan
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Junfa Xue
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Bingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China.
| | - Lixin Xie
- Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University Qingdao, China.
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20
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Phan MAT, Madigan MC, Stapleton F, Willcox M, Golebiowski B. Human meibomian gland epithelial cell culture models: Current progress, challenges, and future directions. Ocul Surf 2021; 23:96-113. [PMID: 34843998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The widely used immortalised human meibomian gland epithelia cell (iHMGEC) line has made possible extensive studies of the biology and pathophysiology of meibomian glands (MG). Tissue culture protocols for iHMGEC have been revised and modified to optimise the growth conditions for cell differentiation and lipid accumulation. iHMGEC proliferate in serum-free medium but require serum or other appropriate exogenous factors to differentiate. Several supplements can enhance differentiation and neutral lipid accumulation in iHMGEC grown in serum-containing medium. In serum-free medium, rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist, is reported to induce iHMGEC differentiation, neutral lipid accumulation and expression of key biomarkers of differentiation. iHMGEC cultured in serum-containing medium under hypoxia or with azithromycin increases DNAse 2 activity, a biomarker of terminal differentiation in sebocytes. The production of lipids with composition similar to meibum has not been observed in vitro and this remains a major challenge for iHMGEC culture. Innovative methodologies such as 3D ex vivo culture of MG and generation of MG organoids from stem cells are important for further developing a model that more closely mimics the in vivo biology of human MG and to facilitate the next generation of studies of MG disease and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
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Chen H, Gao H, Xie HT, Liu ST, Huang YK, Zhang MC. Hyperkeratinization and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Meibomian Glands Induced by Staphylococcus aureus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:11. [PMID: 34643663 PMCID: PMC8525831 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This exploratory study aimed to investigate the morphological and pathological alterations of the meibomian gland (MG) with the Staphylococcus aureus crude extracts (SACEs) treatment. Methods Mouse MG explants were cultured and differentiated with or without SACEs for 48 hours. Explant's viability and cell death were determined by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and TUNEL assay. MG morphology was observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Lipid droplet production was detected by Nile Red staining and LipidTox immunostaining. The pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA. The relative gene and protein expression in MG explants was determined via quantitative RT-PCR, immunostaining, and immunoblotting. The components of the SACEs were analyzed by immunoblotting and silver staining. Results Our findings demonstrated that the SACEs treatment induced overexpression of keratin 1 (Krt1) in the ducts and acini of MG explants, accompanied by a decrease in viability and an increase in cell death in explants. Furthermore, the SACEs treatment dose-dependently increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in MG explants. The SACEs treatment induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2)/ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) inflammasome signaling pathway in explants. Further investigation showed expression of the key adipogenesis-related molecule peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was decreased after SACEs treatment. However, no change was found in the lipid synthesis of MG explants after treatment with the SACEs. Staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) was detected in the SACEs. SEB induced the overexpression of Krt1 and IL-1β in ducts and acini of MG explants. Conclusions Our findings confirm that Staphylococcus aureus induced hyperkeratinization and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in MG explants ducts and acini. These effects might be mediated by SEB. Activation of the NF-κB and AIM2/ASC signaling pathway is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Kan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Qu JY, Xiao YT, Zhang YY, Xie HT, Zhang MC. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Rat Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:33. [PMID: 33616621 PMCID: PMC7910630 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Meibomian glands play a vital role in maintaining ocular surface stability. This study aimed to investigate whether Hedgehog signaling is involved in the regulation of meibomian gland epithelial cells. Methods Rat meibomian glands epithelial cells (RMGECs) were isolated from ducts and ductules, and then were cultivated to passage two on Matrigel coated wells in meibomian gland epithelial cells medium (MGECM). Cells were switched from MGECM to differentiation medium (DM) or DM added 10 µg/mL azithromycin (DM + AZM) when reached 50% to 60% confluence. The effects of the Smoothened (Smo) agonist (Smo agonist [SAG]) and antagonist (by cyclopamine) on RMGECs were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR, cell proliferation analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and Nile red staining. Results The Hedgehog receptor, Smo, and its downstream molecules, Glis, were expressed both in vivo and in vitro. Smo and Gli1 both decreased with the increase of differentiation in vitro. Smo antagonist, cyclopamine, reduced cell numbers, and the expression of Ki67 in MGECM, and promoted the expression of SREBP1 and lipid production in DM + AZM. Smo agonist, SAG, inhibited the expression of SREBP1 and lipid accumulation in DM + AZM but showed no significant effects on raising cell numbers and the expression of Ki67 in MGECM. Conclusions The Hedgehog signaling pathway appears to play important roles in RMGECs proliferation and differentiation. This may provide a potential therapeutic way to treat meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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García-Posadas L, Diebold Y. Three-Dimensional Human Cell Culture Models to Study the Pathophysiology of the Anterior Eye. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1215. [PMID: 33333869 PMCID: PMC7765302 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the establishment of complex three-dimensional (3D) models of tissues has allowed researchers to perform high-quality studies and to not only advance knowledge of the physiology of these tissues but also mimic pathological conditions to test novel therapeutic strategies. The main advantage of 3D models is that they recapitulate the spatial architecture of tissues and thereby provide more physiologically relevant information. The eye is an extremely complex organ that comprises a large variety of highly heterogeneous tissues that are divided into two asymmetrical portions: the anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment consists of the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, sclera, aqueous humor, and the lens. Different diseases in these tissues can have devastating effects. To study these pathologies and develop new treatments, the use of cell culture models is instrumental, and the better the model, the more relevant the results. Thus, the development of sophisticated 3D models of ocular tissues is a significant challenge with enormous potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the development of 3D in vitro models of the anterior segment of the eye, with a special focus on those that use human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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