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Ma Y, Yang X, Ning K, Guo H. M1/M2 macrophage-targeted nanotechnology and PROTAC for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Life Sci 2024; 352:122811. [PMID: 38862062 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages play key roles in atherosclerosis progression, and an imbalance in M1/M2 macrophages leads to unstable plaques; therefore, M1/M2 macrophage polarization-targeted treatments may serve as a new approach in the treatment of atherosclerosis. At present, there is little research on M1/M2 macrophage polarization-targeted nanotechnology. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, a targeted protein degradation technology, mediates the degradation of target proteins and has been widely promoted in preclinical and clinical applications as a novel therapeutic modality. This review summarizes the recent studies on M1/M2 macrophage polarization-targeted nanotechnology, focusing on the mechanism and advantages of PROTACs in M1/M2 macrophage polarization as a new approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Ma
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ke Ning
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Haidong Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Tang C, Zhou K, Wu D, Zhu H. Nanoparticles as a Novel Platform for Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8831-8846. [PMID: 39220195 PMCID: PMC11365508 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s474888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health issue with high mortality and morbidity rates. With the advances in nanotechnology, nanoparticles are receiving increasing attention in diagnosing and treating CVD. Previous studies have explored the use of nanoparticles in noninvasive diagnostic technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Nanoparticles have been extensively studied as drug carriers and prognostic factors, demonstrating synergistic efficacy. This review summarized the current applications of nanoparticles in CVD and discussed their opportunities and challenges for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyun Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kexun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Huzar J, Coreas R, Landry MP, Tikhomirov G. AI-based Prediction of Protein Corona Composition on DNA Nanostructures. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.25.609594. [PMID: 39253427 PMCID: PMC11383312 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.25.609594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful approach to engineering biophysical tools, therapeutics, and diagnostics because it enables the construction of designer nanoscale structures with high programmability. Based on DNA base pairing rules, nanostructure size, shape, surface functionality, and structural reconfiguration can be programmed with a degree of spatial, temporal, and energetic precision that is difficult to achieve with other methods. However, the properties and structure of DNA constructs are greatly altered in vivo due to spontaneous protein adsorption from biofluids. These adsorbed proteins, referred to as the protein corona, remain challenging to control or predict, and subsequently, their functionality and fate in vivo are difficult to engineer. To address these challenges, we prepared a library of diverse DNA nanostructures and investigated the relationship between their design features and the composition of their protein corona. We identified protein characteristics important for their adsorption to DNA nanostructures and developed a machine-learning model that predicts which proteins will be enriched on a DNA nanostructure based on the DNA structures' design features and protein properties. Our work will help to understand and program the function of DNA nanostructures in vivo for biophysical and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Huzar
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Roxana Coreas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Markita P Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Grigory Tikhomirov
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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4
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Gerdes N, Klingenberg R. Mini-Review: Immunogenic epitopes in apolipoprotein B-100 for atheroprotective immunization. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1448664. [PMID: 39211769 PMCID: PMC11357920 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1448664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide a concise overview of recent developments in the identification of immunogenic epitopes in human apolipoprotein B-100 for immunization against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Major steps forward toward a clinical application of vaccines include the design of humanized mouse models, tetramer-based identification of antigen-specific T cells, and novel analysis tools, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and cytometry by time of flight, to assess temporal and spatial changes in immune cells in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gerdes
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland Klingenberg
- Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Campus of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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5
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Annink ME, Kraaijenhof JM, Stroes ESG, Kroon J. Moving from lipids to leukocytes: inflammation and immune cells in atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1446758. [PMID: 39161593 PMCID: PMC11330886 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1446758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While it is traditionally attributed to lipid accumulation in the vascular endothelium, recent research has shown that plaque inflammation is an important additional driver of atherogenesis. Though clinical outcome trials utilizing anti-inflammatory agents have proven promising in terms of reducing ASCVD risk, it is imperative to identify novel actionable targets that are more specific to atherosclerosis to mitigate adverse effects associated with systemic immune suppression. To that end, this review explores the contributions of various immune cells from the innate and adaptive immune system in promoting and mitigating atherosclerosis by integrating findings from experimental studies, high-throughput multi-omics technologies, and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E. Annink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jordan M. Kraaijenhof
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik S. G. Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Dimayuga PC, Chyu KY, Zhao X, Zhou J, Lio NWM, Chernomordik F, Berman D, Shah PK, Cercek B. A Novel Pathway of Platelet Activation in ACS Mediated by LL-37 Immunoglobulin G Autoantibody Immune Complexes. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:877-887. [PMID: 39170950 PMCID: PMC11334414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a self-antigen in neutrophil extracellular traps that provokes autoantibody responses in autoimmune/autoinflammatory conditions. LL-37 immunoglobulin (Ig) G autoantibody levels were measured in subjects with and without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease assessed using the coronary artery calcium score, in patients who had a future myocardial infarction and in a cohort of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. LL-37 IgG levels were not associated with coronary artery calcium score, but future myocardial infarction patients had significantly higher LL-37 IgG at baseline. Reduced LL-37 IgG in ACS was associated with increased LL-37 IgG-immune complex. ACS plasma increased activated CD62P+ platelets from healthy donors mediated in part by LL-37 IgG-immune complexes and platelet Fc gamma receptor 2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Dimayuga
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianchang Zhou
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicole Wai Man Lio
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fernando Chernomordik
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel Berman
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Prediman K. Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bojan Cercek
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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Tesoro L, Hernandez I, Saura M, Badimón L, Zaragoza C. Novel cutting edge nano-strategies to address old long-standing complications in cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive review. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14208. [PMID: 38622800 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) impact a substantial portion of the global population and represent a significant threat to experiencing life-threatening outcomes, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. Despite remarkable progress in pharmacology and medical interventions, CVD persists as a major public health concern, and now ranks as the primary global cause of death and the highest consumer of global budgets. Ongoing research endeavours persist in seeking novel therapeutic avenues and interventions to deepen our understanding of CVD, enhance prevention measures, and refine treatment strategies. METHODS Nanotechnology applied to the development of new molecular probes with diagnostic and theranostic properties represents one of the greatest technological challenges in preclinical and clinical research. RESULTS The application of nanotechnology in cardiovascular medicine holds great promise for advancing our understanding of CVDs and revolutionizing their diagnosis and treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes. In addition, the capacity of drug encapsulation in nanoparticles has significantly bolstered their biological safety, bioavailability and solubility. In combination with imaging technologies, molecular imaging has emerged as a pivotal therapeutic tool, offering insight into the molecular events underlying disease and facilitating targeted treatment approaches. CONCLUSION Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in targeted nanoparticle approaches for diagnosing CVDs, encompassing molecular imaging techniques, underscoring the significant progress in theranostic, as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tesoro
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cardiología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Hernandez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cardiología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Saura
- Unidad de Fisiología, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Badimón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular-Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Zaragoza
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cardiología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Poulaki A, Evangelopoulos A, Panagopoulos F, Stratigou T, Geladari E, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. ApoB100 and Atherosclerosis: What's New in the 21st Century? Metabolites 2024; 14:123. [PMID: 38393015 PMCID: PMC10890411 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
ApoB is the main protein of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is further divided into ApoB48 in the intestine and ApoB100 in the liver. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is produced by the liver, contains ApoB100, and is metabolized into its remnants, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). ApoB100 has been suggested to play a crucial role in the formation of the atherogenic plaque. Apart from being a biomarker of atherosclerosis, ApoB100 seems to be implicated in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis per se. In this review, we will focus on the structure, the metabolism, and the function of ApoB100, as well as its role as a predictor biomarker of cardiovascular risk. Moreover, we will elaborate upon the molecular mechanisms regarding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, and we will discuss the disorders associated with the APOB gene mutations, and the potential role of various drugs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kounatidis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Poulaki
- Hematology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fotis Panagopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Stratigou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Geladari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Inflammation is a major underlying mechanism in the progression of numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are typical immune regulatory cells with recognized immunosuppressive properties. Despite the immunosuppressive properties, researchers have acknowledged the significance of Tregs in maintaining tissue homeostasis and facilitating repair/regeneration. Previous studies unveiled the heterogeneity of Tregs in the heart and aorta, which expanded in CVDs with unique transcriptional phenotypes and reparative/regenerative function. This review briefly summarizes the functional principles of Tregs, also including the synergistic effect of Tregs and other immune cells in CVDs. We discriminate the roles and therapeutic potential of Tregs in CVDs such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, abdominal arterial aneurysm, pulmonary arterial hypertension, Kawasaki disease, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Tregs not only exert anti-inflammatory effects but also actively promote myocardial regeneration and vascular repair, maintaining the stability of the local microenvironment. Given that the specific mechanism of Tregs functioning in CVDs remains unclear, we reviewed previous clinical and basic studies and the latest findings on the function and mechanism of Tregs in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangling Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jingyong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
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10
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Hinkley H, Counts DA, VonCanon E, Lacy M. T Cells in Atherosclerosis: Key Players in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2152. [PMID: 37681883 PMCID: PMC10486666 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques within arterial walls. T cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in which they help orchestrate immune responses and contribute to plaque development and instability. Here, we discuss the recognition of atherosclerosis-related antigens that may trigger T cell activation together with additional signaling from co-stimulatory molecules and lesional cytokines. Although few studies have indicated candidates for the antigen specificity of T cells in atherosclerosis, further research is needed. Furthermore, we describe the pro-atherogenic and atheroprotective roles of diverse subsets of T cells such as CD4+ helper, CD8+ cytotoxic, invariant natural killer, and γδ T cells. To classify and quantify T cell subsets in atherosclerosis, we summarize current methods to analyze cellular heterogeneity including single cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. Further insights into T cell biology will help shed light on the immunopathology of atherosclerosis, inform potential therapeutic interventions, and pave the way for precision medicine approaches in combating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Lacy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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11
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Moreno-Gonzalez MA, Ortega-Rivera OA, Steinmetz NF. Two decades of vaccine development against atherosclerosis. NANO TODAY 2023; 50:101822. [PMID: 37860053 PMCID: PMC10586238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2023.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the development of fatty plaques in the arterial walls, ultimately increasing the risk of thrombosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. The immune response in this complex disease is both atheroprotective and pro-atherogenic, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Current treatments include the adjustment of lifestyle factors, cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins, and immunotherapy, whereas vaccine development has received comparatively little attention. In this review, we discuss the potential of antigen-specific vaccination as a preventative approach based on more than 20 years of research and innovation. Vaccination targets include proteins that are more abundant in atherosclerotic patients, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein B-100, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 serine protease (PCSK9), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and heat shock proteins HSP60 and HSP65. Immunization with such proteins or their peptide epitopes has been shown to induce T-cell activation, produce antigen-specific antibodies, reduce the size of atherosclerotic lesions, and/or reduce serum cholesterol levels. Vaccination against atherosclerosis therefore offers a new strategy to address the burden on healthcare systems caused by cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Oscar A. Ortega-Rivera
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
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12
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Chernomordik F, Cercek B, Zhou J, Zhao X, Lio NWM, Chyu KY, Shah PK, Dimayuga PC. Impaired tolerance to the autoantigen LL-37 in acute coronary syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113904. [PMID: 37051254 PMCID: PMC10083408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundLL-37 is the only member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides in humans and is an autoantigen in several autoimmune diseases and in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this report, we profiled the specific T cell response to the autoimmune self-antigen LL-37 and investigated the factors modulating the response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy subjects and ACS patients.Methods and resultsThe activation induced marker (AIM) assay demonstrated differential T cell profiles characterized by the persistence of CD134 and CD137, markers that impair tolerance and promote immune effector and memory response, in ACS compared to Controls. Specifically, CD8+CD69+CD137+ T cells were significantly increased by LL-37 stimulation in ACS PBMCs. T effector cell response to LL-37 were either HLA dependent or independent as determined by blocking with monoclonal antibody to either Class-I HLA or Class-II HLA. Blocking of immune checkpoints PD-1 and CTLA-4 demonstrated the control of self-reactive T cell response to LL-37 was modulated predominantly by CTLA-4. Platelets from healthy controls down-modulated CD8+CD69+CD137+ T cell response to LL-37 in autologous PBMCs. CD8+CD69+CD137+ T cell AIM profile negatively correlated with platelet count in ACS patients.ConclusionsOur report demonstrates that the immune response to the autoantigen LL-37 in ACS patients is characterized specifically by CD8+CD69+CD137+ T cell AIM profile with persistent T cell activation and the generation of immunologic memory. The results provide potentially novel insight into mechanistic pathways of antigen-specific immune signaling in ACS.
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13
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Depuydt MAC, Schaftenaar FH, Prange KHM, Boltjes A, Hemme E, Delfos L, de Mol J, de Jong MJM, Bernabé Kleijn MNA, Peeters JAHM, Goncalves L, Wezel A, Smeets HJ, de Borst GJ, Foks AC, Pasterkamp G, de Winther MPJ, Kuiper J, Bot I, Slütter B. Single-cell T cell receptor sequencing of paired human atherosclerotic plaques and blood reveals autoimmune-like features of expanded effector T cells. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:112-125. [PMID: 38665903 PMCID: PMC11041750 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease; however, whether it can be classified as an autoimmune disease remains unclear. In this study, we applied single-cell T cell receptor seqencing (scTCR-seq) on human carotid artery plaques and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples to assess the extent of TCR clonality and antigen-specific activation within the various T cell subsets. We observed the highest degree of plaque-specific clonal expansion in effector CD4+ T cells, and these clonally expanded T cells expressed genes such as CD69, FOS and FOSB, indicative of recent TCR engagement, suggesting antigen-specific stimulation. CellChat analysis suggested multiple potential interactions of these effector CD4+ T cells with foam cells. Finally, we integrated a published scTCR-seq dataset of the autoimmune disease psoriatic arthritis, and we report various commonalities between the two diseases. In conclusion, our data suggest that atherosclerosis has an autoimmune compondent driven by autoreactive CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. C. Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H. Schaftenaar
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Koen H. M. Prange
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Boltjes
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda Hemme
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lucie Delfos
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jill de Mol
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike J. M. de Jong
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mireia N. A. Bernabé Kleijn
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren Goncalves
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Westeinde, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Westeinde, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Smeets
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Westeinde, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda C. Foks
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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14
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Chen J, Xiang X, Nie L, Guo X, Zhang F, Wen C, Xia Y, Mao L. The emerging role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and its implications for therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1079668. [PMID: 36685487 PMCID: PMC9849744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the large and medium-sized artery walls. The molecular mechanisms regulating the onset and progression of atherosclerosis remain unclear. T cells, one of the most common immune cell types in atherosclerotic plaques, are increasingly recognized as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Th1 cells are a subset of CD4+ T helper cells of the adaptive immune system, characterized by the expression of the transcription factor T-bet and secretion of cytokines such as IFN-γ. Converging evidence shows that Th1 cells play a key role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Besides, Th1 is the central mediator to orchestrate the adaptive immune system. In this review, we aim to summarize the complex role of Th1 cells in atherosclerosis and propose novel preventative and therapeutic approaches targeting Th1 cell-associated specific cytokines and receptors to prevent atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Nie
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Xu Y, Liu B, Lin L, Lei F, Sun T, Zhang X, Song X, Huang X, Zeng Q, Cai J, Wang Z, Li H. The association of apolipoprotein B with chronic kidney disease in the Chinese population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1083614. [PMID: 37124758 PMCID: PMC10132458 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1083614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whether serum apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a risk factor for the development of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been fully established in the general population. Therefore, our study evaluated the correlation between serum ApoB level and CKD to look for an alternative approach for CKD prevention and treatment in the general population. Methods There were 146,533 participants in this cross-sectional study. 3,325 participants with more than 2 measurements were enrolled in the retrospective longitudinal study with at least a 3-year follow-up. ApoB was measured by the immunoturbidimetric method in 6 centers. Our study defined CKD as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. The Spearman rank correlation analysis and the Random Forest algorithm were applied to rank the importance of variables determining the levels of eGFR. We used the logistic regression model to explain the correlation between serum ApoB and CKD. We used the Cox model to detect the correlation between baseline serum ApoB and the subsequent occurrence of CKD. Results Based on a cross-sectional study, 66.5% of the participants were males, with a median age of 49 (interquartile range [IQR] 43-55). Compared to the non-CKD group, the CKD group has higher levels of lipid profile and fasting glucose as well as the proportion of hypertension and hyperuricemia. The Spearman rank correlation analysis and the Random Forest algorithm revealed that ApoB has the highest correlation with eGFR decline among lipid profiles. The logistic regression analysis revealed that ApoB had a positive correlation with the prevalence of CKD after fully controlling confounders (odds ratio [OR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.11). Moreover, baseline ApoB level was correlated with a new-onset CKD in the longitudinal cohort after full adjustment for confounding factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.61; 95% CI: 1.02-2.54). The correlation between ApoB level and the new-onset CKD was consistently observed in all sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Serum ApoB had the strongest correlation with CKD among all lipid variables. Moreover, high serum ApoB levels might precede the occurrence of CKD, suggesting that monitoring and reducing serum ApoB levels may provide an alternative method to prevent and treat CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Lei
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Department of Nephrology Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Li, ; Zhifang Wang,
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Li, ; Zhifang Wang,
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16
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Goh WX, Kok YY, Wong CY. Comparison of Cell-based and Nanoparticle-based Therapeutics in Treating Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2827-2840. [PMID: 37936453 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128272185231024115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Today, cardiovascular diseases are among the biggest public health threats worldwide. Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease with complex aetiology and pathogenesis, predispose many of these conditions, including the high mortality rate-causing ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Nevertheless, despite the alarming prevalence and absolute death rate, established treatments for atherosclerosis are unsatisfactory in terms of efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance. The rapid advancement of technologies in healthcare research has paved new treatment approaches, namely cell-based and nanoparticle-based therapies, to overcome the limitations of conventional therapeutics. This paper examines the different facets of each approach, discusses their principles, strengths, and weaknesses, analyses the main targeted pathways and their contradictions, provides insights on current trends as well as highlights any unique mechanisms taken in recent years to combat the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xi Goh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yih Yih Kok
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chiew Yen Wong
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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17
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Zhang W, Lv Z, Zhang Y, Gopinath SCB, Yuan Y, Huang D, Miao L. Targeted Diagnosis, Therapeutic Monitoring, and Assessment of Atherosclerosis Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Coated with cRGD-Platelets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6006601. [PMID: 36211824 PMCID: PMC9537012 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6006601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective The off-target effects and severe side effects of PPARα and LXRα agonists greatly limit their application in atherosclerosis (AS). Therefore, this study intended to use mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers to generate MnO nanoparticles in situ with T1WI-MRI in mesoporous pores and simultaneously load PPARα and LXRα agonists. Afterward, cRGD-chelated platelet membranes can be used for coating to construct a new nanotheranostic agent. Methods cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles were synthesized by a chemical method. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was utilized to detect the size distribution and polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoparticles. The safety of the nanoparticles was detected by CCK8 in vitro and HE staining and kidney function in vivo. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry detection and TUNEL staining. Oxidative stress responses (ROS, SOD, MDA, and NOX levels) were tested via a DCFH-DA assay and commercial kits. Immunofluorescence and phagocytosis experiments were used to detect the targeting of nanoparticles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to detect the imaging performance of cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles. Using western blotting, the expression changes in LXRα and ABCA1 were identified. Results cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles were successfully established, with a particle size of approximately 150 nm and PDI less than 0.3, and showed high safety both in vitro and in vivo. cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles showed good targeting properties and better MRI imaging performance in AS. cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles showed better antioxidative capacities, MRI imaging performance, and diagnostic and therapeutic effects on AS by regulating the expression of LXRα and ABCA1. Conclusion In the present study, cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles with high safety and the capacity to target vulnerable plaques of AS were successfully established. They showed better performance on MRI images and treatment effects on AS by promoting cholesterol efflux through the regulation of ABCA1. These findings might address the problems of off-target effects and side effects of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery, which will enhance the efficiency of AS treatment and provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Liuzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, China
| | - Zheng Lv
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), and Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Deyou Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Liu Miao
- Department of Cardiology, Liuzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, China
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