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Mengistu ST, Kesete Y, Achila OO, Fikadu GT, Abrhaley F, Fikadu ET, Said SM, Gheberehiwet MA, Hamida ME, Ghidei YT. High Incidence of Esophageal Cancer in Women in Eritrea and Its Potential Link to Low Age at Menopause: Evidence from a 10-Year Retrospective Data Analysis. J Cancer Epidemiol 2024; 2024:5566016. [PMID: 38962101 PMCID: PMC11221988 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5566016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Detecting a group of esophageal cancer (EC) cases in endemic regions is essential in identifying high-risk populations and executing appropriate interventions. The main aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of EC in Eritrea. Methods A retrospective (period: 2011 - 2021) study was carried out by abstracting data on EC patients from the logbook kept at the National Health Laboratory (ENHL). Information on socio-demographic, clinical history, and biopsy analysis findings was collected. For the statistical assessment of data, the End Results (SEER) Joinpoint Regression Program (V.4.5.0.1) was used to calculate crude incidence rate (CIR), age-adjusted incidence rate (ASR), and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) by sex, age, and histotype. Results A total of 189 patient's samples (134 (70.9%) females vs. 55 (29.1%) males, ratio 2.43 : 1) were evaluated. Of the 155 patients with EC, 44 (28.4%) and 111 (71.6%) were diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), respectively (AC/ESCC ratio, 0.4). The median age (IQR) of patients with EC was 60 years (46.0 - 70 years) - (males 62 (IQR: 49.0 - 77 years) vs. females 60 (IQR: 46 -67 years), p-value =0.43. Within age bands, the F: M ratios in patients with ESCC were as follows: >20 -29 years =2: 1; 30-39 years =8 : 1; 40 - 49 years =10.5 : 1; 50-59 years =6.67 : 1; 60-69 years =3.25.1; 70-79 years =1.5 : 1 and>80 years =2 : 1. The all-age CIR and ASR for EC were 0.468 per 100 000 and 2.281 per 100 000 persons, respectively. Similarly, the all-age ASR for both males and females was 2.88 per 100 000 and 1.61 per 100 000. Over the study period, the EAPC for all cases was -3.0% (95% CI, -11.3 to 6.1, p-value =0.455). Conclusion In large part, EC is a women's disease in Eritrea. The unusually high incidence of ESCC and the high female-to-male ratio point at sex-dependent exposures as a major driver of the EAC epidemic in the country. Therefore, research on the risk factors of EC in Eritrea is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yafet Kesete
- Nakfa HospitalMinistry of Health Northern Red Sea branch, Nakfa, Eritrea
| | | | - Genet Tekeste Fikadu
- Department of PathologyNational Health LaboratoryMinistry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Feven Abrhaley
- Department of PathologyNational Health LaboratoryMinistry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea
| | | | - Salih Mohammed Said
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Health LaboratoryMinistry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea
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Brownlee AJ, Dewey M, Chagomerana MB, Tomoka T, Mulenga M, Khan S, Kampani C, Chimzimu F, Gastier-Foster JM, Westmoreland KD, Ozuah NW, Krysiak R, Malamba-Banda C, Painschab MS, Gopal S, Fedoriw Y. Update on pathology laboratory development and research in advancing regional cancer care in Malawi. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1336861. [PMID: 38298817 PMCID: PMC10829605 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1336861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathology laboratory at Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi was established in 2011. We published our initial experiences in laboratory development and telepathology in 2013 and 2016, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on our work by highlighting the positive role laboratory development has played in improving regional cancer care and research. In addition, we provide a summary of the adult pathology data from specimens received between July 1, 2011, and May 31, 2019, with an emphasis on malignant diagnoses. We compare these summaries to estimates of cancer incidence in this region to identify gaps and future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Brownlee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Morgan Dewey
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maganizo B. Chagomerana
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tamiwe Tomoka
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Maurice Mulenga
- Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Shiraz Khan
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Coxcilly Kampani
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Fred Chimzimu
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Julie M. Gastier-Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kate D. Westmoreland
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nmazuo W. Ozuah
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert Krysiak
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Chikondi Malamba-Banda
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Program, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Matthew S. Painschab
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Satish Gopal
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Gao S, Zhang Z, Sun K, Li MX, Qi YJ. Upper gastrointestinal tract microbiota with oral origin in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Med 2023; 55:2295401. [PMID: 38151037 PMCID: PMC10763922 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2295401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Poor oral hygiene is linked to high risks of many systemic diseases, including cancers. Oral dysbiosis is closely associated with poor oral hygiene, causing tooth loss, gingivitis, and periodontitis. We provide a summary of studies and discuss the risk factors for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) from a microbial perspective in this review.Methods: A literature search of studies published before December 31, 2022 from PubMed, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library was performed. The search strategies included the following keywords: (1) oral care, oral health, oral hygiene, dental health, dental hygiene, tooth loss, teeth loss, tooth absence, missing teeth, edentulism, tooth brushing, mouthwash, and tooth cleaning; (2) esophageal, esophagus, oesophagus, and oesophageal; (3) cancer, carcinoma, tumor, and neoplasm.Discussion: Poor oral health, indicated by infrequent tooth brushing, chronic periodontitis, and tooth loss, has been associated with an increased risk of squamous dysplasia and ESCC. Oral microbial diversity and composition are profoundly dysregulated during oesophageal tumorigenesis. Similar to the oral microbiota, the oesophageal microbiota varies distinctly in multiple bacterial taxa in ESCC and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, both of which have high co-occurrence rates in the "Oesophageal Cancer Belt". In addition, the potential roles of oncogenic viruses in ESCC have also been discussed. We also briefly explore the potential mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting role of dysregulated microbiota for the development of therapeutic targeting strategies.Conclusion: Poor oral health is an established risk indicator of ESCC. The dysbiosis of microbiota in upper gastrointestinal tract that highly resembles the oral microbial ecosystem but with distinct features at individual sites contributes to the development and progression of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shegan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Kui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Li
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Van Loon K, Mmbaga EJ, Mushi BP, Selekwa M, Mwanga A, Akoko LO, Mwaiselage J, Mosha I, Ng DL, Wu W, Silverstein J, Mulima G, Kaimila B, Gopal S, Snell JM, Benz SC, Vaske C, Sanborn Z, Sedgewick AJ, Radenbaugh A, Newton Y, Collisson EA. A Genomic Analysis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Eastern Africa. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:1411-1420. [PMID: 37505926 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) comprises 90% of all esophageal cancer cases globally and is the most common histology in low-resource settings. Eastern Africa has a disproportionately high incidence of ESCC. METHODS We describe the genomic profiles of 61 ESCC cases from Tanzania and compare them to profiles from an existing cohort of ESCC cases from Malawi. We also provide a comparison to ESCC tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS We observed substantial transcriptional overlap with other squamous histologies via comparison with TCGA PanCan dataset. DNA analysis revealed known mutational patterns, both genome-wide as well as in genes known to be commonly mutated in ESCC. TP53 mutations were the most common somatic mutation in tumors from both Tanzania and Malawi but were detected at lower frequencies than previously reported in ESCC cases from other settings. In a combined analysis, two unique transcriptional clusters were identified: a proliferative/epithelial cluster and an invasive/migrative/mesenchymal cluster. Mutational signature analysis of the Tanzanian cohort revealed common signatures associated with aging and cytidine deaminase activity (APOBEC) and an absence of signature 29, which was previously reported in the Malawi cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study defines the molecular characteristics of ESCC in Tanzania, and enriches the Eastern African dataset, with findings of overall similarities but also some heterogeneity across two unique sites. IMPACT Despite a high burden of ESCC in Eastern Africa, investigations into the genomics in this region are nascent. This represents the largest comprehensive genomic analysis ESCC from sub-Saharan Africa to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Van Loon
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Elia J Mmbaga
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Beatrice P Mushi
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Msiba Selekwa
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ally Mwanga
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Larry O Akoko
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Dianna L Ng
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Wei Wu
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Jordyn Silverstein
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Satish Gopal
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeff M Snell
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Zack Sanborn
- NantOmics/NantHealth, Inc., El Segundo, California
| | | | | | - Yulia Newton
- NantOmics/NantHealth, Inc., El Segundo, California
| | - Eric A Collisson
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
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Mangalaparthi KK, Patel K, Khan AA, Nair B, Kumar RV, Prasad TSK, Sidransky D, Chatterjee A, Pandey A, Gowda H. Molecular Characterization of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Quantitative Proteomics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3302. [PMID: 37444412 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a heterogeneous cancer associated with a poor prognosis in advanced stages. In India, it is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related mortality. In this study, we employed high-resolution mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to characterize the differential protein expression pattern associated with ESCC. We identified several differentially expressed proteins including PDPN, TOP2A, POSTN and MMP2 that were overexpressed in ESCC. In addition, we identified downregulation of esophagus tissue-enriched proteins such as SLURP1, PADI1, CSTA, small proline-rich proteins such as SPRR3, SPRR2A, SPRR1A, KRT4, and KRT13, involved in squamous cell differentiation. We identified several overexpressed proteins mapped to the 3q24-29 chromosomal region, aligning with CNV alterations in this region reported in several published studies. Among these, we identified overexpression of SOX2, TP63, IGF2BP2 and RNF13 that are encoded by genes in the 3q26 region. Functional enrichment analysis revealed proteins involved in cell cycle pathways, DNA replication, spliceosome, and DNA repair pathways. We identified the overexpression of multiple proteins that play a major role in alleviating ER stress, including SYVN1 and SEL1L. The SYVN1/SEL1L complex is an essential part of the ER quality control machinery clearing misfolded proteins from the ER. SYVN1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates ER-resident proteins. Interestingly, there are also other non-canonical substrates of SYVN1 which are known to play a crucial role in tumor progression. Thus, SYVN1 could be a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 691001, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Krishna Patel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 691001, India
| | - Aafaque Ahmad Khan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 691001, India
| | - Rekha V Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshav Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 691001, India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 691001, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 691001, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
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Wang D, Dai J, Suo C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Chen X. Molecular subtyping of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by large-scale transcriptional profiling: Characterization, therapeutic targets, and prognostic value. Front Genet 2022; 13:1033214. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1033214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor heterogeneity of the transcriptional profiles is independent of genetic variation. Several studies have successfully identified esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) subtypes based on the somatic mutation profile and copy number variations on the genome. However, transcriptome-based classification is limited. In this study, we classified 141 patients with ESCC into three subtypes (Subtype 1, Subtype 2, and Subtype 3) via tumor sample gene expression profiling. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis of paired tumor and normal samples for each subtype revealed significant difference among subtypes. Moreover, the degree of change in the expression levels of most genes gradually increased from Subtype 1 to Subtype 3. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified the representative pathways in each subtype: Subtype 1, abnormal Wnt signaling pathway activation; Subtype 2, inhibition of glycogen metabolism; and Subtype 3, downregulation of neutrophil degranulation process. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to elucidate the finer regulation of biological pathways and discover hub genes. Subsequently, nine hub genes (CORO1A, CD180, SASH3, CD52, CD300A, CD14, DUSP1, KIF14, and MCM2) were validated to be associated with survival in ESCC based on the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The clustering analysis of ESCC granted better understanding of the molecular characteristics of ESCC and led to the discover of new potential therapeutic targets that may contribute to the clinical treatment of ESCC.
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Mbatha S, Hull R, Dlamini Z. Exploiting the Molecular Basis of Oesophageal Cancer for Targeted Therapies and Biomarkers for Drug Response: Guiding Clinical Decision-Making. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102359. [PMID: 36289620 PMCID: PMC9598679 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, oesophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of deaths related to cancer and represents a major health concern. Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the regions of the world with the highest incidence and mortality rates for oesophageal cancer and most of the cases of oesophageal cancer in this region are oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The development and progression of OSCC is characterized by genomic changes which can be utilized as diagnostic or prognostic markers. These include changes in the expression of various genes involved in signaling pathways that regulate pathways that regulate processes that are related to the hallmarks of cancer, changes in the tumor mutational burden, changes in alternate splicing and changes in the expression of non-coding RNAs such as miRNA. These genomic changes give rise to characteristic profiles of altered proteins, transcriptomes, spliceosomes and genomes which can be used in clinical applications to monitor specific disease related parameters. Some of these profiles are characteristic of more aggressive forms of cancer or are indicative of treatment resistance or tumors that will be difficult to treat or require more specialized specific treatments. In Sub-Saharan region of Africa there is a high incidence of viral infections such as HPV and HIV, which are both risk factors for OSCC. The genomic changes that occur due to these infections can serve as diagnostic markers for OSCC related to viral infection. Clinically this is an important distinction as it influences treatment as well as disease progression and treatment monitoring practices. This underlines the importance of the characterization of the molecular landscape of OSCC in order to provide the best treatment, care, diagnosis and screening options for the management of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikhumbuzo Mbatha
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Z.D.)
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Z.D.)
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8
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Simba H, Tromp G, Sewram V, Mathew CG, Chen WC, Kuivaniemi H. Esophageal Cancer Genomics in Africa: Recommendations for Future Research. Front Genet 2022; 13:864575. [PMID: 35401654 PMCID: PMC8990314 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.864575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Simba
- African Cancer Institute, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI–NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Bioinformatics Unit, South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Vikash Sewram
- African Cancer Institute, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher G Mathew
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wenlong C. Chen
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI–NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Most Common Genetic Mutations in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:1040-1049. [PMID: 34611831 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal cancer is the second most common cancer among men and women. There is a need to systematically assess the current evidence to map out the contribution of genetic factors in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS A literature search was carried out on published and unpublished studies up to August 2021 in Medline (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), Scopus, Proquest, Web of Science, and Google scholar. Studies that have reported the frequency of genetic mutations in ESCC were included in this study. RESULTS A total of 1238 titles were retrieved through searches, and finally, 56 articles, including 8114 samples, met our predefined inclusion criteria. Of the included studies, 31 were conducted in China, 12 in Japan, and the remaining were conducted in various nations, including Brazil, Korea, and Iran. Most of our included studies evaluated the TP53 (n = 37 studies) and PIK3CA (n = 30 studies) gene mutations. TP53 (68.6%; 95% CI: 61.6-74.9), CCND1 (39.3%; 95% CI: 26.2-54.1), MDM2 (24.9%; 95% CI: 9.5-51.0), NOTCH1/2/3 (17.9%; 95% CI: 15.0-21.2), KMT2D (17.4%; 95% CI: 12.4-23.8), CDKN2A (15.0%; 95% CI: 8.1-26.1), PIK3CA (13.8%; 95% CI: 10.3-18.1), FAT1 (13.3%; 95% CI: 11.7-15.0), and EGFR (9.9%; 95% CI: 5.6-17.0) were the most common involved genetic factors in developing ESCC. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that more than 10% of ESCC patients had changes in TP53, CCND1, MDM2, NOTCH1/2/3, KMT2D, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, and FAT1 genes, which can highlight their role in developing ESCC. TP53, CCND1, and MDM2 are the most prevalent, demonstrating 68.6%, 39.3%, and 24.9% of the mutations in ESCC patients.
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Li MX, Sun XM, Cheng WG, Ruan HJ, Liu K, Chen P, Xu HJ, Gao SG, Feng XS, Qi YJ. Using a machine learning approach to identify key prognostic molecules for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:906. [PMID: 34372798 PMCID: PMC8351329 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A plethora of prognostic biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) that have hitherto been reported are challenged with low reproducibility due to high molecular heterogeneity of ESCC. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal biomarkers for ESCC using machine learning algorithms. Methods Biomarkers related to clinical survival, recurrence or therapeutic response of patients with ESCC were determined through literature database searching. Forty-eight biomarkers linked to recurrence or prognosis of ESCC were used to construct a molecular interaction network based on NetBox and then to identify the functional modules. Publicably available mRNA transcriptome data of ESCC downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets included GSE53625 and TCGA-ESCC. Five machine learning algorithms, including logical regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF) and XGBoost, were used to develop classifiers for prognostic classification for feature selection. The area under ROC curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the performance of the prognostic classifiers. The importances of identified molecules were ranked by their occurrence frequencies in the prognostic classifiers. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test were performed to determine the statistical significance of overall survival. Results A total of 48 clinically proven molecules associated with ESCC progression were used to construct a molecular interaction network with 3 functional modules comprising 17 component molecules. The 131,071 prognostic classifiers using these 17 molecules were built for each machine learning algorithm. Using the occurrence frequencies in the prognostic classifiers with AUCs greater than the mean value of all 131,071 AUCs to rank importances of these 17 molecules, stratifin encoded by SFN was identified as the optimal prognostic biomarker for ESCC, whose performance was further validated in another 2 independent cohorts. Conclusion The occurrence frequencies across various feature selection approaches reflect the degree of clinical importance and stratifin is an optimal prognostic biomarker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xiang Li
- School of Information Engineering of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong Qu, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Meng Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China.,The Sixth People's Hospital of Luoyang, Oncology Department, 14 Xiyuan Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Gang Cheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Cancer Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Ruan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Information Engineering of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong Qu, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - Pan Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - She-Gan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Shan Feng
- School of Information Engineering of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong Qu, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Jun Qi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment; Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi Qu, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China.
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11
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Risk factors for esophageal cancer in a high-incidence area of Malawi. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:1347-1354. [PMID: 34342770 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore associations of nutritional, infectious, and lifestyle factors with esophageal cancer (EC) occurrence in a high-risk area of Malawi. METHODS This case-control study was performed with 227 patients undergoing endoscopy for dysphagia or other upper gastrointestinal complaints. Data on clinicopathological characteristics and risk factors were collected using a questionnaire developed for this study specifically. Ninety-eight blood samples were collected and the prevalence of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, and Helicobacter pylori were determined serologically. RESULTS The tumor and control groups comprised 157 (69.2%) and 70 (31.8%) patients, respectively. Patients with tumors were significantly older than controls (55.5 vs. 43.5 years, p < 0.001). The male/female ratio did not differ between groups (59% and 54% male, respectively; p = 0.469). EC was associated with smoking (p < 0.001), and alcohol consumption (p = 0.020), but 43% of patients with tumors did not smoke or drink. EC was associated with the consumption of hot food and tea (p = 0.003) and smoked fish (p = 0.011). EC was not associated with any serologically investigated infectious agents. In an age adjusted binary logistic regression analysis of all nutritive factors, only locally made alcohol was significant [odds ratio (OR), 9.252; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.455-58.822; p = 0.018]. CONCLUSIONS Apart from alcohol consumption and smoking, the consumption of hot food or tea and smoked fish are associated with EC. Locally distilled alcohol consumption increases the EC risk in Malawi.
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12
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Erkizan HV, Sukhadia S, Natarajan TG, Marino G, Notario V, Lichy JH, Wadleigh RG. Exome sequencing identifies novel somatic variants in African American esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14814. [PMID: 34285259 PMCID: PMC8292420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer has a strikingly low survival rate mainly due to the lack of diagnostic markers for early detection and effective therapies. In the U.S., 75% of individuals diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are of African descent. African American ESCC (AA ESCC) is particularly aggressive, and its biological underpinnings remain poorly understood. We sought to identify the genomic abnormalities by conducting whole exome sequencing of 10 pairs of matched AA esophageal squamous cell tumor and control tissues. Genomic analysis revealed diverse somatic mutations, copy number alterations (SCNAs), and potential cancer driver genes. Exome variants created two subgroups carrying either a high or low tumor mutation burden. Somatic mutational analysis based on the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) detected SBS16 as the prominent signature in the high mutation rate group suggesting increased DNA damage. SBS26 was also detected, suggesting possible defects in mismatch repair and microsatellite instability. We found SCNAs in multiple chromosome segments, encoding MYC on 8q24.21, PIK3CA and SOX2 on 3q26, CCND1, SHANK2, CTTN on 11q13.3, and KRAS on 12p12. Amplifications of EGFRvIII and EGFRvIVa mutants were observed in two patients, representing a novel finding in ESCC that has potential clinical relevance. This present exome sequencing, which to our knowledge, represents the first comprehensive exome analysis exclusively in AA ESCC, and highlights novel mutated loci that might explain the aggressive nature of AA ESCC and lead to the development of diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Verda Erkizan
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | | | - Gustavo Marino
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vicente Notario
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jack H Lichy
- Pathology and Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert G Wadleigh
- Institute for Clinical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Hematology and Medical Oncology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Zeng B, Huang P, Du P, Sun X, Huang X, Fang X, Li L. Comprehensive Study of Germline Mutations and Double-Hit Events in Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637431. [PMID: 33889545 PMCID: PMC8056176 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) is the eighth most common cancer around the world. Several reports have focused on somatic mutations and common germline mutations in ESCC. However, the contributions of pathogenic germline alterations in cancer susceptibility genes (CSGs), highly frequently mutated CSGs, and pathogenically mutated CSG-related pathways in ESCC remain unclear. We obtained data on 571 ESCC cases from public databases and East Asian from the 1000 Genomes Project database and the China Metabolic Analytics Project database to characterize pathogenic mutations. We detected 157 mutations in 75 CSGs, accounting for 25.0% (143/571) of ESCC cases. Six genes had more than five mutations: TP53 (n = 15 mutations), GJB2 (n = 8), BRCA2 (n = 6), RECQL4 (n = 6), MUTYH (n = 6), and PMS2 (n = 5). Our results identified significant differences in pathogenic germline mutations of TP53, BRCA2, and RECQL4 between the ESCC and control cohorts. Moreover, we identified 84 double-hit events (16 germline/somatic double-hit events and 68 somatic/somatic double-hit events) occurring in 18 tumor suppressor genes from 83 patients. Patients who had ESCC with germline/somatic double-hit events were diagnosed at younger ages than patients with the somatic/somatic double-hit events, though the correlation was not significant. Fanconi anemia was the most enriched pathway of pathogenically mutated CSGs, and it appeared to be a primary pathway for ESCC predisposition. The results of this study identified the underlying roles that pathogenic germline mutations in CSGs play in ESCC pathogenesis, increased our awareness about the genetic basis of ESCC, and provided suggestions for using highly mutated CSGs and double-hit features in the early discovery, prevention, and genetic counseling of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zeng
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Peina Du
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Xiaodong Fang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Deybasso HA, Roba KT, Nega B, Belachew T. Dietary and Environmental Determinants of Oesophageal Cancer in Arsi Zone, Oromia, Central Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2071-2082. [PMID: 33664594 PMCID: PMC7924120 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s298892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oesophageal cancer is ranked 5th of all types of malignancies in Ethiopia and highly prevalent in the Arsi Zone. However, no study was conducted to elucidate the dietary and environmental determinants of oesophageal cancer in the Arsi Zone. METHODS A matched case-control study was conducted from June 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020. A total of 104 cases and 208 controls were interviewed. Data were collected using food frequency questionnaires (structured questionnaires). Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to check the association between independent and dependent variables. Adjusted odds ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated for the strength of association. Statistical significance was declared at a P-value of <0.05. RESULTS In multivariable logistic regression, drinking very hot coffee (AOR=5.1,[95% CI: (1.95, 13.71), drinking large volume of coffee (AOR=4.9, [95% CI: (2.03, 12.17), very hot porridge (AOR= 3.1,[95% CI: (1.38,7.03) and eating porridge fast (AOR=7.0, [95% CI: (2.48, 20.14), low intake of dairy products (AOR=6.0, [95% CI: (2.29, 15.95), cooking food in sleeping room (AOR=3.7, [95% CI: (1.22, 11.39), exposure to x-ray (AOR=9.4,[95% CI: (3.94, 22.82), nonalcohol homemade drinks (AOR=5.4,[95% CI: (1.97, 15.14), use of chemical containers (AOR=3.4, [95% CI: (1.48, 8.23) were determinants of oesophageal cancer. CONCLUSION Coffee temperature, coffee drinking volume, porridge consumption temperature, porridge consumption speed, dairy products intake patterns, food cooking place, x-ray exposure, nonalcohol homemade drink, and use of chemical containers were independent determinants of the increased risk of oesophageal cancer in the study community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Aman Deybasso
- Jimma University, Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kedir Teji Roba
- Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Nega
- Addis Ababa University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Belachew
- Jimma University, Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma, Ethiopia
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15
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NRF2/ACSS2 axis mediates the metabolic effect of alcohol drinking on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochem J 2021; 477:3075-3089. [PMID: 32776152 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol drinking is a leading risk factor for the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the molecular mechanisms of alcohol-associated ESCC remain poorly understood. One of the most commonly mutated genes in ESCC is nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2), which is a critical transcription factor regulating oxidative stress response and drug detoxification. When NRF2 is hyperactive in cancer cells, however, it leads to metabolic reprogramming, cell proliferation, chemoradioresistance, and poor prognosis. In this study, hyperactive NRF2 was found to up-regulate acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family members 2 (ACSS2), an enzyme that converts acetate to acetyl-CoA, in ESCC cells and mouse esophagus. We also showed that knockdown of NRF2 or ACSS2 led to decreased ACSS2 expression, which in turn reduced the levels of acetyl-CoA and ATP with or without ethanol exposure. In addition, ethanol exposure enhanced lipid synthesis in ESCC cells. Moreover, we observed a change in the metabolic profile of ESCC cells exposed to ethanol as a result of their NRF2 or ACSS2 status. We further showed that ACSS2 contributed to the invasive capability of NRF2high ESCC cells exposed to ethanol. In conclusion, the NRF2/ACSS2 axis mediates the metabolic effect of alcohol drinking on ESCC.
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16
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Li Y, Li Y, Chen X. NOTCH and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1287:59-68. [PMID: 33034026 PMCID: PMC7895477 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55031-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a deadly disease that requires extensive research on its mechanisms, prevention, and therapy. Recent studies have shown that NOTCH mutations are commonly seen in human ESCC. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the NOTCH pathway in normal esophagus and in ESCC. In normal esophagus, NOTCH pathway regulates the development of esophageal squamous epithelium, in particular, squamous differentiation. Exposure to extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as gastroesophageal reflux, alcohol drinking, and inflammation, downregulates the NOTCH pathway and thus inhibits squamous differentiation of esophageal squamous epithelial cells. In ESCC, NOTCH plays a dual role as both a tumor suppressor pathway and an oncogenic pathway. In summary, further studies are warranted to develop NOTCH activators for the prevention of ESCC and NOTCH inhibitors for targeted therapy of a subset of ESCC with activated NOTCH pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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17
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Come J, Pereira JB, Pinto R, Carrilho C, Pereira L, Lara Santos L. The Upper Digestive Tract Microbiome and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Implications in Africa. Pathobiology 2020; 88:141-155. [PMID: 33291118 DOI: 10.1159/000511422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the microbiome has significantly contributed to our understanding of complex diseases including cancer, with a profound influence of the microbiota on clinical prognosis and the efficacy of cancer treatments. Oesophageal cancer is positioned amongst the most aggressive malignant diseases, resulting from a complex interaction between anthropometric, genetic, immune response, and environmental factors. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oesophageal cancer and is a serious burden in Eastern Africa, in the area known as the African oesophageal cancer corridor (AOCC). OSCC is often diagnosed at a late stage, with patients already suffering from severe malnutrition and dehydration due to swallowing difficulties, leading to high mortality rates. So far, aetiological factors have been individually analysed with an inappropriate contextualisation. The upper digestive tract microbiome has been proposed to contribute to the onset and progression of OSCC but with limited understanding of the mechanisms behind this interaction. Data on African populations are limited, and the aetiology of AOCC is still poorly understood. This review discusses the current knowledge of the aetiology of OSCC in Africa, with special focus on the probable influence of the upper digestive tract microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotamo Come
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Joana Barbosa Pereira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carrilho
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique.,Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luisa Pereira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental e Departamento de Oncologia do Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Porto, Portugal, .,ONCOCIR - Education and Care in Oncology, PALOP - Lusophone Africa, Porto, Portugal,
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18
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Yu J, Wu X, Lv M, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li J, Zhu M, Huang J, Zhang Q. A model for predicting prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on joint representation learning. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:387. [PMID: 33193847 PMCID: PMC7656101 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest cancer types with a poor prognosis due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages and a delayed diagnosis. The present study aimed to identify the risk factors significantly associated with prognosis and to search for novel effective diagnostic modalities for patients with early-stage ESCC. mRNA and methylation data of patients with ESCC and the corresponding clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the representation features were screened using deep learning autoencoder. The univariate Cox regression model was used to select the prognosis-related features from the representation features. K-means clustering was used to cluster the TCGA samples. Support vector machine classifier was constructed based on the top 75 features mostly associated with the risk subgroups obtained from K-means clustering. Two ArrayExpress datasets were used to verify the reliability of the obtained risk subgroups. The differentially expressed genes and methylation genes (DEGs and DMGs) between the risk subgroups were analyzed, and pathway enrichment analysis was performed. A total of 500 representation features were produced. Using K-means clustering, the TCGA samples were clustered into two risk subgroups with significantly different overall survival rates. Joint multimodal representation strategy, which showed a good model fitness (C-index=0.760), outperformed early-fusion autoencoder strategy. The joint representation learning-based classification model had good robustness. A total of 1,107 DEGs and 199 DMGs were screened out between the two risk subgroups. The DEGs were involved in 70 pathways, the majority of which were correlated with metastasis and proliferation of various cancer types, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules PPAR signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, transcriptional misregulation in cancer and ECM-receptor interaction pathways. The two survival subgroups obtained via the joint representation learning-based model had good robustness, and had prognostic significance for patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliu Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Min Lv
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yuanying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jintian Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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19
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Genetic variants association with cancers in African-based populations: A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 67:101739. [PMID: 32554299 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the single leading cause of human deaths worldwide. The highest incidence and mortality are recorded from Africa. The last two decades have witnessed extensive research which has led to emerging prognosis and new gene therapy technologies. Cancer therapy in Africa is derived with little input from African population data. While a number of cancer studies on African populations have suggested varied susceptible variant, no comprehensive review of these studies has been undertaken to assess their coverage across Africa. METHODS This study aimed to undertake a review of all molecular genetic studies that interrogated the genetic variants of cancers in African-based populations. Our search methodology was modelled after the Cochrane systematic review protocol, which included MeSH terms and related keywords. RESULTS Ninety-seven articles studying 13 cancer types, were reviewed. 91 articles screened for polymorphisms using PCR-based techniques while three used SNP array, two used whole exome sequencing and one used pyrosequencing. North African (NA) countries undertook 51/97 (53 %) studies on 12/13 (92 %) cancer types while the Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) countries undertook 46/97 (47 %) studies on 7/13 (54 %) cancer types. Twelve out of these thirteen cancer type studies suggested susceptibility to their target polymorphism (p > 0.05). No study replicated or validated variants detected. CONCLUSION Research on genetic determinants in African-based population cancer offers translational benefits. We recommended large scale, multi-national genome association studies using high throughput techniques. SSA needs to receive more attention due to the shortage of this type of study and data in the region.
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Brown J, Stepien AJ, Willem P. Landscape of copy number aberrations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from a high endemic region of South Africa. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:281. [PMID: 32252688 PMCID: PMC7137242 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive cancer with one of the highest world incidences in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa. Several genome wide studies have been performed on ESCC cohorts from Asian countries, North America, Malawi and other parts of the world but none have been conducted on ESCC tumors from South Africa to date, where the molecular pathology and etiology of this disease remains unclear. We report here tumor associated copy number changes observed in 51 ESCC patients’ samples from the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Methods We extracted tumor DNA from 51 archived ESCC specimens and interrogated tumor associated DNA copy number changes using Affymetrix® 500 K SNP array technology. The Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer (GISTIC 2.0) algorithm was applied to identify significant focal regions of gains and losses. Gains of the top recurrent cancer genes were validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and their protein expression assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Twenty-three significant focal gains were identified across samples. Gains involving the CCND1, MYC, EGFR and JAG1 loci recapitulated those described in studies on Asian and Malawian cohorts. The two most significant gains involved the chromosomal sub-bands 3q28, encompassing the TPRG1 gene and 11q13.3 including the CTTN, PPFIA1and SHANK2 genes. There was no significant homozygous loss and the most recurrent hemizygous deletion involved the B3GAT1 gene on chromosome 11q25. Focal gains on 11q13.3 in 37% of cases (19/51), consistently involved CTTN and SHANK2 genes. Twelve of these cases (23,5%), had a broader region of gain that also included the CCND1, FGF19, FGF4 and FGF3 genes. SHANK2 and CTTN are co-amplified in several cancers, these proteins interact functionally together and are involved in cell motility. Immunohistochemistry confirmed both Shank2 (79%) and cortactin (69%) protein overexpression in samples with gains of these genes. In contrast, cyclin D1 (65%) was moderately expressed in samples with CCND1 DNA gain. Conclusions This study reports copy number changes in a South African ESCC cohort and highlights similarities and differences with cohorts from Asia and Malawi. Our results strongly suggest a role for CTTN and SHANK2 in the pathogenesis of ESCC in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Brown
- School of Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Andrzej J Stepien
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Walter Sisulu University, National Health Laboratory Services/NMAH, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Pascale Willem
- School of Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kobia F, Gitaka J, Makokha F, Kamita M, Kibera J, Mwenda C, Mucee G, Kilingo B. The state of cancer in Meru, Kenya: a retrospective study. AAS Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is projected that by 2030, 70% of all cancer related deaths will occur in low-middle income countries. However, data on the state of cancer in most African countries is scanty. Cancer estimates for Kenya are based on the Nairobi and Eldoret cancer registries, leaving most parts of the country unrepresented. Lacking national coverage, these data do not accurately reflect Kenya’s cancer burden. The paucity of reliable data impedes formulation of effective cancer control strategies and cancer research prioritization. Here, we report the findings of a retrospective study of the cancer state in Meru County, Kenya. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patient files at Meru hospice was carried out. 2349 cancer cases seen at the Meru hospice between 2003 and 2018 were analyzed. Data abstracted from the records included patient age, gender and cancer type. The abstracted data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: Our results indicate that cancer is almost evenly distributed across genders, with men accounting for 49% and women 51%. Stomach cancer rates are strikingly elevated and equal to those in countries with the highest stomach cancer rates globally – making it the commonest cancer in this region (14%). Among men, the most common cancers affect the prostate (18%), stomach (17%), esophagus (14%), head & neck (12%), liver (8%) and colorectum (5%). Among women, the commonest are cancers of the breast (22%), cervix (20%), stomach (11%), esophagus (8%), head & neck (6%) and liver (5%). Breast cancer occurs at a notably early age, with 20% of those affected aged below 40. Lung cancer rates are notably low in this region (1.3%) relative to world estimates. Conclusion: Cancer distribution in Meru is nearly even between sexes. Our analysis suggests that the Meru region is a stomach cancer hotspot and that it also experiences elevated esophageal cancer levels.
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22
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Horner MJ, Salima A, Chilima C, Mukatipa M, Kumwenda W, Kampani C, Chimzimu F, Mukunda B, Tomoka T, Mulenga M, Nyasosela R, Chasimpha S, Dzamalala C, Gopal S. Frequent HIV and Young Age Among Individuals With Diverse Cancers at a National Teaching Hospital in Malawi. J Glob Oncol 2019; 4:1-11. [PMID: 30085887 PMCID: PMC6223526 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.17.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cancer surveillance provides a critical evidence base to guide cancer control efforts, yet population-based coverage in Africa is sparse. Hospital-based registries may help fill this need by providing local epidemiologic data to guide policy and forecast local health care needs. We report the epidemiology of patients with cancer recorded by a de novo hospital-based cancer registry at Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi, the sole provider of comprehensive oncology services for half the country and location of a high-volume pathology laboratory. Methods We conducted active case finding across all hospital departments and the pathology laboratory from June 2014 to March 2016. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and HIV status were collected. We describe epidemiology of the cancer caseload, registry design, and costs associated with registry operations. Results Among 1,446 registered patients, Kaposi sarcoma and cervical cancer were the most common cancers among men and women, respectively. Burkitt lymphoma was most common cancer among children. The current rate of pathology confirmation is 65%, a vast improvement in the diagnostic capacity for cancer through the hospital’s pathology laboratory. Among leading cancer types, an alarming proportion occurred at young ages; 50% of Kaposi sarcoma and 25% of esophageal, breast, and cervical cancers were diagnosed among those younger than 40 years of age. A systematic, cross-sectional assessment of HIV status reveals a prevalence of 58% among adults and 18% among children. Conclusion We report a high caseload among typically young patients and a significant burden of HIV infection among patients with cancer. In low- and middle-income countries with intermittent, sparse, or nonexistent cancer surveillance, hospital-based cancer registries can provide important local epidemiologic data while efforts to expand population-based registration continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josèphe Horner
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ande Salima
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Chrissie Chilima
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Matthews Mukatipa
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Wiza Kumwenda
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Coxcilly Kampani
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Fred Chimzimu
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Bal Mukunda
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tamiwe Tomoka
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Maurice Mulenga
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Richard Nyasosela
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Steady Chasimpha
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Charles Dzamalala
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Satish Gopal
- Marie-Josèphe Horner and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, Coxcilly Kampani, Fred Chimzimu, Bal Mukunda, Tamiwe Tomoka, Maurice Mulenga, Richard Nyasosela, and Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina Project-Malawi; Marie-Josèphe Horner, Ande Salima, Chrissie Chilima, Matthews Mukatipa, Wiza Kumwenda, and Satish Gopal, Kamuzu Central Hospital Cancer Registry; Satish Gopal, Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Malawi Cancer Registry; and Charles Dzamalala and Satish Gopal, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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Horner MJ, Chasimpha S, Spoerri A, Edwards J, Bohlius J, Tweya H, Tembo P, Nkhambule F, Phiri EM, Miller WC, Malisita K, Phiri S, Dzamalala C, Olshan AF, Gopal S. High Cancer Burden Among Antiretroviral Therapy Users in Malawi: A Record Linkage Study of Observational Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cohorts and Cancer Registry Data. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69:829-835. [PMID: 30452634 PMCID: PMC6773978 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With antiretroviral therapy (ART), AIDS-defining cancer incidence has declined and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) are now more frequent among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations in high-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, limited epidemiological data describe cancer burden among ART users. METHODS We used probabilistic algorithms to link cases from the population-based cancer registry with electronic medical records supporting ART delivery in Malawi's 2 largest HIV cohorts from 2000-2010. Age-adjusted cancer incidence rates (IRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by cancer site, early vs late incidence periods (4-24 and >24 months after ART start), and World Health Organization (WHO) stage among naive ART initiators enrolled for at least 90 days. RESULTS We identified 4346 cancers among 28 576 persons. Most people initiated ART at advanced WHO stages 3 or 4 (60%); 12% of patients had prevalent malignancies at ART initiation, which were predominantly AIDS-defining eligibility criteria for initiating ART. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) had the highest IR (634.7 per 100 000 person-years) followed by cervical cancer (36.6). KS incidence was highest during the early period 4-24 months after ART initiation. NADCs accounted for 6% of new cancers. CONCLUSIONS Under historical ART guidelines, NADCs were observed at low rates and were eclipsed by high KS and cervical cancer burden. Cancer burden among Malawian ART users does not yet mirror that in high-income countries. Integrated cancer screening and management in HIV clinics, especially for KS and cervical cancer, remain important priorities in the current Malawi context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josèphe Horner
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe
| | | | - Adrian Spoerri
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessie Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Julia Bohlius
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Petros Tembo
- Lighthouse Trust, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe
| | | | | | - William C Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | - Sam Phiri
- Lighthouse Trust, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe
- Department of Public Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Blantyre
| | - Charles Dzamalala
- Malawi Cancer Registry, Blantyre, Malawi
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Satish Gopal
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lilongwe, Malawi
- University of North Carolina Institute for Global Health & Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lilongwe, Malawi
- Malawi Cancer Consortium & Regional Center of Research Excellence for Non-Communicable Diseases, Lilongwe, Malawi
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Lin L, Lin DC. Biological Significance of Tumor Heterogeneity in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081156. [PMID: 31409002 PMCID: PMC6721624 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common and aggressive malignancy, with hitherto dismal clinical outcome. Genomic analyses of patient samples reveal a complex heterogeneous landscape for ESCC, which presents in both intertumor and intratumor forms, manifests at both genomic and epigenomic levels, and contributes significantly to tumor evolution, drug resistance, and metastasis. Here, we review the important molecular characteristics underlying ESCC heterogeneity, with an emphasis on genomic aberrations and their functional contribution to cancer evolutionary trajectories. We further discuss how novel experimental tools, including single-cell sequencing and three-dimensional organoids, may advance our understanding of tumor heterogeneity. Lastly, we suggest that deciphering the mechanisms governing tumor heterogeneity holds the potential to developing precision therapeutics for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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25
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Leon ME, Kassa E, Bane A, Gemechu T, Tilahun Y, Endalafer N, McKay-Chopin S, Brancaccio RN, Ferro G, Assefa M, Ward E, Tommasino M, Aseffa A, Schüz J, Jemal A, Gheit T. Prevalence of human papillomavirus and Helicobacter pylori in esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer biopsies from a case-control study in Ethiopia. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31406502 PMCID: PMC6686489 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia lies in the high-risk corridor of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in East Africa, where individuals with this malignancy often do not report established risk factors, suggesting unidentified etiologies. Here, we report the prevalence of mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) and of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) detection in endoscopy-obtained esophageal and gastroesophageal junction biopsies and in oral cell specimens taken at the time of esophageal cancer diagnosis in a case-control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS DNA extraction was performed from fresh frozen tissue and oral cell pellets obtained with saline solution gargling subsequently fixed with ethanol. Mucosal HPV and H. pylori DNA was detected using highly sensitive assays that combine multiplex polymerase chain reaction and bead-based Luminex technology. The proportions of specimens testing positive were expressed as percentages, with binomial 95% confidence intervals. Agreement of results between tissue biopsy and oral cell specimens was estimated using the kappa statistic. Comparison of study participants' characteristics by test results was done using the Pearson chi-square test. RESULTS HPV DNA was detected in 1 of 62 tumor specimens (2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0-9%), corresponding to HPV16 type. HPV DNA was detected in the oral cavity of 7 cases (11, 95% CI: 5-22%) and 4 of 56 matched healthy controls (7, 95% CI: 2-17%), with multiple HPV types detected. Detection of H. pylori DNA was 55% (95% CI: 42-68%), and 20 of 34 H. pylori-positive specimens (59, 95% CI: 41-75%) were positive for the cagA gene. Agreement of detection rates between tissue and oral cells in cases was poor for HPV and for H. pylori. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of mucosal-type HPV was very low, whereas H. pylori was more commonly detected, with a high proportion testing positive for the pro-inflammatory gene cagA. These novel findings remain to be replicated in larger studies and with the addition of serological determinations to better understand their biological significance in the context of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Leon
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Endale Kassa
- Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abate Bane
- Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tufa Gemechu
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Tilahun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Sandrine McKay-Chopin
- Section of Infections, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Rosario N. Brancaccio
- Section of Infections, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Ferro
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mathewos Assefa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elizabeth Ward
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society (ACS), Atlanta, USA
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Section of Infections, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society (ACS), Atlanta, USA
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Section of Infections, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Simba H, Kuivaniemi H, Lutje V, Tromp G, Sewram V. Systematic Review of Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in African Populations. Front Genet 2019; 10:642. [PMID: 31428123 PMCID: PMC6687768 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), one of the most aggressive cancers, is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, constituting a major health burden. It has the most divergence in cancer incidence globally, with high prevalence reported in East Asia, Southern Europe, and in East and Southern Africa. Its etiology is multifactorial, with lifestyle, environmental, and genetic risk factors. Very little is known about the role of genetic factors in ESCC development and progression among African populations. The study aimed to systematically assess the evidence on genetic variants associated with ESCC in African populations. Methods: We carried out a comprehensive search of all African published studies up to April 2019, using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and African Index Medicus databases. Quality assessment and data extraction were carried out by two investigators. The strength of the associations was measured by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Twenty-three genetic studies on ESCC in African populations were included in the systematic review. They were carried out on Black and admixed South African populations, as well as on Malawian, Sudanese, and Kenyan populations. Most studies were candidate gene studies and included DNA sequence variants in 58 different genes. Only one study carried out whole-exome sequencing of 59 ESCC patients. Sample sizes varied from 18 to 880 cases and 88 to 939 controls. Altogether, over 100 variants in 37 genes were part of 17 case-control genetic association studies to identify susceptibility loci for ESCC. In these studies, 25 variants in 20 genes were reported to have a statistically significant association. In addition, eight studies investigated changes in cancer tissues and identified somatic alterations in 17 genes and evidence of loss of heterozygosity, copy number variation, and microsatellite instability. Two genes were assessed for both genetic association and somatic mutation. Conclusions: Comprehensive large-scale studies on the genetic basis of ESCC are still lacking in Africa. Sample sizes in existing studies are too small to draw definitive conclusions about ESCC etiology. Only a small number of African populations have been analyzed, and replication and validation studies are missing. The genetic etiology of ESCC in Africa is, therefore, still poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Simba
- African Cancer Institute, Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vittoria Lutje
- Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Bioinformatics Unit, South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Vikash Sewram
- African Cancer Institute, Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Liu Y, Li H, Pi R, Yang Y, Zhao X, Qi X. Current strategies against persistent human papillomavirus infection (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:570-584. [PMID: 31364734 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, exhibiting a tropism for the epidermis and mucosae. The link between persistent HPV infection and malignancies involving the anogenital tract as well as the head and neck has been well‑established, and it is estimated that HPV‑related cancers involving various anatomical sites account for 4.5% of all human cancers. Current prophylactic vaccines against HPV have enabled the prevention of associated malignancies. However, the sizeable population base of current infection in whom prophylactic vaccines are not applicable, certain high‑risk HPV types not included in vaccines, and the vast susceptible population in developing countries who do not have access to the costly prophylactic vaccines, put forward an imperative need for effective therapies targeting persistent infection. In this article, the life cycle of HPV, the mechanisms facilitating HPV evasion of recognition and clearance by the host immune system, and the promising therapeutic strategies currently under investigation, particularly antiviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Qi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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28
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Come J, Cambaza E, Ferreira R, da Costa JMC, Carrilho C, Santos LL. Esophageal cancer in Mozambique: should mycotoxins be a concern? Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:187. [PMID: 31565147 PMCID: PMC6756822 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.187.18295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin frequently found in agricultural commodities. The toxin poses a considerable risk for human and animal health. FB1 is among several mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. contaminating virtually any cereal and other Poaceae. Their intracellular action includes the promotion of oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage biomolecules such as DNA. These toxic effects were observed in vivo and in vitro. However, the association between esophageal lesions and oxidative stress induced by FB1. Studies in China, Iran and South Africa showed higher exposure to fumonisins in areas with higher risk of esophageal cancer (EC). Exposure to mycotoxins may be inevitable in Mozambique. How mycotoxins, particularly fumonisins from the contaminated food, can be associated with the emergence of EC in Mozambique? Herein, we revise the literature and present some pieces of evidence in order to highlight the burden of mycotoxins and to provide evidence-based considerations for the stakeholders involved in the management of the EC agenda in Mozambique. The information presented herein supports the need to implement novel and/or to revisit the existent detoxification methods to reduce the global burden of mycotoxins and its outcomes in health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotamo Come
- Department of Surgery, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Edgar Cambaza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA-Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, Departamento de Química, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto and INSA-National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carrilho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Research Group, Surgical Oncology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
- ONCOCIR, Education and Care in Oncology, Lusophone Africa
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Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Distinct Molecular Subtypes of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Asian Populations. Neoplasia 2019; 21:571-581. [PMID: 31048097 PMCID: PMC6495472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, particularly in Asian populations, and responds poorly to conventional therapy. Subclassification of ESCCs by molecular analysis is a powerful strategy in extending conventional clinicopathologic classification, improving prognosis and therapy. Here we identified two ESCC molecular subtypes in Chinese population using gene expression profiling data and further validated the molecular subtypes in two other independent Asian populations (Japanese and Vietnamese). Subtype I ESCCs were enriched in pathways including immune response, while genes overexpressed in subtype II ESCCs were mainly involved in ectoderm development, glycolysis process, and cell proliferation. Specifically, we identified potential ESCC subtype-specific diagnostic markers (FOXA1 and EYA2 for subtype I, LAMC2 and KRT14 for subtype II) and further validated them in a fourth Asian cohort. In addition, we propose a few subtype-specific therapeutic targets for ESCC, which may guide future ESCC clinical treatment when further validated.
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Wilkerson MD. A Computational Protocol for Detecting Somatic Mutations by Integrating DNA and RNA Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1878:109-124. [PMID: 30378072 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8868-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mutation detection is a fundamental component of cancer genome research and of the molecular diagnosis of patients' tumors. Traditionally, such efforts have focused on either DNA exome or whole genome sequencing; however, we recently have demonstrated that integrating multiple sequencing technologies provides increased statistical power to detect mutations, particularly in low-purity tumors upon the addition of RNA sequencing to DNA exome sequencing. The computational protocol described here enables an investigator to detect somatic mutations through integrating DNA and RNA sequencing from patient-matched tumor DNA, tumor RNA, and germline specimens via the open source software, UNCeqR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wilkerson
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, The American Genome Center, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Talukdar FR, di Pietro M, Secrier M, Moehler M, Goepfert K, Lima SSC, Pinto LFR, Hendricks D, Parker MI, Herceg Z. Molecular landscape of esophageal cancer: implications for early detection and personalized therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434:342-359. [PMID: 29917250 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most lethal cancers and a public health concern worldwide, owing to late diagnosis and lack of efficient treatment. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are main histopathological subtypes of EC that show striking differences in geographical distribution, possibly due to differences in exposure to risk factors and lifestyles. ESCC and EAC are distinct diseases in terms of cell of origin, epidemiology, and molecular architecture of tumor cells. Past efforts aimed at translating potential molecular candidates into clinical practice proved to be challenging, underscoring the need for identifying novel candidates for early diagnosis and therapy of EC. Several major international efforts have brought about important advances in identifying molecular landscapes of ESCC and EAC toward understanding molecular mechanisms and critical molecular events driving the progression and pathological features of the disease. In our review, we summarize recent advances in the areas of genomics and epigenomics of ESCC and EAC, their mutational signatures and immunotherapy. We also discuss implications of recent advances in characterizing the genome and epigenome of EC for the discovery of diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and development of new targets for personalized treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlur Rahman Talukdar
- Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
| | | | - Maria Secrier
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Markus Moehler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Goepfert
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Denver Hendricks
- Division of Medical Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Iqbal Parker
- Division of Medical Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), Lyon, France
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Come J, Castro C, Morais A, Cossa M, Modcoicar P, Tulsidâs S, Cunha L, Lobo V, Morais AG, Cotton S, Lunet N, Carrilho C, Santos LL. Clinical and Pathologic Profiles of Esophageal Cancer in Mozambique: A Study of Consecutive Patients Admitted to Maputo Central Hospital. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4:1-9. [PMID: 30398947 PMCID: PMC7010456 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Eastern Africa was recently described as a high-incidence geographic area for esophageal cancer. Mozambique is included in this region. This study aimed to characterize this malignant disease at Maputo Central Hospital (MCH) to develop a global program for esophageal cancer management in Mozambique. METHODS MCH records from between 2012 and 2016 were used to assess the clinical, pathologic, and outcome profiles of esophageal tumors. A descriptive analysis of data collected was performed. Overall survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS In the study, 522 consecutive patient cases of esophageal cancer were recorded. The median patient age was 56.1 years (range, 27 to 97 years); 291 (55.7%) patients were women, and 230 (44.1%) were men. Regarding tumor site, 113 patients (21.6%) had a tumor in the lower third, 154 (29.5%) in the middle, and 50 (9.6%) in the upper third of the esophagus; in the remaining 196 (37.5%), tumor site was unknown. Squamous cell carcinoma comprised 94.4% of cases with documented histopathology (74.9% of the sample). Surgical treatment was possible in 32 patients (6.1%). Disease stage was documented only in these 32 surgical patients; 28.1%, 53.1%, and 18.8% had stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. The remaining patient cases seemed to involve clinically advanced tumors. The median follow-up time was of 1.6 months. The median survival time was of 3.5 months for all patients; for patients treated with curative intent, it was of 8.7 months. CONCLUSION Esophageal carcinoma is a common malignant tumor at MCH and is diagnosed in the advanced stages resulting in poor prognosis. Therefore, implementation of an Esophageal Cancer Program in Mozambique is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotamo Come
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Castro
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Atílio Morais
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Matchecane Cossa
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Prassad Modcoicar
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Satish Tulsidâs
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lina Cunha
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitória Lobo
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Gudo Morais
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Cotton
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Lunet
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carrilho
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Jotamo Come, Atílio Morais, Matchecane Cossa, Prassad Modcoicar, Satish Tulsidás, Lina Cunha, Vitória Lobo, Alberto Gudo Morais, and Carla Carrilho, Hospital Central de Maputo; Carla Carrilho, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique; Clara Castro, Sofia Cotton, and Lúcio Lara Santos, Instituto Português de Oncologia; Clara Castro and Nuno Lunet, Universidade do Porto; Sofia Cotton, Project ESTIMA-01-0145-FEDER-000027; Sofia Cotton and Lúcio Lara Santos, Grupo de Patologia e Terapêutica Experimental; Lúcio Lara Santos Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
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Van Loon K, Mwachiro MM, Abnet CC, Akoko L, Assefa M, Burgert SL, Chasimpha S, Dzamalala C, Fleischer DE, Gopal S, Iyer PG, Kaimila B, Kayamba V, Kelly P, Leon ME, Mathew CG, Menya D, Middleton D, Mlombe Y, Mmbaga BT, Mmbaga E, Mulima G, Murphy G, Mushi B, Mwanga A, Mwasamwaja A, Parker MI, Pritchett N, Schüz J, Topazian MD, White RE, McCormack V, Dawsey SM. The African Esophageal Cancer Consortium: A Call to Action. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4:1-9. [PMID: 30241229 PMCID: PMC6223465 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.17.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death; however, worldwide incidence and mortality rates do not reflect the geographic variations in the occurrence of this disease. In recent years, increased attention has been focused on the high incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) throughout the eastern corridor of Africa, extending from Ethiopia to South Africa. Nascent investigations are underway at a number of sites throughout the region in an effort to improve our understanding of the etiology behind the high incidence of ESCC in this region. In 2017, these sites established the African Esophageal Cancer Consortium. Here, we summarize the priorities of this newly established consortium: to implement coordinated multisite investigations into etiology and identify targets for primary prevention; to address the impact of the clinical burden of ESCC via capacity building and shared resources in treatment and palliative care; and to heighten awareness of ESCC among physicians, at-risk populations, policy makers, and funding agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Van Loon
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael M. Mwachiro
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christian C. Abnet
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Larry Akoko
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathewos Assefa
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen L. Burgert
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steady Chasimpha
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles Dzamalala
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David E. Fleischer
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Satish Gopal
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Prasad G. Iyer
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bongani Kaimila
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Violet Kayamba
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Kelly
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria E. Leon
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher G. Mathew
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Diana Menya
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Middleton
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yohannie Mlombe
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elia Mmbaga
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gift Mulima
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gwen Murphy
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatrice Mushi
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ally Mwanga
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amos Mwasamwaja
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. Iqbal Parker
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie Pritchett
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark D. Topazian
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Russell E. White
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie McCormack
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sanford M. Dawsey
- Katherine Van Loon, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Michael M. Mwachiro, Stephen L. Burgert, and Russell E. White, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet; Diana Menya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Christian C. Abnet, Gwen Murphy, Natalie Pritchett, and Sanford M. Dawsey, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Larry Akoko, Elia Mmbaga, Beatrice Mushi, and Ally Mwanga, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam; Blandina T. Mmbaga and Amos Mwasamwaja, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Mathewos Assefa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Steady Chasimpha and Charles Dzamalala, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital; Charles Dzamalala, Satish Gopal, Bongani Kaimila, and Yohannie Mlombe, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre; Gift Mulima, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; David E. Fleischer, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; Satish Gopal, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Prasad G. Iyer and Mark D. Topazian, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Violet Kayamba and Paul Kelly, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Paul Kelly, Queen Mary University of London; Christopher G. Mathew, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Maria E. Leon, Daniel Middleton, Joachim Schüz, and Valerie McCormack, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Christopher G. Mathew, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and M. Iqbal Parker, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ma S, Paiboonrungruan C, Yan T, Williams KP, Major MB, Chen XL. Targeted therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: the NRF2 signaling pathway as target. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434:164-172. [PMID: 29752726 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a deadly disease that requires extensive research. Here, we review the current understanding of the functions of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway in the esophagus. Genomic data suggest that gene mutations and several other mechanisms result in NRF2 hyperactivation in human ESCC. As a consequence, NRF2high ESCC is more resistant to chemoradiotherapy and associated with poorer survival than NRF2low ESCC. Mechanistically, we believe NRF2, functioning as a transcription factor, causes an esophageal phenotype through regulation of gene transcription. We discuss metabolism, mitochondria, proteasomes, and several signaling pathways as downstream players that may contribute to an esophageal phenotype due to NRF2 hyperactivation. Finally, strategies are proposed to target the NRF2 signaling pathway for therapy of NRF2high ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chorlada Paiboonrungruan
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tiansheng Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin P Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiaoxin Luke Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Zou J, Liu Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Lu Z, Chen Z, Li Z, Dong B, Huang W, Li Y, Gao J, Shen L. Establishment and genomic characterizations of patient-derived esophageal squamous cell carcinoma xenograft models using biopsies for treatment optimization. J Transl Med 2018; 16:15. [PMID: 29370817 PMCID: PMC5785825 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Squamous cell carcinoma is the dominant type of esophageal cancer in China with many patients initially diagnosed at advanced stage. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) models have been developed to be an important platform for preclinical research. This study aims to establish and characterize PDX models using biopsy tissue from advanced esophageal cancer patients to lay the foundation of preclinical application. Methods Fresh endoscopic biopsy tissues were harvested from patients with advanced esophageal cancer and implanted subcutaneously into NOD/SCID mice. Then, the PDXs were serially passaged for up to four generations. Transplantation was analyzed and genomic characteristics of xenografts were profiled using next-generation sequencing. Results Twenty-five PDX models were established (13.3%, 25/188). The latency period was 75.12 ± 19.87 days (50–120 days) for the first passage and it decreased with increasing passaging. Other than tumor stages, no differences were found between transplantations of xenografts and patient characteristics, irrespective of chemotherapy. Histopathological features and chemosensitivity of PDXs were in great accordance with primary patient tumors. Each PDX was assessed for molecular characteristics including copy number variations, somatic mutations, and signaling pathway abnormalities and these were similar to patient results. Conclusions Our PDX models were established from real time biopsies and molecularly profiled. They might be promising for drug development and individualized therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1379-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhentao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zuhua Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Fu-Cheng Road 52, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
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36
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Abnet CC, Arnold M, Wei WQ. Epidemiology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:360-373. [PMID: 28823862 PMCID: PMC5836473 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 972] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for about 90% of the 456,000 incident esophageal cancers each year. Regions of high incidence include Eastern to Central Asia, along the Rift Valley in East Africa, and into South Africa. There are many causes of ESCC, which vary among regions. Early studies in France associated smoking cigarettes and heavy alcohol consumption with high rates of ESCC, but these factors cannot explain the high incidence in other regions. We discuss other risk factors for ESCC, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a variety of sources, high-temperature foods, diet, and oral health and the microbiome-all require further research. A growing list of defined genomic regions affects susceptibility, but large genome-wide association studies have been conducted with ethnic Chinese subjects only; more studies are called for in the rest of Asia and Africa. ESCC has been understudied, but growing infrastructure in more high-incidence countries will allow rapid progress in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Abnet
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Melina Arnold
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Wen-Qiang Wei
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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37
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Kigen G, Busakhala N, Kamuren Z, Rono H, Kimalat W, Njiru E. Factors associated with the high prevalence of oesophageal cancer in Western Kenya: a review. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:59. [PMID: 29142587 PMCID: PMC5670732 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal carcinoma (OC) is highly prevalent in Western Kenya especially among the members of the Kalenjin community who reside in the Northern and Southern areas of the Rift Valley. Previous authors have suggested potential association of environmental and genetic risk factors with this high prevalence. The environmental factors that have been suggested include contamination of food by mycotoxins and/or pesticides, consumption of traditional alcohol (locally referred to “Busaa” and “Chan’gaa”), use of fermented milk (“Mursik”), poor diet, tobacco use and genetic predisposition. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the potential contribution of each of the factors that have been postulated to be associated with the high prevalence of the disease in order to establish the most likely cause. We have done this by analyzing the trends, characteristics and behaviours that are specifically unique in the region, and corroborated this with the available literature. From our findings, the most plausible cause of the high incidence of OC among the Kalenjin community is mycotoxins, particularly fumonisins from the food chain resulting from poor handling of cereals; particularly maize combined with traditional alcohol laced with the toxins interacting synergistically with other high-risk factors such as dietary deficiencies associated alcoholism and viral infections, especially HPV. Urgent mitigating strategies should be developed in order to minimize the levels of mycotoxins in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kigen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Department of Hematology & Oncology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Naftali Busakhala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Department of Hematology & Oncology, Moi University School of Medicine, P. O. Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Zipporah Kamuren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Hillary Rono
- Kitale County Hospital; London School of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, P.O. Box 98-30200, Kitale, Kenya
| | - Wilfred Kimalat
- Retired Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education, Science & Technology, Provisional Administration & Internal Security, Office of the President, P. O. Box 28467-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evangeline Njiru
- Department of Internal Medicine; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret, 30100 Kenya
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38
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Esophageal Cancer: Genomic and Molecular Characterization, Stem Cell Compartment and Clonal Evolution. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 4:E67. [PMID: 28930282 PMCID: PMC5622402 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most common cancer and is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide. The incidence of histologic subtypes of EC, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC), display considerable geographic variation. EAC arises from metaplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) in the context of chronic inflammation secondary to exposure to acid and bile. The main risk factors for developing ESCC are cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. The main somatic genetic abnormalities showed a different genetic landscape in EAC compared to ESCC. EAC is a heterogeneous cancer dominated by copy number alterations, a high mutational burden, co-amplification of receptor tyrosine kinase, frequent TP53 mutations. The cellular origins of BE and EAC are still not understood: animal models supported a cellular origin either from stem cells located in the basal layer of esophageal epithelium or from progenitors present in the cardia region. Many studies support the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) able to initiate and maintain EAC or ESCC. The exact identification of these CSCs, as well as their role in the pathogenesis of EAC and ESCC remain still to be demonstrated. The reviewed studies suggest that current molecular and cellular characterization of EAC and ESCC should serve as background for development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00141 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00141 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00141 Rome, Italy.
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Murphy G, McCormack V, Abedi-Ardekani B, Arnold M, Camargo MC, Dar NA, Dawsey SM, Etemadi A, Fitzgerald RC, Fleischer DE, Freedman ND, Goldstein AM, Gopal S, Hashemian M, Hu N, Hyland PL, Kaimila B, Kamangar F, Malekzadeh R, Mathew CG, Menya D, Mulima G, Mwachiro MM, Mwasamwaja A, Pritchett N, Qiao YL, Ribeiro-Pinto LF, Ricciardone M, Schüz J, Sitas F, Taylor PR, Van Loon K, Wang SM, Wei WQ, Wild CP, Wu C, Abnet CC, Chanock SJ, Brennan P. International cancer seminars: a focus on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:2086-2093. [PMID: 28911061 PMCID: PMC5834011 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) have initiated a series of cancer-focused seminars [Scelo G, Hofmann JN, Banks RE et al. International cancer seminars: a focus on kidney cancer. Ann Oncol 2016; 27(8): 1382-1385]. In this, the second seminar, IARC and NCI convened a workshop in order to examine the state of the current science on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma etiology, genetics, early detection, treatment, and palliation, was reviewed to identify the most critical open research questions. The results of these discussions were summarized by formulating a series of 'difficult questions', which should inform and prioritize future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Murphy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - M. Arnold
- Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - M. C. Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - N. A. Dar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S. M. Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - A. Etemadi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - R. C. Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D. E. Fleischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - N. D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - A. M. Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - S. Gopal
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - M. Hashemian
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N. Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - P. L. Hyland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - B. Kaimila
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - F. Kamangar
- Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - R. Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - C. G. Mathew
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Kings College London
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - D. Menya
- School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - G. Mulima
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - A. Mwasamwaja
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - N. Pritchett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - Y.-L. Qiao
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis & Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - L. F. Ribeiro-Pinto
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Institute Nacional de Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Ricciardone
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Global Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation
| | - F. Sitas
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - P. R. Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - K. Van Loon
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - S.-M. Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis & Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - W.-Q. Wei
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis & Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - C. P. Wild
- Director's office, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - C. Wu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis & Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - C. C. Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
| | - S. J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland, USA
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40
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Xiong T, Wang M, Zhao J, Liu Q, Yang C, Luo W, Li X, Yang H, Kristiansen K, Roy B, Zhou Y. An esophageal squamous cell carcinoma classification system that reveals potential targets for therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:49851-49860. [PMID: 28591712 PMCID: PMC5564812 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ESCC (Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) is a heterogeneous cancer with diverse prognosis. Here, to explore the biological diversity of ESCC, we employed gene expression profiles from 360 ESCC tumors from East Asians to establish a comprehensive molecular classification and characterization of ESCC. Using the specific 185-gene signature generated by unsupervised consensus clustering of gene expression data, we defined four subtypes associated with distinct clinical metrics: tumors with high metastasis associated with EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and active MAP4K4/JNK signaling pathway; tumors with high chromosomal instability with up regulated MYC targes; well differentiated tumors with less aggressive and moderated tumors. The clinical relevance of these subtypes was stated by significant differences in prognosis. Importantly, 24% of all ESCCs (n = 360) were classified into the high metastasis subtype associated with poorly differentiation and unfavorable prognosis. We provided evidence that this subtype relates to tumor microenvironment. Collectively, these results might contribute to more precise personalized therapeutic strategies for each subtype of ESCC patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Xiong
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Wen Luo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Abstract
Satish Gopal discusses the challenges of deliverable cancer care and cancer trials in sub-Saharan Africa as well as a potential framework for overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Gopal
- Malawi Cancer Consortium, Lilongwe, Malawi
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- * E-mail:
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42
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Odera JO, Odera E, Githang’a J, Walong EO, Li F, Xiong Z, Chen XL. Esophageal cancer in Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASE 2017; 4:23-33. [PMID: 29082268 PMCID: PMC5659304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Kenya belongs to a high incidence region known as Africa's esophageal cancer (EC) corridor. It has one of the highest incidence rates of EC worldwide, but research on EC in Kenya has gone highly unnoticed. EC in Kenya is unique in its high percentage of young cases (< 30 years of age). In this review, we show the current status of EC in the country. We mainly focus on significant risk factors such as alcohol drinking, genetic factors, malnutrition and hot food/drink. Future directions in the study and prevention of EC in Kenya are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joab Otieno Odera
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham 27707, NC, USA
- Integrated Biosciences PhD Program, North Carolina Central University, Durham 27707, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Odera
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Jessie Githang’a
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Edwin Oloo Walong
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Fang Li
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham 27707, NC, USA
- Department of Dentistry, Dalian University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian 116001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham 27707, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Luke Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham 27707, NC, USA
- Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27519, NC, USA
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