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He Y, Xu W, Xiao YT, Huang H, Gu D, Ren S. Targeting signaling pathways in prostate cancer: mechanisms and clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:198. [PMID: 35750683 PMCID: PMC9232569 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) affects millions of men globally. Due to advances in understanding genomic landscapes and biological functions, the treatment of PCa continues to improve. Recently, various new classes of agents, which include next-generation androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitors (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide), bone-targeting agents (radium-223 chloride, zoledronic acid), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib) have been developed to treat PCa. Agents targeting other signaling pathways, including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6, Ak strain transforming (AKT), wingless-type protein (WNT), and epigenetic marks, have successively entered clinical trials. Furthermore, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting agents such as 177Lu-PSMA-617 are promising theranostics that could improve both diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy. Advanced clinical studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited benefits in PCa, whereas subgroups of PCa with mismatch repair (MMR) or CDK12 inactivation may benefit from ICIs treatment. In this review, we summarized the targeted agents of PCa in clinical trials and their underlying mechanisms, and further discussed their limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidong Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Tian Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Di Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Fu Q, Yu Z. Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) in cancer: A promising target for diagnosis and therapy. Life Sci 2020; 256:117863. [PMID: 32479953 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) is the first critical enzyme to produce ATP in the glycolytic pathway. PGK1 is not only a metabolic enzyme but also a protein kinase, which mediates the tumor growth, migration and invasion through phosphorylation some important substrates. Moreover, PGK1 is associated with poor treatment and prognosis of cancers. This manuscript reviews the structure, functions, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PGK1 and its relationship with tumors, which demonstrates that PGK1 has indispensable value in the tumor progression. The current review highlights the important role of PGK1 in anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China.; College of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhenhai Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, PR China..
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3
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Han TT, Zheng S, Chen ZA, Liu W, Hu YM. Young patient with arterial thrombosis and skin changes as the onset manifestations: POEMS syndrome. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74410-74414. [PMID: 27738309 PMCID: PMC5342062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
POEMS syndrome is a rare multi-systemic disease characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein and skin changes. Arterial thrombosis is a distinctively unusual feature in patients with POEMS syndrome. We report a 33-year-old man with intermittent amaurosis of left eye and skin changes as the onset manifestations, who was finally confirmed as having POEMS syndrome. Most notably, this was a young man without high risk factors of arterial thrombosis and no monoclonal protein was detected until the repeated measurement later. This case evokes the need to consider the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome for young patients with symptoms of arterial thrombosis but no high risk factors of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Ai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Min Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Mahmood N, Mihalcioiu C, Rabbani SA. Multifaceted Role of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and Its Receptor (uPAR): Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Applications. Front Oncol 2018; 8:24. [PMID: 29484286 PMCID: PMC5816037 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activator (PA) system is an extracellular proteolytic enzyme system associated with various physiological and pathophysiological processes. A large body of evidence support that among the various components of the PA system, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2) play a major role in tumor progression and metastasis. The binding of uPA with uPAR is instrumental for the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, which in turn initiates a series of proteolytic cascade to degrade the components of the extracellular matrix, and thereby, cause tumor cell migration from the primary site of origin to a distant secondary organ. The components of the PA system show altered expression patterns in several common malignancies, which have identified them as ideal diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets to reduce cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes the various components of the PA system and focuses on the role of uPA-uPAR in different biological processes especially in the context of malignancy. We also discuss the current state of knowledge of uPA-uPAR-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catalin Mihalcioiu
- Department of Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shafaat A. Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Minamimoto R, Loening A, Jamali M, Barkhodari A, Mosci C, Jackson T, Obara P, Taviani V, Gambhir SS, Vasanawala S, Iagaru A. Prospective Comparison of 99mTc-MDP Scintigraphy, Combined 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG PET/CT, and Whole-Body MRI in Patients with Breast and Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1862-8. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.162610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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6
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Armakolas A, Kaparelou M, Dimakakos A, Papageorgiou E, Armakolas N, Antonopoulos A, Petraki C, Lekarakou M, Lelovas P, Stathaki M, Psarros C, Donta I, Galanos PS, Msaouel P, Gorgoulis VG, Koutsilieris M. Oncogenic Role of the Ec Peptide of the IGF-1Ec Isoform in Prostate Cancer. Mol Med 2015; 21:167-79. [PMID: 25569803 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF-1 is one of the key molecules in cancer biology; however, little is known about the role of the preferential expression of the premature IGF-1 isoforms in prostate cancer. We have examined the role of the cleaved COO- terminal peptide (PEc) of the third IGF-1 isoform, IGF-1Ec, in prostate cancer. Our evidence suggests that endogenously produced PEc induces cellular proliferation in the human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) in vitro and in vivo, by activating the ERK1/2 pathway in an autocrine/paracrine manner. PEc overexpressing cells and tumors presented evidence of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, whereas the orthotopic injection of PEc-overexpressing, normal prostate epithelium cells (HPrEC) in SCID mice was associated with increased metastatic rate. In humans, the IGF-1Ec expression was detected in prostate cancer biopsies, where its expression correlates with tumor stage. Our data describes the action of PEc in prostate cancer biology and defines its potential role in tumor growth, progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kaparelou
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Dimakakos
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Papageorgiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Maria Lekarakou
- Department of Pathology, Metropolitan General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Pavlos Lelovas
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center for Experimental Surgery, Athens, Greece
| | - Martha Stathaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Psarros
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Ismene Donta
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System Theodoros Garofalidis, University of Athens, KAT Hospital Kifisia, Attiki, Greece
| | - Panos S Galanos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Msaouel
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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7
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Pneumaticos SG, Christofides A, Gkioka E, Kalogeropoulos T, Msaouel P, Koutsilieris M. Osteoprotegerin expression during the micro- and macrometastatic phases of the osteoblastic metastasis in prostate cancer: therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1395-403. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.834889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Msaouel P, Nandikolla G, Pneumaticos SG, Koutsilieris M. Bone microenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1385-400. [PMID: 24024652 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.824422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most patients with advanced prostate cancer will develop incurable bone metastasis. Although prostate cancer is the quintessential androgen-dependent neoplastic disease in males, the tumor will ultimately become refractory to androgen ablation treatment. Understanding the complex dialog between prostate cancer and the bone microenvironment has allowed the development of promising treatment strategies. AREAS COVERED The present review summarizes the pathophysiology of prostate cancer bone metastasis and provides a concise update on bone microenvironment-targeted therapies for prostate cancer. The current and future prospects and challenges of these strategies are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION A wide variety of signaling pathways, bone turnover homeostatic mechanisms and immunoregulatory networks are potential targets for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Anti-survival factor therapy can enhance the efficacy of existing treatment regimens for mCRPC by exploiting the interaction between the bone microenvironment and androgen signaling networks. In addition, many novel bone microenvironment-targeted strategies have produced promising objective clinical responses. Further elucidation of the complex interactions between prostate cancer cells and the bone stroma will open up new avenues for treatment interventions that can produce sustained cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Msaouel
- Jacobi Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
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9
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Philippou A, Armakolas A, Koutsilieris M. Evidence for the Possible Biological Significance of the igf-1 Gene Alternative Splicing in Prostate Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:31. [PMID: 23519101 PMCID: PMC3602724 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa), since it plays a key role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The IGF-I actions are mediated mainly via its binding to the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR), however IGF-I signaling via insulin receptor (IR) and hybrid IGF-I/IR is also evident. Different IGF-I mRNA splice variants, namely IGF-IEa, IGF-IEb, and IGF-IEc, are expressed in human cells and tissues. These transcripts encode several IGF-I precursor proteins which contain the same bioactive product (mature IGF-I), however, they differ by the length of their signal peptides on the amino-terminal end and the structure of the extension peptides (E-peptides) on the carboxy-terminal end. There is an increasing interest in the possible different role of the IGF-I transcripts and their respective non-(mature)IGF-I products in the regulation of distinct biological activities. Moreover, there is strong evidence of a differential expression profile of the IGF-I splice variants in normal versus PCa tissues and PCa cells, implying that the expression pattern of the various IGF-I transcripts and their respective protein products may possess different functions in cancer biology. Herein, the evidence that the IGF-IEc transcript regulates PCa growth via Ec peptide specific and IGF-IR/IR-independent signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Anastassios Philippou and Michael Koutsilieris, Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi, Athens 115 27, Greece. e-mail: ;
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Anastassios Philippou and Michael Koutsilieris, Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi, Athens 115 27, Greece. e-mail: ;
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10
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Armakolas A, Philippou A, Panteleakou Z, Nezos A, Sourla A, Petraki C, Koutsilieris M. Preferential expression of IGF-1Ec (MGF) transcript in cancerous tissues of human prostate: evidence for a novel and autonomous growth factor activity of MGF E peptide in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2010; 70:1233-42. [PMID: 20564425 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By alternative splicing the IGF-1 gene produces several different transcripts, including IGF-1Ec (MGF). The latter has been mainly associated with muscle regeneration processes. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western analysis to show the expression status of MGF in prostate tissue and human prostate cell lines (HPrEC, PC-3, and LNCaP) and we studied the exogenous administration of the MGF peptide E on cellular proliferation using trypan blue and MTT assays, before and after the silencing of the IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor (siRNA methods). The MGF-induced intracellular activation was examined by Western analysis of the active forms of ERK1/2 and Akt. RESULTS We documented that MGF is overexpressed in human prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and in human PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Notably, MGF expression was remarkably higher in PCa and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) than normal prostate tissues, while the normal prostate epithelial cells (HPrEC) did not express MGF. Exogenous administration of a synthetic MGF E peptide stimulated the PCa cell growth and activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation without affecting Akt phosphorylation. IGF-1R or insulin receptor (IR) silencing did not affect the mitogenic activity and intracellular signaling of the MGF E peptide in these PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the possible implication of MGF E peptide in cancer biology, implying a preferential MGF expression in PCa tissues and cells. This preferential IGF-1 mRNA expression generates the MGF E peptide that possesses mitogenic activity through mechanisms independent of IGF-1R, IR, and hybrid IGF-1R/IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Armakolas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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Jung Y, Shiozawa Y, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Z, Pedersen EA, Lee CH, Hall CL, Hogg PJ, Krebsbach PH, Keller ET, Taichman RS. Expression of PGK1 by prostate cancer cells induces bone formation. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1595-604. [PMID: 19825988 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the solid tumors that metastasize to the bone. Once there, the phenotype of the bone lesions is dependent upon the balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. We previously reported that overexpression of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) in PCa cell lines enhanced bone formation at the metastatic site in vivo. Here, the role of PGK1 in the bone formation was further explored. We show that PCa-derived PGK1 induces osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. We also found that PGK1 secreted by PCa inhibits osteoclastogenesis. Finally, the expression levels of the bone-specific markers in PCa cells were higher in cells overexpressing PGK1 than controls. Together, these data suggest that PGK1 secreted by PCa regulates bone formation at the metastatic site by increasing osteoblastic activity, decreasing osteoclastic function, and expressing an osteoblastic phenotype by PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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12
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Stavropoulou A, Halapas A, Sourla A, Philippou A, Papageorgiou E, Papalois A, Koutsilieris M. IGF-1 expression in infarcted myocardium and MGF E peptide actions in rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. Mol Med 2009; 15:127-35. [PMID: 19295919 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression is implicated in myocardial pathophysiology, and two IGF-1 mRNA splice variants have been detected in rodents, IGF-1Ea and mechano-growth factor (MGF). We investigated the expression pattern of IGF-1 gene transcripts in rat myocardium from 1 h up to 8 wks after myocardial infarction induced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. In addition, we characterized IGF-1 and MGF E peptide action and their respective signaling in H9C2 myocardial-like cells in vitro. IGF-1Ea and MGF expression were significantly increased, both at transcriptional and translational levels, during the late postinfarction period (4 and 8 wks) in infarcted rat myocardium. Measurements of serum IGF-1 levels in infarcted rats were initially decreased (24 h up to 1 wk) but remained unaltered throughout the late experimental phase (4 to 8 wks) compared with sham-operated rats. Furthermore, specific anti-IGF-1R neutralizing antibody failed to block the synthetic MGF E peptide action, whereas it completely blocked IGF-1 action on the proliferation of H9C2 cells. Moreover, this synthetic MGF E peptide did not activate Akt phosphorylation, whereas it activated ERK1/2 in H9C2 rat myocardial cells. These data support the role of IGF-1 expression in the myocardial repair process and suggest that synthetic MGF E peptide actions may be mediated via an IGF-1R independent pathway in rat myocardial cells, as suggested by our in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Stavropoulou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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Papageorgiou E, Pitulis N, Manoussakis M, Lembessis P, Koutsilieris M. Rosiglitazone attenuates insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor survival signaling in PC-3 cells. Mol Med 2008; 14:403-11. [PMID: 18475308 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00021.papageorgiou] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARgamma, a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family, is overexpressed in prostate cancer. Natural and synthetic ligands of PPARgamma via genomic and nongenomic actions promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of several prostate cancer cells, in vitro. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) inhibits the adriamycin-induced apoptosis of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Therefore, we have analyzed the ability of two PPARgamma ligands,15dPGJ2 and rosiglitazone, a natural and a synthetic PPARgamma ligand, respectively, to increase the adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity of PC-3 cells and to suppress the IGF-1 survival effect on adriamycin-induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells. Our data revealed that both the PPARgamma ligands increased the adriamycin-induced cytostasis of PC-3 cells, however, only rosiglitazone added to the adriamycin-induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells. In addition, rosiglitazone attenuated the type I IGF receptor (IGF-1R) survival signaling on adriamycin-induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells via its nongenomic action on ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation. Because the IGF-1R signaling is probably the most important host tissue (bone) metastasis microenvironment-related survival signaling for prostate cancer cells, we conclude that rosiglitazone effects on IGF-1R-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and AKT could have clinical implications for the management of androgen ablation-refractory and chemotherapy-resistant advanced prostate cancer with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Papageorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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14
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Makri A, Pissimissis N, Lembessis P, Polychronakos C, Koutsilieris M. The kisspeptin (KiSS-1)/GPR54 system in cancer biology. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 34:682-92. [PMID: 18583061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KiSS-1) gene, initially described as a melanoma metastasis suppressor gene, encodes a number of peptides (kp-54, kp-14, kp-13, kp-10), which are endogenous ligands to a G protein-coupled receptor, referred as hOT7T175 or AXOR12 or GPR54. So far intensive investigation has provided substantiate evidence supporting the role of KiSS-1/GPR54 system in cancer biology as well as in the regulation of the reproductive function and trophoblast invasion. The precise mechanism by which KiSS-1/GPR54 system is affecting cancer cell growth and metastasis includes complex endocrine, paracrine and autocrine actions. Nevertheless, the detail mechanism of such actions is still under intensive investigation. Herein we review the evidence which support the role of KiSS-1/GPR54 system in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Makri
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi-Athens 115 27, Greece.
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Msaouel P, Pissimissis N, Halapas A, Koutsilieris M. Mechanisms of bone metastasis in prostate cancer: clinical implications. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 22:341-55. [PMID: 18471791 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer shows a strong predilection to spread to the bones. Once prostate tumour cells are engrafted in the skeleton, curative therapy is no longer possible and palliative treatment becomes the only option. Herein, we review the multifactorial mechanisms and complex cellular interactions that take place inside the bone metastatic microenvironment. Emphasis is given to the detection and treatment of the micrometastatic stage of prostate cancer, as well as our recent attempts to target the bone metastasis microenvironment-related survival factors using an anti-survival factor manipulation which can increase the efficacy of anticancer therapies such as androgen ablation therapy and chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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16
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Hsu WK, Virk MS, Feeley BT, Stout DB, Chatziioannou AF, Lieberman JR. Characterization of osteolytic, osteoblastic, and mixed lesions in a prostate cancer mouse model using 18F-FDG and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:414-21. [PMID: 18287261 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The combination of small-animal PET/CT scans and conventional imaging methods may enhance the evaluation of in vivo biologic interactions of murine models in the study of prostate cancer metastasis to bone. METHODS Small-animal PET/CT scans using (18)F-fluoride ion and (18)F-FDG coregistered with high-resolution small-animal CT scans were used to longitudinally assess the formation of osteoblastic, osteolytic, and mixed lesions formed by human prostate cancer cell lines in a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse tibial injection model. These scans were correlated with plain radiographs, histomorphometry, and soft-tissue measurements. RESULTS Small-animal PET/CT scans were able to detect biologic activity of cells that induced an osteoblastic lesion 2 wk earlier than on plain radiographs. Furthermore, both the size and the activity of the lesions detected on PET/CT images significantly increased at each successive time point (P < 0.05). (18)F-FDG lesions strongly correlated with soft-tissue measurements, whereas (18)F-fluoride ion activity correlated with bone volume measured on histomorphometric analysis (P < 0.005). Osteolytic lesions were successfully quantified using small-animal CT, whereas lesion sizes measured on (18)F-FDG PET scans also strongly correlated with soft-tissue tumor burden (P < 0.05). In contrast, for mixed lesions, (18)F-fluoride ion and (18)F-FDG PET/CT scans detected only minimal activity. CONCLUSION (18)F-FDG and (18)F-fluoride ion PET/CT scans can be useful tools in characterizing pure osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions induced by human prostate cancer cell lines. The value of this technology needs further evaluation to determine whether these studies can be used effectively to detect more subtle responses to different treatment regimens in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington K Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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O'Connor JC, Farach-Carson MC, Schneider CJ, Carson DD. Coculture with prostate cancer cells alters endoglin expression and attenuates transforming growth factor-beta signaling in reactive bone marrow stromal cells. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:585-603. [PMID: 17579118 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic interplay between prostate cancer cells and reactive bone stroma modulates growth of metastases within bone. We used microarray analysis to screen for changes in gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells cocultured with prostate cancer cells and found reduced expression of endoglin, a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as an auxiliary coreceptor for members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines. The downstream TGF-beta/bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway including Smad1 and Smad2/3 also was attenuated, as was Smad-dependent gene transcription. Smad1/5/8-dependent inhibitor of DNA binding 1 expression and Smad2/3-dependent plasminogen activator inhibitor I expression both were decreased and were accompanied by decreased cell proliferation. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endoglin in HS-5 cells verified that the effects on signaling were a direct result of the attenuation of endoglin. These data illustrate that endoglin acts as a positive regulator of both activin receptor-like kinase 1-induced Smad1/5/8 activation and activin receptor-like kinase 5-induced Smad2/3 activation in bone marrow stromal cells. In addition, the data illustrate that one early event of metastasis upon the arrival of prostate cancer cells into the bone stroma is attenuated endoglin expression in the stromal cells, which subsequently alters Smad signaling and cell proliferation. We hypothesize that coculture of bone marrow stromal cells with prostate cancer cells alters TGF-beta signaling in the stromal cells, ultimately facilitating growth of the cancer cells in the bone compartment. Collectively, these studies suggest that prostate cancer cells modulate TGF-beta responsiveness of bone marrow stroma as one means of facilitating their own growth in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C O'Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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18
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Koutsilieris M, Bogdanos J, Milathianakis C, Dimopoulos P, Dimopoulos T, Karamanolakis D, Halapas A, Tenta R, Katopodis H, Papageorgiou E, Pitulis N, Pissimissis N, Lembessis P, Sourla A. Combination therapy using LHRH and somatostatin analogues plus dexamethasone in androgen ablation refractory prostate cancer patients with bone involvement: a bench to bedside approach. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:795-804. [PMID: 16787142 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.7.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of resistance to anticancer therapies is a major hurdle in preventing long-lasting clinical responses to conventional therapies in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Herein, the molecular evidence documenting that bone metastasis microenvironment survival factors (mainly the paracrine growth hormone-independent, urokinase-type plasminogen activator-mediated increase of IGF-1 and the endocrine production of growth hormone-dependent IGF-1, mainly liver-derived IGF-1 production) produce an epigenetic form of prostate cancer cells that are resistant to proapoptotic therapies is reviewed. Consequently, the authors present the conceptual framework of a novel antibone microenvironment survival factor, mainly an anti-IGF-1 hormonal manipulation for androgen ablation refractory prostate cancer (a combination of conventional androgen ablation therapy [luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist-A or orchiectomy]) with dexamethasone plus somatostatin analogue, which yielded durable objective responses and major improvement of bone pain and performance status in stage D3 prostate cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/secondary
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Dexamethasone/administration & dosage
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Estramustine/administration & dosage
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/analogs & derivatives
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic use
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Humans
- Leuprolide/administration & dosage
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/secondary
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/surgery
- Orchiectomy
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication
- Peptides, Cyclic/administration & dosage
- Prospective Studies
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Salvage Therapy
- Somatostatin/administration & dosage
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Survival Analysis
- Triptorelin Pamoate/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koutsilieris
- University of Athens, Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, 75 Micras Asias, Goudi-Athens 11527, Greece.
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19
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Feeley BT, Krenek L, Liu N, Hsu WK, Gamradt SC, Schwarz EM, Huard J, Lieberman JR. Overexpression of noggin inhibits BMP-mediated growth of osteolytic prostate cancer lesions. Bone 2006; 38:154-66. [PMID: 16126463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although a majority of metastatic prostate cancer lesions are osteoblastic in nature, some are mixed or lytic; and, osteoblastic lesions require osteolytic activity in order to progress. The role of BMPs in the formation of prostate cancer metastases to bone remains unknown. We hypothesized that BMPs influence the development and progression of osteolytic prostate cancer lesions. METHODS RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine BMP receptor expression on the osteolytic prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Migration, invasion, and cellular proliferation assays were performed on PC-3 cells to quantify the effects of BMP-2, -4, and -7. In vivo, PC-3 cells were injected alone, with an empty retroviral vector, or with a retroviral vector overexpressing noggin, into the tibias of SCID mice. The animals were followed for 8 weeks, and histologic and radiographic analysis were performed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. RESULTS BMP receptors are expressed on PC-3 cells, suggesting that they would be responsive to host BMP secretion. BMP-2, and to a lesser extent, BMP-4, stimulated PC-3 cell migration and invasion in a dose-dependent fashion. Noggin inhibited cellular migration and invasion of BMP-2 and -4 stimulated PC-3 cells. BMP-2 alone stimulated PC-3 cell proliferation, but BMP-4 had no effect. BMP-7 had no effect on proliferation, migration, or invasion. PC-3 cells implanted into SCID mouse tibias formed osteolytic lesions as early as 2 weeks and completely destroyed the proximal tibia by 8 weeks. Overexpression of noggin in PC-3 cells inhibited the expansion of the lesion in vivo. CONCLUSIONS BMPs influence the formation of the osteolytic prostate cancer metastases, and treatment modalities that inhibit BMP activity may limit the progression of the lytic component of prostate cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Center for Health Sciences 76-134, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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20
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Feeley BT, Gamradt SC, Hsu WK, Liu N, Krenek L, Robbins P, Huard J, Lieberman JR. Influence of BMPs on the formation of osteoblastic lesions in metastatic prostate cancer. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2189-99. [PMID: 16294272 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of BMPs on the formation of metastatic prostate cancer lesions to bone. Our results show that BMPs influence the development and progression of osteoblastic lesions and suggest that therapies that inhibit BMP activity may reduce the formation and progression of osteoblastic lesions. INTRODUCTION Prostate adenocarcinoma is the leading cause of cancer in North American men. The formation of skeletal metastases affects approximately 70% of patients with advanced disease, and a majority of these patients have osteoblastic lesions. Although BMPs have been found to be expressed in multiple oncogenic cell lines, their role in the formation of metastatic osteoblastic lesions remains uncharacterized. We hypothesized that BMPs influence the development of metastatic osteoblastic lesions associated with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blot analysis and RT-PCR was used to determine BMP receptor expression on osteoblastic prostate cancer cell lines LAPC-4 and LAPC-9. Migration, invasion, and cellular proliferation assays were used to quantify the effects of BMP-2, -4, and -7 on LAPC-4 cells in vitro. LAPC-9 cells alone or transfected with a retrovirus overexpressing noggin were injected into the tibias of SCID mice, and the animals were followed for 8 weeks. Tumor size was determined by radiographs and direct measurement. Histology was performed at the time of death. RESULTS We determined that BMP receptor mRNA and protein was expressed on osteoblastic prostate cancer cell lines LAPC-4 and LAPC-9. In vitro studies showed that BMP-2 and -7 stimulated cellular migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent fashion, although BMP-4 had no effect. Noggin inhibited cellular migration and invasion of BMP-2- and -7-stimulated LAPC-4 cells. LAPC-9 cells implanted into immunodeficient mouse tibias formed an osteoblastic lesion with sclerotic bone at 8 weeks. Formation of osteoblastic lesions was inhibited by overexpression of noggin by prostate cancer cells transduced with a retrovirus containing the cDNA for noggin. CONCLUSIONS BMPs are critical in the formation of the osteoblastic lesions associated with prostate cancer metastases, and future treatment strategies that inhibit local BMP activity may reduce the formation and progression of osteoblastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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21
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Koutsilieris M, Mitsiades CS, Bogdanos J, Dimopoulos T, Karamanolakis D, Milathianakis C, Tsintavis A. Combination of Somatostatin Analog, Dexamethasone, and Standard Androgen Ablation Therapy in Stage D3 Prostate Cancer Patients with Bone Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:4398-405. [PMID: 15240528 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen ablation-refractory prostate cancer patients (stage D3) develop painful bone metastases and limited responsiveness to conventional therapies, hence the lack of universally accepted "gold standard" treatment for this poor prognosis clinical setting. We tested the safety and efficacy in stage D3 patients of the combination hormonal therapy, which combines administration of somatostatin analog and dexamethasone with standard androgen ablation monotherapy (luteinizing-hormone releasing-hormone analog or orchiectomy). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirty eight patients with stage D3 prostate cancer (mean age 71.8 +/- 5.9 years) continued receiving androgen ablation therapy in combination with oral dexamethasone (4 mg daily for the 1st month of treatment, tapered down to 1 mg daily by the 4th month, with 1 mg daily maintenance dose thereafter) and somatostatin analog (20 mg octreotide i.m. injections every 28 days). RESULTS Twenty-three of 38 patients (60.5%) receiving this combination regimen had partial responses [PR, >/=50% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline], 9 (21.1%) had stable disease, and 7 (18.4%) had progressive disease. In 47.7% (18 of 38) of patients, their serum PSA levels decreased with treatment but did not return to their respective baselines until the end of follow-up (or death from non-prostate cancer-related causes). The median time-to-return to baseline PSA was 12 months (95% CI, 7-17 months), median progression-free survival was 7 months (95% CI, 4.5-9.5 months), median overall survival was 14 months (95% CI, 10.7-17.4 months), and median prostate cancer-specific overall survival (defined as time from onset of combination therapy until prostate cancer-related death) was 16.0 months (95% CI, 11.9-20.1 months). All patients reported significant and durable improvement of bone pain and performance status (for a median duration of 14 months; 95% CI, 9-19 months), without major treatment-related side effects. We observed a statistically significant (P < 0.01) reduction in serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels at response to the combination therapy. T levels remained suppressed within castration levels at baseline and throughout therapy, including relapse. CONCLUSION The combination therapy of dexamethasone plus somatostatin analog and standard androgen ablation manipulation produces objective clinical responses and symptomatic improvement in androgen ablation-refractory refractory prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Tu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Andersen H, Jensen ON, Eriksen EF. A proteome study of secreted prostatic factors affecting osteoblastic activity: identification and characterisation of cyclophilin A. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:989-95. [PMID: 12706369 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells metastasise to bone causing a predominantly osteosclerotic response. It has previously been shown that PC3 cells secrete factors which stimulate the mitogenic activity of human bone marrow stromal (hBMS) cells. Some of these mitogens have been found to be proteins with a molecular weight between 20 and 30 kDa. Even though a number of investigations have been performed to identify the osteoblastic mitogenic factor or factors produced by prostate cancer cells, it is still unknown what causes the mitogenic activation of osteoblasts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise the protein profile of conditioned medium (CM) from PC3 cells in the molecular weight range of 5-30 kDa using proteome analysis. A protein profile of the CM from PC3 cells was performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Thirty protein spots with molecular weights ranging from 5 to 30 kDa were analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). One of these spots was identified as cyclophilin A. We examined whether cyclophilin A alone or in combination with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) had any effects on the proliferation or differentiation of hBMS cells. Cyclophilin A at 1, 10, and 100 nM and cyclophilin A at 10 nM combined with 10 ng/ml IGF decreased the proliferation of hBMS cells up to 49+/-30, 38+/-29, 50+/-8 and 60+/-16%, respectively [mean (treated/control)+/-standard error of the means (SEM)] of control. IGF-I did not significantly affect these decreases. Cyclophilin A alone or in combination with IGF-I did not have any effect on differentiation (assessed by measuring the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)). In conclusion, these results suggest cyclophilin A is not involved in the osteosclerotic effects seen when prostate cancer metastasises to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Andersen
- University Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus Amtssygehus, C, Aarhus, Denmark.
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24
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Masuda H, Fukabori Y, Nakano K, Takezawa Y, CSuzuki T, Yamanaka H. Increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in bone metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 2003; 54:268-74. [PMID: 12539225 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone. The skeletal metastases of prostate cancer origin are osteoblastic rather than osteolytic. Recently, the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in prostate cancer cell lines was detected. The present study indicated the existence of BMP-7 in normal prostate tissue, but its function has not been clarified. The mechanism by which prostate cancer causes osteoblastic metastasis is not clear. We investigated the expression of BMP-7 and -6 in normal and metastatic bone tissues to clarify the biological relationship between the expression of BMPs and bone metastasis in prostatic cancer. METHODS Six samples of normal bone tissue and nine samples of bone metastasis tissue were collected during the autopsies of six patients with prostate cancer. Total RNA was extracted from these samples. After reverse transcription (RT) of the RNA samples, the expression of BMP-6 and -7 in each sample was measured by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal standard. RESULTS Although the expression of BMP-7 was detected in five out of seven (71%) metastatic bone lesions of prostate cancer, it was not detected in normal bone tissues. The expression level of BMP-7 was significantly higher in metastatic bone lesions than in normal bone (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the level of expression of BMP-6 in metastatic bone lesions from prostate cancer and the level in normal bone tissue (P = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that high expression of BMP-7 in metastatic bone lesions of prostate cancer is related to osteoblastic metastasis. BMP-7 in the bone metastasis tissue indicates that the cells expressing BMP-7 probably originated from the prostate, because we have detected high expression of BMP-7 in the prostate. Prostate 54: 268-274, 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masuda
- Department of Urology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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25
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Andersen H, Jensen ON, Moiseeva EP, Eriksen EF. A proteome study of secreted prostatic factors affecting osteoblastic activity: galectin-1 is involved in differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:195-203. [PMID: 12568396 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells metastasize to bone causing a predominantly osteosclerotic response. It has been shown that cells from the human prostate cancer cell line PC3 secrete factors that influence the behavior of osteoblast-like cells. Some of these factors with mitogenic activity have been found to be proteins with molecular weights between 20 and 30 kDa, but the identity of the osteoblastic mitogenic factor or factors produced by prostate cancer cells is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the protein profile of conditioned medium (CM) from PC3 cells in the molecular weight range from 5 to 30 kDa using proteome analysis. A protein profile of the CM from PC3 cells was performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Thirty protein spots with molecular weights ranging from 5 to 30 kDa were analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). One of these spots was identified as galectin-1. We examined whether PC3 CM, recombinant galectin-1 alone, or combined with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) had any effects on the proliferation or differentiation of human bone marrow stromal (hBMS) cells. Furthermore, we tested whether adhesion of PC3 cells to plastic, laminin, fibronectin, and collagen type I was influenced by lactose, which inhibits galectin-1. Galectin-1 (1000 ng/ml) inhibited the proliferation of hBMS cells up to 70 +/- 12% (treated/control) of control in contrast to PC3 CM, which induced hBMS cell proliferation by 3-fold. This effect was abolished by IGF-I. PC3 CM and galectin-1 in concentrations of 10 and 1000 ng/ml increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of hBMS cells up to 175 +/- 27%, 137 +/- 8%, and 131 +/- 11%, respectively, compared with ALP activity of untreated cells, and inhibited the secretion of osteocalcin (OC) up to 81 +/- 3%, 93 +/- 1%, and 58 +/- 2%, respectively, compared with OC secretion of untreated cells. These effects were affected by IGF-I. Lactose inhibited adhesion of PC3 cells to plastic, fibronectin, laminin, and collagen type I up to 58 +/- 4%, 30 +/- 12, 72 +/- 9%, and 86 +/- 4%. In conclusion, galectin-1 modulated osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation. These effects were affected by IGF-I. Thus, galectin-1 is likely be involved in the osteoblastic response, caused by prostate cancer cells metastasizing into bone, by affecting the matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Andersen
- University Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Lee Y, Schwarz E, Davies M, Jo M, Gates J, Wu J, Zhang X, Lieberman JR. Differences in the cytokine profiles associated with prostate cancer cell induced osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions in bone. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:62-72. [PMID: 12507581 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma is associated with the formation of osteoblastic metastases in bone. It is hypothesized that osteoclastogenesis is a critical component in the development of skeletal metastases. These findings, however, were generally noted in predominantly osteolytic lesions. The pathophysiology of osteoblastic lesions remains unknown but the type of bone lesion formed may be influenced by the cytokines produced by prostate tumors. To test this theory, we implanted PC-3 and LAPC-9 cells into the tibias of SCID mice. These mice were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after implantation and histologic analysis was performed on these tibias. PCR analysis was also performed on bulk tumors. The results showed that the PC-3 implanted tibias developed pure osteolytic lesions while the LAPC-9 implanted tibias developed pure osteoblastic lesions on radiographs. Analysis of tibias after injection with PC-3 cells revealed progressive osteolytic lesions with abundant osteoclast activity at 2 weeks and destruction of the proximal tibia at 6 weeks after cell implantation. In contrast, the LAPC-9 cells formed osteoblastic lesions six weeks after cell injection. There were rare osteoclasts prior to the establishment of the osteoblastic lesions but greater osteoclast activity was noted with remodeling of the osteoblastic lesion 8 weeks after implantation of the tumor cells. PCR analysis revealed that PC-3 cells produced RANKL, IL-1, and TNF-alpha, which are associated with osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, LAPC-9 cells produced osteoprotegerin, which blocks osteoclast production and no detectable levels of RANKL or IL-1 and only minimal amounts of TNF-alpha were noted. These cells secreted BMP-2, -4, -6, and IL-6, which are associated with bone formation. These results suggest that the role of the osteoclast in the development of a metastatic lesion is variable depending on the phenotype of the prostate cancer cells, and that tumor-induced osteolysis may not be required for osteoblastic metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Juretic N, Santibáñez JF, Hurtado C, Martínez J. ERK 1,2 and p38 pathways are involved in the proliferative stimuli mediated by urokinase in osteoblastic SaOS-2 cell line. J Cell Biochem 2001; 83:92-8. [PMID: 11500957 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases from prostate origin generate an osteoblastic reaction that is expressed in vitro by increased osteoblast proliferation. The urokinase-like plasminogen activator (u-PA) present in the media conditioned by tumoral prostatic cells acting as a ligand of the cellular membrane receptor (u-PAR), has been identified as the specific factor that modulates this proliferative reaction. The present study represents an effort to unravel the intracellular pathway by which u-PA activates osteoblastic proliferation and to evaluate the role of cellular receptor u-PAR in this proliferative phenomenon. Our results show that in vitro u-PA stimulates proliferation of SaOS-2 osteoblastic cells by activating the MAP kinase route of ERK 1 and 2 and the p38 pathway. These results are in accordance with the inhibition of intermediate activation and cell proliferation by PD 098059 and SB 203580, specific inhibitors of MEK and p38, respectively. We also show that SaOS-2 cells increase their proliferative response when cells are plated onto vitronectin, the second natural ligand of u-PAR, and that culturing SaOS-2 cells in the presence of u-PA represents a stimuli for u-PAR expression. On the basis of these results we propose that osteoblastic cells respond to the prostate-derived u-PA stimuli in a very efficient manner that includes the utilization of two different signaling routes and the stimulation of the expression of the u-PA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Juretic
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 138, Santiago 11, Chile
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Reale C, Turkiewicz AM, Reale CA. Antalgic treatment of pain associated with bone metastases. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 37:1-11. [PMID: 11164714 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(99)00066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain from metastases of primitive cancer is the first symptom of disease in 15--20% of patients and remains the most common cause of cancer-related pain. 30--70% of patients have metastases at diagnosis, and 80% of them at the moment of death. Functional impairment of skeleton, neurologic symptoms, pathological fractures and pain are the most important indications for palliative treatment which should result in tumor regression, relief in cancer-related symptoms and maintainance of functional integrity. Bone metastases are treated with the systemic therapies including radiotherapy, hormonal manipulation, biphosphonates, calcitonin, surgical treatment, and chemotherapy. Conventional use of opioids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs does not always produce satisfactory analgesic result in treated patients because of incidental and intermittent nature of pain and unacceptable side effects. Alternative strategies (peripheric and central nerve blocks, neurolysis) are frequently required. A proper use of different modalities of treatment enhances the probability of achieving relief of pain and maintaining an acceptable quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reale
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Alessandro VII, 40-00167 Rome, Italy
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Chiao JW, Moonga BS, Yang YM, Kancherla R, Mittelman A, Wu-Wong JR, Ahmed T. Endothelin-1 from prostate cancer cells is enhanced by bone contact which blocks osteoclastic bone resorption. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:360-5. [PMID: 10917552 PMCID: PMC2374574 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes for the propensity of metastasized prostate cancer cells to grow in bone and to induce osteoblastic lesions remain unresolved. Co-culture of human prostate cancer cell lines with bone slices was determined to increase the level of endothelin-1 (ET-1) mRNA and its production. ET-1 is an ejaculate protein that also stimulates osteoblasts. Osteoclastic bone resorption was significantly blocked by the presence of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner as that of synthetic ET-1. The inhibition could be neutralized by specific ET-1 antibody, indicating the association of prostate cancer-derived ET-1 with inhibition of bone resorption. The combined ET-1 activity on osteoclasts and osteoblasts disrupts bone remodelling. ET-1 production is also elevated in the presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). ET-1 in turn enhances DNA synthesis of prostate cancer cells. Interactions among cancer cells, bone, ET-1 and PSA may be critical in cancer growth and lesions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chiao
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College Valhalla, 10595, USA
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Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Bioregulation System as a Survival Mechanism of Prostate Cancer Cells in Osteoblastic Metastases: Development of Anti-Survival Factor Therapy for Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer. Mol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Plunkett
- Academic Oncology Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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32
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Blomme EA, Dougherty KM, Pienta KJ, Capen CC, Rosol TJ, McCauley LK. Skeletal metastasis of prostate adenocarcinoma in rats: morphometric analysis and role of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Prostate 1999; 39:187-97. [PMID: 10334108 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19990515)39:3<187::aid-pros7>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone, where it induces osteoblastic lesions. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a product of normal and neoplastic prostate cells, may promote growth and bone metastasis of certain types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the: 1) pathogenesis and morphology of bone metastases in the MATLyLu rat prostate adenocarcinoma model, and 2) effect of PTHrP overexpression on tumor growth and incidence of bone metastasis. METHODS MATLyLu cells were stably transfected with a PTHrP expression vector or control plasmid. PTHrP expression was determined in vitro by immunoradiometric assay and Northern blot analysis. MATLyLu cells were injected into the left ventricle of Copenhagen rats to induce bone metastases. Histology and radiography were used to quantify the size and number of bone metastases. Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme concentrations and histomorphometric analysis were used to evaluate bone formation and resorption. RESULTS All rats developed osteolytic metastases in long bones and vertebrae. There was no evidence of increased intramedullary bone formation. PTHrP overexpression by MATLyLu cells was not associated with any difference in the incidence of bone metastasis, size of metastatic foci or tumor-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The MATLyLu intracardiac injection model of prostate carcinoma is an aggressive tumor model with a high incidence of osteolytic skeletal metastases, and is not altered by increased PTHrP production by neoplastic prostate epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Blomme
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Abstract
Identification of surface markers involved in osteoblast differentiation provides a method to isolate osteoblasts at various stages of maturation. In this study, we examined expression of the T lymphocyte differentiation antigen, Thy-1, by osteoblastic cells from different species. Murine skeletal progenitor, neonatal calvarial, and adult bone cells (ABCs) were selected to represent osteoblasts at distinct stages of maturation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that Thy-1 expression was undetectable on the progenitor cells (mouse limb bud clones 14 and 17), appeared on calvarial cells (45%+), and was decreased on ABCs (< 10%+). Thy-1 was also detected in situ on osteoblastic cells in mouse calvariae. Thy-1 mRNA expression correlated with cell surface expression. Antigen expression was markedly increased during the cells' proliferative phase in culture. Furthermore, examination of primary rat and human osteoblast-like cells revealed that significant levels of Thy-1 were also expressed on those cells derived from subconfluent culture. This study indicates that osteoblasts express Thy-1 antigen and that its expression is maximal at their earliest stage of maturation, during the proliferative phase, and then declines as the cells mature. In a role similar to the one it plays in the hematopoietic system, Thy-1 antigen may be useful as a differentiation marker in following the development of the osteoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Koutsilieris M, Tzanela M, Dimopoulos T. Novel concept of antisurvival factor (ASF) therapy produces an objective clinical response in four patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: case report. Prostate 1999; 38:313-6. [PMID: 10075011 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19990301)38:4<313::aid-pros7>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoblasts and osteoblast-derived survival growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I), inhibit chemotherapy apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, thereby producing cytotoxic drug-resistant tumor growth, in vitro. METHODS We tested a novel therapeutic approach, referred to as antisurvival factor (AFS) therapy, that aimed at reduction of osteoblast-derived IGFs, using dexamethasone (4 mg per os, qD) and growth hormone (GH)-dependent liver-derived IGFs, using a somatostatin-analog (lanreotide, 30 mg, intramuscularly (i.m.), q14D) in combination with triptorelin (3.75 mg, intramuscularly, q28D) to produce a clinical response in 4 patients with progressing hormone-refractory prostate cancer. RESULTS The patients given ASF therapy exhibited an excellent improvement of clinical performance and a decline of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) within 2 months of ASF therapy. One of them experienced excellent clinical response (normalization of PSA), two experienced good clinical response (decline of PSA of more than 50%), and one experienced stabilization (decline of PSA of less than 50%). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this novel concept of combination therapy, using ASF with hormone ablation, is a promising salvage therapy that should be further assessed with a randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Goudi, Greece
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35
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Reyes-Moreno C, Sourla A, Choki I, Doillon C, Koutsilieris M. Osteoblast-derived survival factors protect PC-3 human prostate cancer cells from adriamycin apoptosis. Urology 1998; 52:341-7. [PMID: 9697810 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hormone-independent and cytotoxic drug-resistant tumor growth in osteoblastic metastases defines poor survival in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Therefore, we analyzed the ability of human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63 cells) and MG-63 conditioned media (MG-63 CM) to protect PC-3 human prostate cancer cells from adriamycin cytotoxicity in vitro. METHODS Adriamycin cytotoxicity was assessed in MG-63 osteoblast-like and PC-3 prostate cancer monolayer and three-dimensional collagen coculture systems using the DNA content and trypan blue exclusion assays, analysis of indexes of cell cycle by flow cytometry, determination of DNA fragmentation on simple agarose gel and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Adriamycin (100 nM) arrested both the PC-3 and MG-63 cells at the G2/M phase in the cell cycle but induced apoptosis only in PC-3 cells, as assessed by flow cytometry, trypan blue exclusion, and agarose gel. Optimal doses of MG-63 CM (50 microg/mL), insulin-like growth factor I (50 ng/mL), and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (25 ng/mL), as determined by DNA content assay, partially neutralized the adriamycin cytotoxicity of PC-3 cells detected by flow cytometry and trypan blue exclusion. In addition, MG-63 cells rescued PC-3 cells from adriamycin apoptosis in the three-dimensional type I collagen gel coculture system, as analyzed by TUNEL assay. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that osteoblast-like cells and osteoblast-derived growth factors can optimize survival of metastatic prostate cancer cells, thereby helping to develop cytotoxic drug-resistant growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reyes-Moreno
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Research Center, CHUQ, Laval University, Ste. Foy, Quebec, Canada
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Guise
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7877, USA.
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37
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Moonga BS, Chiao JW. Detection of an inhibiting activity for osteoclast bone resorption from human prostatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 1998; 123:15-20. [PMID: 9461012 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An inhibiting activity for isolated osteoclasts and bone resorption was demonstrated in culture supernatants from androgen-independent, but not androgen-dependent, human prostatic cancer cell lines. It causes a dose-dependent osteoclast inhibition as quantified with a bone resorbing pit formation assay. The constitutively released activity was determined to be protein (>50 kDa) distinct from some of the known cytokines in bone resorption. The activity does not affect osteoclast morphology and viability. Time-lapse video microscopy revealed an osteoclast motility increase, disrupting their anchorage to the bone and resorbing processes. The association of the activity with androgen-independent cancer cells that disrupt bone remodeling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Moonga
- Regional Bone Center, Helen Hayes Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw 10993, USA
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38
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Lacy MQ, Gertz MA, Hanson CA, Inwards DJ, Kyle RA. Multiple myeloma associated with diffuse osteosclerotic bone lesions: a clinical entity distinct from osteosclerotic myeloma (POEMS syndrome). Am J Hematol 1997; 56:288-93. [PMID: 9395194 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199712)56:4<288::aid-ajh16>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma usually is characterized by the development of lytic bone lesions. Osteosclerotic myeloma is a rare entity characterized by a single or multiple osteosclerotic bone lesions and often accompanied by a demyelinating polyneuropathy. Multiple myeloma associated with widespread osteosclerotic lesions seen on radiographic studies is exceedingly rare. We describe 3 such cases and review 12 other cases described in the literature. Overall, the patients described herein had a clinical course that resembled multiple myeloma more than osteosclerotic myeloma. However, some patients had features of both diseases. Although rare, multiple myeloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of widespread osteosclerotic bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Lacy
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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39
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Kido JI, Yamauchi N, Ohishi K, Kataoka M, Nishikawa S, Nakamura T, Kadono H, Ikedo D, Ueno A, Nonomura N, Okuyama A, Nagata T. Inhibition of osteoblastic cell differentiation by conditioned medium derived from the human prostatic cancer cell line PC-3 in vitro. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19971101)67:2<248::aid-jcb10>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Reyes-Moreno C, Koutsilieris M. Glucocorticoid receptor function possibly modulates cell-cell interactions in osteoblastic metastases on rat skeleton. Clin Exp Metastasis 1997; 15:205-17. [PMID: 9174122 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018413229570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function and its ability to modulate cell-cell interactions between the PA-III rat prostate cancer and UMR 106 osteoblast-like rat osteosarcoma cells as an in vitro model for studying GR function in PA-III cell-induced tumor and blastic reaction in rat bone. Intact GR was detected by ligand binding assays, DNA band-shift, and GR trans-activation analysis of PA-III and UMR 106 cells transiently transfected with the mouse mammary tumor virus thymidine kinase-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Dexamethasone and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) inhibited the growth of PA-III and UMR 106 cells. Dexamethasone's inhibition of PA-III and UMR 106 cells was reversed by anti-TGFbeta1 antibody and exogenous insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Exogenous IGF-I, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), UMR 106 conditioned media (CM) and PA-III CM stimulated the proliferation of PA-III and UMR 106 cells. The mitogenic activity exerted by uPA and PA-III CM in UMR 106 cells was completely neutralized by anti-IGF-I specific antibody. In addition, dexamethasone up-regulated TGFbeta1 mRNA and down-regulated uPA mRNA expression in PA-III cells without affecting TGFbeta1 and uPA mRNA expression in UMR 106 cells. These data suggested that TGFbeta1, uPA, and IGF-I mediate at least in part cell-cell interactions and GR function in PA-III prostate cancer and UMR 106 osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reyes-Moreno
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université Laval (C.H.U.L.), St Foy, Québec, Canada
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42
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Santibáñez JF, Silva S, Martínez J. Soluble factors produced by PC-3 prostate cells decrease collagen content and mineralisation rate in fetal rat osteoblasts in culture. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:418-22. [PMID: 8695358 PMCID: PMC2074652 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70% of patients with prostate cancer develop bone metastases in the advanced state of the disease. In the present study, we sought to test the hypothesis that prostatic cancer cells produce factors that inhibit the mineralisation process in vitro, decreasing the content of type I collagen in rat fetal calvaria osteoblasts. We investigated the capacity of conditioned media (CM) from the human prostatic tumour cell line PC-3 to inhibit the expression of the differentiation programme on osteoblasts in culture, with a primary focus on type I collagen synthesis and degradation. Our results show that PC-3 CM inhibits collagen synthesis and stimulates the production of interstitial collagenase from osteoblasts. A consequential decrease in the content of immunoreactive type I collagen was observed. We have previously demonstrated that PC-3 CM blocks osteoblast differentiation in culture. We propose that under the effect of factors present in PC-3 CM, osteoblastic cells retain the undifferentiated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Santibáñez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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43
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Abstract
Bone metastasis is a common event and a major cause of morbidity in prostate cancer patients. After colonization of bone, prostate cells induce an osteoblastic reaction which is not associated with marrow fibrosis (i.e., osteoblast but not fibroblast proliferation). In the present study we test the hypothesis that the tumoral prostatic cell line (PC-3) secretes factors that block the osteoblast differentiation process, resulting in an increase of the relative size of the proliferative cell pool. Our results, using fetal rat calvaria cells in culture, show that conditioned medium from PC-3 cells (PC-3 CM) stimulates osteoblast proliferation and inhibits both alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (an early differentiation marker) and the mineralization process, measured as calcium accumulation (late differentiation marker). The inhibition of the expression of AP and mineralization depends on the presence of PC-3 CM during the proliferative phase of culture and suggests that both processes occur in a nonsimultaneous fashion. The inhibitory effect of PC-3 CM was not reverted by dexamethasone, which would indicate that prostatic-derived factors and the glucocorticoid do not share a common site of action. Measurement of the proliferative capacity of subcultures from control and treated cells demonstrates that PC-3 CM treatment induces the maintenance of the proliferative potential that characterizes undifferentiated precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
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44
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Sourla A, Koutsilieris M. Purification and partial sequencing of the major mitogen for human uterine smooth muscle-like cells in leiomyoma extracts. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:751-8. [PMID: 7635968 PMCID: PMC185259 DOI: 10.1172/jci118119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We purified the major mitogen for human smooth muscle-like cells in leiomyoma extracts by sequential liquid chromatography on (a) carboxymethyl-Sepharose, (b) heparin-Sepharose columns, (c) cartridges of C18 silica, and (d) linear gradient reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The mitogenic activity of the leiomyoma extract throughout purification was tested by tritiated thymidine incorporation and DNA content in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and KW human smooth muscle-like cells. Purification of the leiomyoma-derived growth factor (LDGF) for KW smooth muscle-like cells confirmed that its partial NH2-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence (1-20 aa) was identical to 113-132 aa of the human cysteine-rich protein (hCRP). A synthetic peptide which was engineered based on the purified aa sequence, stimulated the proliferation and growth of KW cells. An oligonucleotide probe constructed by the cDNA of the hcrp gene that encodes this aa sequence depicted the expression of 1.9-kb LDGF mRNA in leiomyomas and myometrium. The expression of the LDGF mRNA was three to sixfold higher in leiomyomas compared with adjacent myometrium of women harboring leiomyomas by in situ hybridization analysis. These data suggest that LDGF may participate in the pathophysiology of uterine leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sourla
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite Laval (CHUL), Quebec, Canada
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45
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Koutsilieris M. Skeletal metastases in advanced prostate cancer: cell biology and therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1995; 18:51-64. [PMID: 7535057 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00122-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Koutsilieris
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier, L'Universite Laval (C.H.U.L), Ste. Foy, Quebec, Canada
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46
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Ware JL. Prostate cancer progression. Implications of histopathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1994; 145:983-93. [PMID: 7977655 PMCID: PMC1887423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review examines selected areas of contemporary prostate cancer research in terms of the impact of prostatic cellular and histopathological heterogeneity. Prostate tumor progression is accompanied by dysregulation of multiple growth factor networks as well as disruption of normal patterns of cell-cell interactions. Molecular and cytogenetic studies demonstrate that prostate cancer results from the accumulation of several different genetic defects. No single event predominates, but modifications in tumor suppressor genes or functional elimination of the suppressor gene product are more common than activation of known oncogenes. Intratumor heterogeneity is also detectable at the genetic level. This further complicates efforts to correlate modifications at specific loci with progression or outcome. The development of new in vitro and in vivo systems for the study of human prostate cancer should increase our understanding of this complex disease. In each approach, knowledge of the histopathology of the normal and neoplastic prostate is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ware
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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47
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Koutsilieris M, Sourla A, Pelletier G, Doillon CJ. Three-dimensional type I collagen gel system for the study of osteoblastic metastases produced by metastatic prostate cancer. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:1823-32. [PMID: 7863832 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed a three-dimensional type I collagen gel cell culture system that allows coculturing of human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells and various human cancer cells. Inoculation of human PC-3 metastatic prostate cancer cells into this type I collagen gel containing human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells produced an osteoblastic-like reaction that presented as an increased number of MG-63 cells and increased density of type I collagen around MG-63 cells adjacent to inoculated PC-3 cells by microscope analysis. Under identical experimental conditions, inoculation of cell-free medium, human KLE endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, and Calu-1 lung cancer cells did not produce this blastic-like reaction. In situ hybridization documented the uniform expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) mRNA in MG-63 and PC-3 cells separately cultured in this substrata. The uniform expression of uPA was also documented by immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal and a polyclonal antihuman uPA antibody. The relative expression of uPA was higher in PC-3 cells than in MG-63, KLE, and Calu-1 cancer cells. We conclude that this novel cell culture system may become a useful model to study the pathophysiology of the osteoblastic reaction in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koutsilieris
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Hospital Center Laval University (CHUL), St. Foy, Quebec, Canada
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48
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Wiegand MC, Burshell A, Jaspan J, Odugbesan AO. Case report: clinical hypocalcemia: the endocrine conference of the Alton Ochsner Medical Institutions and Tulane University Medical Center. Am J Med Sci 1994; 308:255-8. [PMID: 7942987 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199430840-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The authors present the case of an 81-year-old woman with severe hypocalcemia due to osteoblastic metastases from breast cancer. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of this condition are discussed, some therapeutic dilemmas considered, and the literature briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Wiegand
- Alton Ochsner Medical Institutions, Jefferson, Louisiana
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49
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Clarke NW, McClure J, George NJ. The effects of orchidectomy on skeletal metabolism in metastatic prostate cancer. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY 1993; 27:475-83. [PMID: 8159920 DOI: 10.3109/00365599309182280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal metabolic effects of androgen withdrawal have been studied in men with metastatic prostate cancer by using a combination of sequential biochemical measurement, quantitative and subjective bone histology and selective osteoclast inhibition with the bisphosphonate Pamidronate. Results showed dissociation in the levels of biochemical markers of bone formation (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) following castration, whilst markers of bone breakdown (urinary hydroxyproline creatinine (OHP) and calcium excretion (CaE)) increased in the majority of patients. The osteolytic response was inhibited by the bisphosphonate Pamidronate (Aminohydroxypropylidene Bisphosphonate (APD)), thus confirming its osteoclastic origin. Histomorphometry of tumour free bone showed an acute drop in bone volume following surgery (p < 0.05). This effect was blocked by Pamidronate suggesting that osteoclastic activity surges immediately following castration, contributing to the acute bone loss. Histology of metastatic areas showed a marked diminution in bone volume due to decreased osteoblast activity and markedly increased osteoclast mediated osteolysis. In 56% of biopsies there were residual foci of active tumour within metastatic areas after orchidectomy. These disturbed metabolic bone activity in a typically localised manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Clarke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of South Manchester, UK
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50
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Ware JL. Growth factors and their receptors as determinants in the proliferation and metastasis of human prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1993; 12:287-301. [PMID: 8281614 DOI: 10.1007/bf00665959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma, the most common tumor occurring among North American men, preferentially metastasizes to bone, where it characteristically forms osteoblastic lesions. The following growth regulatory factors are expressed in some human prostate cancers and/or established cell lines: epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and insulin-like growth factor. Some of these, especially EGF, bFGF, and TGF-beta, are also implicated in growth regulation in normal and benign hyperplastic prostates. Although evidence from in vitro study of the small number of prostate cell lines available demonstrates that these growth regulatory pathways are exploited by some of these cells, direct in vivo evidence is limited. The development of human prostate cancer cell lines which grow and metastasize in immune-deficient rodents is an advance which now permits experimental analysis of the role of these growth factors in prostatic metastasis, particularly to bone. The progression and metastasis of human prostate cancer results from the complex interactions of multiple growth factors, androgens, and cellular communication, which form a dynamic network. Continued progress in the study and treatment of this disease will require new conceptual frameworks as well as successful application of the techniques of molecular and cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ware
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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