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DiDomenico CD, Kaghazchi A, Bonassar LJ. Measurement of local diffusion and composition in degraded articular cartilage reveals the unique role of surface structure in controlling macromolecular transport. J Biomech 2018; 82:38-45. [PMID: 30385000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective therapeutics for osteoarthritis (OA) necessitates that such molecules can reach and target chondrocytes within articular cartilage. However, predicting how well very large therapeutic molecules diffuse through cartilage is often difficult, and the relationship between local transport mechanics for these molecules and tissue heterogeneities in the tissue is still unclear. In this study, a 150 kDa antibody diffused through the articular surface of healthy and enzymatically degraded cartilage, which enabled the calculation of local diffusion mechanics in tissue with large compositional variations. Local cartilage composition and structure was quantified with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging techniques. Overall, both local concentrations of aggrecan and collagen were correlated to local diffusivities for both healthy and surface-degraded samples (0.3 > R2 < 0.9). However, samples that underwent surface degradation by collagenase exhibited stronger correlations (R2 > 0.75) compared to healthy samples (R2 < 0.46), suggesting that the highly aligned collagen at the surface of cartilage acts as a barrier to macromolecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D DiDomenico
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Aydin Kaghazchi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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2
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Duffau P, Menn-Josephy H, Cuda CM, Dominguez S, Aprahamian TR, Watkins AA, Yasuda K, Monach P, Lafyatis R, Rice LM, Kenneth Haines G, Gravallese EM, Baum R, Richez C, Perlman H, Bonegio RG, Rifkin IR. Promotion of Inflammatory Arthritis by Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 in a Mouse Model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 67:3146-57. [PMID: 26315890 DOI: 10.1002/art.39321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms in the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) are associated with an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to determine the role of IRF5 in a mouse model of arthritis development. METHODS K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis was induced in mice deficient in IRF5, or lacking IRF5 only in myeloid cells, and arthritis severity was evaluated. K/BxN arthritis was also induced in mice deficient in TRIF, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 to determine the pathways through which IRF5 might promote arthritis. In vitro studies were performed to determine the role of IRF5 in interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor and TLR signaling. RESULTS Arthritis severity was reduced in IRF5-deficient, TRIF-deficient, TLR3-deficient, and TLR7-deficient mice. The expression of multiple genes regulating neutrophil recruitment or function and bioactive IL-1β formation was reduced in the joints during active arthritis in IRF5-deficient mice. In vitro studies showed that TLR7 and the TRIF-dependent TLR3 pathway induce proinflammatory cytokine production in disease-relevant cell types in an IRF5-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that IRF5 contributes to disease pathogenesis in inflammatory arthritis. This is likely due at least in part to the role of IRF5 in mediating proinflammatory cytokine production downstream of TLR7 and TLR3. Since TLR7 and TLR3 are both RNA-sensing TLRs, this suggests that endogenous RNA ligands present in the inflamed joint promote arthritis development. These findings may be relevant to human RA, since RNA capable of activating TLR7 and TLR3 is present in synovial fluid and TLR7 and TLR3 are up-regulated in the joints of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Duffau
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, and Hôpital Saint-André, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux and Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kei Yasuda
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Monach
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lisa M Rice
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Rebecca Baum
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Christophe Richez
- Hôpital Pellegrin, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, and Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Ian R Rifkin
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Gravallese EM, Monach PA. The rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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4
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Griffin DJ, Vicari J, Buckley MR, Silverberg JL, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. Effects of enzymatic treatments on the depth-dependent viscoelastic shear properties of articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1652-7. [PMID: 25196502 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease that involves the erosion and structural weakening of articular cartilage. OA is characterized by the degradation of collagen and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly at the articular surface by proteinases including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs).(1) Degradation of collagen and proteoglycans is known to alter shear mechanical properties of cartilage, but study of this phenomenon has been focused on bulk tissue properties. The purpose of this study was to assess microscale cartilage damage induced by trypsin or collagenase using a technique to measure the local shear viscoelastic properties. Safranin-O histology revealed a decrease in proteoglycans near the articular surface after collagenase and trypsin digestions, with proteoglycan depletion increasing in time. Similarly, confocal reflectance micrographs showed increasing collagen degradation in collagenase treated samples, although the collagen network remained intact after trypsin treatment. Both treatments induced changes in shear modulus that were confined to a narrow range (∼400µm) near tissue surface. In addition, collagenase altered the total energy dissipation distribution by up to a factor of 100, with longer digestion times corresponding to higher energy dissipation. The ability to detect local mechanical signatures in tissue composition and mechanics is an important tool for understanding the spatially non-uniform changes that occur in articular cartilage diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darvin J Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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5
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CIP2A facilitates apoptotic resistance of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis independent of c-Myc expression. Rheumatol Int 2013; 33:2241-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-013-2711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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The rheumatoid joint. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Lark MW, Bayne EK, Lohmander LS. Aggrecan degradation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/17453679509157660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lark
- Immunology and Inflammation Research, Merck Research Laboratories, R80N-A48, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Ellen K Bayne
- Immunology and Inflammation Research, Merck Research Laboratories, R80N-A48, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - L Stefan Lohmander
- Department of Orthopedics, Lund University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden
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Andersen TL, del Carmen Ovejero M, Kirkegaard T, Lenhard T, Foged NT, Delaissé JM. A scrutiny of matrix metalloproteinases in osteoclasts: evidence for heterogeneity and for the presence of MMPs synthesized by other cells. Bone 2004; 35:1107-19. [PMID: 15542036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diseases and knockout mice stress the importance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in skeletal turnover. Our study aims at clarifying which MMPs are expressed by osteoclasts. Previous analyses of this basic question led to conflicting reports in the literature. In the present study, we used a variety of approaches: PCR, Northern blots, Slot blots, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. We analyzed osteoclasts in culture as well as osteoclasts in native bone at different locations and compared mouse and rabbit osteoclasts. Osteoclasts express MMP-9 and -14 in all conditions, although to a variable extent, and they are able to synthesize MMP-3, -10, and -12, at least under some circumstances. The induction of a given MMP in osteoclasts is influenced by its environment (e.g., osteoclast culture vs. native bone, and various sites within the same bone) and depends on the species (e.g., mouse vs. rabbit). Osteoclasts show high amounts of MMP-2 and -13 protein presumably made to a large extent by other cells, thereby documenting how proteinases of nonosteoclastic origin may contribute to osteoclast activities and giving insight in why the resorptive activity of purified osteoclasts appears insensitive to MMP inhibitors. Our study shows that the confusion about osteoclastic MMPs in the literature reflects the remarkable ability of osteoclasts to adapt to their environment, as required by the structural or functional diversity of bone tissue. Our observations provide basic information needed for understanding the emerging role of MMPs in controlling cell signaling and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andersen
- Nordic Bioscience/Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Herlev/Ballerup, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Mandal M, Mandal A, Das S, Chakraborti T, Sajal C. Clinical implications of matrix metalloproteinases. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 252:305-29. [PMID: 14577606 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025526424637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of neutral proteinases that are important for normal development, wound healing, and a wide variety of pathological processes, including the spread of metastatic cancer cells, arthritic destruction of joints, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema and neuroinflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), MMPs have been shown to degrade components of the basal lamina, leading to disruption of the blood brain barrier and to contribute to the neuroinflammatory responses in many neurological diseases. Inhibition of MMPs have been shown to prevent progression of these diseases. Currently, certain MMP inhibitors have entered into clinical trials. A goal to the future should be to design selective synthetic inhibitors of MMPs that have minimum side effects. MMP inhibitors are designed in such a way that these can not only bind at the active site of the proteinases but also to have the characteristics to bind to other sites of MMPs which might be a promising route for therapy. To name a few: catechins, a component isolated from green tea; and Novastal, derived from extracts of shark cartilage are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of MMP-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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Raychaudhuri A, Chou M, Weetall M, Jeng AY. Blockade of integrin VLA-4 prevents inflammation and matrix metalloproteinase expression in a murine model of accelerated collagen-induced arthritis. Inflammation 2003; 27:107-13. [PMID: 12797550 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023282701505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
DBA/1LacJ mice were immunized with type II collagen and boosted with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 17 days later to induce accelerated arthritis. Clinical signs of inflammation were observed as early as Day 20. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -3, -9, and -13, but not MMP-12, mRNA levels were increased on Day 24. Administration of anti-VLA-4 antibody (mAb; 8 mg/kg/day for 3 days) at the time of LPS treatment strikingly inhibited arthritis-induced paw inflammation and histological scores, but not the increase in MMP expression. A higher dose of mAb (20 mg/kg/day for 4 days) inhibited pathology and normalized the levels of MMP mRNAs. In conclusion, the pathophysiology of this accelerated model of arthritis is VLA-4-dependent, and VLA-4-mediated events have a role in inflammation-induced MMP expression. Inhibition of arthritis-induced increases in MMP expression is not necessary to reduce pathology. This model is well suited for identifying agents that block integrin VLA-4 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Raychaudhuri
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Summit, New Jersey 07901, USA
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11
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Warner RL, Beltran L, Younkin EM, Lewis CS, Weiss SJ, Varani J, Johnson KJ. Role of stromelysin 1 and gelatinase B in experimental acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:537-44. [PMID: 11350822 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.5.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated locally in sites of inflammation, including the lung. Several MMP activities are upregulated in acute lung injury models but the exact role that these MMPs play in the development of the lung injury is unclear due to the absence of specific inhibitors. To determine the involvement of individual MMPs in the development of lung injury, mice genetically deficient in gelatinase B (MMP-9) and stromelysin 1 (MMP-3) were acutely injured with immunoglobulin G immune complexes and the intensity of the lung injury was compared with genetically identical wild-type (WT) mice with normal MMP activities. In the WT mice there was upregulation of gelatinase B and stromelysin 1 in the injured lungs which, as expected, was absent in the genetically deficient gelatinase B- and stromelysin 1-deficient mice, respectively. In the deficient mice there was little in the way of compensatory upregulation of other MMPs. The gelatinase B- and the stromelysin 1-deficient mice had less severe lung injury than did the WT controls, suggesting that both MMPs are involved in the pathogenesis of the lung injury. Further, the mechanism of their involvement in the lung injury appears to be different, with the stromelysin 1-deficient mice having a reduction in the numbers of neutrophils recruited into the lung whereas the gelatinase B-deficient mice had the same numbers of lung neutrophils as did the injured WT controls. These studies indicate, first, that both gelatinase B and stromelysin 1 are involved in the development of experimental acute lung injury, and second, that the mechanisms by which these individual MMPs function appear to differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Warner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L. Wilder
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland
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13
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is the paradigmatic immune-mediated inflammatory arthropathy and may be of comparatively recent, New World origin. Apart from the symptom-relieving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, whose natural congeners have been in use since antiquity for musculoskeletal pain and inflammation, only a dozen drugs or drug classes--the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs--are currently in common use in rheumatoid arthritis. Development of these drugs has been a notable achievement of the 20th century. Some were developed serendipitously (glucocorticoids, antimalarials), some were the product of faulty reasoning (gold, D-penicillamine), and others were applied for plausible reasons but whose mechanism remains unproven (sulfasalazine, methotrexate, minocycline). A minority were originally applied on the basis of actions that remain germane to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis as currently understood (azathioprine, cyclosporine, leflunomide, infliximab, etanercept). Among the latter are the more recently introduced and effective agents. The practical use of these drugs is determined by efficacy-toxicity considerations, which have also driven the recent development of the cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Case
- Division of Rheumatology, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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van Meurs J, van Lent P, Stoop R, Holthuysen A, Singer I, Bayne E, Mudgett J, Poole R, Billinghurst C, van der Kraan P, Buma P, van den Berg W. Cleavage of aggrecan at the Asn341-Phe342 site coincides with the initiation of collagen damage in murine antigen-induced arthritis: a pivotal role for stromelysin 1 in matrix metalloproteinase activity. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1999; 42:2074-84. [PMID: 10524678 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199910)42:10<2074::aid-anr7>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The destruction of articular cartilage during arthritis is due to proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular matrix components. This study investigates the kinetic involvement of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the degradation of the 2 major cartilage components, aggrecan and type II collagen, during murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). In addition, the role of stromelysin 1 (SLN-1) induction of MMP-induced neoepitopes was studied. METHODS VDIPEN neoepitopes in aggrecan and collagenase-induced COL2-3/4C neoepitopes in type II collagen were identified by immunolocalization. Stromelysin 1-deficient knockout (SLN1-KO) mice were used to study SLN-1 involvement. RESULTS In AIA, the VDIPEN epitopes in aggrecan appeared after initial proteoglycan (PG) depletion. The collagenase-induced type II collagen neoepitopes colocalized with VDIPEN epitopes. Remarkably, cartilage from arthritic SLN1-KO mice showed neither the induction of VDIPEN nor collagen cleavage-site neoepitopes during AIA, suggesting that stromelysin is a pivotal mediator in this process. PG depletion, as measured by the loss of Safranin O staining, was similar in SLN1-KO mice and wild-type strains. Furthermore, in vitro induction of VDIPEN epitopes in aggrecan and COL2-3/4C epitopes in type II collagen, on exposure of cartilage to interleukin-1, could not be accomplished in SLN1-KO mice, whereas intense staining was achieved for both epitopes in cartilage of wild-type strains. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes that SLN-1 is essential in the induction of MMP-specific aggrecan and collagen cleavage sites during AIA. It suggests that SLN-1 is not a dominant enzyme in PG breakdown, but that it activates procollagenases and is crucial in the initiation of collagen damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Meurs
- University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hanessian S, Bouzbouz S, Boudon A, Tucker GC, Peyroulan D. Picking the S1, S1' and S2' pockets of matrix metalloproteinases. A niche for potent acyclic sulfonamide inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1691-6. [PMID: 10397503 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of acyclic hydroxamic acids harboring strategically placed alpha-arylsulfonamido and thioether groups was synthesized and found to be potent inhibitors of various MMPs. An unprecedented cleavage of t-butyl hydroxamates to hydroxamic acids was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Québec, Canada
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Hashiramoto A, Sano H, Maekawa T, Kawahito Y, Kimura S, Kusaka Y, Wilder RL, Kato H, Kondo M, Nakajima H. C-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides can induce apoptosis and down-regulate Fas expression in rheumatoid synoviocytes. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1999; 42:954-62. [PMID: 10323451 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<954::aid-anr14>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of c-myc in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the mechanism of synovial apoptosis. METHODS Using cultured human synoviocytes from patients with RA and c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS ODN), we examined the inhibition of cell proliferation by the MTT assay and the induction of apoptosis with TUNEL staining and fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the effect of c-myc on down-regulation of Fas expression was analyzed by flow cytometry, cytotoxicity assay, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Treatment with c-myc AS ODN induced inhibition of cell proliferation, along with down-regulation of c-Myc protein and c-myc messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The morphologic changes of synovial cell death were typical of apoptosis. In addition, c-myc AS ODN treatment down-regulated expression of Fas mRNA but not Fas antigen. Analysis of the involvement of the caspase cascade revealed that the cytotoxic activity of c-myc AS ODN was completely blocked by inhibitors of both caspase 1 (YVAD-FMK) and caspase 3 (DEVD-FMK). CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that c-myc AS ODN might be a useful therapeutic tool in RA and clarify that cell death by c-myc AS ODN is induced through the caspase cascade, similar to Fas-induced apoptosis. In addition, combination therapy with anti-Fas antibody and c-myc AS ODN reduced Fas-dependent cytotoxicity.
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Kremer EA, Chen Y, Suzuki K, Nagase H, Gorski JP. Hydroxyapatite induces autolytic degradation and inactivation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13:1890-902. [PMID: 9844107 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.12.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the course of studies to identify a protease capable of producing a long-lived 50 kDa fragment of bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (BAG-75), it was observed that incubation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 (stromelysin 1) with preparations of BAG-75 led to inactivation of proteolytic function, e.g., an inability to fragment 125I-labeled BAG-75 added subsequently. MMP-1 (interstitial collagenase) was also inactivated by exposure to BAG-75 preparations. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that BAG-75 preparations contained millimolar levels of inorganic phosphate which formed hydroxyapatite crystals under digestion conditions. Hydroxyapatite crystals alone and in BAG-75-hydroxyapatite complexes induced the autolytic degradation of both active and precursor forms of MMP-1 and MMP-3. Autolytic degradation in the presence of hydroxyapatite was demonstrated by a loss in catalytic function assayed with peptide and/or protein substrates, and, by fragmentation into polypeptides of <10 kDa. The fate of MMP-3 incubated with hydroxyapatite depends upon the time of incubation, the free calcium concentration, and the concentration of crystals. Specifically, hydroxyapatite-induced autolysis requires a near physiological free calcium concentration of 0.5-1.0 mM. Autolysis was maximal in the presence of 150 microg/ml hydroxyapatite where MMP-3 was only partially bound to crystals. However, autolysis also occurred at higher crystal concentrations where all input MMP-3 was bound (>1000 microg/ml), suggesting that autolysis may be mediated by bound enzyme. The effect of hydroxyapatite appears to be specific for MMP-1 and MMP-3 since the catalytic activity of chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain, and thermolysin remained unchanged after exposure to hydroxyapatite. These results document for the first time a novel catalytic role for hydroxyapatite crystals in vitro and provide an initial biochemical characterization of the intermolecular, autolytic, calcium ion-dependent, matrix metalloproteinase-specific degradative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kremer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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18
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Väänänen H, Liu YK, Lehenkari P, Uemara T. How do osteoclasts resorb bone? MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(98)00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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DiJoseph JF, Sharr MA. Dialysis tubing implant assay in the rat: A novel in vivo method for identifying inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Drug Dev Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199804)43:4<200::aid-ddr3>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Role of Proteases in Osteoclastic Resorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2590(08)60126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Mudgett JS, Hutchinson NI, Chartrain NA, Forsyth AJ, McDonnell J, Singer II, Bayne EK, Flanagan J, Kawka D, Shen CF, Stevens K, Chen H, Trumbauer M, Visco DM. Susceptibility of stromelysin 1-deficient mice to collagen-induced arthritis and cartilage destruction. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:110-21. [PMID: 9433876 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<110::aid-art14>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has long been proposed that stromelysin is one of the major degradative matrix metalloproteinases responsible for the loss of cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). This hypothesis was tested by examining the arthritic paws of stromelysin 1 (SLN1)-deficient mice for loss of cartilage and for generation of neoepitopes that would be indicative of aggrecan cleavage. METHODS The SLN1 gene was inactivated in murine embryonic stem cells, and knockout mice deficient in SLN1 activity were bred onto the B10.RIII background. The incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were compared in wild-type and knockout mice. Paws from mice with CIA were examined for loss of cartilage and for proteoglycan staining, as well as for the generation of the neoepitope FVDIPEN341. RESULTS SLN1-deficient mice developed CIA, as did the wild-type N2 mice. Histologic analyses demonstrated no significant differences among the B10.RIII, wild-type, and knockout mice in loss of articular cartilage and proteoglycan staining. No decrease in the FVDIPEN341 epitope was observed in the SLN1-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Disruption of the SLN1 gene neither prevents nor reduces the cartilage destruction associated with CIA. Moreover, SLN1 depletion does not prevent the cleavage of the aggrecan Asn341-Phe342 bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mudgett
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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Singer II, Scott S, Kawka DW, Bayne EK, Weidner JR, Williams HR, Mumford RA, Lark MW, McDonnell J, Christen AJ, Moore VL, Mudgett JS, Visco DM. Aggrecanase and metalloproteinase-specific aggrecan neo-epitopes are induced in the articular cartilage of mice with collagen II-induced arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1997; 5:407-18. [PMID: 9536289 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(97)80045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the roles of two classes of proteinases, 'aggrecanase', and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in chondrodestruction during murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Generation of the 'aggrecanase' neo-epitope (NITEGE373), and the MMP neo-epitope (VDIPEN341) within aggrecan was studied by immunoperoxidase microscopy using specific anti-peptide antibodies in normal and stromelysin-1 (SLN-1) deficient knockout mice with CIA. RESULTS High levels of NITEGE373 and VDIPEN341 neo-epitopes were observed in foci within CIA paw articular cartilage exhibiting depletion of glycosaminoglycans, in advance of significant cartilage erosion. The highest concentrations of NITEGE373 and VDIPEN341 labeling were observed and often co-distributed in the chondrocyte pericellular matrix, suggesting that stimulated chondrocytes can synthesize and/or activate both enzymes. Other regions of the cartilage frequently exhibited either NITEGE373 or VDIPEN341 labeling, but not both neo-epitopes simultaneously, suggesting that 'aggrecanase' and MMP cleavages of aggrecan may be generated independently. No detectable differences were observed in expression or distribution of either neo-epitope in SLN-1 knockout versus wild-type mice. In addition, in vitro digestion of joint sections with SLN-1 did not alter the expression of cartilage NITEGE373, while markedly increasing VDIPEN341 labeling. Peripheral nerves and brains of naive mice also exhibited intense anti-NITEGE373 labeling. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that NITEGE373 and VDIPEN341 aggrecan neo-epitopes are sensitive and specific markers of early joint pathology, and are consistent with the hypothesis that SLN-1 does not have 'aggrecanase' activity, and that 'aggrecanase' is distinct from the MMPs which cleave aggrecan at the MMP site.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Singer
- Department of Inflammation Research, Merck Research Labs., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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Carroll G, Bell M, Hui W. Role of oncostatin M in the regulation of cartilage macromolecule metabolism: comment on the article by Nemoto et al. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:589-90. [PMID: 9082953 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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Van Meurs JB, Van Lent PL, Joosten LA, Van der Kraan PM, Van den Berg WB. Quantification of mRNA levels in joint capsule and articular cartilage of the murine knee joint by RT-PCR: kinetics of stromelysin and IL-1 mRNA levels during arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1997; 16:197-205. [PMID: 9032819 DOI: 10.1007/bf01330296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method to isolate well defined joint specimens from different compartments of normal and arthritic murine knee joints in which mRNA levels of stromelysin and IL-1 were semiquantified using RT-PCR. Joint capsule specimens were isolated on medial and lateral sides of the patella with a biopsy punch. Cartilage layers were isolated from patellae after a mild decalcification with EDTA. EDTA treatment had no effect on the amount and efficiency of amplification of mRNA when tested on isolated chondrocytes. After induction of experimental arthritis, stromelysin mRNA was elevated approximately 50 times in both joint capsule and cartilage. IL-1 was elevated 100 times in joint capsule but only 10 times in cartilage. Kinetic analysis of mRNA levels in cartilage during arthritis showed a prolonged elevation of stromelysin mRNA compared to IL-1. The variation in mRNA levels between joints of individual mice proved to be low, showing that sampling of the specimens and subsequent RT-PCR can be performed reliably. The current method offers a valuable approach to study gene expression in knee joints during murine experimental arthritis.
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25
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Ahrens D, Koch AE, Pope RM, Stein-Picarella M, Niedbala MJ. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (96-kd gelatinase B) in human rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:1576-87. [PMID: 8814070 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9/gelatinase B (MMP-9) in synovial fluid (SF), plasma, and synovial tissue from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory arthritis (IA), and osteoarthritis (OA), using specific monoclonal antibody reagents. METHODS Gelatinolytic activity in the SF and plasma of patients with RA, IA, and OA was assessed by gelatin zymography. A mouse monoclonal antiserum, 277.13, which selectively recognizes soluble latent forms of human MMP-9, was used to quantitate MMP-9 levels in patient synovial effusions, plasma, and synovial tissue with a capture sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fifty-one SF samples (31 RA, 9 OA, 11 IA) were analyzed. Immunolocalization of MMP-9 in RA, OA, and normal synovium was investigated using MMP-9-specific antisera. RESULTS MMP-9 antigen levels in synovial effusions were elevated 67-fold in RA samples compared with OA samples. In addition, although MMP-9 antigen levels in IA synovial effusions were 2.7-fold less than the values in RA samples, they were elevated 34-fold over the values in OA samples. These data indicate an association between increased MMP-9 levels and inflammatory arthritis. A predominant 92-kd gelatinolytic activity (specifically inhibited by EDTA) was evident in RA and IA samples, but no activity was observed in OA samples. Among 86 plasma samples (17 RA, 9 IA, 60 normal controls) analyzed for MMP-9 antigen levels by immunocapture ELISA, MMP-9 antigen levels were elevated 7-fold in RA plasma compared with normal plasma. RA synovial tissue extracts demonstrated elevated levels of MMP-9 antigen compared with OA synovial tissue. MMP-9 immunolocalization studies demonstrated expression in infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), endothelial cells, and synovial fibroblasts in RA synovium. CONCLUSION Latent MMP-9 and/or MMP-9-tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) complexes are elevated in RA and IA SF compared with OA SF. In addition, MMP-9 is increased in RA plasma versus normal control plasma. Synovial tissue levels of MMP-9 antigen are also elevated in RA versus OA. The tissue distribution of MMP-9 within RA synovium is localized to sites of inflammation comprising surface synovial lining cells, endothelium, and leukocytes. Taken together, these observations suggest that connective tissue turnover occurs as a result of excessive MMP activity over TIMP action in the invading pannus, periarticular tissue, or SF. Further studies such as those used in the present investigation will help elucidate the role of a number of different enzymes and inhibitors in the destructive arthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ahrens
- Institute of Bone and Joint Disorders, Bayer Research Center, Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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26
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Schmitz JP, Schwartz Z, Sylvia VL, Dean DD, Calderon F, Boyan BD. Vitamin D3 regulation of stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) in chondrocyte cultures is mediated by protein kinase C. J Cell Physiol 1996; 168:570-9. [PMID: 8816911 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199609)168:3<570::aid-jcp9>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes with the potential to degrade extracellular matrix proteins. One of the MMPs, stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) has been localized to extracellular matrix vesicles in growth plate chondrocyte cultures, suggesting involvement of this enzyme in remodeling of the extracellular matrix during endochondral development, a process which is regulated by the vitamin D metabolites, 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3. To determine whether stromelysin-1 is regulated by vitamin D as well, confluent cultures of cells derived from growth zone (GC) and resting zone (RC) rat costochondral cartilage were treated with 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 (1,25) and 24R,25-(OH)2D3 (24,25), respectively, and the effect on stromelysin-1 assessed by casein gel zymography and Western blots. Although stromelysin-1 activity was enriched in the matrix vesicle fraction, only the plasma membrane enzyme was affected by the treatment; 1, 25 and 24,25 caused a marked decrease in plasma membrane stromelysin-1 activity in their target cells. Since plasma membrane protein kinase C (PKC) activity is stimulated by 1,25 and 24,25, we hypothesized that stromelysin-1 activity was regulated by the vitamin D metabolites via PKC-dependent phosphorylation. To test this, membrane fractions (containing endogenous PKC alpha and zeta as well as stromelysin-1) were incubated in the presence of purified rat brain PKC and/or recombinant human (rh) stromelysin-1 and [gamma 32 P]-ATP and anti-stromelysin-1 immunoprecipitates were analyzed by autoradiography and Western blots. Immuno-phospho-stromelysin-1 was localized to a 52-kDa band in the plasma membrane fraction only; no phosphorylation was observed in the matrix vesicle fraction. Selective inhibitors of PKC activity demonstrated that phosphorylation was inhibited by H7 and low concentrations of H8, but not by HA1004, indicating that PKC, not PKA, was responsible. Protein phosphatase 2A1 (PP2A), a serine/threonine-specific phosphatase, selectively removed the radiolabel in a time-dependent manner, providing further support for a PKC-dependent phosphorylation mechanism. Incubation of resting zone cell plasma membranes with 24,25 but not 1, 25, resulted in phosphorylation of stromelysin-1, demonstrating that the nongenomic effect was metabolite-specific. This suggests that this may be one mechanism by which vitamin D metabolites regulate stromelysin-1 activity and that PKC-dependent phosphorylation inhibits the metalloproteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Schmitz
- Department of Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
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27
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Abstract
Studies in some animal species have demonstrated the production of metalloproteinases by bone cells, suggesting that they may play a role in bone modeling and remodeling. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of collagenase in human bone in situ, using heterotopic and osteophytic bone. Immunohistochemistry was performed on chilled sections of bone, using well characterized polyclonal antibodies to human collagenase. The heterotopic and osteophytic bone exhibited high turnover and both bone modeling and remodeling were evident. Collagenase expression by osteoblasts was demonstrated in cells synthesising matrix and in lining cells; the strongest signal was seen in areas of de novo matrix formation, where bridges of woven bone were being formed between areas of mineralized bone. Collagenase was also present in some osteoclasts associated with eroded bone surfaces and in some mononuclear cells that were present in resorption cavities and in the bone marrow. Our results provide the first demonstration, in situ, of collagenase in human bone and suggest that it may play a role in human bone modeling and remodeling. Production of collagenase by active osteoblasts and lining cells suggest that it may be involved both in matrix formation and activation of bone remodeling. The presence of collagenase in osteoclasts provides further evidence that metalloproteinases may play a role in bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bord
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK
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28
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Sawai T, Uzuki M, Harris ED, Kurkinnen M, Trelstad RL, Hayashi M. In situ hybridization of stromelysin mRNA in the synovial biopsies from rheumatoid arthritis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1996; 178:315-30. [PMID: 8727714 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.178.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression of stromelysin mRNA (SL mRNA) in synovial biopsy specimens from 12 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 2 cases of osteoarthritis (OA) using in situ hybridization. The study demonstrated that positive cells with high levels of SL mRNA were mostly (85%) found in the synovial lining layer. The positive cells were abundant in the synovium of RA which presented well developed lymphoid follicles with massive inflammatory cells. On the other hand, the synovium of OA contained no positive cells for SL mRNA. In addition, low yet positive levels of SL mRNA were detected in the endothelial cells and vascular myocytes, and interstitial cells in the deeper layer of the synovium. Karyometric studies showed that cells positive for SL mRNA had significantly larger and more spherical nuclei than weakly positive or negative cells. The SL mRNA positive cells did not demonstrate any immunoreactivity to markers of bone marrow origin, such as Leu M1, Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA) and lysozyme antigen. Electron microscopy of a case with many SL mRNA positive cells showed that most had well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous processes on the cell surface, and some had also well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum but without processes indicating that they may be AB and/or B synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sawai
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Shingleton WD, Hodges DJ, Brick P, Cawston TE. Collagenase: a key enzyme in collagen turnover. Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 74:759-75. [PMID: 9164646 DOI: 10.1139/o96-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary agents responsible for cartilage and bone destruction in joint diseases are active proteinases that degrade collagen and proteoglycan. All four main classes of proteolytic enzymes are involved in either the normal turnover of connective tissue or its pathological destruction. These proteinases are made by different cells found within the joints. Both extracellular and intracellular pathways exist and individual enzymes can be inhibited by specific proteinaceous inhibitors that block their activity. Recent research has implicated the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in many of the processes involved in joint diseases. The metalloproteinases are capable of degrading all components of the extracellular matrix. This family of proteinases contains a group of at least three collagenases that are capable of degrading native fibrillar collagen. Collagen degradation within joint disease is recognized as the irreversible step in the destruction of cartilage that leads to a failure in joint function. The collagenases are the enzymes necessary to initiate collagen turnover in normal connective tissue turnover and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Shingleton
- Rheumatology Department, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
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30
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Abstract
The primary agents responsible for cartilage and bone destruction in joint diseases are active proteinases degrading collagen and proteoglycan. All four main classes of proteolytic enzymes are involved in either the normal turnover of connective tissue or its pathological destruction. These proteinases are made by different cells found within the joints. Both extracellular and intracellular pathways exist, and individual enzymes can be inhibited by specific proteinaceous inhibitors that block their activity. Recent research has implicated the matrix metalloproteinases in many of the processes involved in joint diseases. Conventional treatments do little to affect the underlying disease processes, and recently, the use of proteinase inhibitors has been suggested as a new therapeutic approach. A large variety of different synthetic approaches have been used and highly effective metalloproteinase inhibitors have been designed, synthesised and tested. These metalloproteinase inhibitors can prevent the destruction of animal cartilage in model systems and slow the progression of human tumours. Future patient trials will test the effectiveness of these compounds in vivo for the treatment of joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cawston
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K, Webster EA, Friedman TC, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL. Local expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in inflammatory arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 771:459-71. [PMID: 8597422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Crofford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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32
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Kapila S, Lee C, Tavakkoli Jou MR, Miller AJ, Richards DW. Development and histologic characterizations of an animal model of antigen-induced arthritis of the juvenile rabbit temporomandibular joint. J Dent Res 1995; 74:1870-9. [PMID: 8600183 DOI: 10.1177/00220345950740121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or juvenile chronic arthritis often exhibit temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement accompanied by pain, dysfunction, and growth abnormalities. Despite the severe functional and developmental consequences of this disease, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, but important insights may be provided by a suitable animal model of this disease. The purpose of this study was to develop and histologically characterize a juvenile animal model of antigen-induced arthritis of the TMJ. Arthritis was induced with an intra-articular administration of ovalbumin in previously sensitized 10-week-old male New Zealand white rabbits. Sham-treated and untreated rabbits were used as controls. The TMJs were retrieved en bloc at 5, 10, 15, 35, and 55 days post-challenge for histology and matrix histochemistry. Antigen-treated joints demonstrated severe arthritis, including mononuclear cell infiltration, synovial lining and villous hyperplasia, and pannus formation, as early as 5 days after challenge; the arthritis was maintained up to 55 days post-challenge. A decrease in the area of the TMJ disc that stained positively for glycosaminoglycans was observed throughout the experimental period. Loss of collagen staining was primarily localized to sites at the junction of the synovium with bone and fibrocartilage. The histopathologic features of this model of antigen-induced arthritis of the juvenile rabbit TMJ are similar to those observed previously in adult animal models of experimental arthritis and in human rheumatoid arthritis. This animal model will be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis of the TMJ, and for exploring the mechanisms for aberrant craniofacial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kapila
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0640, USA
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33
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Fujimoto N, Tokai H, Iwata K, Okada Y, Hayakawa T. Determination of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) in experimental animals using monoclonal antibodies against TIMP-2-specific oligopeptides. J Immunol Methods 1995; 187:33-9. [PMID: 7490456 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using monoclonal antibodies against oligopeptides of the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) (Fujimoto et al. (1993) Clin. Chim. Acta 220, 31). The present studies further demonstrated that the antibodies cross-react with TIMP-2 species of experimental animals including mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit. The detection of the TIMP-2 species in our EIA system was verified using rat TIMP-2 and the EIA was subsequently used to measure the animal TIMP-2 in the sera. Using human TIMP-2 as a standard, TIMP-2 levels in the sera of mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit were approximately 80, 200, 270 and 25 ng/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fujimoto
- Research Laboratories I, Fuji Chemical Industries, Ltd., Toyama, Japan
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34
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Bonassar LJ, Jeffries KA, Frank EH, Moore VL, Lark MW, Bayne EK, McDonnell J, Olszewski J, Hagmann W, Chapman K. In vivo effects of stromelysin on the composition and physical properties of rabbit articular cartilage in the presence and absence of a synthetic inhibitor. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1995; 38:1678-86. [PMID: 7488290 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780381121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of intraarticular injection of recombinant human stromelysin (SLN) on the matrix composition and physical properties of cartilage from lapine stifle joints and the modulation of these effects by the systemic administration of an N-carboxyalkyl synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, L-696,418. METHODS Female 6-8-week-old New Zealand white rabbits received an intraarticular injection of 100 micrograms activated SLN in 1 stifle joint and buffer in the contralateral control knee; these animals were killed after 1 hour. A separate group of animals received an intravenous injection of either 30 mg/kg L-696,418 or buffer prior to intraarticular injection of SLN. Joints were dissected and analyzed for proteoglycan (PG) loss into joint fluid, tissue biochemical composition, and histology by toluidine blue or anti-VDIPEN antibody staining, or were frozen for physical property analysis. Disks of femoropatellar groove cartilage were harvested from the stifle joint and tested in uniaxially confined compression for determination of electromechanical and mechanical properties. RESULTS Lapine stifle joints that received injection of SLN without systemic administration of L-696,418 showed a 13-fold increase in loss of PG into synovial fluid. Cartilage from these joints showed significant decreases in streaming potential at 1 Hz and electrokinetic coupling coefficient, but no change in equilibrium modulus, dynamic stiffness, or hydraulic permeability. Systemic treatment with L-696,418 resulted in a significant decrease in loss of PG into joint fluid and elimination of changes in cartilage high-frequency streaming potential and coupling coefficient in joints that were injected with SLN. CONCLUSION The 1-hour exposure to SLN in vivo resulted in loss of PG and exposure of the VDIPEN epitope of the aggrecan core protein in the superficial region of the tissue near the articular surface. This highly localized degradation resulted in electromechanical behavior changes, but little or no change occurred in mechanical properties. Systemic administration of L-696,418 significantly decreased loss of PG from cartilage and prevented the highly localized tissue degradation and the resultant changes in electromechanical behavior caused by intraarticular SLN injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Bonassar
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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Conway JG, Wakefield JA, Brown RH, Marron BE, Sekut L, Stimpson SA, McElroy A, Menius JA, Jeffreys JJ, Clark RL. Inhibition of cartilage and bone destruction in adjuvant arthritis in the rat by a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. J Exp Med 1995; 182:449-57. [PMID: 7629505 PMCID: PMC2192113 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.2.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence has associated the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with the degradation of cartilage and bone in chronic conditions such as arthritis. Direct evaluation of MMPs' role in vivo has awaited the development of MMP inhibitors with appropriate pharmacological properties. We have identified butanediamide, N4-hydroxy-2-(2-methylpropyl)-N1-[2-[[2-(morpholinyl)ethyl]-,[S- (R*,S*)] (GI168) as a potent MMP inhibitor with sufficient solubility and stability to permit evaluation in an experimental model of chronic destructive arthritis (adjuvant-induced arthritis) in rats. In this model, pronounced acute and chronic synovial inflammation, distal tibia and metatarsal marrow hyperplasia associated with osteoclasia, severe bone and cartilage destruction, and ectopic new bone growth are well developed by 3 wk after adjuvant injection. Rats were injected with Freund's adjuvant on day 0. GI168 was was administered systemically from days 8 to 21 by osmotic minipumps implanted subcutaneously. GI168 at 6, 12, and 25 mg/kg per d reduced ankle swelling in a dose-related fashion. Radiological and histological ankle joint evaluation on day 22 revealed a profound dose related inhibition of bone and cartilage destruction in treated rats relative to rats receiving vehicle alone. A significant reduction in edema, pannus formation, periosteal new bone growth and the numbers of adherent marrow osteoclasts was also noted. However, no significant decrease in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocyte infiltration of synovium and marrow hematopoietic cellularity was seen. This unique profile of antiarthritic activity indicates that GI168 is osteo- and chondro-protective, and it supports a direct role for MMP in cartilage and bone damage and pannus formation in adjuvant-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Conway
- Department of Pharmacology, Glaxo Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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36
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Breckon JJ, Hembry RM, Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC. Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMP-1 localization at sites of osteogenesis in the craniofacial region of the rabbit embryo. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1995; 242:177-87. [PMID: 7668402 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092420206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of closely related enzymes, the principal members being the collagenases, gelatinases, and stromelysins. They are synthesized and secreted by connective tissue cells and are capable of degrading all the components of connective tissue matrices at physiological pH. METHODS Patterns of synthesis and distribution of MMPs and their inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), are documented in the craniofacial region at sites of bone formation during both intramembranous (e.g., calvaria, maxilla, and mandible) and endochondral ossification (e.g., cartilaginous cranial base and synchondroses) using indirect immunolocalization. RESULTS MMPs and TIMP-1 were detected both as bright intracellular accumulations, indicating active synthesis, and as diffuse matrix-bound extracellular deposits. Gelatinase-A had an extensive distribution in osteogenic tissues and was detected both in cells of the periosteum and spongiosum and as extracellular deposits in the osteoid layer of newly formed bone. In addition, gelatinase-AB synthesis was detected in osteoclasts. All regions of the early cartilaginous cranial base produced MMPs and TIMP-1, and synthesis continued in the established synchondrosis. MMPs and TIMP-1 were also documented in early tooth germs and in Meckel's cartilage. CONCLUSIONS These data document a prominent role for MMPs, and in particular gelatinase-A, in mediating matrix degradation during osteogenesis. Their detection in tooth germs and Meckel's cartilage further indicates a role for MMPs and TIMP-1 in matrix turnover during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Breckon
- Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Hill PA, Docherty AJ, Bottomley KM, O'Connell JP, Morphy JR, Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC. Inhibition of bone resorption in vitro by selective inhibitors of gelatinase and collagenase. Biochem J 1995; 308 ( Pt 1):167-75. [PMID: 7755562 PMCID: PMC1136859 DOI: 10.1042/bj3080167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two low-molecular-mass inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), CT1166, a concentration-dependent selective inhibitor of gelatinases A and B, and Ro 31-7467, a concentration-dependent selective inhibitor of collagenase, were examined for their effects on bone resorption and type-I collagenolysis. The test systems consisted of measuring (1) the release of [3H]proline from prelabelled mouse calvarial explants; (2) the release of 14C from prelabelled type-I collagen films by mouse calvarial osteoblasts; and (3) lacunar resorption by isolated rat osteoclasts cultured on ivory slices. In 24 h cultures, CT1166 and Ro 31-7467 inhibited both interleukin-1 alpha- (IL-1 alpha; 10(-10) M) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (10(-8) M)-stimulated bone resorption in cultured neonatal mouse calvariae at concentration selective for the inhibition of gelatinase (10(-9) M for CT1166) and collagenase (10(-8) M for Ro 31-7467) respectively. For each compound the inhibition was dose-dependent, reversible, and complete at a 10(-7) M concentration. However, CT1166 (10(-9) M) and Ro 31-7467 (10(-8) M) in combination were required to completely abolish IL-1 alpha-stimulated bone resorption in mouse calvariae throughout a 96 h culture period. Neither of the inhibitors affected protein synthesis, DNA synthesis nor the IL-1 alpha-stimulated secretion of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase. Both CT1166 and Ro 31-7467 partially inhibited IL-1 alpha-stimulated lacunar resorption by isolated osteoclasts, but were without effect on unstimulated lacunar resorption. Rodent osteoclasts produced collagenase and gelatinases-A and -B activity. In contrast the substrate used to assess osteoclast lacunar resorption contained no detectable collagenase or gelatinase activity. Both compounds dose-dependently inhibited 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (10(-8) M)-stimulated degradation of type-I collagen by mouse calvarial osteoblasts; however, complete inhibition of collagenolysis was only achieved at concentrations at which CT1166 and Ro 31-7467 act as general MMP inhibitors. This study demonstrates that collagenase and gelatinases A and/or B participate in bone resorption. While these MMPs may be primarily involved in osteoid removal, we conclude that they may also be released by osteoclasts, where they participate in bone collagen degradation within the resorption lacunae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Hill
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, U.K
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38
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Lark MW, Williams H, Hoernner LA, Weidner J, Ayala JM, Harper CF, Christen A, Olszewski J, Konteatis Z, Webber R. Quantification of a matrix metalloproteinase-generated aggrecan G1 fragment using monospecific anti-peptide serum. Biochem J 1995; 307 ( Pt 1):245-52. [PMID: 7717983 PMCID: PMC1136769 DOI: 10.1042/bj3070245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase family have been reported to cleave aggrecan in the interglobular domain between Asn-341 and Phe-342. An antiserum was prepared against a peptide conjugate corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of the matrix metalloproteinase-generated aggrecan G1 fragment (Phe335-Val-Asp-Ile-Pro-Glu-Asn341). A quantitative radioimmunoassay, with a limit of detection of about 80 pM, was developed using this antiserum. This antiserum requires the free carboxyl group of the C-terminal asparagine for optimal recognition. If the C-terminal asparagine is excised from the sequence, replaced with closely related amino acids, or extended across the matrix metalloproteinase cleavage site, there is a 40-10,000-fold loss in detection. Using peptides cleaved from the N-terminus, it was determined that the antiserum requires the entire Phe-Val-Asp-Ile-Pro-Glu-Asn sequence for optimal recognition. The radioimmunoassay detects matrix metalloproteinase-generated G1 fragments with similar sensitivity to the Phe-Val-Asp-Ile-Pro-Glu-Asn peptide, but it does not recognize intact aggrecan. Immunoreactive aggrecan G1 fragments of molecular mass 50 kDa are generated by the matrix metalloproteinases stromelysin and gelatinase A. In contrast, under identical conditions, the closely related metalloproteinases, gelatinase B and collagenase, as well as cathepsin G, cathepsin B and human leucocyte elastase, did not generate a G1 fragment recognized by the antiserum. The anti-Phe-Val-Asp-Ile-Pro-Glu-Asn serum detects stromelysin-generated aggrecan G1 fragments from mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and human, indicating that the detection is not species-specific. This antiserum and radio-immunoassay should be useful for quantifying and characterizing matrix metalloproteinase-generated aggrecan G1 fragments in articular cartilage and synovial fluids from humans and various animal models of articular-cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lark
- Department of Biochemical Pathology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Bonassar LJ, Frank EH, Murray JC, Paguio CG, Moore VL, Lark MW, Sandy JD, Wu JJ, Eyre DR, Grodzinsky AJ. Changes in cartilage composition and physical properties due to stromelysin degradation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1995; 38:173-83. [PMID: 7848307 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780380205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of stromelysin treatment on biochemical, histologic, and swelling characteristics of intact cartilage explants and to correlate these effects with changes in the functional physical properties of the tissue. METHODS Bovine articular cartilage explants were cultured for up to 3 days in the presence or absence of recombinant human stromelysin (SLN). Damage to matrix proteoglycans and collagens was assessed and characterized by N-terminal sequencing and Western blot analysis, respectively. Explants were mechanically tested to assess the ability of the tissue to withstand cyclic and static compressive loads. RESULTS Treatment with SLN resulted in a time- and dose-dependent loss of proteoglycans from cartilage explants, with significant loss seen after 3 days of exposure to 20 nM SLN: Histology indicated that initial loss of proteoglycans occurred in regions near the tissue surface and proceeded inward with increasing time of SLN exposure. SLN treatment resulted in degradation of matrix collagen types IX and II, and a concomitant increase in tissue swelling. This matrix degradation resulted in severe alterations in functional physical properties of the tissue, including compressive stiffness. The initial, focal loss of proteoglycans that resulted from SLN treatment was most accurately detected with high-frequency streaming potential measurements. CONCLUSION Exposure of intact cartilage to SLN caused specific, molecular-level degradation of matrix molecules, which resulted in changes in the swelling behavior and marked deterioration of functional physical properties of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Bonassar
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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40
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Baragi VM, Sweet AM, Thompson MA, Hawkins KL, Toy KA, Rosebury WS. Inhibition of interleukin 1-induced biosynthesis of stromelysin by the calcium antagonist TMB-8 (8-(N, N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate HCl). Connect Tissue Res 1995; 31:153-60. [PMID: 15612331 DOI: 10.3109/03008209509028403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was done to identify agents that can inhibit interleukin 1 (IL1)-induced stromelysin biosynthesis and to gain insight into the mechanism of IL1 action. For this purpose, various agents known to modulate calcium-dependent signal transduction pathway were evaluated in rabbit synovial fibroblast (RSF) cultures. Only the conditioned medium from RSF treated with the intracellular calcium antagonist TMB-8 (8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride) had significantly lower proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinase activity than controls. Biosynthetic labeling, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical studies, using a polyclonal antibody against rabbit stromelysin, demonstrated that TMB-8 inhibited synthesis stromelysin, the proteoglycan-degrading matrix metalloproteinase. Further evaluation of the TMB-8 effect revealed that the compound had no effect on secretion and that it was not acting by preventing activation of the proenzyme or by inhibiting the enzyme activity. These results suggest that TMB-8 may be inhibiting stromelysin synthesis by limiting intracellular calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Baragi
- Department of Immunopathology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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41
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Powers MR, Planck SR, Berger J, Wall MA, Rosenbaum JT. Increased expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in hyperoxic-injured mouse lung. J Cell Biochem 1994; 56:536-43. [PMID: 7534314 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240560414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a mitogenic polypeptide for a wide variety of cell types and has been immunolocalized in the rodent and human lung. We investigated the mRNA and protein expression of bFGF in hyperoxic-injured adult mouse lungs using northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Mice (6-8 weeks) were continuously exposed to 80% oxygen up to 4 days. Levels of bFGF mRNA were increased from room air control on days 3 and 4 of hyperoxia. mRNA levels of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), fibronectin, and transin/stromelysin were also examined in this injury model. Similar to bFGF, the fibronectin and transin/stromelysin mRNA levels were increased after 3 days of hyperoxia. In contrast, the aFGF mRNA levels were gradually reduced on each day of hyperoxia. A rabbit polyclonal anti-bFGF antibody was used to determine the distribution and levels of expression in the hyperoxic-injured lungs. The room air control and day 1 hyperoxic-exposed lungs exhibited staining for bFGF in the basement membranes of the blood vessels, airways, and alveoli. Patchy but intense alveolar staining was prominent on day 4 of hyperoxia. The bFGF immunoreactivity of blood vessels and airways was unaffected by the hyperoxia exposure. These results suggest that bFGF may play a role in the alveolar response to hyperoxic-induced injury by virtue of the altered mRNA levels and protein distribution in this injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Powers
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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42
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Hill PA, Murphy G, Docherty AJ, Hembry RM, Millican TA, Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC. The effects of selective inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on bone resorption and the identification of MMPs and TIMP-1 in isolated osteoclasts. J Cell Sci 1994; 107 ( Pt 11):3055-64. [PMID: 7699005 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107.11.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have compared the effects of a general matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor (CT435) with those of a concentration-dependent specific gelatinase inhibitor (CT543; Ki < 20 nM) on bone resorption in vitro. The test systems consisted of measuring: (i) the release of 45Ca2+ from prelabelled mouse calvarial explants; (ii) the release of 45Ca2+ from prelabelled osteoid-free calvarial explants co-cultured with purified chicken osteoclasts; and (iii) lacunar resorption by isolated rat osteoclasts cultured on ivory slices. Both CT435 and CT543 dose-dependently inhibited the release of 45Ca2+ from neonatal calvarial bones stimulated by either parathyroid hormone or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Moreover, CT543 produced a 40% inhibition at a concentration (10(−8) M) selective for the inhibition of human gelatinases A and B. CT435 (10(−5) M) and CT543 (10(−5) M) partially inhibited the release of 45Ca2+ from osteoid-free calvarial explants by chicken osteoclasts with a maximum of approximately 25% for unstimulated cultures, and approximately 36% for cultures stimulated by interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha; 10(−10) M). Neither inhibitor prevented lacunar resorption on ivory by unstimulated rat osteoclasts, but the compounds produced a partial reduction in both the number and total surface area of lacunae in IL-1 alpha-stimulated cultures, with maximal action at 10(−5) M. Neither of the inhibitors affected protein or DNA synthesis, nor the IL-1 alpha-stimulated secretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that isolated rabbit osteoclasts constitutively expressed gelatinase A and synthesized gelatinase B, collagenase and stromelysin, as well as the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) following IL-1 alpha stimulation. These experiments have shown that in addition to collagenase, gelatinases A and B are likely to play a significant role in bone resorption. They further suggest that MMPs produced by osteoclasts are released into the sub-osteoclastic resorption zone where they participate in bone collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Hill
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Greenwald RA. Treatment of destructive arthritic disorders with MMP inhibitors. Potential role of tetracyclines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 732:181-98. [PMID: 7978790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Greenwald
- Division of Rheumatology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York 11042
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44
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Bickett DM, Green MD, Wagner C, Roth JT, Berman J, McGeehan GM. A high throughput fluorogenic substrate for stromelysin (MMP-3). Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 732:351-5. [PMID: 7978805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Stromelysin, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of tumor metastasis and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. To screen prospective inhibitors of this protease, we developed a fluorogenic substrate with excitation and emission spectra compatible with commercially available 96-well plate readers. The substrate is based on the addition of 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino] hexanoic acid (NBD) (EX467/EM534) and 7-dimethylaminocoumarin-4-acetate (DMC) (EX368/EM459) to the previously reported peptide substrate for stromelysin, Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Leu-Ala-Nva-Trp-NH2. The new substrate, NBD-Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Leu-Ala-Nva-Trp-Lys-(DMC)-NH2 is 95% quenched and the fluorescent product, Nva-Trp-Lys(DMC)-NH2 is easily detected (EX350/EM465). In competition assays the new fluorogenic substrate has a relative kcat/Km that is one half that of the parent peptide. The fluorophores NBD and DMC were chosen based on the high fluorescence yield of DMC and the overlap of the emission spectrum of DMC and excitation spectrum of NBD which results in an efficient energy transfer system in the intact substrate. These characteristics make this an excellent substrate for routine determination of in vitro activities of stromelysin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Bickett
- Department of Biochemistry, Glaxo Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Matrisian
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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46
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Hill PA, Buttle DJ, Jones SJ, Boyde A, Murata M, Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC. Inhibition of bone resorption by selective inactivators of cysteine proteinases. J Cell Biochem 1994; 56:118-30. [PMID: 7806585 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240560116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Inactivators of cysteine proteinases (CPs) were tested as inhibitors of bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. The following four CP inactivators were tested: Ep475, a compound with low membrane permeability which inhibits cathepsins B, L, S, H, and calpain; Ep453, the membrane-permeant prodrug of Ep475; CA074, a compound with low membrane permeability which selectively inactivates cathepsin B; and CA074Me, the membrane-permeant prodrug of CA074. The test systems consisted of 1) monitoring the release of radioisotope from prelabelled mouse calvarial explants and 2) assessing the extent of bone resorption in an isolated osteoclast assay using confocal laser microscopy. Ep453, Ep475, and CA074Me inhibited both stimulated and basal bone resorption in vitro while CA074 was without effect; the inhibition was reversible and dose dependent. None of the inhibitors affected protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, the PTH-enhanced secretion of beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, or the spontaneous release of lactate dehydrogenase. Ep453, Ep475, and CA074Me dose-dependently inhibited the resorptive activity of isolated rat osteoclasts cultured on bone slices with a maximal effect at 50 microM. The number of resorption pits and their mean volume was reduced, whilst the mean surface area remained unaffected. Again, CA074 was without effect. Ep453, Ep475, and CA074Me, but not CA074, when administered subcutaneously at a dose of 60 micrograms/g body weight inhibited bone resorption in vivo as measured by an in vivo/in vitro assay, by about 20%. This study demonstrates that cathepsins B, L, and/or S are involved in bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Whilst cathepsin L and/or S act extracellularly, and possibly intracellularly, cathepsin B mediates its effects intracellularly perhaps through the activation of other proteinases involved in subosteoclastic collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Hill
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 4RN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The development of highly effective biological therapies directed against T cells in several animal models of autoimmune disease has prompted trials of similar approaches in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it is unlikely that these approaches will abrogate long-standing disease. Indeed, considerable evidence indicates that although T cells likely play a critical role in induction of RA, non-T-cell-dependent pathways become increasingly dominant as the disease progresses. According to this model, specific T-cell therapies are likely to be most effective in early disease, whereas individualized combinations of biologics targeted against pathways dominating in the recipient's synovium are more likely to be efficacious in established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Koopman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0006
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48
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Abstract
Immunohistological observations of synovial tissues obtained at the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are limited and often reflect the diagnostic confusion inherent in any study of early synovitis. However, a critical analysis of published information and the authors' experience allow certain preliminary conclusions. Synovial lining cell hyperplasia and mononuclear cell infiltration are conspicuous in the earliest examples of synovitis. The changes in RA, however, are indistinguishable from those of other inflammatory joint disease. Conventional T-cell phenotyping does not distinguish early from late synovitis. Mature CD4+ lymphocytes are the predominant cells in both situations, but the presence of B lymphocytes or plasma cells may have diagnostic or prognostic value. The relationship of lining cell hyperplasia to subintimal cell infiltration is not defined; whether they develop simultaneously or one precedes the other remains an important unanswered question. However, it is clear that production of enzymes (metalloproteinases) believed to be important in extracellular matrix destruction is an early event.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Zvaifler
- Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla
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Wucherpfennig AL, Li YP, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Rosenberg AE, Stashenko P. Expression of 92 kD type IV collagenase/gelatinase B in human osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:549-56. [PMID: 8030443 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of type I collagen is an essential step in bone resorption. It is well established that osteoclasts solubilize the mineral phase of bone during the resorptive process, but the mechanism by which they degrade type I collagen, the major proteinaceous component of bone, is controversial. Differential screening of a human osteoclastoma cDNA library was performed to characterize genes specifically expressed in osteoclasts. A large number of cDNA clones obtained by this procedure were found to represent 92 kD type IV collagenase (gelatinase B; MMP-9, EC 3.4.24.35), as well as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. In situ hybridization localized mRNA for gelatinase B to multinucleated giant cells in human osteoclastomas. Gelatinase B immunoreactivity was demonstrated in giant cells from eight of eight osteoclastomas, osteoclasts in normal bone, and osteoclasts of Paget's disease by use of a polyclonal antiserum raised against a synthetic gelatinase B peptide. In contrast, no immunoreactivity for 72 kD type IV collagenase (gelatinase A; MMP-2, EC 3.4.24.24), which is the product of a separate gene, was detected in osteoclastomas or normal osteoclasts. We propose that the 92 kD type IV collagenase/gelatinase B plays an important role in the resorption of collagen during bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cytokine Biology, Forsyth Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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Delaissé JM, Eeckhout Y, Neff L, François-Gillet C, Henriet P, Su Y, Vaes G, Baron R. (Pro)collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) is present in rodent osteoclasts and in the underlying bone-resorbing compartment. J Cell Sci 1993; 106 ( Pt 4):1071-82. [PMID: 8126092 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106.4.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts resorb the extracellular matrix of bone by secreting enzymes and acid into a sealed-off compartment that they form upon attachment to the bone surface. Although the lysosomal cysteine proteinases can degrade collagen after the demineralization of bone at low pH, several lines of evidence suggest that collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1, EC 3.4.24.7) may also be involved in this process. The question of whether collagenase is present in the osteoclast and/or in the bone-resorbing compartment has however not been resolved. We have prepared an anti-mouse collagenase antiserum and affinity-purified an IgG fraction that specifically immunoblots and immunoprecipitates (pro)collagenase. Using these antibodies, we demonstrate by immunolocalization the presence of (pro)collagenase both in the osteoclasts and in the extracellular subosteoclastic bone-resorbing compartment. These specific localizations were observed not only in mice but also in rat and rabbit osteoclasts and using not only the antibody we have prepared but also antibodies raised in other laboratories against rat (Jeffrey et al., J. Cell. Physiol. 143, 396–403, 1990) and rabbit (Brinckerhoff et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265, 22262–22269, 1990) collagenase. Intracellular collagenase was observed in the osteoclasts whether the cells were plated on bone or cultured on glass coverslips. It is proposed that osteoclastic collagenase is secreted in the resorbing compartment where it may cooperate with the lysosomal cysteine proteinases in the degradation of the collagen component of the matrix during the resorption of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Delaissé
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique (Connective Tissue Group), Université de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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