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Careccia G, Mangiavini L, Cirillo F. Regulation of Satellite Cells Functions during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: A Critical Step in Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:512. [PMID: 38203683 PMCID: PMC10778731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the generation of new myofibers after trauma, competitive physical activity, or disease. In this context, adult skeletal muscle stem cells, also known as satellite cells (SCs), play a crucial role in regulating muscle tissue homeostasis and activating regeneration. Alterations in their number or function have been associated with various pathological conditions. The main factors involved in the dysregulation of SCs' activity are inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. This review critically summarizes the current knowledge on the role of SCs in skeletal muscle regeneration. It examines the changes in the activity of SCs in three of the most common and severe muscle disorders: sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy, and cancer cachexia. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in their dysregulations is essential for improving current treatments, such as exercise, and developing personalized approaches to reactivate SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Careccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Laura Mangiavini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cirillo
- IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
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2
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Sánchez BJ, Mubaid S, Busque S, de los Santos Y, Ashour K, Sadek J, Lian X, Khattak S, Di Marco S, Gallouzi IE. The formation of HuR/YB1 complex is required for the stabilization of target mRNA to promote myogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1375-1392. [PMID: 36629268 PMCID: PMC9943665 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA stability is the mechanism by which cells protect transcripts allowing their expression to execute various functions that affect cell metabolism and fate. It is well-established that RNA binding proteins (RBPs) such as HuR use their ability to stabilize mRNA targets to modulate vital processes such as muscle fiber formation (myogenesis). However, the machinery and the mechanisms regulating mRNA stabilization are still elusive. Here, we identified Y-Box binding protein 1 (YB1) as an indispensable HuR binding partner for mRNA stabilization and promotion of myogenesis. Both HuR and YB1 bind to 409 common mRNA targets, 147 of which contain a U-rich consensus motif in their 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) that can also be found in mRNA targets in other cell systems. YB1 and HuR form a heterodimer that associates with the U-rich consensus motif to stabilize key promyogenic mRNAs. The formation of this complex involves a small domain in HuR (227-234) that if mutated prevents HuR from reestablishing myogenesis in siHuR-treated muscle cells. Together our data uncover that YB1 is a key player in HuR-mediated stabilization of pro-myogenic mRNAs and provide the first indication that the mRNA stability mechanism is as complex as other key cellular processes such as mRNA decay and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Janice Sánchez
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,KAUST Biological Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1A3, Canada
| | - Souad Mubaid
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1A3, Canada
| | - Sandrine Busque
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1A3, Canada
| | - Yossef Lopez de los Santos
- KAUST Biological Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud Ashour
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1A3, Canada
| | - Jason Sadek
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1A3, Canada
| | - Xian Jin Lian
- Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1A3, Canada
| | - Shahryar Khattak
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,KAUST Biological Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- KAUST Smart-Health Initiative King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,KAUST Biological Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A1A3, Canada
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3
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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Molecular Strategies for Transdifferentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Amphibians and Mammals In Vivo. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wellmann KB, Kim J, Urso PM, Smith ZK, Johnson BJ. Evaluation of vitamin A status on myogenic gene expression and muscle fiber characteristics. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6161323. [PMID: 33693597 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A randomized complete block design experiment with 30 yearling crossbred steers (average BW = 436.3 ± 39.8 kg) fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet was used to evaluate the effects dietary vitamin A (Rovimix A 1000; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Sisseln, SUI) supplementation on myogenic gene expression and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics during the finishing phase. Steers were blocked by BW (n = 5 blocks; 6 steers/block), randomly assigned to pens (n = 2 steers/pen), and one of the following treatments: no added vitamin A (0 IU; 0.0 IU/kg of dietary dry matter intake of additional vitamin A), vitamin A supplemented at the estimated requirement (2,200 IU; 2,200 IU/kg of dietary dry matter (DM) of additional vitamin A), and vitamin A supplemented at 5× the estimated requirement (11,000 IU; 11,000 IU/kg of dietary DM of additional vitamin A). After all treatments underwent a 91-d vitamin A depletion period, additional vitamin A was top-dressed at feeding via a ground corn carrier. Blood, longissimus muscle, and liver biopsy samples were obtained on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Biopsy samples were used for immunohistochemical and mRNA analysis. Sera and liver samples were used to monitor circulating vitamin A and true vitamin A status of the cattle. Expression for myosin heavy chain (MHC)-I diminished and rebounded (P = 0.04) over time. The intermediate fiber type, MHC-IIA, had a similar pattern of expression (P = 0.01) to that of MHC-I. On day 84, C/EBPβ expression was also the greatest (P = 0.03). The pattern of PPARγ (P < 0.01) and PPARδ (P < 0.01) expression seemed to mimic that of MHC-I expression, increasing from days 84 to 112. Distribution of MHC-IIA demonstrated a change over time (P = 0.02). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area increased by day (P < 0.01) for each MHC with the notable increase between days 0 and 56. Total nuclei density decreased (P = 0.02) over time. Cells positive for only Myf5 increased (P < 0.01) in density early in the feeding period, then declined, indicating that satellite cells were fusing into fibers. The dual-positive (PAX7+Myf5) nuclei also peaked (P < 0.01) around day 56 then declined. These data indicated that gene expression associated with oxidative proteins may be independent of vitamin A status in yearling cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Wellmann
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jongkyoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Phil M Urso
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Zachary K Smith
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Schiltz D, Tschernitz S, Ortner C, Anker A, Klein S, Felthaus O, Biermann N, Schreml J, Prantl L, Schreml S. Adipose Tissue in Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis Shows Features of Brown/Beige Fat. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:855-861. [PMID: 32157376 PMCID: PMC7280331 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) (syn.: Launois–Bensaude Syndrome, benign symmetric lipomatosis) is a rare disease of fatty tissue. The pathophysiology of MSL still remains unclear, although several approaches have been described in order to understand it. Beside morphological characteristics and some molecular cell biological approaches, little is known about the histological and immunohistochemical characterization of adipose tissue from patients with MSL. Methods From the 45 patients with MSL in our database, 10 were included in the study. Fat tissue samples were collected from affected and unaffected areas. The forearm served as a control area as this area is not affected in MSL. The specimens were analyzed after selected stainings were taken (hematoxylin–eosin = HE, Elastica van Gieson, Ladewig, CD200, CIDEA, myf5, p107, Prdm16, Sca-1, syndecan, UCP1, MAC387, Glut4).
Results In patients suffering from MSL, no macroscopic or microscopic morphological difference could be found between affected and unaffected adipose tissue in HE stainings. The majority of samples showed positivity for UCP1 (9/10 clinically affected tissues, 7/10 clinically unaffected tissues) and CD200. Conclusion Marker profiles support the hypothesis that affected adipose tissue derives from brown or beige adipose tissue rather than from white fat. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00266-020-01666-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li S, Chen K, Zhang Y, Barnes SD, Jaichander P, Zheng Y, Hassan M, Malladi VS, Skapek SX, Xu L, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN, Liu N. Twist2 amplification in rhabdomyosarcoma represses myogenesis and promotes oncogenesis by redirecting MyoD DNA binding. Genes Dev 2019; 33:626-640. [PMID: 30975722 PMCID: PMC6546057 DOI: 10.1101/gad.324467.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Li et al. show that TWIST2 shapes the epigenetic landscape to drive chromatin opening at oncogenic loci and chromatin closing at myogenic loci. These epigenetic changes redirect MyoD binding from myogenic genes toward oncogenic, metabolic, and growth genes. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive pediatric cancer composed of myoblast-like cells. Recently, we discovered a unique muscle progenitor marked by the expression of the Twist2 transcription factor. Genomic analyses of 258 RMS patient tumors uncovered prevalent copy number amplification events and increased expression of TWIST2 in fusion-negative RMS. Knockdown of TWIST2 in RMS cells results in up-regulation of MYOGENIN and a decrease in proliferation, implicating TWIST2 as an oncogene in RMS. Through an inducible Twist2 expression system, we identified Twist2 as a reversible inhibitor of myogenic differentiation with the remarkable ability to promote myotube dedifferentiation in vitro. Integrated analysis of genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data revealed the first dynamic chromatin and transcriptional landscape of Twist2 binding during myogenic differentiation. During differentiation, Twist2 competes with MyoD at shared DNA motifs to direct global gene transcription and repression of the myogenic program. Additionally, Twist2 shapes the epigenetic landscape to drive chromatin opening at oncogenic loci and chromatin closing at myogenic loci. These epigenetic changes redirect MyoD binding from myogenic genes toward oncogenic, metabolic, and growth genes. Our study reveals the dynamic interplay between two opposing transcriptional regulators that control the fate of RMS and provides insight into the molecular etiology of this aggressive form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Kenian Chen
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Spencer D Barnes
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Priscilla Jaichander
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Venkat S Malladi
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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7
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Divari S, Berio E, Pregel P, Sereno A, Chiesa L, Pavlovic R, Panseri S, Bovee TFH, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Effects and detection of Nandrosol and ractopamine administration in veal calves. Food Chem 2016; 221:706-713. [PMID: 27979262 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes different effects of the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) nandrolone phenylpropionate (Nandrosol) and the β-agonist ractopamine administration in veal calves, and it investigates different strategies applied to trace these molecules. Morphological changes of gonads and accessory glands attributed to androgen effects, such as testicular atrophy, seminiferous tubule diameter reduction and hyperplasia of prostate epithelium, were detected, although SARMs are not described to cause these lesions. The gene expression analysis showed an anabolic activity of Nandrosol in Longissimus dorsi muscle, where myosin heavy chain (MYH) was significantly up-regulated. An IGF1 increase was weakly significant only in Vastus lateralis muscle. In conclusion, the anatomo-histopathological observations and the MYH mRNA up-regulation in Longissimus dorsi muscle confirm the androgenic treatment in experimental animals. The biosensor assay was not enough sensitive to detect residues in urines and only the direct chemical analysis of urine samples confirmed both β-agonist and SARM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy.
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Paola Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Alessandra Sereno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Francesca T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
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Takiar V, Ip CKM, Gao M, Mills GB, Cheung LWT. Neomorphic mutations create therapeutic challenges in cancer. Oncogene 2016; 36:1607-1618. [PMID: 27841866 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenesis is a pathologic process driven by genomic aberrations, including changes in nucleotide sequences. The majority of these mutational events fall into two broad categories: inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (hypomorph, antimorph or amorph) or activation of oncogenes (hypermorph). The recent surge in genome sequence data and functional genomics research has ushered in the discovery of aberrations in a third category: gain-of-novel-function mutation (neomorph). These neomorphic mutations, which can be found in both tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, produce proteins with entirely different functions from their respective wild-type (WT) proteins and the other morphs. The unanticipated phenotypic outcomes elicited by neomorphic mutations imply that tumors with the neomorphic mutations may not respond to therapies designed to target the WT protein. Therefore, understanding the functional activities of each genomic aberration to be targeted is crucial in devising effective treatment strategies that will benefit specific cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Takiar
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, UC Barrett Cancer Center, OH, USA
| | - C K M Ip
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Gao
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L W T Cheung
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
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9
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Yan C, Xia X, He J, Ren Z, Xu D, Xiong Y, Zuo B. MyoD Is a Novel Activator of Porcine FIT1 Gene by Interacting with the Canonical E-Box Element during Myogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25014-30. [PMID: 26492245 PMCID: PMC4632787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat-induced transcript 1 (FIT1/FITM1) gene is a member of the conserved gene family important for triglyceride-rich lipid droplet accumulation. FIT1 gene displays a similar muscle-specific expression across pigs, mice, and humans. Thus pigs can act as a useful model of many human diseases resulting from misexpression of FIT1 gene. Triglyceride content in skeletal muscle plays a key role in pork meat quality and flavors. An insertion/deletion mutation in porcine FIT1 coding region shows a high correlation with a series of fat traits. To gain better knowledge of the potential role of FIT1 gene in human diseases and the correlations with pork meat quality, our attention is given to the region upstream of the porcine FIT1 coding sequence. We cloned ~1 kb of the 5′-flanking region of porcine FIT1 gene to define the role of this sequence in modulating the myogenic expression. A canonical E-box element that activated porcine FIT1 promoter activity during myogenesis was identified. Further analysis demonstrated that promoter activity was induced by overexpression of MyoD1, which bound to this canonical E-box during C2C12 differentiation. This is the first evidence that FIT1 as the direct novel target of MyoD is involved in muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Junxian He
- Yuguan Agricultural Inc., Shuining 629208, China.
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dequan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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10
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McAleer CW, Rumsey JW, Stancescu M, Hickman JJ. Functional myotube formation from adult rat satellite cells in a defined serum-free system. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:997-1003. [PMID: 25683642 PMCID: PMC5015122 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the development of a culture system whereby mature contracting myotubes were formed from adult rat derived satellite cells. Satellite cells, extracted from the Tibialis Anterior of adult rats, were grown in defined serum-free growth and differentiation media, on a nonbiological substrate, N-1[3-trimethoxysilyl propyl] diethylenetriamine. Myotubes were evaluated morphologically and immunocytochemically, using MyHC specific antibodies, as well as functionally using patch clamp electrophysiology to measure ion channel activity. Results indicated the establishment of the rapid expression of adult myosin isoforms that contrasts to their slow development in embryonic cultures. This culture system has applications in the understanding and treatment of age-related muscle myopathy, muscular dystrophy, and for skeletal muscle engineering by providing a more relevant phenotype for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W McAleer
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826
| | - John W Rumsey
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826
| | - Maria Stancescu
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826
| | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826
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11
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BIRK RICHARD, SOMMER ULRICH, FABER ANNE, ADERHOLD CHRISTOPH, SCHULZ JOHANNESD, HÖRMANN KARL, GOESSLER ULRICHREINHART, STERN-STRAETER JENS. Evaluation of the effect of static magnetic fields combined with human hepatocyte growth factor on human satellite cell cultures. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2328-34. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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12
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Davis MR, Andersson R, Severin J, de Hoon M, Bertin N, Baillie JK, Kawaji H, Sandelin A, Forrest ARR, Summers KM. Transcriptional profiling of the human fibrillin/LTBP gene family, key regulators of mesenchymal cell functions. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 112:73-83. [PMID: 24703491 PMCID: PMC4019825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The fibrillins and latent transforming growth factor binding proteins (LTBPs) form a superfamily of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins characterized by the presence of a unique domain, the 8-cysteine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) binding domain. These proteins are involved in the structure of the extracellular matrix and controlling the bioavailability of TGFβ family members. Genes encoding these proteins show differential expression in mesenchymal cell types which synthesize the extracellular matrix. We have investigated the promoter regions of the seven gene family members using the FANTOM5 CAGE database for human. While the protein and nucleotide sequences show considerable sequence similarity, the promoter regions were quite diverse. Most genes had a single predominant transcription start site region but LTBP1 and LTBP4 had two regions initiating different transcripts. Most of the family members were expressed in a range of mesenchymal and other cell types, often associated with use of alternative promoters or transcription start sites within a promoter in different cell types. FBN3 was the lowest expressed gene, and was found only in embryonic and fetal tissues. The different promoters for one gene were more similar to each other in expression than to promoters of the other family members. Notably expression of all 22 LTBP2 promoters was tightly correlated and quite distinct from all other family members. We located candidate enhancer regions likely to be involved in expression of the genes. Each gene was associated with a unique subset of transcription factors across multiple promoters although several motifs including MAZ, SP1, GTF2I and KLF4 showed overrepresentation across the gene family. FBN1 and FBN2, which had similar expression patterns, were regulated by different transcription factors. This study highlights the role of alternative transcription start sites in regulating the tissue specificity of closely related genes and suggests that this important class of extracellular matrix proteins is subject to subtle regulatory variations that explain the differential roles of members of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Davis
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Robin Andersson
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Severin
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan(1); RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Michiel de Hoon
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan(1); RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Nicolas Bertin
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan(1); RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan(1); RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Albin Sandelin
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Alistair R R Forrest
- RIKEN Omics Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan(1); RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Kim M Summers
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK; The University of Queensland Northside Clinical School, Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside 4032, Australia.
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13
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Stern-Straeter J, Bonaterra GA, Juritz S, Birk R, Goessler UR, Bieback K, Bugert P, Schultz J, Hörmann K, Kinscherf R, Faber A. Evaluation of the effects of different culture media on the myogenic differentiation potential of adipose tissue- or bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:160-70. [PMID: 24220225 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of functional muscles/muscle tissue from human stem cells is a major goal of skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from fat/adipose tissue (AT-MSCs), as well as bone marrow (BM-MSCs) have been shown to bear myogenic potential, which makes them candidate stem cells for skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications. The aim of this study was to analyse the myogenic differentiation potential of human AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs cultured in six different cell culture media containing different mixtures of growth factors. The following cell culture media were used in our experiments: mesenchymal stem cell growth medium (MSCGM)™ as growth medium, MSCGM + 5-azacytidine (5-Aza), skeletal muscle myoblast cell growth medium (SkGM)-2 BulletKit™, and 5, 30 and 50% conditioned cell culture media, i.e., supernatant of human satellite cell cultures after three days in cell culture mixed with MSCGM. Following the incubation of human AT-MSCs or BM-MSCs for 0, 4, 8, 11, 16 or 21 days with each of the cell culture media, cell proliferation was measured using the alamarBlue® assay. Myogenic differentiation was evaluated by quantitative gene expression analyses, using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunocytochemical staining (ICC), using well-defined skeletal markers, such as desmin (DES), myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), myosin, heavy chain 8, skeletal muscle, perinatal (MYH8), myosin, heavy chain 1, skeletal muscle, adult (MYH1) and skeletal muscle actin-α1 (ACTA1). The highest proliferation rates were observed in the AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs cultured with SkGM-2 BulletKit medium. The average proliferation rate was higher in the AT-MSCs than in the BM-MSCs, taking all six culture media into account. qRT-PCR revealed the expression levels of the myogenic markers, ACTA1, MYH1 and MYH8, in the AT-MSC cell cultures, but not in the BM-MSC cultures. The muscle-specific intermediate filament, DES, was only detected (by ICC) in the AT-MSCs, but not in the BM-MSCs. The strongest DES expression was observed using the 30% conditioned cell culture medium. The detection of myogenic markers using different cell culture media as stimuli was only achieved in the AT-MSCs, but not in the BM-MSCs. The strongest myogenic differentiation, in terms of the markers examined, was induced by the 30% conditioned cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Stern-Straeter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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14
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Kim WY. NeuroD regulates neuronal migration. Mol Cells 2013; 35:444-9. [PMID: 23652629 PMCID: PMC3887861 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
NeuroD is required for the survival of many subtypes of developing neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system. Because NeuroD-deficient neurons in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and inner ear die prematurely in the early stage of neurogenesis, the role of NeuroD during the later stages of neurogenesis of these cell subtypes is not well understood. In addition, the mechanism of NeuroDdeficient neuronal death has not been investigated. It was hypothesized that NeuroD-dependent neuronal death occurs through a Bax-dependent apoptotic pathway. Based on this hypothesis, this study attempted to rescue neuronal cell death by deleting the Bax gene in NeuroD null mice to investigate the role of NeuroD in surviving neurons. The NeuroD and Bax double null mice displayed a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampus and the cerebellum and the rescue of vestibulocochlear ganglion (VCG) neurons that failed to migrate and innervate. In addition, at E13.5, the NeuroD(-/-)Bax(-/-) VCG neurons failed to express TrkB and TrkC, which are known to be essential for the survival of those neurons. These data suggest that neuronal death in NeuroD null mice is mediated by Bax-dependent apoptosis and that NeuroD is required for the migration of VCG neurons. Finally, these data show that TrkB and TrkC expression in E13.5 VCG neurons requires NeuroD and that TrkB and TrkC expression may be necessary for the normal migration and innervations of those neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80309, USA.
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15
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Yang JY, Cho SW, An JH, Jung JY, Kim SW, Kim SY, Kim JE, Shin CS. Osteoblast-targeted overexpression of TAZ increases bone mass in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56585. [PMID: 23441207 PMCID: PMC3575506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal progenitors. Differentiation to osteoblasts and adipocytes is reciprocally regulated. Transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is a transcriptional coactivator that induces differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts while blocking differentiation into adipocytes. To investigate the role of TAZ on bone metabolism in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress TAZ under the control of the procollagen type 1 promoter (Col1-TAZ). Whole body bone mineral density (BMD) of 6- to 19-week-old Col-TAZ mice was 4% to 7% higher than that of their wild-type (WT) littermates, whereas no difference was noticed in Col.1-TAZ female mice. Microcomputed tomography analyses of proximal tibiae at 16 weeks of age demonstrated a significant increase in trabecular bone volume (26.7%) and trabecular number (26.6%) with a reciprocal decrease in trabecular spacing (14.2%) in Col1-TAZ mice compared with their WT littermates. In addition, dynamic histomorphometric analysis of the lumbar spine revealed increased mineral apposition rate (42.8%) and the serum P1NP level was also significantly increased (53%) in Col.1-TAZ mice. When primary calvaria cells were cultured in osteogenic medium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was significantly increased and adipogenesis was significantly suppressed in Col1-TAZ mice compared with their WT littermates. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that expression of collagen type 1, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, ALP, osterix, and Runx2 was significantly increased in calvaria cells from Col1-TAZ mice compared to their WT littermates. In vitro, TAZ enhanced Runx2-mediated transcriptional activity while suppressing the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling pathway. TAZ also enhanced transcriptional activity from 3TP-Lux, which reflects transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-mediated signaling. In addition, TAZ enhanced TGF-β-dependent nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and Smad4. Taken together, these results suggest that TAZ positively regulates bone formation in vivo, which seems to be mediated by enhancing both Runx2 and TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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16
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Myoblasts derived from normal hESCs and dystrophic hiPSCs efficiently fuse with existing muscle fibers following transplantation. Mol Ther 2012; 20:2153-67. [PMID: 22990676 PMCID: PMC3498803 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have an endless self-renewal capacity and can theoretically differentiate into all types of lineages. They thus represent an unlimited source of cells for therapies of regenerative diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and for tissue repair in specific medical fields. However, at the moment, the low number of efficient specific lineage differentiation protocols compromises their use in regenerative medicine. We developed a two-step procedure to differentiate hESCs and dystrophic hiPSCs in myogenic cells. The first step was a culture in a myogenic medium and the second step an infection with an adenovirus expressing the myogenic master gene MyoD. Following infection, the cells expressed several myogenic markers and formed abundant multinucleated myotubes in vitro. When transplanted in the muscle of Rag/mdx mice, these cells participated in muscle regeneration by fusing very well with existing muscle fibers. Our findings provide an effective method that will permit to use hESCs or hiPSCs for preclinical studies in muscle repair.
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17
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Mortensen AH, MacDonald JW, Ghosh D, Camper SA. Candidate genes for panhypopituitarism identified by gene expression profiling. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1105-16. [PMID: 21828248 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00080.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factors PROP1 and PIT1 (POU1F1) lead to pituitary hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in mice and humans. The dysmorphology of developing Prop1 mutant pituitaries readily distinguishes them from those of Pit1 mutants and normal mice. This and other features suggest that Prop1 controls the expression of genes besides Pit1 that are important for pituitary cell migration, survival, and differentiation. To identify genes involved in these processes we used microarray analysis of gene expression to compare pituitary RNA from newborn Prop1 and Pit1 mutants and wild-type littermates. Significant differences in gene expression were noted between each mutant and their normal littermates, as well as between Prop1 and Pit1 mutants. Otx2, a gene critical for normal eye and pituitary development in humans and mice, exhibited elevated expression specifically in Prop1 mutant pituitaries. We report the spatial and temporal regulation of Otx2 in normal mice and Prop1 mutants, and the results suggest Otx2 could influence pituitary development by affecting signaling from the ventral diencephalon and regulation of gene expression in Rathke's pouch. The discovery that Otx2 expression is affected by Prop1 deficiency provides support for our hypothesis that identifying molecular differences in mutants will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms that control pituitary organogenesis and lead to human pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics, Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
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18
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Weintraub M, Kalebic T, Helman LJ, Bhatia KG. Disruption of the MyoD/p21 Pathway in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Sarcoma 2011; 1:135-41. [PMID: 18521215 PMCID: PMC2395370 DOI: 10.1080/13577149778218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an embryonal tumor thought to arise from skeletal muscle cells that fail to
differentiate terminally. The majority of RMSs express MyoD, a protein essential to the differentiation of skeletal muscle.
It was recently shown that during myogenesis, MyoD activates the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
(CDKi), p21, which itself plays a critical role in normal muscle development. To investigate the integrity of the MyoD/p21
pathway in RMS, we analyzed p21 and its relationship to MyoD expression in RMS. Methods. A panel of RMS samples was assembled from primary biopsies and from cell lines. Integrity of p21 was analyzed
by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing. Expression of p21 and MyoD was determined by
Northern blot analysis, and the ability of exogenous p21 to arrest the cell cycle of RMS cell line was determined by
transfection studies. Results. Our analysis indicates that although p21 is wild type in RMS, there is an inverse correlation between the levels
of p21 and MyoD in these tumors. Tumors that express significant amounts of MyoD fail to express p21. This does not
appear to be the result of mutations within the potential CACGTG sites present in the p21 promoter region or in the
coding region of p21. An additional group of RMSs express very high levels of p21 but express little, if any, MyoD.
Furthermore, RD, a RMS cell line which expresses high levels of endogenous p21, undergoes withdrawal from the cell
cycle following forced expression of p21, suggesting that the pathway which would lead to G1
arrest from endogenous p21 activity is defective. Discussion. These data suggest that the interaction between p21 and MyoD is defective in RMS although the precise
nature of the defect remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weintraub
- Pediatric Branch National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Building 10, Room 13N240 Bethesda MD 20892 USA
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19
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Zhao JX, Hu J, Zhu MJ, Du M. Trenbolone enhances myogenic differentiation by enhancing β-catenin signaling in muscle-derived stem cells of cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 40:222-9. [PMID: 21402455 PMCID: PMC4100702 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is a key hormone regulating animal growth and development, which promotes skeletal muscle growth and inhibits fat deposition; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Because canonical Wingless and Int/β-catenin signaling promotes myogenesis, we hypothesized that testosterone regulates myogenesis through enhancing the β-catenin signaling pathway and the expression of its targeted genes. Muscle-derived stem cells were prepared from the skeletal muscle of fetal calf at day 180 of gestation and treated with or without trenbolone (10 nM), a synthetic analog of testosterone, in a myogenic medium. Trenbolone treatment increased the protein levels of MyoD and myosin heavy chain, as well as the androgen receptor content. The myogenic effect of trenbolone was blocked by cyproterone acetate, a specific inhibitor of androgen receptor, showing that the myogenic effect of trenbolone was mediated by the androgen receptor. Immunoprecipitation showed that androgen receptor and β-catenin formed a complex, which was increased by trenbolone treatment. Trenbolone activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which might phosphorylate β-catenin at Ser552, stabilizing β-catenin. Indeed, both cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin levels were increased after trenbolone treatment. As a result, β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity was enhanced by trenbolone treatment. In conclusion, these data provide evidence that testosterone increases cellular β-catenin content which promotes the expression of β-catenin-targeted genes and myogenesis in the muscle-derived stem cells of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-X Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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20
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Balan OV, Ozernuk ND. Expression of the gene MyoD and m-cadherin in the myogenic precursor cell culture isolated from muscles of rats at different stages of ontogenesis. BIOL BULL+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359011020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Pas MFW, Visscher AH. Genetic regulation of meat production by embryonic muscle formation - a review. J Anim Breed Genet 2011; 111:404-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Stern-Straeter J, Bonaterra GA, Kassner SS, Zügel S, Hörmann K, Kinscherf R, Goessler UR. Characterization of human myoblast differentiation for tissue-engineering purposes by quantitative gene expression analysis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:e197-206. [PMID: 21370490 DOI: 10.1002/term.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of skeletal muscle is an encouraging possibility for the treatment of muscle loss through the creation of functional muscle tissue in vitro from human stem cells. Currently, the preferred stem cells are primary, non-immunogenic satellite cells ( = myoblasts). The objective of this study was to determine the expression patterns of myogenic markers within the human satellite cell population during their differentiation into multinucleated myotubes for an accurate characterization of stem cell behaviour. Satellite cells were incubated (for 1, 4, 8, 12 or 16 days) with a culture medium containing either a low [ = differentiation medium (DM)] or high [ = growth medium (GM)] concentration of growth factors. Furthermore, we performed a quantitative gene expression analysis of well-defined differentiation makers: myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), myogenin (MYOG), skeletal muscle αactin1 (ACTA1), embryonic (MYH3), perinatal (MYH8) and adult skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MYH1). Additionally, the fusion indices of forming myotubes of MYH1, MYH8 and ACTA1 were calculated. We show that satellite cells incubated with DM expressed multiple characteriztic features of mature skeletal muscles, verified by time-dependent upregulation of MYOG, MYH1, MYH3, MYH8 and ACTA1. However, satellite cells incubated with GM did not reveal all morphological aspects of muscle differentiation. Immunocytochemical investigations with antibodies directed against the differentiation markers showed correlations between the gene expression and differentiation. Our data provide information about time-dependent gene expression of differentiation markers in human satellite cells, which can be used for maturation analyses in skeletal muscle tissue-engineering applications.
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23
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Cao L, Yu Y, Bilke S, Walker RL, Mayeenuddin LH, Azorsa DO, Yang F, Pineda M, Helman LJ, Meltzer PS. Genome-wide identification of PAX3-FKHR binding sites in rhabdomyosarcoma reveals candidate target genes important for development and cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6497-508. [PMID: 20663909 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The PAX3-FKHR fusion protein is present in a majority of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas associated with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of PAX3-FKHR, we carried out the first, unbiased genome-wide identification of PAX3-FKHR binding sites and associated target genes in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The data shows that PAX3-FKHR binds to the same sites as PAX3 at both MYF5 and MYOD enhancers. The genome-wide analysis reveals that the PAX3-FKHR sites are (a) mostly distal to transcription start sites, (b) conserved, (c) enriched for PAX3 motifs, and (d) strongly associated with genes overexpressed in PAX3-FKHR-positive rhabdomyosarcoma cells and tumors. There is little evidence in our data set for PAX3-FKHR binding at the promoter sequences. The genome-wide analysis further illustrates a strong association between PAX3 and E-box motifs in these binding sites, suggestive of a common coregulation for many target genes. We also provide the first direct evidence that FGFR4 and IGF1R are the targets for PAX3-FKHR. The map of PAX3-FKHR binding sites provides a framework for understanding the pathogenic roles of PAX3-FKHR, as well as its molecular targets to allow a systematic evaluation of agents against this aggressive rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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24
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Mondal PK, Pal I, Misra S, Biswas S, Bera SP. Rhabdomyosarcoma of nose, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 61:317-9. [PMID: 23120658 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-009-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive malignant soft tissue tumor that arises from primitive striated muscle cells called rhabdomyoblasts. It is the most common soft tissue malignant tumor in children and accounts for about 7-8% of childhood cancers. It can arise from almost anywhere in the body but it is most common in the head and neck region. This article presents six cases of rhabdomyosarcoma involving the nose, nasopharynx and the paranasal sinuses four of which were treated with a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy and two were treated with medial maxillectomy combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Mondal
- Department of ENT, Medical College Hospital, 88 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal India
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25
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Tavi P, Korhonen T, Hänninen SL, Bruton JD, Lööf S, Simon A, Westerblad H. Myogenic skeletal muscle satellite cells communicate by tunnelling nanotubes. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:376-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Chong SW, Korzh V, Jiang YJ. Myogenesis and molecules - insights from zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:1693-1755. [PMID: 20735668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Myogenesis is a fundamental process governing the formation of muscle in multicellular organisms. Recent studies in zebrafish Danio rerio have described the molecular events occurring during embryonic morphogenesis and have thus greatly clarified this process, helping to distinguish between the events that give rise to fast v. slow muscle. Coupled with the well-known Hedgehog signalling cascade and a wide variety of cellular processes during early development, the continual research on D. rerio slow muscle precursors has provided novel insights into their cellular behaviours in this organism. Similarly, analyses on fast muscle precursors have provided knowledge of the behaviour of a sub-set of epitheloid cells residing in the anterior domain of somites. Additionally, the findings by various groups on the roles of several molecules in somitic myogenesis have been clarified in the past year. In this study, the authors briefly review the current trends in the field of research of D. rerio trunk myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Chong
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling and Patterning, Genes and Development Division, A STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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27
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Odom DT, Dowell RD, Jacobsen ES, Nekludova L, Rolfe PA, Danford TW, Gifford DK, Fraenkel E, Bell GI, Young RA. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human hepatocytes. Mol Syst Biol 2006; 2:2006.0017. [PMID: 16738562 PMCID: PMC1681491 DOI: 10.1038/msb4100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We mapped the transcriptional regulatory circuitry for six master regulators in human hepatocytes using chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-resolution promoter microarrays. The results show that these regulators form a highly interconnected core circuitry, and reveal the local regulatory network motifs created by regulator–gene interactions. Autoregulation was a prominent theme among these regulators. We found that hepatocyte master regulators tend to bind promoter regions combinatorially and that the number of transcription factors bound to a promoter corresponds with observed gene expression. Our studies reveal portions of the core circuitry of human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan T Odom
- Young Laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robin D Dowell
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Jacobsen
- Young Laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lena Nekludova
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Alexander Rolfe
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy W Danford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David K Gifford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Young Laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Young Laboratory, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Tel.: +1 617 258 5218; Fax: +1 617 258 0376; E-mail:
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28
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Abstract
In this study we tried to identify new genes or proteins in skeletal muscle induced by exercise. We analyzed alterations of protein expression in mouse gastrocnemius muscles induced by swim-exercise using two dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Nine spots were significantly altered between control and swim groups. One of the four protein spots whose expression was decreased was identified as functionally unknown "expressed sequence AI854635" gene. The AI854635 gene has C2H2 type zinc finger motif, and is considered to be a transcription factor. The mRNA of AI854635 gene was expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, and thymus. To elucidate the function of the AI854635 gene we analyzed mRNA expression levels during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. C2C12 myoblast began to form myotube around 20 h after the initiation of differentiation. The mRNA expression levels of AI854635 gene was significantly induced around 6 h and increased till 48 h, indicating a pivotal role in myoblast differentiation. Although the significance of decreased expression of AI854635 gene induced by swim-exercise is not clear, we found that this gene is involved in myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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29
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Kocaefe YC, Israeli D, Ozguc M, Danos O, Garcia L. Myogenic program induction in mature fat tissue (with MyoD expression). Exp Cell Res 2005; 308:300-8. [PMID: 15921681 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MyoD exerts a master transcriptional control over the myogenic differentiation cascade. Here, we study different approaches to induce myogenic transdifferentiation in mature adipocytes utilizing MyoD gene transfer. Organotypic cultures of fat tissue and a long-term culture of in vitro differentiated adipocytes deduced that MyoD provoked morphological changes in mature adipocytes that can be summarized as loss of fat content, acquisition of a fusiform shape and eventual fusion with committed neighbor cells. In vivo, MyoD gene transfer into rat interscapular and inguinal fat pads demonstrated that while structural proteins of muscle lineage were expressed, they co-existed with specific adipocyte proteins. Expression of these proteins diminished over time likewise the fat content. The transdifferentiation process initiated by MyoD did not require cell cycle progression and was well tolerated by the fully differentiated and mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Kocaefe
- Genethon CNRS UMR8115 1 bis rue de l'Internationale 91002 Evry cedex, France.
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30
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Kim SW, Her SJ, Kim SY, Shin CS. Ectopic overexpression of adipogenic transcription factors induces transdifferentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:811-9. [PMID: 15649418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from common mesenchymal progenitor cells. We have investigated whether mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells can be induced to transdifferentiate into mature adipocytes by the ectopic expression of adipogenic transcription factors, PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, or both. Retrovirus-mediated overexpression of PPARgamma alone or both PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha resulted in reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and osteoblast-specific gene expression. Moreover, foci of adipocytes were identified in conditions favoring osteoblastic maturation. Upon treatment with insulin, dexamethasone, and IBMX, cells overexpressing PPARgamma alone or both PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha showed marked transdifferentiation to mature adipocytes expressing molecular markers of adipocytes. Cells expressing both PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha showed more robust phenotype of adipocytes than the cells expressing PPARgamma alone. Overexpression of C/EBPalpha alone did not result in adipogenesis. These results suggest that PPARgamma is a key molecular switch for the transdifferentiation to adipocytes whereas C/EBPalpha may differentiate MC3T3-E1 cells into osteoblasts and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yungun-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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31
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Ito H, Ueda H, Iwamoto I, Inaguma Y, Takizawa T, Asano T, Kato K. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) blocks the differentiation of C2C12 myoblast cells. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:874-9. [PMID: 15389564 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Addition of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to the differentiation medium of C2C12 mouse myoblast cells caused severe inhibition of the formation of myotubes and suppressed differentiation-dependent elevation in the levels of the creatine kinase M isozyme (CKM). Under these conditions, NDGA did not cause significant increase of damaged cells, as detected by annexin-V-FITC assay, or induction of heat shock proteins, known to be a response against extracellular stress. The results suggest that NDGA itself is not toxic but can effectively blocks the differentiation-dependent increase of CKM during C2C12 differentiation. The levels of muscle specific bHLH proteins MyoD, Myf5, and myogenin were also decreased by addition of NDGA, indicating a block of the initial step of the myogenesis through downregulation of muscle specific genes. NDGA is known to be a lipoxygenase inhibitor but other examples, like MK-886 and CDC, did not exert the same effects on differentiation of muscle cells, indicating that mechanisms of NDGA action are independent of its influence on lipoxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Aichi, Japan.
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32
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Boukhtouche F, Mariani J, Tedgui A. The “CholesteROR” Protective Pathway in the Vascular System. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:637-43. [PMID: 14751813 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000119355.56036.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related Orphan Receptor α (RORα) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. RORα has long been considered as a constitutive activator of transcription in the absence of exogenous ligand; however, cholesterol has recently been identified as a natural ligand of RORα. The spontaneous
staggerer
(sg/sg) mutation is a deletion in the Rora gene that prevents the translation of the ligand-binding domain (LBD), leading to the loss of RORα activity. The homozygous Rora
sg/sg
mutant mouse, of which the most obvious phenotype is ataxia associated with cerebellar degeneration, also displays a variety of other phenotypes, including several vascular ones; in particular, dysfunction of smooth muscle cells and enhanced susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Moreover, RORα appears to participate in the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels, and has been shown to positively regulate apolipoprotein (apo)A-I and apoC-III gene expression. Yet its activity is regulated by cholesterol itself, making RORα an intracellular cholesterol target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein A-I/biosynthesis
- Apolipoprotein A-I/genetics
- Apolipoprotein C-III
- Apolipoproteins C/biosynthesis
- Apolipoproteins C/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Collateral Circulation/physiology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1
- Purkinje Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Spinocerebellar Degenerations/genetics
- Spinocerebellar Degenerations/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Boukhtouche
- Laboratoire Développement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, Université P. & M. Curie-CNRS, UMR NPA 7102, case 14, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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33
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Langley B, Thomas M, McFarlane C, Gilmour S, Sharma M, Kambadur R. Myostatin inhibits rhabdomyosarcoma cell proliferation through an Rb-independent pathway. Oncogene 2004; 23:524-34. [PMID: 14724580 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumors are the most common soft-tissue sarcomas in childhood. In this investigation, we show that myostatin, a skeletal muscle-specific inhibitor of growth and differentiation is expressed and translated in the cultured RMS cell line, RD. The addition of exogenous recombinant myostatin inhibits the proliferation of RD cells cultured in growth media, consistent with the role of myostatin in normal myoblast proliferation inhibition. However, unlike normal myoblasts, upregulation of p21 was not observed. Rather, myostatin signalling resulted in the specific downregulation of both Cdk2 and its cognate partner, cyclin-E. The analysis of Rb reveals that there was no change in its phosphorylation status with myostatin treatment, consistent with D-type-cyclin-Cdk4/6 complexes being active in the absence of p21. Moreover, the activity of Rb appeared to be unchanged between treated and nontreated RD cells, as determined by the ability of Rb to bind E2F1. The examination of NPAT, a substrate of cyclin-E-Cdk2 involved in the transcriptional activation of replication-dependent histone gene expression, revealed that it undergoes a loss of phosphorylation with myostatin treatment. Supporting this, a downregulation in H4-histone gene expression was observed. These results suggest that myostatin could potentially be used as an inhibitor of RMS proliferation and define a previously uncharacterized, Rb-independent mechanism for the inhibition of muscle precursor cell proliferation by myostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Langley
- Animal Genomics, AgResearch, Private Bag 3123, East Street, Hamilton, New Zealand
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34
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Kato H, Ohta S, Koshida S, Narita T, Taga T, Takeuchi Y, Sugita K. Expression of pericyte, mesangium and muscle markers in malignant rhabdoid tumor cell lines: differentiation-induction using 5-azacytidine. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:1059-65. [PMID: 14662021 PMCID: PMC11160295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/11/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) has been considered to have multiphenotypic diversity characteristics. Some MRTs exhibit a neural phenotype. However, it is still unclear whether MRT cells can display a skeletal muscle, smooth muscle or smooth muscle-like cell phenotype, like those of pericytes and mesangial cells. To determine if MRTs exhibit skeletal muscle cell or smooth muscle-like cell phenotypes, six MRT cell lines (TM87-16, STM91-01, TTC549, TTC642, YAM-RTK1 and TTC1240) were examined for markers of skeletal muscle (MyoD, myogenin, myf-5, myf-6, acetylcholine receptor-alpha, -beta and -gamma), smooth muscle (alpha-smooth muscle actin, SM-1 and SM22), and smooth muscle-like cells, such as pericytes (angiopoietin-1 and -2) and mesangial cells (megsin), using conventional RT-PCR, semi-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry before and after differentiation-induction with 5-azacytidine. alpha-Smooth muscle actin and SM22 were detected in all six MRT cell lines, while MyoD and myf-5, crucial markers for skeletal myogenic determination, were not. The TM87-16 cell line expressed SM-1 and angiopoietin-1. TTC1240 also expressed angiopoietin-1. Interestingly, STM91-01 expressed megsin, a novel marker for mesangial cells, in addition to angiopoietin-1. Our results indicated that some MRTs exhibited smooth muscle and/or smooth muscle-like cell phenotypes and some renal MRTs might be of mesangial origin. Recently, smooth muscle and also smooth muscle-like cells have been considered to be of neuroectodermal origin. MRT can thus considered to belong to the category of primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) in the broad sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-2192
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35
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Jeon MJ, Kim JA, Kwon SH, Kim SW, Park KS, Park SW, Kim SY, Shin CS. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibits the Runx2-mediated transcription of osteocalcin in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23270-7. [PMID: 12704187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211610200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are able to differentiate into several distinct cell types, including osteoblasts and adipocytes. The commitment to a particular lineage may be regulated by specific transcription factors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), acting in conjunction with CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha, has been suggested as a key regulator of adipogenic differentiation. Previous studies have shown that the activation of PPARgamma in osteoblasts suppresses osteoblast differentiation and the expression of osteocalcin, an osteoblast-specific protein. However, the mechanism of this inhibition remains unclear. We investigated the effect of PPARgamma activation on the expression of osteocalcin and analyzed the molecular mechanism. Mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells expressed PPARgamma, which was transcriptionally active, whereas rat osteosarcoma ROS 17/2.8 cells did not. Treatment of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and ROS 17/2.8 cells stably transfected with PPARgamma2 with the PPARgamma activator 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibited the mRNA expression of osteocalcin and Runx2, the latter of which is a key transcription factor in osteoblast differentiation. This decreased expression of osteocalcin and Runx2 was partly explained by the decreased level of Runx2 resulting from the suppressed transcription from the Runx2 promoter. However, in addition to this indirect effect, the activation of PPARgamma by 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 directly suppressed the Runx2-mediated induction of the activities of the osteocalcin promoter and the artificial promoter p6OSE2, which contains six tandem copies of osteoblast-specific element-2, the Runx2-binding promoter sequence. This inhibition was mediated by a physical interaction between PPARgamma and Runx2 and the subsequent repression of the transcriptional activity at the osteoblast-specific element-2 sequence. Thus, this study demonstrates that the activation of PPARgamma inhibits osteocalcin expression both by suppressing the expression of Runx2 and by interfering with the transactivation ability of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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36
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Herrmann BW, Sotelo-Avila C, Eisenbeis JF. Pediatric sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma: three cases and a review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol 2003; 24:174-80. [PMID: 12761705 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(03)00025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the clinical presentation, management, and natural history of paranasal rhabdomyosarcoma. DESIGN Retrospective case series review. METHODS Retrospective medical record review of patients less than 20 years of age who presented to our facility with rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. RESULTS Medical records of all pediatric patients seen in our pediatric otolaryngology clinic were reviewed from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2000. Three patients were identified with sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma. Their presentation, evaluation, and treatment were evaluated. Relevant literature 1966 to the present was reviewed with the assistance of Medline. CONCLUSIONS Rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive pediatric malignancy, requiring a high index of suspicion to detect it in its earliest stages. Patients with suggestive symptoms should undergo a full evaluation including nasal endoscopy and imaging. Because the current chemotherapy protocols are more effective on localized disease, early diagnosis is crucial to patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Herrmann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110-1077, USA.
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37
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Langley B, Thomas M, Bishop A, Sharma M, Gilmour S, Kambadur R. Myostatin inhibits myoblast differentiation by down-regulating MyoD expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:49831-40. [PMID: 12244043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204291200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a negative regulator of myogenesis, is shown to function by controlling the proliferation of myoblasts. In this study we show that myostatin is an inhibitor of myoblast differentiation and that this inhibition is mediated through Smad 3. In vitro, increasing concentrations of recombinant mature myostatin reversibly blocked the myogenic differentiation of myoblasts, cultured in low serum media. Western and Northern blot analysis indicated that addition of myostatin to the low serum culture media repressed the levels of MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and p21 leading to the inhibition of myogenic differentiation. The transient transfection of C(2)C(12) myoblasts with MyoD expressing constructs did not rescue myostatin-inhibited myogenic differentiation. Myostatin signaling specifically induced Smad 3 phosphorylation and increased Smad 3.MyoD association, suggesting that Smad 3 may mediate the myostatin signal by interfering with MyoD activity and expression. Consistent with this, the expression of dominant-negative Smad3 rescued the activity of a MyoD promoter-reporter in C(2)C(12) myoblasts treated with myostatin. Taken together, these results suggest that myostatin inhibits MyoD activity and expression via Smad 3 resulting in the failure of the myoblasts to differentiate into myotubes. Thus we propose that myostatin plays a critical role in myogenic differentiation and that the muscular hyperplasia and hypertrophy seen in animals that lack functional myostatin is because of deregulated proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Langley
- Animal Genomics, AgResearch, Private Bag 3123, East Street, Hamilton, New Zealand
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38
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Katagiri T, Imada M, Yanai T, Suda T, Takahashi N, Kamijo R. Identification of a BMP-responsive element inId1, the gene for inhibition of myogenesis. Genes Cells 2002; 7:949-60. [PMID: 12296825 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) stimulates osteoblast differentiation, but inhibits myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts. BMP-2 induces transcription of Id1, an inhibitor for myogenesis, within 1 h in the cells. To examine the molecular mechanism of the action of BMP-2, we analysed a BMP-2-responsive element (BRE) in the 5' flanking region of the human Id1 gene. RESULTS A GC-rich region between -985 bp and -957 bp of the human Id1 gene was identified as a BRE. The BRE containing promoter activity was stimulated by BMP-2 or by constitutively active BMP receptors (BMPR-IA and BMPR-IB). The stimulation was blocked by co-transfecting with dominant negative BMPR-IA or Smad7. A unique DNA-protein complex was induced in response to BMP-2 on the BRE. The complex induced by BMP-2 contained Smad1 and Smad4, possibly as a complex of both Smads. BMP-2 failed to stimulate the expression of Id1 mRNA in Smad4-deficient cells. Over-expression of Smad4, but not Smad1, stimulated the Id1 reporter activity and the expression of endogenous Id1 mRNA in Smad4-deficient cells. CONCLUSION Signalling of BMP-2 to stimulate the expression of Id1 would be transduced by BMPR-IA and mediated by Smad1 and Smad4, both of which form a complex on the 29 bp GC-rich element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Katagiri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
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39
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Parmacek MS. Transcriptional programs regulating vascular smooth muscle cell development and differentiation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2001; 51:69-89. [PMID: 11236716 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(01)51002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Parmacek
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 9123 Founders Pavilion, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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40
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Chen SL, Dowhan DH, Hosking BM, Muscat GE. The steroid receptor coactivator, GRIP-1, is necessary for MEF-2C-dependent gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes Dev 2000. [DOI: 10.1101/gad.14.10.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-mediated activation of transcription involves coactivation by cofactors collectively denoted the steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs). The process also involves the subsequent recruitment of p300/CBP and PCAF to a complex that synergistically regulates transcription and remodels the chromatin. PCAF and p300 have also been demonstrated to function as critical coactivators for the muscle-specific basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) protein MyoD during myogenic commitment. Skeletal muscle differentiation and the activation of muscle-specific gene expression is dependent on the concerted action of another bHLH factor, myogenin, and the MADS protein, MEF-2, which function in a cooperative manner. We examined the functional role of one SRC, GRIP-1, in muscle differentiation, an ideal paradigm for the analysis of the determinative events that govern the cell's decision to divide or differentiate. We observed that the mRNA encoding GRIP-1 is expressed in proliferating myoblasts and post-mitotic differentiated myotubes, and that protein levels increase during differentiation. Exogenous/ectopic expression studies with GRIP-1 sense and antisense vectors in myogenic C2C12 cells demonstrated that this SRC is necessary for (1) induction/activation of myogenin, MEF-2, and the crucial cell cycle regulator, p21, and (2) contractile protein expression and myotube formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the SRC GRIP-1 coactivates MEF-2C-mediated transcription. GRIP-1 also coactivates the synergistic transactivation of E box-dependent transcription by myogenin and MEF-2C. GST-pulldowns, mammalian two-hybrid analysis, and immunoprecipitation demonstrate that the mechanism involves direct interactions between MEF-2C and GRIP-1 and is associated with the ability of the SRC to interact with the MADS domain of MEF-2C. The HLH region of myogenin mediates the direct interaction of myogenin and GRIP-1. Interestingly, interaction with myogenic factors is mediated by two regions of GRIP-1, an amino-terminal bHLH–PAS region and the carboxy-terminal region between amino acids 1158 and 1423 (which encodes an activation domain, has HAT activity, and interacts with the coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase). This work demonstrates that GRIP-1 potentiates skeletal muscle differentiation by acting as a critical coactivator for MEF-2C-mediated transactivation and is the first study to ascribe a function to the amino-terminal bHLH–PAS region of SRCs.
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41
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Chen SL, Dowhan DH, Hosking BM, Muscat GE. The steroid receptor coactivator, GRIP-1, is necessary for MEF-2C-dependent gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes Dev 2000; 14:1209-28. [PMID: 10817756 PMCID: PMC316616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2000] [Accepted: 03/24/2000] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor-mediated activation of transcription involves coactivation by cofactors collectively denoted the steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs). The process also involves the subsequent recruitment of p300/CBP and PCAF to a complex that synergistically regulates transcription and remodels the chromatin. PCAF and p300 have also been demonstrated to function as critical coactivators for the muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein MyoD during myogenic commitment. Skeletal muscle differentiation and the activation of muscle-specific gene expression is dependent on the concerted action of another bHLH factor, myogenin, and the MADS protein, MEF-2, which function in a cooperative manner. We examined the functional role of one SRC, GRIP-1, in muscle differentiation, an ideal paradigm for the analysis of the determinative events that govern the cell's decision to divide or differentiate. We observed that the mRNA encoding GRIP-1 is expressed in proliferating myoblasts and post-mitotic differentiated myotubes, and that protein levels increase during differentiation. Exogenous/ectopic expression studies with GRIP-1 sense and antisense vectors in myogenic C2C12 cells demonstrated that this SRC is necessary for (1) induction/activation of myogenin, MEF-2, and the crucial cell cycle regulator, p21, and (2) contractile protein expression and myotube formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the SRC GRIP-1 coactivates MEF-2C-mediated transcription. GRIP-1 also coactivates the synergistic transactivation of E box-dependent transcription by myogenin and MEF-2C. GST-pulldowns, mammalian two-hybrid analysis, and immunoprecipitation demonstrate that the mechanism involves direct interactions between MEF-2C and GRIP-1 and is associated with the ability of the SRC to interact with the MADS domain of MEF-2C. The HLH region of myogenin mediates the direct interaction of myogenin and GRIP-1. Interestingly, interaction with myogenic factors is mediated by two regions of GRIP-1, an amino-terminal bHLH-PAS region and the carboxy-terminal region between amino acids 1158 and 1423 (which encodes an activation domain, has HAT activity, and interacts with the coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase). This work demonstrates that GRIP-1 potentiates skeletal muscle differentiation by acting as a critical coactivator for MEF-2C-mediated transactivation and is the first study to ascribe a function to the amino-terminal bHLH-PAS region of SRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Chen
- University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ritchie Research Laboratories, B402A, St. Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
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42
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Jackson SM, Demer LL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators modulate the osteoblastic maturation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. FEBS Lett 2000; 471:119-24. [PMID: 10760525 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The reduced bone mineral density (BMD) observed in osteoporosis results, in part, from reduced activity of bone-forming osteoblasts. We examined the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activators on MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast maturation. Activators of PPARalpha, delta and gamma induced alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix calcification and the expression of osteoblast genes as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. However, at relatively high concentrations of the specific PPARgamma ligands, ciglitazone and troglitazone, maturation was inhibited. PPARalpha, delta and gamma1 were expressed in MC3T3-E1 cells. PPARgamma1 mRNA and protein levels were induced early during osteoblastic maturation. We speculate that endogenous and pharmacological PPAR activators may affect BMD by modulating osteoblastic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Warren Hall, Suite 24-130, 900 Veteran Avenue, P.O. Box 957073, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Bailey P, Downes M, Lau P, Harris J, Chen SL, Hamamori Y, Sartorelli V, Muscat GE. The nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR regulates differentiation: N-CoR directly interacts with MyoD. Mol Endocrinol 1999; 13:1155-68. [PMID: 10406466 DOI: 10.1210/mend.13.7.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical ligand-activated nuclear receptors (e.g. thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptor), orphan nuclear receptors (e.g. Rev-erbAalpha/beta), Mad/Max bHLH (basic helix loop helix)-LZ proteins, and oncoproteins, PLZF and LAZ3/BCL6, bind DNA and silence transcription by recruiting a repressor complex that contains N-CoR (nuclear receptor corepressor)/SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor), Sin3A/B, and HDAc-1/-2 proteins. The function of the corepressor, N-CoR, in the process of cellular differentiation and coupled phenotypic acquisition, has not been investigated. We examined the functional role of N-CoR in myogenesis (muscle differentiation), an ideal paradigm for the analysis of the determinative events that govern the cell's decision to divide or differentiate. We observed that the mRNA encoding N-CoR was suppressed as proliferating myoblasts exited the cell cycle, and formed morphologically and biochemically differentiated myotubes. Exogenous expression of N-CoR (but not RIP13) in myogenic cells ablated 1) myogenic differentiation, 2) the expression of the myoD gene family that encode the myogenic specific bHLH proteins, and 3) the crucial cell cycle regulator, p21Waf-1/Cip-1 mRNA. Furthermore, N-CoR expression efficiently inhibits the myoD-mediated myogenic conversion of pluripotential C3H10T1/2 cells. We demonstrate that MyoD-mediated transactivation and activity are repressed by N-CoR. The mechanism involves direct interactions between MyoD and N-CoR; moreover, the interaction was dependent on the amino-terminal repression domain (RD1) of N-CoR and the bHLH region of MyoD. Trichostatin A treatment significantly stimulated the activity of MyoD by approximately 10-fold and inhibited the ability of N-CoR to repress MyoD-mediated transactivation, consistent with the involvement of the corepressor and the recruitment of a histone deacteylase activity in the process. This work demonstrates that the corepressor N-CoR is a key regulator of MyoD activity and mammalian differentiation, and that N-CoR has a multifaceted role in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bailey
- University of Queensland, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ritchie Research Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
In childhood, soft tissue sarcomas comprise a complex group of malignancies of varied histologic subtypes, the prognoses of which depend on the histology, age, site, extent of involvement and a variety of other factors. This paper discusses the varieties of tumors classified as soft tissue sarcomas in childhood and the multimodal approach taken to cure these tumors, with particular attention to the details of difficult surgical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pappo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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45
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Zhao XF, Aplan PD. The hematopoietic transcription factor SCL binds the p44 subunit of TFIIH. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1388-93. [PMID: 9880511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.3.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SCL is a basic domain helix-loop-helix (bHLH) oncoprotein that is involved in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia as well as in normal hematopoiesis. Although it is believed that SCL functions as a tissue-specific transcription factor, no molecular mechanism has thus far been identified for this putative function. In this report, we show that SCL interacts with p44, a subunit of the basal transcription factor TFIIH. The minimal region of SCL that interacts with p44 was mapped to a 101-amino acid sequence that includes, but is not limited to, the bHLH region; the SCL-binding site of p44 is located in the carboxyl-terminal half of p44. This interaction was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase fusion protein pull-down assays and a co-immunoprecipitation assay. As analyzed with a yeast two-hybrid system, p44 interacts specifically with SCL, but not with the other class A or B bHLH proteins tested. E2A did not compete with p44 for SCL binding, as demonstrated by an in vitro binding assay. These findings document a previously unsuspected interaction between SCL and a subunit of the basal transcription factor TFIIH, suggesting a potential means by which SCL might modulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Zhao
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Lau P, Bailey P, Dowhan DH, Muscat GE. Exogenous expression of a dominant negative RORalpha1 vector in muscle cells impairs differentiation: RORalpha1 directly interacts with p300 and myoD. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:411-20. [PMID: 9862959 PMCID: PMC148194 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.2.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ROR/RZR is an orphan nuclear receptor that has no known ligand in the 'classical sense'. In the present study we demonstrate that RORalpha is constitutively expressed during the differentiation of proliferating myoblasts to post-mitotic multinucleated myotubes, that have acquired a contractile phenotype. Exogenous expression of dominant negative RORalpha1DeltaE mRNA in myogenic cells significantly reduces the endogenous expression of RORalpha1 mRNA, represses the accumu-lation and delays the activation of mRNAs encoding MyoD and myogenin [the muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins] and p21(Waf-1/Cip-1) (a cdk inhibitor). Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that morpho-logical differentiation is delayed in cells expressing the RORDeltaE transcript. Furthermore, the size and development of mutlinucleated myotubes is impaired. The E region of RORalpha1 interacts with p300, a cofactor that functions as a coactivator in nuclear receptor and MyoD-mediated transactivation. Consistent with the functional role of RORalpha1 in myogenesis, we observed that RORalpha1 directly interacts with the bHLH protein MyoD. This interaction was mediated by the N-terminal activation domain of the bHLH protein, MyoD, and the RORalpha1 DNA binding domain/C region. Furthermore, we demonstrated that p300, RORalpha1 and MyoD interact in a non-competitive manner. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for a biological role and positive influence of RORalpha1 in the cascade of events involved in the activation of myogenic-specific markers and cell cycle regulators and suggests that crosstalk between theretinoid-relatedorphan (ROR) nuclear receptors and the myogenic bHLH proteins has functional consequences for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lau
- University of Queensland, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ritchie Research Laboratories, B402A, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
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47
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Bailey P, Sartorelli V, Hamamori Y, Muscat GE. The orphan nuclear receptor, COUP-TF II, inhibits myogenesis by post-transcriptional regulation of MyoD function: COUP-TF II directly interacts with p300 and myoD. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:5501-10. [PMID: 9826778 PMCID: PMC147985 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.23.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COUP-TF II is an orphan nuclear receptor that has no known ligand in the 'classical sense'. COUP-TF interacts with the corepressors N-CoR, SMRT and RIP13, and silences transcription by active repression and trans-repression. Forced expression of the orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TF II in mouse C2 myogenic cells has been demonstrated to inhibit morphological differentiation, and to repress the expression of: (i) the myoD gene family which encodes myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins; and (ii) the cell cycle regulator, p21(Waf-1/Cip-1). In the present study, we show that COUP-TF II efficiently inhibits the myoD -mediated myogenic conversion of pluripotential C3H10T1/2 cells by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Furthermore, repression of MyoD-dependent transcription by COUP-TF II occurs in the absence of the nuclear receptor cognate binding motif. The inhibition of MyoD-mediated trans-activation involves the direct binding of the DNA binding domain/C-region and hinge/D-regions [i.e. amino acid (aa) residues 78-213] of COUP-TF II to the N-terminal activation domain of MyoD. Over-expression of the cofactor p300, which functions as a coactivator of myoD-mediated transcription, alleviated repression by COUP-TF II. Further binding analysis demonstrated that COUP-TF II interacted with the N-terminal 149 aa residues of p300 which encoded the receptor interaction domain of the coactivator. Finally we observed that COUP-TF II, MyoD and p300 interact in a competitive manner, and that increasing amounts of COUP-TF II have the ability to reduce the interaction between myoD and p300 invitro. The experiments presented herein suggest thatCOUP-TF II post-transcriptionally regulates myoD activity/function, and that crosstalk between orphan nuclear receptors and the myogenic bHLH proteins has functional consequences for differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/genetics
- COUP Transcription Factors
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- E1A-Associated p300 Protein
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- MyoD Protein/physiology
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- Receptors, Steroid
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bailey
- University of Queensland, Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ritchie Research Laboratories, B402A, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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Harris AN, Mellon PL. The basic helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper transcription factor, USF (upstream stimulatory factor), is a key regulator of SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) gene expression in pituitary gonadotrope and steroidogenic cells. Mol Endocrinol 1998; 12:714-26. [PMID: 9605934 DOI: 10.1210/mend.12.5.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific expression of the mammalian FTZ-F1 gene is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation. The FTZ-F1 gene encodes an orphan nuclear receptor, termed SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) or Ad4BP, which is a primary transcriptional regulator of several hormone and steroidogenic enzyme genes that are critical for normal physiological function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in reproduction. The objective of the current study is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of SF-1 gene expression in the pituitary. We have studied a series of deletion and point mutations in the SF-1 promoter region for transcriptional activity in alphaT3-1 and L/betaT2 (pituitary gonadotrope), CV-1, JEG-3, and Y1 (adrenocortical) cell lines. Our results indicate that maximal expression of the SF-1 promoter in all cell types requires an E box element at -82/-77. This E box sequence (CACGTG) is identical to the binding element for USF (upstream stimulatory factor), a member of the helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. Studies of the SF-1 gene E box element using gel mobility shift and antibody supershift assays indicate that USF may be a key transcriptional regulator of SF-1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Harris
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0674, USA
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pappo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2729, USA
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50
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Baker DL, Dave V, Reed T, Misra S, Periasamy M. A novel E box/AT-rich element is required for muscle-specific expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:1092-8. [PMID: 9461473 PMCID: PMC147358 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.4.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac/slow twitch sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase gene (SERCA2 ) encodes a calcium transport pump whose expression is regulated in a tissue- and development-specific manner. Previously we have identified two distinct positive regulatory regions (bp -284 to -72 and -1815 to -1105) as important for SERCA2 promoter activity. Here we demonstrate that the SERCA2 distal promoter region functions like an enhancer by activating a heterologous promoter (TK) in a muscle cell-specific manner. Through deletion analysis a core enhancer region was delimited to the -1467 to -1105 bp fragment. We identified the E box/AT-rich element located at -1115 bp as critical for maximal enhancer activity. Gel mobility shift studies revealed that this E box/AT-rich element specifically binds a protein which is induced during Sol8 myogenesis. This region includes two other cis -acting elements, CArG and MCAT, which also bind specific nuclear protein complexes from Sol8 myotubes. Mutagenesis of each of these sites resulted in decreased SERCA/TK-CAT promoter activity. Based on these data, we propose that the E box/AT-rich element may contribute along with CArG and MCAT elements to the overall activation and regulation of the SERCA2 gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Baker
- Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML542, 231 Bethesda Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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