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Targeting Transcription Factors ATF5, CEBPB and CEBPD with Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Treat Brain and Other Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040581. [PMID: 36831248 PMCID: PMC9954556 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing novel therapeutics often follows three steps: target identification, design of strategies to suppress target activity and drug development to implement the strategies. In this review, we recount the evidence identifying the basic leucine zipper transcription factors ATF5, CEBPB, and CEBPD as targets for brain and other malignancies. We describe strategies that exploit the structures of the three factors to create inhibitory dominant-negative (DN) mutant forms that selectively suppress growth and survival of cancer cells. We then discuss and compare four peptides (CP-DN-ATF5, Dpep, Bpep and ST101) in which DN sequences are joined with cell-penetrating domains to create drugs that pass through tissue barriers and into cells. The peptide drugs show both efficacy and safety in suppressing growth and in the survival of brain and other cancers in vivo, and ST101 is currently in clinical trials for solid tumors, including GBM. We further consider known mechanisms by which the peptides act and how these have been exploited in rationally designed combination therapies. We additionally discuss lacunae in our knowledge about the peptides that merit further research. Finally, we suggest both short- and long-term directions for creating new generations of drugs targeting ATF5, CEBPB, CEBPD, and other transcription factors for treating brain and other malignancies.
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Mazaris E, Tsiotras A. Molecular pathways in prostate cancer. Nephrourol Mon 2013; 5:792-800. [PMID: 24282788 PMCID: PMC3830904 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.9430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Prostate cancer is a prevalent disease with a high impact on patients’ morbidity and mortality. Despite efforts to profile prostate cancer, the genetic alterations and biological processes that correlate with disease progression remain partially elusive. The purpose of this study is to review the recent evidence relating to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer in relation to the familial correlation of the disease, the genetic aberrations resulting in prostate cancer and the new molecular biology data regarding prostate cancer. Materials and Methods A Medline database search identified all the existing publications on the molecular events associated with the pathogenesis and evolution of prostate cancer. Particular emphasis was given on the specific genetic phenomena associated with prostate cancer. Results Like other cancers, prostate cancer is caused by an accumulation of genetic alterations in a cell that drives it to malignant growth. Specific genes and gene alterations have been suggested to play a role in its development and progression. Aneuploidy, loss of heterozygosity, gene mutations, hypermethylation and inactivation of specific tumour suppressor genes such as GSTpi, APC, MDR1, GPX3 and others have been detected in prostate cancers, but generally only at a low or moderate frequency. The androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway may play a crucial role in the early development of prostate cancer, as well as in the development of androgen-independent disease that fails to respond to hormone deprivation therapies. Other alterations linked to the transition to hormone-independence include amplification of MYC and increased expression of ERBB2 and BCL2. Inflammatory changes may also contribute to the development of prostate cancer. Conclusion The identification of specific molecular markers for prostate cancer may lead to its earliest detection and better prediction of its behavior. The better understanding of the molecular events affecting prostate cancer progression may result in the introduction of new drugs to target these events thus providing a potential cure and a tool for prevention of this very common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexios Tsiotras
- Urology Department, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author: Alexios Tsiotras, Urology Department, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, United Kingdom. Tel: +44-7580348549, Fax: +44-1438515601, E-mail:
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Jiménez-Corona AE, Damián-Zamacona S, Pérez-Torres A, Moreno A, Mas-Oliva J. Osteopontin Upregulation in Atherogenesis Is Associated with Cellular Oxidative Stress Triggered by the Activation of Scavenger Receptors. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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4
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Thomsen M, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Dahl M. Scavenger receptor AI/II truncation, lung function and COPD: a large population-based study. J Intern Med 2011; 269:340-8. [PMID: 21077973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The scavenger receptor A-I/II (SRA-I/II) on alveolar macrophages is involved in recognition and clearance of modified lipids and inhaled particulates. A rare variant of the SRA-I/II gene, Arg293X, truncates the distal collagen-like domain, which is essential for ligand recognition. We tested whether the Arg293X variant is associated with reduced lung function and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the general population. METHODS We genotyped 48,741 individuals from the adult Danish general population for Arg293X, and recorded lung function and spirometry-defined COPD. RESULTS Arg293X homozygotes (n = 5) and heterozygotes (n = 587), compared with noncarriers (n = 48,149), had a 6% and 1% reduction in predicted percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC % predicted) (P = 0.05) and a nonsignificant 7% and 1% reduction in predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1) % predicted) (P = 0.06), respectively. The Arg293X genotype interacted with gender (P = 0.004) and α(1) -antitrypsin MZ heterozygosity (P = 0.049), but not with superoxide dismutase-3 E1I1 heterozygosity (P = 0.11) in determining FEV(1) % predicted. Amongst men, FEV(1) % predicted and FVC % predicted were both reduced by 4% (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0003, respectively) in Arg293X heterozygotes compared with noncarriers. Corresponding values were 14% (P = 0.03) and 11% (P = 0.04) amongst MZ heterozygotes, and 9% (P = 0.03) and 8% (P = 0.04) amongst E1I1 heterozygotes, compared with noncarriers. Lung function did not differ between Arg293X heterozygotes and noncarriers amongst females or individuals without MZ and E1I1. Arg293X heterozygosity was associated with spirometry-defined COPD amongst men [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.7 (1.1-2.4)], but not with COPD in the whole cohort or in any other subgroup. CONCLUSIONS SRAI/II Arg293X heterozygotes have reduced lung function and increased COPD risk amongst men. They also have reduced lung function amongst individuals heterozygous for the α(1)-antitrypsin MZ and superoxide dismutase-3 E1I1 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Plourde NM, Kortagere S, Welsh W, Moghe PV. Structure-activity relations of nanolipoblockers with the atherogenic domain of human macrophage scavenger receptor A. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1381-91. [PMID: 19405544 DOI: 10.1021/bm8014522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake by macrophages is mediated by scavenger receptors and leads to unregulated cholesterol accumulation. Micellar nanolipoblockers (NLBs) consist of alkyl chains and polyethylene glycol on mucic acid. NLBs functionalized with anionic groups inhibit oxLDL uptake via the scavenger receptor A (SR-A). Molecular modeling and docking approaches were used to understand the structure-activity relationship (SAR) between NLBs and SR-A. Six NLB models were docked to the SR-A homology model to investigate charge placement and clustering. NLB models with the most favorable binding energy were also the most effective oxLDL inhibitors in THP-1 macrophages. Mutant SR-A models were generated by replacing charged residues with alanine. All charged residues in the region were necessary, with Lys60, Lys63, and Lys66 having the greatest effect on binding. We hypothesize that structural studies aided by theoretical modeling and docking can be used to design promising NLB candidates with optimal binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Plourde
- Departments of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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6
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Abstract
The molecular pathology of prostate cancer is complex; not only are multiple genes involved in its pathogenesis, but additional environmental factors such as diet and inflammation are also involved. The exhaustive research into prostate cancer to date has demonstrated a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors, some of which may be more important in individual prostate cancer cases. This is an exciting era, with the emergence of new investigative tools such as DNA microarray technology and the application of the field of proteomics to the study of human cancers. Knowledge of genetic changes underlying the initiation, development, and progression of prostate cancer is accumulating rapidly. With increasing knowledge, it may be possible to distinguish indolent from aggressive prostate tumours by molecular fingerprinting. This review discusses the most consistently reported molecular pathological findings in hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer, together with new concepts and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hughes
- Pathology Department, Trinity College Dublin and Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Lindmark F, Jonsson BA, Bergh A, Stattin P, Zheng SL, Meyers DA, Xu J, Grönberg H. Analysis of the macrophage scavenger receptor 1 gene in Swedish hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer. Prostate 2004; 59:132-40. [PMID: 15042613 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) gene on chromosome 8p22 was recently reported as a candidate gene for hereditary prostate cancer (HPC). Here, we further elucidate the role of MSR1 in both Swedish families with HPC and in a cohort of unselected prostate cancer. METHODS DNA samples from 83 Swedish HPC families and 215 unselected population based cases of prostate cancer as well as 425 age-matched controls were genotyped. RESULTS A total of 18 variants were identified, including 2 exonic, 7 intronic changes, and 9 changes in the 5'- or 3'-uncoding region. Of the two exonic changes, one previously reported truncation mutation was identified, a R293X nonsense mutation. This mutation was found in 2 of the 83 (2.4%) HPC families. The R293X mutation was found more frequently in men with PC (4.9%) than in unaffected men (2.7%), consistent with previous published results, however our results were not significant (P = 0.16). To additionally test for potential association of common sequence variants and increased risk for the disease, five common polymorphisms (PRO3, INDEL1, IVS5-57, P275A, INDEL7) were genotyped in the group of 215 prostate cancer cases and 425 age-matched controls. No association between any of the five common sequence variants and prostate cancer were found. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that mutations in MSR1 gene might play a role in prostate cancer susceptibility, particularly the R293X mutation. This study warrants further investigations of the role of MSR1 in prostate cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Lindmark
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Nupponen NN, Wallén MJ, Ponciano D, Robbins CM, Tammela TLJ, Vessella RL, Carpten JD, Visakorpi T. Mutational analysis of susceptibility genes RNASEL/HPC1, ELAC2/HPC2, and MSR1 in sporadic prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 39:119-25. [PMID: 14695991 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three putative prostate cancer-susceptibility genes, RNASEL/HPC1 at 1q24, MSR1 at 8p22, and ELAC2/HPC2 at 17p11, have recently been identified. Our objective was to investigate somatic mutations in these genes in sporadic prostate cancer. We analyzed 39 clinical prostate cancer specimens, 10 prostate cancer xenografts (LuCaP series), and 4 prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU145, PC-3, and MPC-3) for genetic changes using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing in order to screen the whole coding regions of RNASEL and MSR1, as well as exons 7 and 17 of ELAC2. The known 471delAAAG truncating mutation was found in the RNASEL gene in cell line LNCaP. The only new missense variation in RNASEL, Gly296Val, was found in cell line DU145, but not in any other samples. RNASEL and ELAC2 also showed the common missense polymorphic changes. A previously reported truncating mutation (Arg293X) was found in MSR1 in the germ line of one individual. Our results indicate that inactivation of the RNASEL, ELAC2, or MSR1 genes by somatic mutation is a rare phenomenon in sporadic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina N Nupponen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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10
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Xu J, Zheng SL, Komiya A, Mychaleckyj JC, Isaacs SD, Hu JJ, Sterling D, Lange EM, Hawkins GA, Turner A, Ewing CM, Faith DA, Johnson JR, Suzuki H, Bujnovszky P, Wiley KE, DeMarzo AM, Bova GS, Chang B, Hall MC, McCullough DL, Partin AW, Kassabian VS, Carpten JD, Bailey-Wilson JE, Trent JM, Ohar J, Bleecker ER, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB, Meyers DA. Germline mutations and sequence variants of the macrophage scavenger receptor 1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk. Nat Genet 2002; 32:321-5. [PMID: 12244320 DOI: 10.1038/ng994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2002] [Accepted: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deletions on human chromosome 8p22-23 in prostate cancer cells and linkage studies in families affected with hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) have implicated this region in the development of prostate cancer. The macrophage scavenger receptor 1 gene (MSR1, also known as SR-A) is located at 8p22 and functions in several processes proposed to be relevant to prostate carcinogenesis. Here we report the results of genetic analyses that indicate that mutations in MSR1 may be associated with risk of prostate cancer. Among families affected with HPC, we identified six rare missense mutations and one nonsense mutation in MSR1. A family-based linkage and association test indicated that these mutations co-segregate with prostate cancer (P = 0.0007). In addition, among men of European descent, MSR1 mutations were detected in 4.4% of individuals affected with non-HPC as compared with 0.8% of unaffected men (P = 0.009). Among African American men, these values were 12.5% and 1.8%, respectively (P = 0.01). These results show that MSR1 may be important in susceptibility to prostate cancer in men of both African American and European descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Human Genomics and the Department of Public Health, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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11
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Chen M, Narumiya S, Masaki T, Sawamura T. Conserved C-terminal residues within the lectin-like domain of LOX-1 are essential for oxidized low-density-lipoprotein binding. Biochem J 2001; 355:289-96. [PMID: 11284714 PMCID: PMC1221738 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3550289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-like oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a cell-surface endocytosis receptor for atherogenic oxLDL, which is highly expressed in endothelial cells. Recent studies suggest that it may play significant roles in atherogenesis. LOX-1 is a type-II membrane protein that structurally belongs to the C-type lectin family molecules. This study was designed to characterize the specific domain on LOX-1 that recognizes oxLDL. Truncation of the lectin domain of LOX-1 abrogated oxLDL-binding activity. Deletion of the utmost C-terminal ten amino acid residues (261-270) was enough to disrupt the oxLDL-binding activity. Substitutions of Lys-262 and/or Lys-263 with Ala additively attenuated the activity. Serial-deletion analysis showed that residues up to 265 are required for the expression of minimal binding activity, although deletion of the C-terminal three residues (268-270) still retained full binding activity. Consistently, these alterations in LOX-1 impaired the recognition by a functionally blocking monoclonal antibody for LOX-1. These data demonstrated the distinct role of the lectin domain as the functional domain recognizing LOX-1 ligand. The conserved C-terminal residues of lectin-like domain are essential for binding oxLDL. Particularly, the basic amino acid pair is important for the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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12
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Daugherty A, Whitman SC, Block AE, Rateri DL. Polymorphism of class A scavenger receptors in C57BL/6 mice. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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van der Laan LJW, Döpp EA, Haworth R, Pikkarainen T, Kangas M, Elomaa O, Dijkstra CD, Gordon S, Tryggvason K, Kraal G. Regulation and Functional Involvement of Macrophage Scavenger Receptor MARCO in Clearance of Bacteria In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The scavenger receptors expressed by macrophages are thought to play an important role in the immune response against bacteria by mediating binding and phagocytosis. A novel member of the class A scavenger receptor family, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), has recently been identified. In this study we have generated a panel of mAbs with specificities for different domains of this receptor. Two of those reacting with the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain block ligand binding of MARCO. The in vivo expression of this murine receptor is normally restricted to distinct populations of macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes. During bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection, during bacterial sepsis, or after the injection of purified LPS, however, the expression of MARCO is rapidly induced on macrophages in other tissues, including Kupffer cells in the liver. Using the mouse macrophage cell line J774.2, it was shown that LPS stimulation up-regulates surface expression of MARCO in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ had little or no effect. Using inhibitory mAbs, the relevance of MARCO for the clearance of circulating bacteria in vivo was determined. Although the overall elimination of live Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from the blood did not appear to be affected by treatment with these Abs, the capturing of heat-killed bacteria by macrophages in the marginal zone areas of the spleen was clearly inhibited. This study suggests a role for MARCO in the host antibacterial defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J. W. van der Laan
- *Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed A. Döpp
- *Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Haworth
- †Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Timo Pikkarainen
- ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maarit Kangas
- ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Elomaa
- ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine D. Dijkstra
- *Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Siamon Gordon
- †Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Kraal
- *Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hirano M, Yanagihara T, Ueno S. Dominant negative effect of GTP cyclohydrolase I mutations in dopa-responsive hereditary progressive dystonia. Ann Neurol 1998; 44:365-71. [PMID: 9749603 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410440312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary progressive dystonia (HPD) is caused by the mutant gene encoding GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH). The clinical presentation of this disease varies considerably, and many cases appear to be sporadic. We have previously proposed that this clinical variation may be due to differential expression of the mutant and normal GCH mRNA, presumably at the protein level. To provide support for this proposal, we studied a new Japanese family with HPD, in which 2 members were heterozygous for an exon-skipping mutation. This mutation produced truncated GCH, which shared 180-amino acid residues at the amino terminus of the normal enzyme (GCH180). An affected heterozygote had a higher mutant/normal mRNA ratio than an unaffected heterozygote, consistent with our previous finding in the HPD family with GCH114. A further study, using coexpression of the mutant with wild-type GCH in COS-7 cells, showed that three mutant GCHs inactivated the normal enzyme. GCH114 was most effective in enzyme inactivation, which was followed by GCH180 and a normally occurring mutant GCH209. These results suggested that the dominant negative effect of a mutant GCH on the normal enzyme might be one of the molecular mechanisms determining the heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes of HPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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15
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Andersson L, Freeman MW. Functional changes in scavenger receptor binding conformation are induced by charge mutants spanning the entire collagen domain. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:19592-601. [PMID: 9677385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.31.19592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptors are trimeric integral membrane proteins that bind a diverse array of negatively charged ligands. They have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and in host responses to microbial infections. Earlier mutational studies demonstrated that the distal segment of the collagen domain of the receptor was critically important for high affinity ligand binding activity. In this study, mutations spanning the entire collagen domain were generated and binding was assayed in transfected cells, as well as in assays employing a secreted, receptor fusion protein. Many of the distal, positively charged C-terminal residues in the type II collagen domain of the receptor, previously reported to be essential for binding at 37 degreesC, were found not to be critical for binding at 4 degreesC. Conversely, more proximally charged residues of the collagen receptor that have not been previously mutated were shown to have substantial effects on binding that were also temperature-dependent. These data suggest that scavenger receptor ligand recognition depends on more complex conformational interactions, involving charged residues throughout the entire collagen domain, than was previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andersson
- Lipid Metabolism Unit and Nessel Gene Therapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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16
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Gough PJ, Greaves DR, Gordon S. A naturally occurring isoform of the human macrophage scavenger receptor (SR-A) gene generated by alternative splicing blocks modified LDL uptake. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Reddy S, Santanam N, Reddy PP, Rock JA, Murphy AA, Parthasarathy S. Interaction of Interceed oxidized regenerated cellulose with macrophages: a potential mechanism by which Interceed may prevent adhesions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:1315-20; discussion 1320-1. [PMID: 9423730 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether Interceed oxidized regenerated cellulose (Johnson & Johnson Medical, Arlington, Tex.), because of its polyanionic nature, may compete for the macrophage scavenger receptor. STUDY DESIGN RAW macrophages were incubated with Interceed oxidized regenerated cellulose and known scavenger receptor ligands. The production of interleukin-1beta by mouse peritoneal macrophages was measured in the presence of Interceed cellulose. RESULTS When macrophages were incubated with Interceed cellulose, increasing concentrations inhibited the uptake of fluorescent acetyl low-density lipoprotein. In the presence of Interceed cellulose there was a decrease in the production of interleukin-1beta by mouse macrophages. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the interaction of Interceed oxidized regenerated cellulose with macrophages with scavenger receptors may result in a decreased secretion of matrix components, inflammatory mediators, and cellular growth factors. Thus Interceed cellulose may function as a biologic barrier in preventing adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D Steinberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0682, USA
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19
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van der Laan LJ, Kangas M, Döpp EA, Broug-Holub E, Elomaa O, Tryggvason K, Kraal G. Macrophage scavenger receptor MARCO: in vitro and in vivo regulation and involvement in the anti-bacterial host defense. Immunol Lett 1997; 57:203-8. [PMID: 9232452 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J van der Laan
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Hirano M, Tamaru Y, Ito H, Matsumoto S, Imai T, Ueno S. Mutant GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA levels contribute to dopa-responsive dystonia onset. Ann Neurol 1996; 40:796-8. [PMID: 8957022 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410400517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new Japanese family with hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation/dopa-responsive dystonia. The affected daughter and her asymptomatic father are heterozygous for a novel missense mutation that replaces His by Pro at codon 144 in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed a higher ratio of mutant/normal mRNA encoding GTP cyclohydrolase I in the patient. These results demonstrate the importance of mutant mRNA levels for phenotypic variability among cases with the same mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hirano
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nara Medical University, Japan
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Pearce SH, Trump D, Wooding C, Besser GM, Chew SL, Grant DB, Heath DA, Hughes IA, Paterson CR, Whyte MP. Calcium-sensing receptor mutations in familial benign hypercalcemia and neonatal hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2683-92. [PMID: 8675635 PMCID: PMC185975 DOI: 10.1172/jci118335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial benign hypercalcemia (FBH) and neonatal hyperparathyroidism (NHPT) are disorders of calcium homeostasis that are associated with missense mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). We have undertaken studies to characterize such CaR mutations in FBH and NHPT and to explore methods for their more rapid detection. Nine unrelated kindreds (39 affected, 32 unaffected members) with FBH and three unrelated children with sporadic NHPT were investigated for mutations in the 3,234-bp coding region of the CaR gene by DNA sequencing. Six novel heterozygous (one nonsense and five missense) mutations were identified in six of the nine FBH kindreds, and two de novo heterozygous missense mutations and one homozygous frame-shift mutation were identified in the three children with NHPT. Our results expand the phenotypes associated with CaR mutations to include sporadic NHPT. Single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis was found to be a sensitive and specific mutational screening method that detected > 85% of these CaR gene mutations. The single-stranded conformational polymorphism identification of CaR mutations may help in the distinction of FBH from mild primary hyperparathyroidism which can be clinically difficult. Thus, the results of our study will help to supplement the clinical evaluation of some hypercalcemic patients and to elucidate further the structure-function relationships of the CaR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Pearce
- MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Gong Q, Pitas RE. Synergistic effects of growth factors on the regulation of smooth muscle cell scavenger receptor activity. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21672-8. [PMID: 7665582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit smooth muscle cells (SMC) express types I and II scavenger receptors (ScR) that are up-regulated by platelet secretion products. In the current studies we investigated the effect of growth factors secreted by platelets on ScR activity in rabbit and human SMC. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF BB) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) at 10 ng/ml increased ScR activity in rabbit SMC (by approximately 4- and 2-fold, respectively) but not in human SMC. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) alone had little effect on SMC ScR activity. The growth factors had synergistic effects on ScR activity and on types I and II ScR mRNA expression. In rabbit SMC, PDGF BB, EGF, and TGF-beta 1 together stimulated ScR activity 12-fold. In human SMC, EGF and TGF-beta 1, together with either IGF-I or PDGF BB, stimulated receptor activity approximately 7-fold. Growth factor-mediated induction of ScR activity in rabbit and human SMC was blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 47, whereas the induction of ScR activity in rabbit but not human SMC was blocked by the protein kinase C inhibitor MDL.29,152. Studies using neutralizing antibodies demonstrated that TGF-beta 1 is the predominant factor in in vitro preparations of platelet secretory products which regulates ScR activity. The growth factors that act synergistically in regulating ScR activity in vitro are all present in atherosclerotic lesions, where they are produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, SMC, and platelets. The data suggest that these growth factors may regulate ScR activity in SMC in vivo and contribute to foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Gong
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco 94141-9100, USA
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Horvai A, Palinski W, Wu H, Moulton KS, Kalla K, Glass CK. Scavenger receptor A gene regulatory elements target gene expression to macrophages and to foam cells of atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:5391-5. [PMID: 7777517 PMCID: PMC41700 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the macrophage scavenger receptor A gene is markedly upregulated during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. In these studies, we demonstrate that 291 bp of the proximal scavenger receptor promoter, in concert with a 400-bp upstream enhancer element, is sufficient to direct macrophage-specific expression of a human growth hormone reporter in transgenic mice. These regulatory elements, which contain binding sites for PU.1, AP-1, and cooperating ets-domain transcription factors, are also sufficient to mediate regulation of transgene expression during the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Mutation of the PU.1 binding site within the scavenger receptor promoter severely impairs transgene expression, consistent with a crucial role of PU.1 in regulating the expression of the scavenger receptor gene. The ability of the scavenger receptor promoter and enhancer to target gene expression to macrophages in vivo, including foam cells of atherosclerotic lesions, suggests that these regulatory elements will be of general utility in the study of macrophage differentiation and function by permitting specific modifications of macrophage gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horvai
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
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