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Yasunaga M. Antibody therapeutics and immunoregulation in cancer and autoimmune disease. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:1-12. [PMID: 31181267 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune disease are closely related, and many therapeutic antibodies are widely used in clinics for the treatment of both diseases. Among them, the anti-CD20 antibody has proven to be effective against both lymphoid malignancy and autoimmune disease. Moreover, immune checkpoint blockade using the anti-PD1/PD-L1/CTLA4 antibody has improved the prognosis of patients with refractory solid tumors. At the same time, however, over-enhancement of immunoreaction can induce autoimmune reaction. Although anti-TNF antibody therapies represent a breakthrough in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, optimal management is required to control the serious associated issues, including development and progression of cancer, and it is becoming more and more important to control the immunoreaction. In addition, next-generation antibody therapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies, are anticipated to treat uncontrolled cancer and autoimmune disease. IL-7R signaling plays an important role in the development and progression of both lymphoid malignancy and autoimmune disease. In addition, abnormal homing activity and steroid resistance caused by IL-7R signaling may worsen prognosis. Therefore, anti-IL-7R targeting antibody therapies that enable suppression of such pathophysiological status have the potential to be beneficial for the treatment of both diseases. In this review, we discuss current antibody therapeutics in cancer and autoimmune disease, and describe a new therapeutic strategy for immunoregulation including IL-7R targeting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division of Developmental Therapeutics, EPOC, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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2
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Comstock SS, Xu D, Hortos K, Kovan B, McCaskey S, Pathak DR, Fenton JI. Association of serum cytokines with colorectal polyp number and type in adult males. Eur J Cancer Prev 2016; 25:173-81. [PMID: 25793917 PMCID: PMC4575597 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis. To determine whether serum cytokines are associated with colon polyps, 126 asymptomatic men (48-65 years) were recruited during colonoscopy. Serum cytokine concentrations were measured. Odds ratios were determined using polytomous logistic regression for polyp number and type. Men with serum monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) or soluble interleukin-4 receptor (sIL-4R) concentrations in the highest tertile were 0.2 times less likely to have three or more polyps relative to no polyps. For each increase in serum MCP-3 or sIL-4R tertile a man was about 0.4 times less likely to have three or more polyps than to have no polyps. Men with serum concentrations of interferon-α2 (IFN-α2) or interleukin (IL)-7 in the highest tertile were three times more likely to have an adenoma than no polyps. Those with serum IL-8 concentrations in the highest tertile were four times more likely to have an adenoma than no polyps. For each increase in serum IFN-α2, IL-7, or IL-8 tertile an individual was 1.8 times more likely to have an adenoma than to have no polyps. Serum concentrations of MCP-3, sIL-4R, IFN-α2, IL-7, and IL-8 may indicate which men are more likely to have colorectal polyps.
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Bartlett A, Sanders AJ, Ruge F, Harding KG, Jiang WG. Potential implications of interleukin-7 in chronic wound healing. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:33-40. [PMID: 27347014 PMCID: PMC4906893 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods of identifying chronic wounds that will heal in a timely, coordinated fashion and those that will not, together with novel therapeutic strategies, are vital for progression in the field of wound healing. Interleukin (IL)-7 has been associated with various biological and pathological processes. The present study explored the potential role of IL-7 in wound healing. IL-7 expression levels were examined in a clinical cohort of chronic wounds using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining analysis. The impact of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) on the growth and migrational rates of HaCaT keratinocyte cells was subsequently examined using in vitro growth and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing functional assays. The mRNA expression levels of IL-7 were increased in the healed chronic wound tissue samples, compared with non-healed chronic wound tissue samples, although the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a greater staining intensity of IL-7 in the healed chronic wound tissue sections compared with the non-healed tissue sections. Treatment with rhIL-7 did not affect HaCaT cell growth rates, but was shown to enhance cell migration, an effect that could be further enhanced through the addition of inhibitors of neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and protein kinase B. The data of the present study suggest that the expression levels of IL-7 may be increased in healing chronic wounds, and thus IL-7 may have a role in this process, potentially through its effects on the cellular migration of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bartlett
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Fiona Ruge
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Keith G Harding
- Department of Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative (CCMRC), Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Nguyen TP, Bazdar DA, Mudd JC, Lederman MM, Harding CV, Hardy GA, Sieg SF. Interferon-α inhibits CD4 T cell responses to interleukin-7 and interleukin-2 and selectively interferes with Akt signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1139-46. [PMID: 25784743 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0714-345rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent type I IFN production occurs during chronic viral infections, such as HIV disease. As type I IFNs have antiproliferative activity, it is possible that chronic exposure to these cytokines could adversely affect T cell homeostasis. We investigated the capacity of IFN-α to impair T cell proliferation induced by the homeostatic cytokine, IL-7, or another common γ-chain cytokine, IL-2, in cells from healthy human donors. We found that IL-7- or IL-2-induced proliferation of CD4(+) T cells was partially inhibited in the presence of IFN-α. The CD4(+) T cells that were exposed to IFN-α also displayed attenuated induction of IL-2 and CD40L following TCR stimulation. Analyses of signaling pathways indicated that IL-7 and IL-2 induced a delayed and sustained P-Akt signal that lasted for several days and was partially inhibited by IFN-α. In contrast, IL-7-induced P-STAT5 was not affected by IFN-α. Furthermore, IFN-α had no detectable effect on P-Akt that was induced by the chemokine SDF-1. Both inhibitors of P-Akt and P-STAT5 blocked IL-7-induced T cell proliferation, confirming that both signaling pathways are important for IL-7-induced T cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that IFN-α can selectively inhibit cytokine-induced P-Akt as a potential mechanism to disrupt homeostasis of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Nguyen
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Doug A Bazdar
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gareth A Hardy
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, and Pathology, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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5
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Mansour MR, Reed C, Eisenberg AR, Tseng JC, Twizere JC, Daakour S, Yoda A, Rodig SJ, Tal N, Shochat C, Berezovskaya A, DeAngelo DJ, Sallan SE, Weinstock DM, Izraeli S, Kung AL, Kentsis A, Look AT. Targeting oncogenic interleukin-7 receptor signalling with N-acetylcysteine in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 168:230-8. [PMID: 25256574 PMCID: PMC4303513 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations of the interleukin-7 receptor (IL7R) occur in approximately 10% of patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL). Most mutations generate a cysteine at the transmembrane domain leading to receptor homodimerization through disulfide bond formation and ligand-independent activation of STAT5. We hypothesized that the reducing agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-tolerated drug used widely in clinical practice to treat acetaminophen overdose, would reduce disulfide bond formation, and inhibit mutant IL7R-mediated oncogenic signalling. We found that treatment with NAC disrupted IL7R homodimerization in IL7R-mutant DND-41 cells as assessed by non-reducing Western blot, as well as in a luciferase complementation assay. NAC led to STAT5 dephosphorylation and cell apoptosis at clinically achievable concentrations in DND-41 cells, and Ba/F3 cells transformed by an IL7R-mutant construct containing a cysteine insertion. The apoptotic effects of NAC could be rescued in part by a constitutively active allele of STAT5. Despite using doses lower than those tolerated in humans, NAC treatment significantly inhibited the progression of human DND-41 cells engrafted in immunodeficient mice. Thus, targeting leukaemogenic IL7R homodimerization with NAC offers a potentially effective and feasible therapeutic strategy that warrants testing in patients with T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R. Mansour
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, UK
| | - Casie Reed
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy R. Eisenberg
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Jen-Chieh Tseng
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Protein Signalling and Interactions, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Sarah Daakour
- Laboratory of Protein Signalling and Interactions, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Akinori Yoda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott J. Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noa Tal
- Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Hashomer and Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Shochat
- Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Hashomer and Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Migal-Galilee Bio-Technology Centre and Tel Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Alla Berezovskaya
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J. DeAngelo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen E. Sallan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Hashomer and Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrew L. Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - A. Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development, activation, and homeostasis of T cells by modulating the expression of survival and mitogenic factors in response to a variety of stimuli. Ligation of the antigen receptor, costimulatory molecules, and cytokine receptors activate PI3K, resulting in the production of the lipid second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP(3)). A number of molecules help to regulate the activity of this pathway, including the lipid phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10). By limiting the amount of PIP(3) available within the cell, PTEN directly opposes PI3K activity and influences the selection of developing thymocytes as well as the activation requirements of mature T cells. T cells with unchecked PI3K activity, as a result of PTEN deficiency, contribute to the development of both autoimmune disease and lymphoma. This review dissects our current understanding of PI3K and PTEN and discusses why appropriate balance of these molecules is necessary to maintain normal T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Buckler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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PIP3 pathway in regulatory T cells and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2008; 39:194-224. [PMID: 17917066 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in preventing both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Many recent studies have focused on defining the signal transduction pathways essential for the development and the function of Tregs. Increasing evidence suggest that T-cell receptor (TCR), interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R), and co-stimulatory receptor signaling are important in the early development, peripheral homeostasis, and function of Tregs. The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-regulated pathway (PIP3 pathway) is one of the major signaling pathways activated upon TCR, IL-2R, and CD28 stimulation, leading to T-cell activation, proliferation, and cell survival. Activation of the PIP3 pathway is also negatively regulated by two phosphatidylinositol phosphatases SHIP and PTEN. Several mouse models deficient for the molecules involved in PIP3 pathway suggest that impairment of PIP3 signaling leads to dysregulation of immune responses and, in some cases, autoimmunity. This review will summarize the current understanding of the importance of the PIP3 pathway in T-cell signaling and the possible roles this pathway performs in the development and the function of Tregs.
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8
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Ostiguy V, Allard EL, Marquis M, Leignadier J, Labrecque N. IL-21 promotes T lymphocyte survival by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling cascade. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:645-56. [PMID: 17554014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0806494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21 is a Type I cytokine, which uses the common gamma chain (gamma(c)) in its receptor. As members of the gamma(c) cytokine/cytokine receptors family play crucial role in the differentiation, activation, and survival of lymphocytes, we have investigated if IL-21 could promote T cell survival and thus, contribute to T cell homeostasis and expansion. Unlike most gamma(c) cytokine receptors, we report that IL-21R is constitutively expressed by all mature T lymphocytes and that stromal cells of lymphoid organs are a constitutive source of IL-21. These observations are reminiscent of what is observed for IL-7/IL-7R, which control T cell survival and homeostasis and suggest a role for IL-21 in T cell homeostasis. Indeed, our results show that IL-21 is a survival factor for resting and activated T cells. Moreover, the ability of IL-21 to costimulate T cell proliferation is mediated by enhancing T cell viability. Further investigation of how IL-21R signaling induces T cell survival shows for the first time that IL-21 binding to its receptor activates the PI-3K signaling pathway and induces Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, the activation of the PI-3K signaling pathway is essential for IL-21-mediated T cell survival. Our data provide a new role for IL-21 in the immune system, which might be used to improve T cell homeostasis in immunocompromised patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Size
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation
- Flow Cytometry
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Ostiguy
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 boul. de l'Assomption, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada HIT 2M4
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9
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Swainson L, Kinet S, Mongellaz C, Sourisseau M, Henriques T, Taylor N. IL-7-induced proliferation of recent thymic emigrants requires activation of the PI3K pathway. Blood 2006; 109:1034-42. [PMID: 17023582 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-027912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-7 cytokine promotes the survival of a diverse T-cell pool, thereby ensuring an efficient immune response. Moreover, IL-7 induces the proliferation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in neonates. Here, we demonstrate that the survival and proliferative effects of IL-7 on human RTEs can be distinguished on the basis of dose as well as duration of IL-7 administration. A dose of 0.1 ng/mL IL-7 is sufficient to promote viability, whereas cell-cycle entry is observed only at doses higher than 1 ng/mL. Moreover, a short 1-hour exposure to high-dose IL-7 (10 ng/mL) induces long-term survival but continuous IL-7 exposure is necessary for optimal cell-cycle entry and proliferation. We find that distinct signaling intermediates are activated under conditions of IL-7-induced survival and proliferation; STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation does not correlate with proliferation, whereas up-regulation of the glucose transporter Glut-1 as well as increased glucose uptake are markers of IL-7-induced cell cycle entry. Glut-1 is directly regulated by PI3K and, indeed, inhibiting PI3K activity abrogates IL-7-induced proliferation. Our finding that the survival and proliferation of RTEs are differentially modulated by the dose and kinetics of exogenous IL-7 has important implications for the clinical use of this cytokine.
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10
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Abraham N, Ma MC, Snow JW, Miners MJ, Herndier BG, Goldsmith MA. Haploinsufficiency identifies STAT5 as a modifier of IL-7-induced lymphomas. Oncogene 2005; 24:5252-7. [PMID: 15870688 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for receptor components and the signalling effector, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5A/5B, was assessed genetically in a lymphoma development model induced by interleukin-7 (IL-7). This growth factor for T- and B-cell progenitors and mature lymphocytes activates survival and proliferative pathways including Bcl-2, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and STAT5. Overexpression of IL-7 in vivo causes early mortality from lymphoma development. Mice overexpressing IL-7 that were heterozygous for the IL-7Ralpha subunit showed improved survival compared to wild-type mice. In addition, STAT5A/5B+/- compound heterozygous mice with one targeted allele each of STAT5A and STAT5B showed striking amelioration of IL-7-induced mortality and disease development. STAT5A/5B+/- compound heterozygous mice were otherwise normal in stem cell and lymphocyte development and cellularity. Lower STAT5 protein levels accompanied the reduction in STAT5A/5B copy number, which suggests that STAT5 haploinsufficiency is a modifier of IL-7 signal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, #300-6174, University Boulevard, BC, Canada.
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11
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Giliani S, Mori L, de Saint Basile G, Le Deist F, Rodriguez-Perez C, Forino C, Mazzolari E, Dupuis S, Elhasid R, Kessel A, Galambrun C, Gil J, Fischer A, Etzioni A, Notarangelo LD. Interleukin-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Ralpha) deficiency: cellular and molecular bases. Analysis of clinical, immunological, and molecular features in 16 novel patients. Immunol Rev 2005; 203:110-26. [PMID: 15661025 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of gene-targeted mice and patients with severe combined immunodeficiency due to mutations of the alpha chain of the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7Ralpha) has shown important differences between mice and humans in the role played by IL-7 in lymphoid development. More recently, it has been shown that IL-7Ralpha is also shared by the receptor for another cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). In this review, we discuss recent advances in IL-7- and TSLP-mediated signaling. We also report on the clinical and immunological features of 16 novel patients with IL-7Ralpha deficiency and discuss the results of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giliani
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Brescia, Italy.
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12
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Hagenbeek TJ, Naspetti M, Malergue F, Garçon F, Nunès JA, Cleutjens KBJM, Trapman J, Krimpenfort P, Spits H. The loss of PTEN allows TCR alphabeta lineage thymocytes to bypass IL-7 and Pre-TCR-mediated signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:883-94. [PMID: 15452180 PMCID: PMC2213281 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) negatively regulates cell survival and proliferation mediated by phosphoinositol 3 kinases. We have explored the role of the phosphoinositol(3,4,5)P3-phosphatase PTEN in T cell development by analyzing mice with a T cell-specific deletion of PTEN. Pten(flox/flox)Lck-Cre mice developed thymic lymphomas, but before the onset of tumors, they showed normal thymic cellularity. To reveal a regulatory role of PTEN in proliferation of developing T cells we have crossed PTEN-deficient mice with mice deficient for interleukin (IL)-7 receptor and pre-T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Analysis of mice deficient for Pten and CD3gamma; Pten and gammac; or Pten, gammac, and Rag2 revealed that deletion of PTEN can substitute for both IL-7 and pre-TCR signals. These double- and triple-deficient mice all develop normal levels of CD4CD8 double negative and double positive thymocytes. These data indicate that PTEN is an important regulator of proliferation of developing T cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J Hagenbeek
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Van De Wiele CJ, Marino JH, Murray BW, Vo SS, Whetsell ME, Teague TK. Thymocytes between the beta-selection and positive selection checkpoints are nonresponsive to IL-7 as assessed by STAT-5 phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4235-44. [PMID: 15034036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is widely accepted as a major homeostatic factor involved in T cell development. To assess the IL-7 responsiveness of thymocytes involved in selection processes, we used a new sensitive flow cytometry-based assay to detect intracellular phosphorylation of STAT-5 induced by IL-7 in defined mouse thymocyte subsets. Using this method, we found the earliest thymocyte subset (CD4(-)CD8(-)CD25(-)CD44(+)) to contain both IL-7-responsive and nonresponsive cells. Transition through the next stages of development (CD4(-)CD8(-)CD25(+)CD44(+ and -)) was associated with responsiveness of all thymocytes within these populations. Passage of thymocytes through beta-selection resulted in a significant reduction in IL-7 sensitivity. In the next phases of development (TCR(-) and TCR(low)CD69(-)), thymocytes were completely insensitive to the effects of IL-7. STAT-5 phosphorylation in response to IL-7 was again observed, however, in thymocytes involved in the positive selection process (TCR(low)CD69(+) and TCR(intermediate)). As expected, CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes were responsive to IL-7. These findings delineate an IL-7-insensitive population between the beta-selection and positive selection checkpoints encompassing thymocytes predicted to die by neglect due to failure of positive selection. This pattern of sensitivity suggests a two-signal mechanism by which survival of thymocytes at these checkpoints is governed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Justin Van De Wiele
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
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14
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Laouar Y, Crispe IN, Flavell RA. Overexpression of IL-7Rα provides a competitive advantage during early T-cell development. Blood 2004; 103:1985-94. [PMID: 14592827 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCritical checkpoints controlling early thymic T-cell development and homeostasis are set by the proper signaling function of the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) and the pre–T-cell antigen receptor. Although αβ T-cell development is observed in IL-7– and IL-7Rα–deficient mice, the number of thymocytes is significantly reduced, implying a role for the IL-7R in controlling the size of the thymic T-cell compartment. Here, we report the overexpression of IL-7Rα that occurs in the early T-cell compartment from AKR/J mice, animals that are highly susceptible to the spontaneous development of thymoma. Increased IL-7Rα was revealed by surface staining, and increased IL-7Rα mRNA was documented by using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This resulted in increased survival of AKR/J early thymocytes, shown by the decreased frequency of TUNEL+ (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate [dUTP]–fluorescein nick end labeling) cells. In an in vivo thymocyte repopulation model, AKR/J thymocytes had a selective advantage over healthy thymocytes. This advantage occurred at early stages of T-cell development. Our findings support the model that overexpression of growth factor receptors can contribute to proliferation and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Laouar
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Ceda St, CAB S-569, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Porter BO, Scibelli P, Malek TR. Control of T cell development in vivo by subdomains within the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain cytoplasmic tail. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:262-9. [PMID: 11123301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
IL-7/IL-7R signaling functions in both growth and differentiation during T cell development. In this study, we examined the extent these activities were controlled by signaling associated with distinct IL-7R alpha cytoplasmic domains by transgenic expression of wild-type or cytoplasmic deletion mutants of IL-7R alpha in the thymi of IL-7R alpha(-/-) mice. We show an essential requirement for the tyrosine-containing carboxyl-terminal T domain in restoring thymic cellularity, pro-/pre-T cell progression, and survival. In contrast, the functional differentiation of TCR alpha beta cells and the development of TCR gamma delta cells are partially independent of the T domain. Thus, separate cytoplasmic domains of the IL-7R alpha chain differentially control distinct functions during T cell development, whereas normal IL-7R-dependent thymic development requires the integrated activity of all these domains.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Targeting
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Porter BO, Malek TR. Thymic and intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocyte development are each regulated by the gammac-dependent cytokines IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15. Semin Immunol 2000; 12:465-74. [PMID: 11085179 DOI: 10.1006/smim.2000.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both thymic and extrathymic T lineage development are characterized by cytokine-dependent regulation of complex proliferative, differentiative, and anti-apoptotic processes. The role of the gammac-dependent cytokines in this program has been interpreted as limited to the activity of IL-7. However, through the analysis of double knock-out mice, which lack signaling through the IL-7R and other gammac-dependent cytokines, we revealed a role for IL-15 in the production of early thymic pro-T cells. Although IL-2 does not function in the production of thymocytes, thymic restoration of IL-2R expression prevented fatal autoimmunity associated with IL-2- or IL-2R-deficient mice, suggesting that IL-2R functions non-redundantly at the level of the thymus to regulate self-reactivity. Moreover, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 also extend their developmental effects beyond the thymus to other sites of T lymphocyte production, including the gut. Here, their redundant and non-redundant activities are directly correlated to the development of phenotypically diverse subsets of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA
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Pallard C, Stegmann AP, van Kleffens T, Smart F, Venkitaraman A, Spits H. Distinct roles of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and STAT5 pathways in IL-7-mediated development of human thymocyte precursors. Immunity 1999; 10:525-35. [PMID: 10367898 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we define the IL-7R-activated signal that promotes survival and proliferation of T cell progenitors and demonstrate that it is distinct from the signals that induce differentiation. We show that IL-7 activates PKB and STAT5 in human thymocytes. Into T cell precursors we introduced chimeric receptors with a cytoplasmic domain of the IL-7R that is no longer able to activate PI-3K/PKB and STAT5 and tested the transduced cells in a fetal thymic organ culture. We also examined the T cell precursor activity of progenitors expressing dominant-negative forms of PI-3K or STAT5B. These experiments revealed that PI-3K/PKB activation is essential for the survival and proliferation of T cell precursors and suggest that STAT5 activated by IL-7 mediates T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pallard
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam
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Lai SY, Molden J, Goldsmith MA. Shared gamma(c) subunit within the human interleukin-7 receptor complex. A molecular basis for the pathogenesis of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:169-77. [PMID: 9005984 PMCID: PMC507783 DOI: 10.1172/jci119144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence suggests that mutations in the gamma(c) receptor subunit cause X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID). The gamma(c) subunit can be employed in receptor complexes for IL-2, -4, -7, -9, and -15, and the multiple signaling defects that would result from a defective gamma(c) chain in these receptors are proposed to cause the severe phenotype of X-SCID patients. Interestingly, gene disruption of either IL-7 or the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) alpha subunit in mice leads to immunological defects that are similar to human X-SCID. These observations suggest the functional importance of gamma(c) in the IL-7R complex. In the present study, structure/function analyses of the IL-7R complex using a chimeric receptor system demonstrated that gamma(c) is indeed critical for IL-7R function. Nonetheless, only a limited portion of the cytoplasmic domain of gamma(c) is necessary for IL-7R signal transduction. Furthermore, replacement of the gamma(c) cytoplasmic domain by a severely truncated erythropoeitin receptor does not affect measured IL-7R signaling events. These findings support a model in which gamma(c) serves primarily to activate signal transduction by the IL-7R complex, while IL-7R alpha determines specific signaling events through its association with cytoplasmic signaling molecules. Finally, these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the molecular pathogenesis of X-SCID is due primarily to gamma(c)-mediated defects in the IL-7/IL-7R system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lai
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, USA
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Foxwell BM, Beadling C, Guschin D, Kerr I, Cantrell D. Interleukin-7 can induce the activation of Jak 1, Jak 3 and STAT 5 proteins in murine T cells. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:3041-6. [PMID: 7489741 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830251109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The activation of Janus protein tyrosine kinases (Jak) and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins has recently been linked to the signal transduction mechanism of several cytokines. IL-7 was observed to induce a rapid and dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak 1 and Jak 3 and concomitantly, the tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of multiple STAT proteins. The STAT proteins utilized by IL-7 were identical to those induced by IL-2 and could be identified as various STAT 5 isoforms. Moreover, the induction of both Jak 1 and 3, and STAT 5 activity strongly correlated with the growth-promoting effects of IL-7, suggesting that this signal transduction mechanism may play a key role in IL-7-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Foxwell
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, GB
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Kooijman R, Lauf JJ, Kappers AC, Rijkers GT. Insulin-like growth factor induces phosphorylation of immunoreactive insulin receptor substrate and its association with phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in human thymocytes. J Exp Med 1995; 182:593-7. [PMID: 7543144 PMCID: PMC2192136 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.2.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is the principle cellular substrate for insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor signaling. After phosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the YMXM or YXXM motifs, IRS-1 associates with phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). This signaling pathway and the presence of an IRS-1-like molecule have been demonstrated in IRS-1-transfected and in nontransfected hematopoietic cell lines, respectively. IGF-I has been implicated in lymphocyte development and function, and recently, we showed that functional type-I IGF receptors are present on human thymocytes and peripheral T cells. In this study, we addressed IGF-I signal transduction in nontransformed, freshly isolated, human thymocytes, as well as in blood T cells. Using Western blot analysis, we found that IGF-I induced phosphorylation of a 160-180-kD protein (pp170) in human thymocytes and that phosphorylated pp170 becomes associated with PI3K and is recognized by anti-IRS-1. In blood T cells, this immunoreactive IRS-1 (irIRS-1) is less abundantly expressed than in thymocytes, as assessed with immunoblotting. As a consequence, phosphorylated pp170 was not or hardly detectable after stimulation with IGF-I, and irIRS-1 was not detected in PI3K immunoprecipitates from lysates of IGF-I-stimulated T cells. However, IGF-I induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of other cellular proteins, indicating that differential expression of irIRS-1 contributes to a distinct signaling pathway in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kooijman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Children and Youth Het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Brain/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Therapy
- Hematopoiesis/drug effects
- Hematopoiesis/physiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Infections/physiopathology
- Interleukin-7/genetics
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Interleukin-7/physiology
- Interleukin-7/therapeutic use
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Appasamy
- Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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