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Matsumi S, Kimura SI, Nakamura Y, Kawamura M, Takeshita J, Kawamura S, Yoshino N, Misaki Y, Yoshimura K, Gomyo A, Okada Y, Akahoshi Y, Tamaki M, Kusuda M, Kameda K, Wada H, Tanihara A, Sato M, Nakasone H, Kako S, Kanda Y. Substitution of calcineurin inhibitors with corticosteroids after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2023; 118:450-461. [PMID: 37480446 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Combination of calcineurin inhibitors (CIs) with short-term methotrexate is a standard prophylactic regimen for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, it is sometimes difficult to continue CIs due to adverse effects, such as renal impairment and fluid overload. In such cases, we replace CIs with corticosteroids, considering that full dose of CIs is equivalent to prednisolone (PSL) at 1 mg/kg. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical significance of replacement of CIs with corticosteroids after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We evaluated 42 patients switched from CIs to corticosteroids within 90 days among the 479 patients who underwent allogeneic HCT at our center between 2007 and 2019. Renal impairment (n = 33), fluid overload (n = 13), and thrombotic microangiopathy (n = 3) were the main reasons for switching. Although creatinine and body weight returned to baseline at 4 weeks after switching, 100-day non-relapse mortality was high (57.1%). Grade II-IV acute GVHD was seen in 10 (24.4%) patients who did not have it before switching treatment (n = 41). In conclusion, CIs were switched to corticosteroids in patients with severe clinical conditions. The incidence of acute GVHD was acceptable. Although the short-term mortality rate was high, improvement of renal function or fluid overload was observed in a certain proportion of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Matsumi
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nakamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Junko Takeshita
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shunto Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshino
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Yukiko Misaki
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshimura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Ayumi Gomyo
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okada
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Akahoshi
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tamaki
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Machiko Kusuda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kameda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wada
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Aki Tanihara
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Sato
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kako
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan.
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Shahbazi F, Farvadi F, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Ataei S, Shojaei L. Potential nephroprotective effects of resveratrol in drug induced nephrotoxicity: a narrative review of safety and efficacy data. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Farouk SS, Rein JL. The Many Faces of Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity-What the FK? Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2020; 27:56-66. [PMID: 32147003 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are both the savior and Achilles' heel of kidney transplantation. Although CNIs have significantly reduced rates of acute rejection, their numerous toxicities can plague kidney transplant recipients. By 10 years, virtually all allografts will have evidence of CNI nephrotoxicity. CNIs have been strongly associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and new onset of diabetes after transplantation-significantly contributing to cardiovascular risk in the kidney transplant recipient. Multiple electrolyte derangements including hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, metabolic acidosis, and hyperuricemia may be challenging to manage for the clinician. Finally, CNI-associated tremor, gingival hyperplasia, and defects in hair growth can have a significant impact on the transplant recipient's quality of life. In this review, the authors briefly discuss the pharmacokinetics of CNI and discuss the numerous clinically relevant toxicities of commonly used CNIs, cyclosporine and tacrolimus.
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Xu M, Garcia-Aroz S, Banan B, Wang X, Rabe BJ, Zhou F, Nayak DK, Zhang Z, Jia J, Upadhya GA, Manning PT, Gaut JP, Lin Y, Chapman WC. Enhanced immunosuppression improves early allograft function in a porcine kidney transplant model of donation after circulatory death. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:713-723. [PMID: 30152136 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It remains controversial whether renal allografts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) have a higher risk of acute rejection (AR). In the porcine large animal kidney transplant model, we investigated the AR and function of DCD renal allografts compared to the non-DCD renal allografts and the effects of increased immunosuppression. We found that the AR was significantly increased along with elevated MHC-I expression in the DCD transplants receiving low-dose immunosuppression; however, AR and renal function were significantly improved when given high-dose immunosuppressive therapy postoperatively. Also, high-dose immunosuppression remarkably decreased the mRNA levels of ifn-g, il-6, tgf-b, il-4, and tnf-a in the allograft at day 5 and decreased serum cytokines levels of IFN-g and IL-17 at day 4 and day 5 after operation. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that higher immunosuppression decreased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells-p65, increased phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, and reduced the expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 in the renal allografts. These results suggest that the DCD renal allograft seems to be more vulnerable to AR; enhanced immunosuppression reduces DCD-associated AR and improves early allograft function in a preclinical large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandra Garcia-Aroz
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Babak Banan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian J Rabe
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fangyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deepak K Nayak
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jianluo Jia
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gundumi A Upadhya
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Joseph P Gaut
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Agunloye OM, Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Ademosun AO, Akindahunsi AA, Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Ajibade TO, Adedapo AA. Cardio-protective and antioxidant properties of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid: Mechanistic role of angiotensin converting enzyme, cholinesterase and arginase activities in cyclosporine induced hypertensive rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:450-458. [PMID: 30399581 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CAA) and chlorogenic acid (CHA) are important members of hydroxycinnamic acid with natural antioxidant and cardio-protective properties. The present study aimed to determine the effect of CAA and CHA on systolic blood pressure, heart rates (HR) as well as on the activity of the angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butrylcholinesterase (BChE) and arginase in cyclosporine-induced hypertensive rats. Experimental rats were distributed into 7 groups (n = 6): normotensive control rats; hypertensive rats (induced rats) as well as hypertensive- treated groups with captopril (10 mg/kg/day), CAA (10 and 15 mg/kg/day) and CHA (10 and 15 mg/kg/day), respectively. The experiment lasted for 7 days and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rates were recorded using tail-cuff method. Oral administration of captopril, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid normalized hypertensive effect caused by cyclosporine administration. CAA and CHA significantly (P < 0.05) reduced SBP and HR, activity of ACE, AChE, BChE and arginase in the treated hypertensive rats compared with cyclosporine induced-hypertensive rats. Likewise, CAA and CHA improved nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, increased catalase activity and reduced glutathione content while malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reduced compared with cyclosporine hypertensive rats. Findings from this study shows that CAA and CHA exhibited blood pressure lowering properties and reduced activities of key enzymes linked to the pathogenesis of hypertension in cyclosporine-induced rats. These might be some of the possible mechanisms of action by which their cardio-protective properties are exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odunayo Michael Agunloye
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria.
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - Adedayo Oluwaseun Ademiluyi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - Ayokunle Olubode Ademosun
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - Akintunde Afolabi Akindahunsi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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El-Bassossy HM, Eid BG. Cyclosporine A exhibits gender-specific nephrotoxicity in rats: Effect on renal tissue inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:468-472. [PMID: 29127010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CSA) is a widely used immunosuppressant drug known to commonly cause cardio and nephrotoxicity. A study looking at the sex specificity of the cardiotoxicity of CSA revealed that sexual dimorphism existed when looking at the electrocardiographs and left ventricles of CSA-treated rats. We hypothesized that cyclosporine A exhibited gender-specific nephrotoxicity by testing various parameters of kidney function in male and female rats treated for 21 days with 15 mg/kg CSA versus control male and female rats that received a vehicle consisting of 18% kolliphore and 2% ethanol in sterile saline. It was found that male rats treated with CSA had significantly higher levels of serum creatinine and lower creatinine clearance than control males. However, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were not affected by CSA treatment in females. Histopathological examination of kidney cross-sections revealed a heavy aggregation of inflammatory cells and significant vascular congestion in males treated with CSA, which was less prominent in female rats receiving CSA. In addition CSA treated male rats had higher levels of serum cholesterol compared with control while, CSA did not affect serum cholesterol in female rats. Kidney tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were found to drop in female rats following CSA treatment, whereas no change was observed in male rats before and after treatment. These results suggest that CSA exhibits gender-related nephrotoxicity in rats that might be mediated by differences in the inflammatory response between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Basma G Eid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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El-Kashef DH, El-Kenawi AE, Suddek GM, Salem HA. Allicin ameliorates kidney function and urinary bladder sensitivity in cyclosporine A-treated rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:681-691. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116660864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine-A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug which has been used to prevent rejection after organ transplantation and to treat certain autoimmune diseases. However, its therapeutic use is limited by nephrotoxicity. In this study, the modulator effect of allicin on the oxidative nephrotoxicity of CsA in rats was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of allicin on CsA-induced hypersensitivity of urinary bladder rings to acetylcholine (ACh) was estimated. Rats were divided into three groups, control, CsA (15 mg/kg, subcutaneously), and CsA/allicin (50 mg/kg, orally). At the end of the study, all rats were killed and then blood, urine samples, and kidneys were taken. CsA administration caused a severe nephrotoxicity which was evidenced by elevated kidney/body weight ratio, serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, and urinary protein with a concomitant reduction in serum albumin and Cr clearance as compared with control. A significant increase in renal contents of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with a significant decrease in renal reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase activities, and nitric oxide (NOx) content was detected upon CsA administration. Exposure to CsA increased the sensitivity of isolated urinary bladder rings to ACh. Histological analysis revealed that CsA caused tubular necrosis and moderate diffuse tubular atrophy. Allicin protected kidney tissue against the oxidative damage and the nephrotoxic effect of CsA and significantly reduced the responses of isolated bladder rings to ACh. Our study indicates that allicin administration has the potential to protect against CsA-induced renal injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation and restoring NOx level.
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Affiliation(s)
- DH El-Kashef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - AE El-Kenawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - GM Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - HA Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Damiano S, Ciarcia R, Montagnaro S, Pagnini U, Garofano T, Capasso G, Florio S, Giordano A. Prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine-A: role of antioxidants. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:364-9. [PMID: 25418335 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a powerful immunosuppressive drug used to prevent allograft rejection after organ transplantation as well as in human and veterinary medicine. Unfortunately, its use is hampered by its nephrotoxic effects. The mechanisms of CsA-induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity are not clear, but several studies suggest the possible involvement of free radicals. In this review we have summarized the effect of some antioxidants that we have used in the recent years, in combination with CsA, to better understand the exact mechanism of action of CsA and to try to open new perspectives in the treatment of CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", 80137, Naples, Italy
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Seibert FS, Steltzer J, Melilli E, Grannas G, Pagonas N, Bauer F, Zidek W, Grinyó J, Westhoff TH. Differential impact of belatacept and cyclosporine A on central aortic blood pressure and arterial stiffness after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2014; 28:1004-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Seibert
- Medizinische Klinik I; Universitätsklinik Marienhospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Herne Germany
- Department of Nephrology; Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin; Berlin Germany
| | - Julia Steltzer
- Medizinische Klinik I; Universitätsklinik Marienhospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Herne Germany
| | - Eduardo Melilli
- Department of Nephrology; Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge; Barcelona Spain
| | - Gerrit Grannas
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation; University of Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Nikolaos Pagonas
- Medizinische Klinik I; Universitätsklinik Marienhospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Herne Germany
- Department of Nephrology; Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin; Berlin Germany
| | - Frederic Bauer
- Medizinische Klinik I; Universitätsklinik Marienhospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Herne Germany
- Department of Nephrology; Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin; Berlin Germany
| | - Walter Zidek
- Medizinische Klinik I; Universitätsklinik Marienhospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Herne Germany
| | - Josep Grinyó
- Department of Nephrology; Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge; Barcelona Spain
| | - Timm H. Westhoff
- Medizinische Klinik I; Universitätsklinik Marienhospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Herne Germany
- Department of Nephrology; Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin; Berlin Germany
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Ciarcia R, Damiano S, Fiorito F, Granato G, Pagnini F, Mastellone V, Iovane V, Alfano L, Valenti F, Florio S, Giordano A. Hydrocortisone attenuates cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:997-1004. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Arellano-Mendoza MG, Vargas-Robles H, Del Valle-Mondragon L, Rios A, Escalante B. Prevention of renal injury and endothelial dysfunction by chronic L-arginine and antioxidant treatment. Ren Fail 2011; 33:47-53. [PMID: 21219205 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2010.541583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of vitamins with antioxidant properties (a combination of vitamins C and E) and L-arginine treatment on renal failure in mice by measuring survival rate. The molecular changes were elucidated by determining endothelial tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels and nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression in mice with renal ablation. Previous studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction in 5/6 nephrectomized mice is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased vascular superoxide production. WTC57 mice were divided into three groups: Group 1 was the sham-operated group (C); Group 2 was the 5/6 nephrectomized group (Nfx); and Group 3 was a group of 5/6 nephrectomized mice, treated with L-arginine and vitamins with antioxidant properties (NfxTx; 200 mg/kg L-arginine, 83 mg/kg vitamin C, and 46.6 mg/kg vitamin E). After 20 weeks of treatment, urinary protein excretion, blood pressure, BH4 and dihydrobiopterin (BH2) levels, eNOS mRNA, oxidative stress, and survival rate were determined. An increase in urinary protein excretion, blood pressure, and oxidative stress was prevented in the NfxTx group, but not in the Nfx group. BH4 and eNOS mRNA expression was increased by 32% and 78%, respectively, in the NfxTx group. Furthermore, the treatment increased the survival rate by 33%. Our results indicate that under normal conditions, NO appears to protect renal function. However, this NO-dependent protection is lost during kidney failure, probably due to increased reactive oxygen species synthesis. The treatment restores the viability of NO and prevents the BH4 oxidation. Therefore, this treatment may represent a therapeutic approach for the management of kidney disease.
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Mariee AD, Abd-Ellah MF. Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid against cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: a possible mechanism of action. Ren Fail 2011; 33:66-71. [PMID: 21219208 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2010.541584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether, and how then, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could alleviate the cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity. Three main groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with CsA (25 mg/kg), DHA (100 mg/kg), and CsA along with DHA. A corresponding control group was also used. DHA administration significantly reduced CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and associated hyperlipidemia and proteinuria as assessed by estimating serum triacylglycerol, serum total cholesterol, serum total protein, serum urea, and creatinine clearance. Furthermore, urinary excretions of protein and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were significantly inhibited following DHA administration. DHA supplementation slightly attenuated the oxidative damage in kidney tissues as evaluated by the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances and protein carbonyl content in the kidney homogenate, although there were no significant differences between CsA-intoxicated and DHA-treated animals. Moreover, DHA treatment significantly restored total nitric oxide (NO) levels in both renal tissues and urine. This study demonstrates the ability of DHA to ameliorate CsA-induced renal dysfunction, which might be beneficial to enhance the therapeutic index of CsA. The data suggest that the protective potential of DHA in the prevention of CsA nephrotoxicity in rats was mainly associated with the increase of total NO bioavailability in renal tissues. Nevertheless, the exact independent mechanism in which DHA exerts its beneficial effect is yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Darwish Mariee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Seibert F, Behrendt C, Schmidt S, van der Giet M, Zidek W, Westhoff TH. Differential effects of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on arterial function. Transpl Int 2011; 24:708-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Charlton MR, Wall WJ, Ojo AO, Ginès P, Textor S, Shihab FS, Marotta P, Cantarovich M, Eason JD, Wiesner RH, Ramsay MA, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Neuberger JM, Feng S, Davis CL, Gonwa TA. Report of the first international liver transplantation society expert panel consensus conference on renal insufficiency in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:S1-34. [PMID: 19877213 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Ramírez V, Trujillo J, Valdes R, Uribe N, Cruz C, Gamba G, Bobadilla NA. Adrenalectomy prevents renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F932-42. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00252.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spironolactone treatment prevents renal damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), suggesting that renoprotection conferred by spironolactone is mediated by mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade. It is possible, however, that this effect is due to other mechanisms. Therefore, this study evaluated whether adrenalectomy prevented renal damage induced by I/R. Three groups of Wistar rats were studied: 1) a group subjected to a sham surgery, 2) a group subjected to bilateral I/R, and 3) a group of rats in which adrenal glands were removed 3 days before induction of I/R. As expected, I/R resulted in renal dysfunction and severe tubular injury that was associated with a significant increase in tubular damage markers. In contrast, there was no renal dysfunction or tubular injury in rats that were adrenalectomized before I/R. These effects were demonstrated by normalization of glomerular filtration rate, markers of oxidative stress, and tubular injury markers in adrenalectomized rats. The renoprotection observed was associated with the reestablishment of nitric oxide metabolites, increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and its activating phosphorylation, as well as normalization of Rho-kinase expression and ETA mRNA levels. Our results show that aldosterone plays a central role in the pathogenesis of renal damage induced by I/R and that MR blockade may be a promising strategy that opens a new therapeutic option for preventing acute renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ramírez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and
- Departments of 2Nephrology,
| | - Joyce Trujillo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and
- Departments of 2Nephrology,
| | - Rafael Valdes
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and
- Departments of 2Nephrology,
| | - Norma Uribe
- Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and
- Departments of 2Nephrology,
| | - Norma A. Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and
- Departments of 2Nephrology,
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Chander V, Chopra K. Nifedipine Attenuates Changes in Nitric Oxide Levels, Renal Oxidative Stress, and Nephrotoxicity Induced by Cyclosporine. Ren Fail 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jdi-65240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Deng A, Thomson SC. Renal NMDA receptors independently stimulate proximal reabsorption and glomerular filtration. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F976-82. [PMID: 19279130 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90391.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA) are expressed in the kidney, where little is known of their functional role. Several series of micropuncture experiments were performed in hydropenic rats using the NMDA channel blocker, MK801, and the NMDA coagonist, L-glycine, to probe NMDA for effects on single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and proximal reabsorption (J(prox)). During intravenous infusion of MK801 or L-glycine, Henle's loop was perfused to manipulate SNGFR via tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), thereby facilitating analysis of glomerulotubular balance. To confirm local actions on the kidney, MK801 was delivered to the glomerulus by microperfusion past the macula densa and to the proximal tubule by microperfusion into the early S1 segment. By all measures, MK801 acted on the glomerulus to reduce SNGFR, and acted on the proximal tubule to suppress J(prox), while having no effect on the responsiveness of TGF. L-Glycine raised SNGFR, dampened the TGF response, and could not be proved to independently stimulate proximal reabsorption. NMDA exerts a tonic vasodilatory influence on the glomerulus and a proreabsorptive effect on the proximal tubule. These combined effects allow NMDA to modulate SNGFR with minimal impact on late proximal flow. The full effects of L-glycine infusion on proximal tubule and TGF response do not extrapolate from the response to NMDA blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine and VASDHS, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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18
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Btaiche IF, Mohammad RA, Alaniz C, Mueller BA. Amino Acid Requirements in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Treated with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28:600-13. [DOI: 10.1592/phco.28.5.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ruiz M, Singh P, Thomson SC, Munger K, Blantz RC, Gabbai FB. L-arginine-induced glomerular hyperfiltration response: the roles of insulin and ANG II. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1744-51. [PMID: 18353876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00871.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infusion of L-arginine produces an increase in glomerular filtration via kidney vasodilation, correlating with increased kidney excretion of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, but the specific underlying mechanisms are unknown. We utilized clearance and micropuncture techniques to examine the whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and single nephron GFR (SNGFR) responses to 1) L-arginine (ARG), 2) ARG+octreotide (OCT) to block insulin release, 3) ARG+OCT+insulin (INS) infusion to duplicate ARG-induced insulin levels, and 4) losartan (LOS), an angiotensin AT-1 receptor blocker, +ARG+OCT. ARG infusion increased GFR, while increasing insulin levels. OCT coinfusion prevented this increase in GFR, but with insulin infusion to duplicate ARG induced rise in insulin, the GFR response was restored. Identical insulin levels in the absence of ARG had no effect on GFR. In contrast to ARG infusion alone, coinfusion of OCT with ARG reduced proximal tubular fractional and absolute reabsorption potentially activating tubuloglomerular feedback. Losartan infusion, in addition to ARG and OCT (LOS+ARG+OCT), restored the increase in both SNGFR and proximal tubular reabsorption, without increasing insulin levels. In conclusion, 1) hyperfiltration responses to ARG require the concurrent, modest, permissive increase in insulin; 2) inhibition of insulin release after ARG reduces proximal reabsorption and prevents the hyperfiltration response; and 3) inhibition of ANG II activity restores the hyperfiltration response, maintains parallel increases in proximal reabsorption, and overrides the arginine/octreotide actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, VA San Diego Healthcare System and the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
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21
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Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T. Interaction of Endothelial Nitric Oxide and Angiotensin in the Circulation. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:54-87. [PMID: 17329548 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of the unexpected intercellular messenger and transmitter nitric oxide (NO) was the highlight of highly competitive investigations to identify the nature of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. This labile, gaseous molecule plays obligatory roles as one of the most promising physiological regulators in cardiovascular function. Its biological effects include vasodilatation, increased regional blood perfusion, lowering of systemic blood pressure, and antithrombosis and anti-atherosclerosis effects, which counteract the vascular actions of endogenous angiotensin (ANG) II. Interactions of these vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances in the circulation have been a topic that has drawn the special interest of both cardiovascular researchers and clinicians. Therapeutic agents that inhibit the synthesis and action of ANG II are widely accepted to be essential in treating circulatory and metabolic dysfunctions, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and increased availability of NO is one of the most important pharmacological mechanisms underlying their beneficial actions. ANG II provokes vascular actions through various receptor subtypes (AT1, AT2, and AT4), which are differently involved in NO synthesis and actions. ANG II and its derivatives, ANG III, ANG IV, and ANG-(1-7), alter vascular contractility with different mechanisms of action in relation to NO. This review article summarizes information concerning advances in research on interactions between NO and ANG in reference to ANG receptor subtypes, radical oxygen species, particularly superoxide anions, ANG-converting enzyme inhibitors, and ANG receptor blockers in patients with cardiovascular disease, healthy individuals, and experimental animals. Interactions of ANG and endothelium-derived relaxing factor other than NO, such as prostaglandin I2 and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Toda
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Japan.
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Khan M, Shobha JC, Mohan IK, Rao Naidu MU, Prayag A, Kutala VK. Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 26:444-51. [PMID: 16858688 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine (CsA) causes a dose-related decrease in renal function in experimental animals and humans. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. It was previously shown that Spirulina, a blue-green algae, with antioxidant properties effectively attenuated the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. The present study investigated the nephroprotective role of Spirulina against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Spirulina (500 mg kg(-1) b.w.) was administered orally for 3 days before and 14 days concurrently with CsA (50 mg kg-1 b.w.). Rats treated with CsA showed nephrotoxicity as evidenced from a significant elevation in plasma urea, creatinine, urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) and a decrease in creatinine and lithium clearance. Pretreatment with Spirulina protected the rats from CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. The CsA-induced rise in plasma urea and creatinine and the decrease in creatinine and lithium clearance were attenuated by Spirulina. There was a significant increase in plasma and kidney tissue MDA with CsA. Spirulina prevented the rise in plasma and kidney tissue MDA. Histopathology of the kidney from CsA-treated rats showed severe isometric vacuolization and widening of the interstitium. However, pretreatment with Spirulina prevented such changes, and the kidney morphology was comparable to that of the control. Spirulina treatment did not alter the blood CsA levels. These results suggest that Spirulina has a protective effect against nephrotoxicity induced by CsA. This study further supports the crucial role of the antioxidant nature of Spirulina in protecting against CsA-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500 082, India
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23
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Westhoff TH, Straub-Hohenbleicher H, Basdorf M, van der Giet S, Schmidt S, Offermann G, Schlattmann P, Zidek W, van der Giet M. Time-Dependent Effects of Cadaveric Renal Transplantation on Arterial Compliance in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Transplantation 2006; 81:1410-4. [PMID: 16732178 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000209418.67546.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Increased arterial stiffness is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in these patients. In the present study, we investigated the time-dependent effects of cadaveric renal transplantation on arterial elasticity in end-stage renal disease patients. METHODS Thirty-six patients underwent successful cadaveric kidney transplantation. Pulse-wave analysis of the radial artery was performed prior to transplantation (day 0) and at six defined intervals after transplantation (day 1 to 90). Compliance of large conduit arteries (C1) and of small resistance arteries (C2) was assessed using a modified Windkessel model of the circulation. RESULTS Both large artery and small artery compliance were transiently improved within the first four weeks posttransplant reaching a maximum of 122 +/- 42% (C1) and 147 +/- 93% (C2) between day 19 and 23. After the first month, however, elasticity gradually deteriorated to reach baseline values three months after transplantation again. CONCLUSION The benefits of cadaveric renal transplantation on oscillatory and capacitive artery compliance are only transient. It may be speculated that the subacute and long-term vasoactive effects of calcineurin inhibitors counteract the metabolic benefits of increased renal function on the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm H Westhoff
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Nephrology, Charité--Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Thomson SC, Deng A, Wead L, Richter K, Blantz RC, Vallon V. An unexpected role for angiotensin II in the link between dietary salt and proximal reabsorption. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1110-6. [PMID: 16557296 PMCID: PMC1409739 DOI: 10.1172/jci26092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to confirm the long-held, but untested, assumption that dietary salt affects proximal reabsorption through reciprocal effects on the renin-angiotensin system in a way that facilitates salt homeostasis. Wistar rats were fed standard or high-salt diets for 7 days and then subjected to renal micropuncture for determination of single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) and proximal reabsorption. The tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) system was used as a tool to manipulate SNGFR in order to distinguish primary changes in net proximal reabsorption (Jprox) from changes due to glomerulotubular balance. The influence of Ang II over Jprox was determined by the sensitivity of Jprox to the AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan. Plasma, whole kidneys, and fluid from midproximal tubules were assayed for Ang II content by radioimmunoassay. In rats on the standard diet, losartan reduced Jprox by 25% and reduced the maximum range of the TGF response by 50%. The high-salt diet suppressed plasma and whole-kidney Ang II levels. But the high-salt diet failed to reduce the impact of losartan on Jprox or the TGF response and actually caused tubular fluid Ang II content to increase. The persistent effect of Ang II on Jprox prevented a major rise in late proximal flow rate in response to the high-salt diet. These observations challenge the traditional model and indicate that the role of proximal tubular Ang II in salt-replete rats is to stabilize nephron function rather than to contribute to salt homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Thomson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology - Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
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25
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Fuiano G, Mancuso D, Indolfi C, Mongiardo A, Sabbatini M, Conte G, De Nicola L, Minutolo R, Mazza G, Cianfrone P, Andreucci M. Early detection of progressive renal dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Kidney Int 2006; 68:2773-80. [PMID: 16316352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between renal hemodynamic dysfunction and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been documented in chronic renal failure; however, no information is available in CAD patients with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study was aimed at evaluating early abnormalities and outcome of renal function in CAD patients. METHODS In 15 nondiabetic patients with normal renal function and no significant stenoses in renal arteries, and having undergone coronary arteriography, we studied systemic and renal hemodynamics before and after a vasodilating stimulus induced by aminoacid (AA) infusion. A control group (C) consisted of 15 sex- and age-matched kidney donors. The statistical adequacy of the sample size was preliminarily verified. Renal clearances were repeated after two years. RESULTS At baseline, GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) averaged 81.4 +/- 3.8 in CAD and 83.7 +/- 1.4 in C (P= NS); RPF (mL/min/1.73 m2) was 297 +/- 22 in CAD and 456 +/- 15 in C (P < 0.0001); filtration fraction was higher in CAD (P < 0.001). Plasma renin activity was higher in CAD (P < 0.005). The number of coronary stenoses was inversely correlated with RPF but not with GFR. In CAD, at variance with C, AA did not induce any increment of GFR, while RPF increased without achieving the unstimulated value of C. Blood pressure was comparable in CAD and C at baseline and not modified by AA. After two years, a significant decrease in GFR (-14%, P < 0.001) and RPF (-15%, P < 0.001) occurred only in CAD, and in either group, the response to AA did not differ from that detected at baseline. CONCLUSION In CAD patients with normal GFR, reduction in renal perfusion and absence of renal functional reserve likely represent early markers of progressive renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Fuiano
- Departments of Nephrology, and Cardiology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Tirkey N, Kaur G, Vij G, Chopra K. Curcumin, a diferuloylmethane, attenuates cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in rat kidneys. BMC Pharmacol 2005; 5:15. [PMID: 16225695 PMCID: PMC1277828 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In India, Curcumin (CMN) is popularly known as "Haldi", and has been well studied due to its economic importance. Traditional Indian medicine claims the use of its powder against biliary disorders, anorexia, coryza, cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorder, rheumatism and sinusitis. This study was designed to examine the possible beneficial effect of CMN in preventing the acute renal failure and related oxidative stress caused by chronic administration of cyclosporine (CsA) in rats. CMN was administered concurrently with CsA (20 mg/kg/day s.c) for 21 days. Oxidative stress in kidney tissue homogenates was estimated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT). Nitrite levels were estimated in serum and tissue homogenates. Results CsA administration for 21 days produced elevated levels of TBARS and marked depletion of renal endogenous antioxidant enzymes and deteriorated the renal function as assessed by increased serum creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and decreased creatinine and urea clearance as compared to vehicle treated rats. CMN markedly reduced elevated levels of TBARS, significantly attenuated renal dysfunction increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes in CsA treated rats and normalized the altered renal morphology. Conclusion In conclusion our study showed that CMN through its antioxidant activity effectively salvaged CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Tirkey
- Pharmacology division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Gaganjit Kaur
- Pharmacology division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Garima Vij
- Pharmacology division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
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Deng A, Miracle CM, Suarez JM, Lortie M, Satriano J, Thomson SC, Munger KA, Blantz RC. Metabolic acidosis: an unrecognized cause of morbidity in the patient with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005; 68:723-30. [PMID: 16014049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In patients with chronic kidney disease, metabolic acidosis can occur as a result of insufficient ammoniagenesis within the damaged kidney. This, in turn, can bring about a variety of sequella that have their basis in hormonal and cellular abnormalities that effect stunted growth, loss of muscle and bone mass, and negative nitrogen balance. Cellular mechanisms accounting for these findings are reviewed. In bone, metabolic acidosis causes direct dissolution of bone; ostoeclastic activity is increased while osteoblastic activity is suppressed. In muscle, branched-chain amino acid oxidation is increased and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is activated: muscle wasting results. Even a modest degree of metabolic acidosis can be harmful and can initiate a series of maladaptive responses that are not easily reversed, although there is evidence that alkali therapy can be beneficial in reversing these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Deng
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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Chander V, Tirkey N, Chopra K. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin protects against cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity through nitric oxide dependent mechanism. Toxicology 2005; 210:55-64. [PMID: 15804458 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent and effective immunosuppressive agent, but its use is frequently accompanied by severe renal toxicity. The causes for the nephrotoxicity of CsA have not been fully elucidated. Intrarenal vasoconstriction induced by several different mediators, both in humans and experimental animals have been proposed. The present study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of resveratrol on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity and to explore the possible mechanism involved in resveratrol's effect. Eight groups of rats were employed in this study, group 1 served as control, group 2 rats were treated with olive oil (vehicle for CsA), group 3 rats were treated with CsA (20 mg/kg, s.c. for 21 days), groups 4, 5 and 6 received CsA along with resveratrol (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o. 24 h before and 21 days concurrently), respectively, group 7 rats were treated with NOS inhibitor, L-NAME (10 mg/kg) along with resveratrol and CsA and group 8 rats received L-NAME along with CsA. CsA administration for 21 days resulted in a marked renal oxidative stress, significantly deranged the renal functions, reduced the tissue and urine nitrite levels and markedly altered the renal morphology. Treatment with resveratrol (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly improved the renal dysfunction; tissue and urine total nitric oxide levels, renal oxidative stress and prevented the alterations in renal morphology. Concurrent administration of L-NAME blocked the protective effect of resveratrol indicating that resveratrol exerts its protective effect by releasing nitric oxide. These results clearly demonstrate the pivotal role of nitric oxide in etiology of CsA nephrotoxicity and indicate the renoprotective potential of resveratrol in CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chander
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Chander V, Chopra K. Effect of molsidomine and l-arginine in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: role of nitric oxide. Toxicology 2005; 207:463-74. [PMID: 15664273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent and effective immunosuppressive agent, but its action is frequently accompanied by severe renal toxicity. To determine if the renal alterations are mediated directly by cyclosporine or by secondary homodynamic alterations induced by cyclosporine, we evaluated if L-arginine and a nitric oxide donor, molsidomine could prevent these alterations. Eight groups of rats were employed in this study, group 1 served as control, group 2 rats were treated with CsA (20 mg/kg, s.c. for 21 days), group 3 received CsA along with L-arginine (125 mg/kg in drinking water concurrently with CsA), groups 4 and 5 received CsA along with molsidomine (5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o. 24 h before and 21 days concurrently with CsA), group 6 received CsA along with L-arginine (125 mg/l in drinking water concurrently with CsA) and L-NAME (10 mg/kg), groups 7 and 8 received L-NAME (10 mg/kg) along with CsA and molsidomine (5 and 10 mg/kg), respectively. Renal function was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance. Tissue and urine nitrite and nitrate levels were measured to estimate the total nitric oxide levels. The renal oxidative stress was measured by renal malondialdehyde levels, reduced glutathione levels and by enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Renal morphological alterations were assessed by histopathological examination. CsA administration for 21 days resulted in a marked renal oxidative stress, significantly deranged the renal functions as well as renal morphology. Treatment with L-arginine as well as with molsidomine significantly improved the renal dysfunction; tissue and urine total nitric oxide levels, renal oxidative stress and prevented the alterations in renal morphology. This protection against CsA nephrotoxicity was attenuated by treatment with L-NAME, clearly indicating that NO plays a pivotal role in renoprotective effect of L-arginine and molsidomine against cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chander
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Cherla G, Jaimes EA. Role of L-arginine in the pathogenesis and treatment of renal disease. J Nutr 2004; 134:2801S-2806S; discussion 2818S-2819S. [PMID: 15465789 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2801s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine is a semi essential amino acid and also a substrate for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, and agmatine. These L-arginine metabolites may participate in the pathogenesis of renal disease and constitute the rationale for manipulating L-arginine metabolism as a strategy to ameliorate kidney disease. Modification of dietary L-arginine intake in experimental models of kidney diseases has been shown to have both beneficial as well as deleterious effects depending on the specific model studied. L-arginine supplementation in animal models of glomerulonephritis has been shown to be detrimental, probably by increasing the production of NO from increased local expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). L-arginine supplementation does not modify the course of renal disease in humans with chronic glomerular diseases. However, beneficial effects of L-arginine supplementation have been reported in several models of chronic kidney disease including renal ablation, ureteral obstruction, nephropathy secondary to diabetes, and salt-sensitive hypertension. L-arginine is reduced in preeclampsia and recent experimental studies indicate that L-arginine supplementation may be beneficial in attenuating the symptoms of preeclampsia. Administration of exogenous L-arginine has been shown to be protective in ischemic acute renal failure. In summary, the role of L-arginine in the pathogenesis and treatment of renal disease is not completely understood and remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Cherla
- Nephrology Section VA Medical Center, Renal Division, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Nielsen CB, Flyvbjerg A, Bruun JM, Forman A, Wogensen L, Thomsen K. Decreases in renal functional reserve and proximal tubular fluid output in conscious oophorectomized rats: normalization with sex hormone substitution. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 14:3102-10. [PMID: 14638909 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000096262.18679.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent glomerulosclerosis with reduced GFR develops earlier among men than among women. Therefore, whether female sex hormones could prevent the age-dependent decrease in GFR was investigated. The kidney function in oophorectomized rats treated with placebo (OOX group), estrogen (OOX+E(2) group), or estrogen plus progesterone (OOX+E(2)+P group) for 5 mo and in sham-operated rats (sham group) was examined. The rats were 13 mo of age at the time of the investigation. They were conscious and chronically instrumented. The results demonstrated that estrogen, alone or in combination with progesterone, was without effect on the baseline GFR and effective renal plasma flow but prevented severe decreases in the renal functional reserve and fractional proximal tubular fluid output (lithium clearance technique, fractional lithium excretion), which were observed in the OOX group. The renal functional reserve (estimated by stimulation with glycine) was -223 +/- 151, 483 +/- 129, 675 +/- 76, and 208 +/- 140 micro l/min in the OOX, OOX+E(2), OOX+E(2)+P, and sham groups, respectively. Fractional lithium excretion was 12.4 +/- 3.1, 26.8 +/- 2.0, 31.8 +/- 2.5, and 23.6 +/- 3.3% in the OOX, OOX+E(2), OOX+E(2)+P, and sham groups, respectively. In conclusion, oophorectomy at the age of 8 mo did not produce a decrease in baseline GFR in female rats within a period of 5 mo. However, oophorectomy led to severe decreases in the renal functional reserve and fractional proximal tubular fluid output. Both effects were prevented with administration of estrogen. Sham-operated rats demonstrated values for renal functional reserve and fractional lithium excretion that were between those observed for the OOX group and the groups treated with sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Birch Nielsen
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Institute for Basic Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Slomowitz LA, Gabbai FB, Khang SJ, Satriano J, Thareau S, Deng A, Thomson SC, Blantz RC, Munger KA. Protein intake regulates the vasodilatory function of the kidney and NMDA receptor expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287:R1184-9. [PMID: 15242825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00169.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycine infusion in normal rats causes an increase in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Although the renal response to glycine infusion is well characterized, the mechanism initiating this vasodilation is unknown. We recently observed functionally active N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the kidney, located primarily in tubular structures. The mechanisms regulating activity of the NMDA receptor within the kidney are also unknown, as is its normal day-to-day functional role. Therefore, we hypothesize that dietary protein may impact the functional response to glycine infusion in both untreated rats and rats pretreated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and, furthermore, that renal NMDA receptors may be involved in the glycine response. Surprisingly, 2 wk of low-protein diet (8% protein vs. 21% protein in control diet) totally inhibited the glycine-induced vasodilation and GFR response. Associated with the absence of renal vasodilation, a significant reduction in proximal tubular reabsorption was observed during glycine infusion in low-protein-diet rats. In contrast to the disease models previously studied in our laboratory, administration of ACE inhibitors did not restore the glycine response in rats treated with low-protein diet. Western blots of normal- and low-protein-diet kidneys demonstrate that the newly described renal NMDA receptor is downregulated in rats fed a low-protein diet. Low-protein feeding results in loss of glycine-induced vasodilation and GFR responses associated with decreased renal NMDA receptor expression. Kidney NMDA receptor expression is conditioned by protein intake, and this receptor may play an important role in the kidney vasodilatory response to glycine infusion and protein feeding in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Slomowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, 92161, USA
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Abstract
This chapter summarizes the pathophysiology of ischaemic acute renal failure from both the experimental and clinical points of view. Traditionally, the abrupt fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is thought to be due to an interplay of haemodynamic and tubular abnormalities. The intrarenal haemodynamic alterations include renal vasoconstriction, leukocyte-endothelium interactions and loss of blood flow and GFR autoregulation. During recent years it has become evident that pronounced outer medulary ischaemia makes an important contribution. In severe and prolonged ischaemia, the tubular epithelial cells can undergo either sublethal or lethal cell damage. Cell death occurs by necrosis and apoptosis. The different mechanisms of post-ischaemic cell damage are discussed. The post-ischaemic kidney also shows a dramatic capacity for recovery. During this recovery phase some of the damaged cells undergo de-differentiation--which is an important step in regeneration of the tubular epithelium. Recent evidence points to the possibility that infiltration of the kidney with bone-marrow-derived stem cells contributes to the repair process. The molecular mechanisms and the effect of growth factors are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert H Lameire
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, De Pintelaan, 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Tsuruoka S, Schwartz GJ, Wakaumi M, Nishiki K, Yamamoto H, Purkerson JM, Fujimura A. Nitric oxide production modulates cyclosporin A-induced distal renal tubular acidosis in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:840-5. [PMID: 12626650 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.048207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) causes distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) in humans and rodents. Because mice deficient in nitric-oxide (NO) synthase develop acidosis, we examined how NO production modulated H+ excretion during acid loading and CsA treatment in a rat model. Rats received CsA, L-arginine (L-Arg), or N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or combinations of CsA and L-NAME or L-Arg, followed by NH4Cl (acute acid load). In vehicle-treated rats, NH4Cl loading reduced serum and urine (HCO3-) and urine pH, which was associated with increases in serum [K+] and [Cl-] and urine NH3 excretion. Similar to CsA (7.5 mg/kg), L-NAME impaired H+ excretion of NH4Cl-loaded animals. The combination CsA and L-NAME reduced H+ excretion to a larger extent than either drug alone. In contrast, administration of L-Arg ameliorated the effect of CsA on H+ excretion. Urine pH after NH4Cl was 5.80 +/- 0.09, 6.11 +/- 0.13*, 6.37 +/- 0.16*, and 5.77 +/- 0.09 in the vehicle, CsA, CsA + L-NAME and CsA + L-Arg groups, respectively (*P < 0.05). The effect of CsA and alteration of NO synthesis were mediated at least in part by changes in bicarbonate absorption in perfused cortical collecting ducts. CsA or L-NAME reduced net HCO3- absorption, and, when combined, completely inhibited it. CsA + L-Arg restored HCO3- absorption to near control levels. Administration of CsA along with L-NAME reduced NO production to below levels observed with either drug alone. These results suggest that CsA causes dRTA by inhibiting H+ pumps in the distal nephron. Inhibition of NO synthesis may be one of the mechanisms underlying the CsA effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Tsuruoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, 3311 Yakushiji, Minamikawachi, Kawachi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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Pons M, Plante I, LeBrun M, Gourde P, Simard M, Grenier L, Thibault L, Labrecque G, Beauchamp D. Protein-rich diet attenuates cyclosporin A-induced renal tubular damage in rats. J Ren Nutr 2003; 13:84-92. [PMID: 12671830 DOI: 10.1053/jren.2003.50027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to look at the effect of a protein-rich diet on cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rodents using markers of tubular damage. DESIGN Female Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to either a standard or a casein-rich diet for 2 weeks. Then, they were given CsA intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg/24 h or an equivalent volume of vehicle (Cremophor EL; Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, MO) for 7 days at 7 AM. RESULTS During CsA treatment, bodyweight, caloric consumption, water intake, and urine output were not significantly different in animals fed with the standard Rat Chow and those on the high-protein feeding. On days 1 and 7, the 24-hour urine excretion of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and beta-galactosidase (beta-GAL) were significantly (P < .001) lower in CsA-treated rats on the high-protein diet than in those on the standard Rat Chow. After 7 days of treatment with CsA, no significant difference in the renal function level was found between rats fed with the standard or the casein-rich diet. The post-necrotic cellular regeneration in renal cortex was significantly lower (p<0.001) in CsA-treated rats on the high-protein than on the standard diet. In CsA-treated rats on the standard diet, immunogold labeling showed a massive and specific concentration of the drug into lysosomes of proximal tubular cells. Contrastingly, no gold particle was found over the lysosomes of animals given the rich-protein feeding. CONCLUSION In our current experimental conditions, a protective effect of high-casein diet against CsA-induced proximal tubular damage was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Pons
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon, Canada
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Peters H, Border WA, Rückert M, Krämer S, Neumayer HH, Noble NA. L-arginine supplementation accelerates renal fibrosis and shortens life span in experimental lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2003; 63:1382-92. [PMID: 12631354 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducible, high-output nitric oxide (NO) production has been identified as a central mediator of cell injury in immune-mediated renal disease. In acute anti-thy-1 glomerulonephritis prefeeding with the NO precursor L-arginine increases mesangial cell injury and the subsequent fibrosis. The present study tested the hypothesis that L-arginine supplementation may also be detrimental in chronic, NO-mediated murine lupus nephritis. METHODS Groups (N = 18) of female MRL/lpr mice with lupus nephritis were fed the following diets: (1) normal protein (22% casein); (2) normal protein and 1.0% L-arginine in the drinking water; (3) low protein (6% casein); (4) low protein + 0.4%l-arginine; and (5) low protein + 1.0% L-arginine. After 40 days mouse survival, albuminuria, matrix accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition, expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) mRNA and protein, anti-DNA antibody titer, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression, blood amino acid levels, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations and blood and urinary NOx (nitrite + nitrate) levels were assessed. RESULTS L-Arginine supplementation increased mortality significantly (P < 0.02). The death rate increased from 0% in the lowest to 50% in the highest L-arginine intake group (normal protein + 1.0% L-arginine). L-Arginine administration increased albuminuria, renal matrix accumulation, TGF-beta 1, fibronectin, PAI-1, blood L-arginine, L-citrulline, BUN and blood and urine NOx levels, while protein restriction reduced these parameters. Renal cell infiltration and iNOS mRNA expression were decreased in the low protein group only. Anti-ds DNA-IgG and renal IgG deposition were comparable in all groups CONCLUSIONS Increasing L-arginine intake increases the severity of renal fibrosis and the likelihood of death in MRL/lpr mice. The results appear to be at least in part mediated through enhanced cytotoxic NO generation via iNOS. The data suggest that L-arginine restriction should be considered in human immune-mediated renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Peters
- Division of Nephrology, Charité, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany.
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Florio S, Ciarcia R, Crispino L, Pagnini U, Ruocco A, Kumar C, D'Andrilli G, Russo F. Hydrocortisone has a protective effect on CyclosporinA-induced cardiotoxicity. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:21-6. [PMID: 12599205 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CyclosporinA (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug which induces severe adverse effects such as cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. In several therapeutic protocols CsA is used in association with corticosteroids to obtain better therapeutic results. Recently, our studies showed that CsA increases blood pressure while inhibit Nitric Oxide (NO) production in vivo. In this study we evaluated in rat cardiomyocytes the effects of CsA, used alone or in association with Hydrocortisone (HY), on intracellular calcium concentration, NO production and lipid peroxidation (MDA level). Our results demonstrated that CsA increased intracellular calcium and such effect was dose-dependent. HY used alone, slightly decreased intracellular calcium, while dramatically reduced CsA-induced calcium fluxes. CsA (3.2 microM) increased lipid peroxidation and this effect was blunted by HY. Both CsA and HY inhibited NO production in rat cardiomyocytes acting on this pathway synergically. Our results demonstrated that in rat cardiomyocytes, CsA toxicity is due to a calcium overload, which in turn induce lipid peroxidation and determines oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Treatment with HY effectively inhibits CsA-induced toxicity, decreasing lipid peroxidation as well as calcium intracellular concentration. Our findings seem to suggest that glucocorticoids may be effective in reducing CsA-induced cardiotoxicity at concentrations which are consistent with current therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Florio
- Department of Structures, Function and Biological Technologies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Shihab FS, Bennett WM, Isaac J, Yi H, Andoh TF. Nitric oxide modulates vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 2003; 63:522-33. [PMID: 12631117 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in angiogenesis, wound healing, and inflammation and exerts its effect via tyrosine kinase receptors, fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1) and fetal liver kinase (Flk-1 or KDR). We have previously shown that VEGF is up-regulated in a model of chronic cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity and that l-arginine (l-Arg) improved while N-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) worsened fibrosis. We examined the role of nitric oxide modulation on VEGF in this model. METHODS Pair-fed salt-depleted rats were administered CsA, CsA + L-NAME, CsA +l-Arg, vehicle (VH), VH + L-NAME or VH +l-Arg and were sacrificed at 7 or 28 days. Physiologic and histologic changes were studied in addition to the mRNA expression of VEGF and its receptors Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1 by Northern blot and the protein expression of VEGF by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS While L-NAME worsened renal function and histology, l-Arg had the opposite beneficial effect in CsA-treated rats. VEGF mRNA and protein expressions increased with CsA, further increased with L-NAME and became significantly reduced with L-Arg. Flt-1 expression was similar in all groups. On the other hand, KDR/Flk-1 mRNA expression was modulated in a fashion similar to VEGF. Also, nitric oxide modulation did not have an effect on VH-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS VEGF expression in chronic CsA nephrotoxicity is increased by nitric oxide blockade and decreased by nitric oxide enhancement. Moreover, VEGF probably exerted its effect via the KDR/Flk-1 receptor. The actions of VEGF in this model remain speculative, but it is probable that VEGF plays a role, either independently or through nitric oxide, in CsA-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad S Shihab
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Basile DP, Donohoe DL, Roethe K, Mattson DL. Chronic renal hypoxia after acute ischemic injury: effects of L-arginine on hypoxia and secondary damage. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284:F338-48. [PMID: 12388385 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00169.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) results in the permanent loss of peritubular capillaries and predisposes the progression of chronic renal failure. The present study was undertaken to determine whether renal hypoxia, which may represent an important mediator in disease progression, is persistently exacerbated after recovery from ARF. Rats were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and allowed to recover for 5 or 20 wk. Immunohistochemistry of the hypoxia-sensitive marker 2-pimonidizole at 5 wk revealed an overall increase in incorporation in the outer medullary region after recovery from ARF compared with sham-operated controls. Unilateral nephrectomy, in combination with ischemia-reperfusion injury resulted in greater 2-pimonidizole staining than that observed in the bilateral injury model. In addition, in the unilateral ischemia-nephrectomy model, proteinuria, interstitial fibrosis, and renal functional loss developed significantly faster than in the bilateral model of ARF when animals were allowed to recover for 20 wk. l-Arginine in the drinking water ( approximately 0.5 g/day) increased total renal blood flow approximately 30%, decreased pimonidizole staining, and attenuated manifestations of chronic renal disease. These data suggest that a reduction in the peritubular capillary density after ARF results in a persistent reduction in renal Po(2) and that hypoxia may play an important role in progression of chronic renal disease after ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Basile
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Feria I, Pichardo I, Juárez P, Ramírez V, González MA, Uribe N, García-Torres R, López-Casillas F, Gamba G, Bobadilla NA. Therapeutic benefit of spironolactone in experimental chronic cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 2003; 63:43-52. [PMID: 12472767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug used to prevent tissue allograft rejection. However, its long-term utilization is limited due to chronic nephrotoxicity for which no prevention is available. This study evaluated the effect of spironolactone on renal functional and structural alterations induced by CsA, and assessed whether the protective effect was associated with a reduction of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and the change of extracellular matrix protein mRNA level. METHODS Male Wistar rats fed with low sodium diet were divided in four treatment groups: vehicle, CsA (30 mg/kg), spironolactone (20 mg/kg), or CsA+spironolactone. After 21 days, creatinine clearance (CCr), blood CsA, arteriolopathy in renal tissue, and TGF-beta, collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA levels in renal cortex were determined. RESULTS CsA reduced the CCr and up-regulated TGF-beta, collagen I and fibronectin mRNA expression with a significant development of arteriolopathy, and reduced EGF mRNA levels. In contrast, spironolactone administration prevented the fall in renal function and TGF-beta, collagen I, and fibronectin up-regulation, together with a reduction of arteriolopathy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSION Our data show that aldosterone plays an important role as a mediator of renal injury induced by CsA. Thus, mineralocorticoid receptor blockade may be a potential strategy to prevent CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Feria
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect in clinical practice, frequently leading to acute renal failure (ARF). Many physiological mechanisms have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. Currently, nitric oxide (NO) is considered to be an important regulator of renal vascular tone and a modulator of glomerular function under both basal and physiopathological conditions. Historically, NO has been implicated in ARF and, after its discovery, several publications have suggested that changes in NO production could play an important role in the hemodynamic alterations observed in ARF. In this review, we evaluate the participation of NO in ARF and summarize many of the findings in this research area in an attempt to elucidate the role of NO in ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Valdivielso
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego and Veteran Affairs Medical Center, 92161 San Diego, CA, USA.
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Kobelt V, Hess T, Matzkies F, Gerhardt U, Hillebrand U, Suwelack B, Sindermann J, Hohage H. Does allopurinol prevent side effects of cyclosporine-A treatment? Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1425-7. [PMID: 12176424 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)02913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Kobelt
- Internal Department D, University of Muenster, Albert Schweitzer Strasse 33, D-49129 Muenster, Germany
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Mansour M, Daba MH, Gado A, Al-Rikabi A, Al-Majed A. Protective effect of L-arginine against nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine in normal rats. Pharmacol Res 2002; 45:441-6. [PMID: 12162943 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.2002.0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of L-arginine (L-arg) and aminoguanidine (AG) on the nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine (CsA) were investigated. After injection of CsA (15 mg kg(-1) day (-1)i.p. for 10 days), it induced nephrotoxicity, manifested biochemically by a significant elevation of serum urea and creatinine. In addition, a marked increase in lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (EC.1.11.1.9) and reduced glutathione content (GSH) in kidney tissues homogenate were observed. Nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by histopathological investigation. Oral administration of L-arg (300 mg kg (-1)day(-1) orally) for 5 days before and 10 days concomitant with CsA injection produced a significant protection against nephrotoxity induced by CsA. The amelioration of nephrotoxicity was evidenced by significant reductions in serum urea and creatinine concentrations. In addition, L-arg prevented the rise of MDA as well as reduction of GSH-Px activity and reduced GSH content in kidney tissue. The protective effects of L-arg against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity were further confirmed by histopathological examination. However, oral supplementation of AG (100 mg kg (-1)day(-1) p.o.) did not protect the kidney from the damaging effects of CsA. These results suggest that L-arg can ameliorate kidney dysfunction induced by CsA via a mechanism(s) which involves the production of nitric oxide. In addition, L-arg may therefore be a beneficial remedy for CsA nephrotoxicity and can be used to improve the therapeutic index of CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Slomowitz LA, Deng A, Hammes JS, Gabbai F, Thomson SC. Glomerulotubular balance, dietary protein, and the renal response to glycine in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R1096-103. [PMID: 11893614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00610.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) normally increases during glycine infusion, which is a test of "renal reserve." Renal reserve is absent in diabetes mellitus. GFR increases after protein feeding because of increased tubular reabsorption, which reduces the signal for tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). Dietary protein restriction normalizes some aspects of glomerular function in diabetes. Renal micropuncture was performed in rats 4-5 wk after diabetes was induced by streptozotocin to determine whether renal reserve is lost as a result of altered tubular function and activation of TGF, whether 10 days of dietary protein restriction could restore renal reserve, and whether this results from effects of glycine on the tubule. TGF activation was determined by locating single-nephron GFR (SNGFR) in the early distal tubule along the TGF curve. The TGF signal was determined from the ionic content of the early distal tubule. In nondiabetic rats, SNGFR in the early distal tubule increased during glycine infusion because of primary vasodilation augmented by increased tubular reabsorption, which stabilized the TGF signal. In diabetic rats, glycine reduced reabsorption, thereby activating TGF, which was largely responsible for the lack of renal reserve. In protein-restricted diabetic rats, the tubular response to glycine remained abnormal, but renal reserve was restored by a vascular mechanism. Glycine affects GFR directly and via the tubule. In diabetes, reduced tubular reabsorption dominates. In low-protein diabetes, the vascular effect is enhanced and overrides the effect of reduced tubular reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Slomowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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Gabbai FB, Hammond TC, Thomson SC, Khang S, Kelly CJ. Effect of acute iNOS inhibition on glomerular function in tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2002; 61:851-4. [PMID: 11849437 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is characterized by progressive inflammatory infiltrate of the renal interstitium, induction of cortical tubular inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reductions in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These studies were designed to examine the changes in glomerular hemodynamics 7 and 21 days after induction of TIN and to evaluate the effect of acute iNOS blockade on glomerular function in the early stages of this model. METHODS TIN was induced by immunizing Brown Norway rats with renal tubular antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant (RTA/CFA). Control rats were immunized with CFA alone. Micropuncture and morphologic studies were performed 7 and 21 days after immunization. RESULTS Histology revealed minimal peritubular and interstitial inflammation in the RTA/CFA group one week after immunization while extensive interstitial inflammation with few preserved superficial nephron was observed three weeks after RTA/CFA immunization. Micropuncture studies on day 7 in the RTA/CFA group revealed a significant reduction in single nephron GFR due to a profound reduction in nephron plasma flow and in the ultrafiltration coefficient. Studies performed on day 21 revealed that single nephron GFR (SNGFR), nephron plasma flow (SNPF) and the ultrafiltration coefficient had returned to the normal baseline value despite the severe reduction in GFR. To assess the role of increased nitric oxide production secondary to iNOS induction on the glomerular hemodynamic changes observed in the early stages of the disease, the iNOS blocker (l-N(6)-iminoethyl lysine, L-NIL) was administered IV (1 mg/h) in RTA/CFA rats and CFA rats. L-NIL had no effect in CFA rats but produced significant increases in GFR, SNGFR and SNPF in RTA/CFA rats. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TIN is associated with a progressive reduction in GFR, which is likely the result of functional vasoconstriction and decreases in the ultrafiltration coefficient in the early stages of the disease and on a significant reduction in the number of functioning nephron in the later stages. Induction of iNOS with increased NO production actively participates in the functional changes observed in the early stages of the disease most likely by inhibiting normal endothelial NOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis B Gabbai
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension 9111-H, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Schor
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Komine N, Khang S, Wead LM, Blantz RC, Gabbai FB. Effect of combining an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin II receptor blocker on plasma and kidney tissue angiotensin II levels. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:159-64. [PMID: 11774115 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.29909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased angiotensin II (AII) activity has been recognized as a risk factor for progression of kidney disease. There is increasing clinical evidence that combining an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with an AII receptor blocker (ARB) reduces proteinuria and blood pressure in patients with renal disease, although the mechanism of this synergistic effect remains poorly defined. This study tested whether the combination of an ACE inhibitor and an ARB reduces plasma AII (AIIp) and kidney tissue AII (AIIk) beyond what is observed with either of these two agents alone. Mean arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, AIIp, and AIIk were measured in four groups of Wistar rats after 2 weeks of a low-salt diet and 1 week of treatment with captopril (2.4 mg/d), losartan (1.7 mg/d), combination captopril+losartan (1.7 mg/d of captopril, 0.7 mg/d of losartan), or no treatment (control). Administration of captopril, losartan, and captopril+losartan produced statistically significant reductions in mean arterial pressure (control, 130 +/- 4 mm Hg; captopril, 92 +/- 5 mm Hg; losartan, 88 +/- 4 mm Hg; captopril+losartan, 104 +/- 5 mm Hg) and mild reductions in glomerular filtration rate (control, 3.1 +/- 0.1 mL/min; captopril, 2.2 +/- 0.3 mL/min; losartan, 1.7 +/- 0.3 mL/min; captopril+losartan, 2.3 +/- 0.3 mL/min) when compared with control rats, but no significant differences were observed among the treated groups. Captopril and captopril +losartan reduced AIIp significantly when compared with control (captopril, 43 +/- 8 pg/mL; captopril+losartan, 47 +/- 5 pg/mL; control, 134 pg/mL) and with losartan (99 +/- 2 pg/mL). AIIk values were reduced in captopril (254 +/- 18 pg/g kidney weight) and losartan (292 +/- 33 pg/g kidney weight) when compared with control (1,235 +/- 79 pg/g kidney weight). Captopril+losartan (136 +/- 17 pg/g kidney weight) reduced AIIk to values significantly lower than captopril or losartan alone. Higher doses of captopril (5 mg/d and 7.5 mg/d) or losartan (4 mg/d and 6 mg/d) alone did not reduce AIIk to the levels observed with combination low doses of captopril+losartan. Combining low doses of ACE inhibitor plus ARB reduces AIIk more than higher doses of either agent alone. This reduction in AIIk with ACE inhibitor plus ARB provides a mechanism to understand the synergism of this combination in reducing proteinuria and blood pressure. The reduction in AIIk with ACE inhibitor plus ARB may have important implications in long-term organ protection in hypertension and renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikuri Komine
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
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Kang DH, Kim YG, Andoh TF, Gordon KL, Suga S, Mazzali M, Jefferson JA, Hughes J, Bennett W, Schreiner GF, Johnson RJ. Post-cyclosporine-mediated hypertension and nephropathy: amelioration by vascular endothelial growth factor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280:F727-36. [PMID: 11249864 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.4.f727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a role for microvascular and tubulointerstitial injury in some models of salt-sensitive hypertension. We utilized a model of post-cyclosporin A (CsA) nephropathy and hypertension to test the hypothesis that treatment with an angiogenic factor aimed at ameliorating the microvascular and renal injury would prevent the development of hypertension. CsA was administered with a low-salt diet for 45 days, resulting in a renal lesion characterized by afferent arteriolopathy, focal peritubular capillary loss, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Rats were then placed on a high-salt diet and randomized to receive either vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF(121)) or vehicle for 14 days. Placement of rats with established CsA nephropathy on a high-salt diet results in the rapid development of salt-sensitive hypertension. VEGF(121) treatment resulted in lower blood pressure, and this persisted on discontinuing the VEGF. VEGF(121) treatment was also associated with a decrease in osteopontin expression, macrophage infiltration, and collagen III deposition and markedly stimulated resolution of the arteriolopathy (20.9 +/- 7.8 vs. 36.9 +/- 6.1%, VEGF vs. vehicle, P < 0.05). In conclusion, CsA-associated renal microvascular and tubulointerstitial injury results in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Treatment of animals with established CsA nephropathy with VEGF reduces the hypertensive response and accelerates histological recovery. The vascular protective effect of VEGF may be due to the improvement of arteriolopathy. Angiogenic growth factors may represent a novel strategy for treating CsA-associated hypertension and renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Lima R, Serone AP, Schor N, Higa EM. Effect of cyclosporin A on nitric oxide production in cultured LLC-PK1 cells. Ren Fail 2001; 23:43-52. [PMID: 11256528 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-100001282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Cyclosporin A on nitric oxide production was studied in cultured LLC- PK1 cells. For this purpose the cells were incubated with vehicle (olive oil, 10 microg/ml in DMSO), Cyclosporin A (CsA, 10 microg/ml), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha, 150 U/ml) + interferon (IFN-gamma, 500 U/ml) to upregulate NOS synthesis, and therefore NO production (used as a positive control), or CsA + TNF-alpha + IFN-gamma. After 72 hours the culture medium was collected and nitrite was determined by the Griess method. The results were normalized to the protein harvested from these cells as measured by the Lowry method. Viability was determined by the exclusion of the fluorescent dyes (acridine orange and ethidium bromide). Intracellular calcium was measured spectrophotometrically using the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2 AM. In CsA treated cells, the nitrite (pmoles/mg of protein) was decreased when compared to control (12.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 18.3 +/- 0.6; p < 0.05; both n = 8). TNF-alpha + IFN-gamma increased the nitrite synthesis (52.0 +/- 0.2; p < 0.05 vs. control; n = 6). This effect was decreased significantly by the simultaneous treatment with CsA (38.8 +/- 0.3; p < 0.05; n = 6). Cell viability in CsA group was decreased when compared to the control (84.7 +/- 0.2% vs. 93.6 +/- 0.1%; p < 0.05; both n = 10). TNF-alpha + IFN-gamma had no effect on viability (93.0 +/- 0.3%; n = 10). However, when combined with CsA, viability was decreased relative to the control (85.0 +/- 0.2%; p < 0.05; n = 10). Acute (1 h) or chronic (72 h) treatment of LLC- PK1 cells with CsA had no effect on basal calcium levels. Our results demonstrate a reduced level of nitric oxide production in LLC-PK1 cells treated with CsA. There was no effect of the drug on intracellular calcium levels, however CsA treatment did reduce cellular viability. We suggest that, in part, the decreased levels of NO production are a secondary consequence of direct cell damage. However, CsA may also be exerting direct effects on NO synthesis through its interactions with both iNOS and cNOS. These results also provide a dual mechanism of action for CsA induced nephrotoxicity, that is, direct cell damage and interference with the NO system within the nephron.
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Hortelano S, Castilla M, Torres AM, Tejedor A, Boscá L. Potentiation by nitric oxide of cyclosporin A and FK506-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubule cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:2315-2323. [PMID: 11095654 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v11122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) exhibit a high sensitivity to undergo apoptosis in response to proinflammatory stimuli and immunosuppressors and participate in the onset of several renal diseases. This study examined the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase after challenge of PTEC with bacterial cell wall molecules and inflammatory cytokines and analyzed the pathways that lead to apoptosis in these cells by measuring changes in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase activation. The data show that the apoptotic effects of proinflammatory stimuli mainly were due to the expression of inducible NO synthase. Cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibited partially NO synthesis. However, both NO and immunosuppressors induced apoptosis, probably through a common mechanism that involved the irreversible opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Activation of caspases 3 and 7 was observed in cells treated with high doses of NO and with moderate concentrations of immunosuppressors. The conclusion is that the cooperation between NO and immunosuppressors that induce apoptosis in PTEC might contribute to the renal toxicity observed in the course of immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Hortelano
- Institute of Biochemistry (CSIC-UCM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Castilla
- Experimental Medicine and Surgery Unit, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Torres
- Experimental Medicine and Surgery Unit, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Tejedor
- Experimental Medicine and Surgery Unit, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Institute of Biochemistry (CSIC-UCM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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