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Moreau JM, Gouirand V, Rosenblum MD. T-Cell Adhesion in Healthy and Inflamed Skin. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100014. [PMID: 35024681 PMCID: PMC8669513 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse populations of tissue-resident and transitory T cells present in the skin share a common functional need to enter, traverse, and interact with their environment. These processes are largely dependent on the regulated expression of adhesion molecules, such as selectins and integrins, which mediate bidirectional interactions between immune cells and skin stroma. Dysregulation and engagement of adhesion pathways contribute to ectopic T-cell activity in tissues, leading to the initiation and/or exacerbation of chronic inflammation. In this paper, we review how the molecular interactions supported by adhesion pathways contribute to T-cell dynamics and function in the skin. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning T-cell adhesion in inflammatory skin disorders will facilitate the development of novel tissue-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- BM, basement membrane
- DC, dendritic cell
- DETC, dendritic epidermal γδ T cell
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HF, hair follicle
- JC, John Cunningham
- LAD, leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- PML, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Th, T helper
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- Trm, tissue-resident memory
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Moreau
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoire Gouirand
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael D. Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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The Functional Crosstalk between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Regulatory T Cells within the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020210. [PMID: 33430105 PMCID: PMC7827203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy improved the therapeutic landscape for patients with advanced cancer diseases. However, many patients do not benefit from immunotherapy. The bidirectional crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) contributes to immune evasion, limiting the success of immunotherapy by checkpoint inhibitors. This review aims to outline the current knowledge of the role and the immunosuppressive properties of MDSC and Treg within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of the functional crosstalk between MDSC and Treg for immunosuppression, issuing particularly the role of cell adhesion molecules. Lastly, we will depict the impact of this interaction for cancer research and discuss several strategies aimed to target these pathways for tumor therapy. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have led to profound and durable tumor regression in some patients with metastatic cancer diseases. However, many patients still do not derive benefit from immunotherapy. Here, the accumulation of immunosuppressive cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), and regulatory T cells (Treg), contributes to the development of immune resistance. MDSC and Treg expand systematically in tumor patients and inhibit T cell activation and T effector cell function. Numerous studies have shown that the immunosuppressive mechanisms exerted by those inhibitory cell populations comprise soluble immunomodulatory mediators and receptor interactions. The latter are also required for the crosstalk of MDSC and Treg, raising questions about the relevance of cell–cell contacts for the establishment of their inhibitory properties. This review aims to outline the current knowledge on the crosstalk between these two cell populations, issuing particularly the potential role of cell adhesion molecules. In this regard, we further discuss the relevance of β2 integrins, which are essential for the differentiation and function of leukocytes as well as for MDSC–Treg interaction. Lastly, we aim to describe the impact of such bidirectional crosstalk for basic and applied cancer research and discuss how the targeting of these pathways might pave the way for future approaches in immunotherapy.
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Altorki T, Muller W, Brass A, Cruickshank S. The role of β 2 integrin in dendritic cell migration during infection. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:2. [PMID: 33407124 PMCID: PMC7789014 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in shaping T cell responses. To do this, DCs must be able to migrate to the site of the infection and the lymph nodes to prime T cells and initiate the appropriate immune response. Integrins such as β2 integrin play a key role in leukocyte adhesion, migration, and cell activation. However, the role of β2 integrin in DC migration and function in the context of infection-induced inflammation in the gut is not well understood. This study looked at the role of β2 integrin in DC migration and function during infection with the nematode worm Trichuris muris. Itgb2tm1Bay mice lacking functional β2 integrin and WT littermate controls were infected with T. muris and the response to infection and kinetics of the DC response was assessed. Results In infection, the lack of functional β2 integrin significantly reduced DC migration to the site of infection but not the lymph nodes. The lack of functional β2 integrin did not negatively impact T cell activation in response to T. muris infection. Conclusions This data suggests that β2 integrins are important in DC recruitment to the infection site potentially impacting the initiation of innate immunity but is dispensible for DC migration to lymph nodes and T cell priming in the context of T. muris infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-020-00394-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarfa Altorki
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, A.V. Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Present address: Faculty of Medical Applied Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Werner Muller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, A.V. Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew Brass
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sheena Cruickshank
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, A.V. Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Harjunpää H, Llort Asens M, Guenther C, Fagerholm SC. Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Roles and Regulation in the Immune and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31231358 PMCID: PMC6558418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system and cancer have a complex relationship with the immune system playing a dual role in tumor development. The effector cells of the immune system can recognize and kill malignant cells while immune system-mediated inflammation can also promote tumor growth and regulatory cells suppress the anti-tumor responses. In the center of all anti-tumor responses is the ability of the immune cells to migrate to the tumor site and to interact with each other and with the malignant cells. Cell adhesion molecules including receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily and integrins are of crucial importance in mediating these processes. Particularly integrins play a vital role in regulating all aspects of immune cell function including immune cell trafficking into tissues, effector cell activation and proliferation and the formation of the immunological synapse between immune cells or between immune cell and the target cell both during homeostasis and during inflammation and cancer. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms regulating integrin function and the role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in immune responses and in the tumor microenvironment. We also describe how malignant cells can utilize cell adhesion molecules to promote tumor growth and metastases and how these molecules could be targeted in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Harjunpää
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Llort Asens
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carla Guenther
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Research Program of Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ying Z, Shiue L, Park K, Kollet J, Bijani P, Goswami M, Duvic M, Ni X. Blood transcriptional profiling reveals IL-1 and integrin signaling pathways associated with clinical response to extracorporeal photopheresis in patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3183-3197. [PMID: 31139332 PMCID: PMC6516711 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is a frontline therapy for patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (L-CTCL), but its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. This study was to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying clinical response versus non-response in patients with L-CTCL. We performed blood transcriptional profiling of ten L-CTCL patients at Day 2 and 1 month post- ECP compared to pre-ECP baseline using Agilent Whole Human Genome Microarray technology. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between five clinically-responsive patients and five clinically-resistant patients were cross-compared. Higher numbers of genes were modulated in responders than non-responders after ECP at both Day 2 and 1 month, with two thirds of DEGs down-regulated. The down-regulated DEGs at 1 month post-ECP were related to inflammatory, immune and/or stress responses, platelet functions, and chromatin remodeling. Upregulated DEGs were mainly related to functions of the nucleolus. Pathway analysis revealed that integrin and IL-1 signaling pathways were the top pathways affected in responders, which were minimally affected in non-responders. The top upstream transcription regulators affected were IL1B, EGR1, FAS, and TGFB1. Our results suggest that the modulation of cell adhesion and suppression of IL-1β induced inflammation may underlie the efficacy of ECP in L-CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolin Ying
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Shiue
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katherine Park
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jutta Kollet
- Bioinformatics, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Beigisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany
| | - Pedram Bijani
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meghali Goswami
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiao Ni
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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6
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Fagerholm SC, Guenther C, Llort Asens M, Savinko T, Uotila LM. Beta2-Integrins and Interacting Proteins in Leukocyte Trafficking, Immune Suppression, and Immunodeficiency Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:254. [PMID: 30837997 PMCID: PMC6389632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta2-integrins are complex leukocyte-specific adhesion molecules that are essential for leukocyte (e.g., neutrophil, lymphocyte) trafficking, as well as for other immunological processes such as neutrophil phagocytosis and ROS production, and T cell activation. Intriguingly, however, they have also been found to negatively regulate cytokine responses, maturation, and migratory responses in myeloid cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, revealing new, and unexpected roles of these molecules in immunity. Because of their essential role in leukocyte function, a lack of expression or function of beta2-integrins causes rare immunodeficiency syndromes, Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I, and type III (LAD-I and LAD-III). LAD-I is caused by reduced or lost expression of beta2-integrins, whilst in LAD-III, beta2-integrins are expressed but dysfunctional because a major integrin cytoplasmic regulator, kindlin-3, is mutated. Interestingly, some LAD-related phenotypes such as periodontitis have recently been shown to be due to an uncontrolled inflammatory response rather than to an uncontrolled infection, as was previously thought. This review will focus on the recent advances concerning the regulation and functions of beta2-integrins in leukocyte trafficking, immune suppression, and immune deficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Fagerholm
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carla Guenther
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Llort Asens
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Liisa M Uotila
- Research Services, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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TAKEDA A, SASAKI N, MIYASAKA M. The molecular cues regulating immune cell trafficking. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:183-195. [PMID: 28413196 PMCID: PMC5489428 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte recirculation between the blood and the lymphoid/non-lymphoid tissues is an essential homeostatic mechanism that regulates humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. This system promotes the encounter of naïve T and B cells with their specific cognate antigen presented by dendritic cells, and with the regulatory cells with which they need to interact to initiate, maintain, and terminate immune responses. The constitutive lymphocyte trafficking is mediated by particular types of blood vessels, including the high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, and the flat-walled venules in non-lymphoid tissues including the skin. The lymphocyte migration across HEVs involves tethering/rolling, arrest/firm adhesion/intraluminal crawling, and transendothelial migration. On the other hand, relatively little is known about how lymphocytes and other types of cells migrate across the venules of non-lymphoid tissues. Here we summarize recent findings about the molecular mechanisms that govern immune cell trafficking, including the roles of chemokines and lysophospholipids in regulating immune cell motility and endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira TAKEDA
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Naoko SASAKI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayuki MIYASAKA
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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8
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Wang L, DeMarco SS, Chen J, Phillips CM, Bridges LC. Retinoids Bias Integrin Expression and Function in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2102-2108. [PMID: 25826424 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by accumulation of malignant T-cells within the skin. Retinoids, metabolic derivatives, and synthetic analogs of vitamin A embody an effective CTCL therapy with over three decades of clinical use. The established mechanism of action is induction of growth arrest and apoptosis. However, the natural role of retinoids in T-cell biology is imprinting gut-homing properties by inducing integrin α4β7 expression. How the natural role of retinoids relates to therapeutic effectiveness in CTCL has not been addressed and merits investigation. Here we provide evidence that retinoids, including Bexarotene, selectively induce CTCL lineages to increase integrin β7 expression and function prior to growth arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, augmented CTCL cell adhesion obtained with retinoid exposure was potently attenuated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a metabolic vitamin derivative involved in prompting immune cell skin homing. The integrin-dependent adhesion changes in CTCL cells occurred through synergistic activation of RAR and RXR nuclear receptors. These data explore the early cellular changes induced by retinoids that may be pivotal to sensitizing CTCL cells to growth arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sebastian S DeMarco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - JianMing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles M Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology Division, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lance C Bridges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
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9
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Savinko TS, Morrison VL, Uotila LM, Wolff CHJ, Alenius HT, Fagerholm SC. Functional Beta2-Integrins Restrict Skin Inflammation In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2249-2257. [PMID: 25918984 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Beta2-integrins and the important integrin regulator kindlin-3 are essential for leukocyte trafficking, but the role of beta2-integrins in regulating inflammation is still incompletely understood. Here, we have investigated skin inflammation in a mouse model where the kindlin-3 binding site in the beta2-integrin has been mutated (TTT/AAA-beta2-integrin knock-in), leading to expressed but dysfunctional integrins. We show that, surprisingly, neutrophil trafficking into the inflamed skin in a contact hypersensitivity model is normal in these mice, although trafficking of T cells and eosinophils into the skin is reduced. Instead, expression of dysfunctional integrins leads to increased mast cell and dendritic cell numbers in the skin, increased inflammatory cytokine production in the inflamed skin in vivo, and in mast cells in vitro. Furthermore, expression of dysfunctional integrins leads to increased dendritic cell activation and migration to lymph nodes and increased Th1 responses in vivo. Therefore, the kindlin-3/integrin interaction is important for trafficking of T cells and eosinophils but not absolutely required for neutrophil trafficking into the inflamed skin. Functional beta2-integrins also have a major role in restricting the immune response in the inflamed skin and lymph nodes in vivo, likely through effects on mast cell and dendritic cell numbers and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi S Savinko
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vicky L Morrison
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa M Uotila
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Henrik J Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Systems Toxicology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri T Alenius
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Systems Toxicology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Wu X, Lahiri A, Sarin R, Abraham C. T cell-extrinsic CD18 attenuates antigen-dependent CD4+ T cell activation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4122-9. [PMID: 25801431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The β2 integrins (CD11/CD18) are heterodimeric leukocyte adhesion molecules expressed on hematopoietic cells. The role of T cell-intrinsic CD18 in trafficking of naive T cells to secondary lymphoid organs and in Ag-dependent T cell activation in vitro and in vivo has been well defined. However, the T cell-extrinsic role for CD18, including on APC, in contributing to T cell activation in vivo is less well understood. We examined the role for T cell-extrinsic CD18 in the activation of wild-type CD4(+) T cells in vivo through the adoptive transfer of DO11.10 Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells into CD18(-/-) mice. We found that T cell-extrinsic CD18 was required for attenuating OVA-induced T cell proliferation in peripheral lymph nodes (PLN). The increased proliferation of wild-type DO11.10 CD4(+) T cells in CD18(-/-) PLN was associated with a higher percentage of APC, and these APC demonstrated an increased activation profile and increased Ag uptake, in particular in F4/80(+) APC. Depletion of F4/80(+) cells both reduced and equalized Ag-dependent T cell proliferation in CD18(-/-) relative to littermate control PLN, demonstrating that these cells play a critical role in the enhanced T cell proliferation in CD18(-/-) mice. Consistently, CD11b blockade, which is expressed on F4/80(+) macrophages, enhanced the proliferation of DO11.10 CD4(+) T cells in CD18(+/-) PLN. Thus, in contrast to the T cell-intrinsic essential role for CD18 in T cell activation, T cell-extrinsic expression of CD18 attenuates Ag-dependent CD4(+) T cell activation in PLN in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Amit Lahiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Ritu Sarin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
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11
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Huang Y, Clarke F, Karimi M, Roy NH, Williamson EK, Okumura M, Mochizuki K, Chen EJH, Park TJ, Debes GF, Zhang Y, Curran T, Kambayashi T, Burkhardt JK. CRK proteins selectively regulate T cell migration into inflamed tissues. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1019-32. [PMID: 25621495 DOI: 10.1172/jci77278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration into inflamed sites greatly exacerbates tissue destruction and disease severity in inflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T cell migration into such sites depends heavily on regulated adhesion and migration, but the signaling pathways that coordinate these functions downstream of chemokine receptors are largely unknown. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that T cells lacking the adaptor proteins CRK and CRK-like (CRKL) exhibit reduced integrin-dependent adhesion, chemotaxis, and diapedesis. Moreover, these two closely related proteins exhibited substantial functional redundancy, as ectopic expression of either protein rescued defects in T cells lacking both CRK and CRKL. We determined that CRK proteins coordinate with the RAP guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G and the adhesion docking molecule CASL to activate the integrin regulatory GTPase RAP1. CRK proteins were required for effector T cell trafficking into sites of inflammation, but not for migration to lymphoid organs. In a murine bone marrow transplantation model, the differential migration of CRK/CRKL-deficient T cells resulted in efficient graft-versus-leukemia responses with minimal GVHD. Together, the results from our studies show that CRK family proteins selectively regulate T cell adhesion and migration at effector sites and suggest that these proteins have potential as therapeutic targets for preventing GVHD.
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12
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Loss of beta2-integrin-mediated cytoskeletal linkage reprogrammes dendritic cells to a mature migratory phenotype. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5359. [PMID: 25348463 PMCID: PMC4258606 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton has been reported to restrict signaling in resting immune cells. Beta2-integrins, which mediate adhesion and cytoskeletal organization, are emerging as negative regulators of myeloid cell-mediated immune responses, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of the interaction between beta2-integrins and kindlin-3 abolishes the actin-linkage of integrins and the GM-CSF receptor in dendritic cells. This leads to increased GM-CSF receptor/Syk signaling, and to the induction of a transcriptional program characteristic of mature, migratory dendritic cells, accumulation of migratory dendritic cells in lymphoid organs, and increased Th1 immune responses in vivo. We observe increased GM-CSF responses and increased survival in neutrophils where the interaction between integrin and the cytoskeleton is disrupted. Thus, ligand-reinforced beta2-integrin tail interactions restrict cytokine receptor signaling, survival, maturation and migration in myeloid cells and thereby contribute to immune homeostasis in vivo.
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13
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Winograd-Katz SE, Fässler R, Geiger B, Legate KR. The integrin adhesome: from genes and proteins to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:273-88. [PMID: 24651544 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adhesive interactions of cells with their environment through the integrin family of transmembrane receptors have key roles in regulating multiple aspects of cellular physiology, including cell proliferation, viability, differentiation and migration. Consequently, failure to establish functional cell adhesions, and thus the assembly of associated cytoplasmic scaffolding and signalling networks, can have severe pathological effects. The roles of specific constituents of integrin-mediated adhesions, which are collectively known as the 'integrin adhesome', in diverse pathological states are becoming clear. Indeed, the prominence of mutations in specific adhesome molecules in various human diseases is now appreciated, and experimental as well as in silico approaches provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina E Winograd-Katz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kyle R Legate
- 1] Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany. [2] Center for Nanosciences, Department of Applied Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80799 Munich, Germany
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14
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Lämmermann T, Germain RN. The multiple faces of leukocyte interstitial migration. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:227-51. [PMID: 24573488 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics within tissues is critical for successful innate and adaptive immune responses. Homeostatic trafficking and coordinated infiltration into and within sites of inflammation and infection rely on signaling in response to extracellular cues that in turn controls a variety of intracellular protein networks regulating leukocyte motility, migration, chemotaxis, positioning, and cell-cell interaction. In contrast to mesenchymal cells, leukocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion by rapid cycles of actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction, and their migration in tissues is generally referred to as low adhesive and nonproteolytic. The interplay of actin network expansion, contraction, and adhesion shapes the exact mode of amoeboid migration, and in this review, we explore how leukocyte subsets potentially harness the same basic biomechanical mechanisms in a cell-type-specific manner. Most of our detailed understanding of these processes derives from in vitro migration studies in three-dimensional gels and confined spaces that mimic geometrical aspects of physiological tissues. We summarize these in vitro results and then critically compare them to data from intravital imaging of leukocyte interstitial migration in mouse tissues. We outline the technical challenges of obtaining conclusive mechanistic results from intravital studies, discuss leukocyte migration strategies in vivo, and present examples of mode switching during physiological interstitial migration. These findings are also placed in the context of leukocyte migration defects in primary immunodeficiencies. This overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies highlights recent progress in understanding the molecular and biophysical mechanisms that shape robust leukocyte migration responses in physiologically complex and heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
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15
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Baaten BJG, Cooper AM, Swain SL, Bradley LM. Location, location, location: the impact of migratory heterogeneity on T cell function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:311. [PMID: 24115949 PMCID: PMC3792444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell migration is crucial for an effective adaptive immune response to invading pathogens. Naive and memory T cells encounter pathogen antigens, become activated, and differentiate into effector cells in secondary lymphoid tissues, and then migrate to the site(s) of infection where they exert effector activities that control and eliminate pathogens. To achieve activation, efficient effector function, and good memory formation, T cells must traffic between lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues within the body. This complex process is facilitated by chemokine receptors, selectins, CD44, and integrins that mediate the interactions of T cells with the environment. The expression patterns of these migration receptors (MR) dictate the tissues into which the effector T cells migrate and enable them to occupy specific niches within the tissue. While MR have been considered primarily to facilitate cell movement, we highlight how the heterogeneity of signaling through these receptors influences the function and fate of T cells in situ. We explore what drives MR expression heterogeneity, how this affects migration, and how this impacts T cell effector function and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J G Baaten
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndromes are rare genetically determined conditions with challenging clinical features. These immunodeficiencies also provide insights that are broadly relevant to the biology of leukocytes, platelets, intercellular interactions, and intracellular signaling. Recent discoveries merit their review in the context of existing knowledge. RECENT FINDINGS New activities of β(2) integrins, which are deficient or absent in LAD-I, and new β(2) integrin-dependent functions of neutrophils and other leukocytes have recently been identified. Genetic defects and mechanisms accounting for impaired fucosylation of selectin ligands and defective selectin binding and signaling in LAD-II are now apparent. LAD-III, which presents with bleeding similar to that in Glanzmann thrombasthenia and platelet dysfunction in addition to impaired leukocyte adhesion, is now known to be due to absence of KINDLIN-3, a cytoplasmic protein that acts cooperatively with TALIN-1 in activating β(1), β(2), and β(3) integrins. Understanding of the leukocyte adhesion cascade and interactions of leukocytes with inflamed endothelium, which are impaired in each of the LAD syndromes, continues to be refined. SUMMARY Although LAD syndromes are rare maladies, their investigation is generating new knowledge directly applicable to the diagnosis and care of patients and to fundamental paradigms in immunobiology and hemostasis.
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17
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Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Effector CD8 T cell trafficking within the liver. Mol Immunol 2012; 55:94-9. [PMID: 23149103 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells play a critical role in several pathological conditions affecting the liver, most notably viral hepatitis. Accordingly, understanding the mechanisms that modulate the intrahepatic recruitment of CD8 T cells is of paramount importance. Some of the rules governing the behavior of these cells in the liver have been characterized at the population level, or have been inferred by studying the intrahepatic behavior of other leukocyte subpopulations. In contrast to most microvascular beds where leukocyte adhesion is restricted to the endothelium of post-capillary venules, it is now becoming clear that in the liver leukocytes, including CD8 T cells, can efficiently interact with the endothelium of hepatic capillaries (i.e. the sinusoids). While physical trapping has been proposed to play an important role in leukocyte adhesion to hepatic sinusoids, there is mounting evidence that T cell recruitment to the liver is highly regulated and depends on recruitment signals that are either constitutive or induced by inflammation. We review here several specific adhesive mechanisms that have been shown to regulate CD8 T cell trafficking within the liver, as well as highlight recent data that establish platelets as key cellular regulators of intrahepatic CD8 T cell accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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18
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Sarin R, Abraham C. CD18 is required for optimal lymphopenia-induced proliferation of mouse T cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G851-60. [PMID: 22821945 PMCID: PMC3469592 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00520.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte numbers are tightly regulated; with acute lymphopenia, T cell numbers are reestablished through lymphopenia-induced proliferation. In contrast to the costimulation requirements of antigen-driven proliferation, a number of costimulatory molecules are not required for lymphopenia-induced proliferation. However, the requirement for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-T cell receptor (TCR) interactions and the enhanced lymphopenia-induced proliferation in T cells with higher TCR affinity argue for a role for surface molecules that contribute to efficient MHC-TCR interactions, in particular adhesion molecules. CD18 is an integrin that contributes to the activation of peripheral and intestinal T cells through adhesive and costimulatory mechanisms. We found that CD18 is required for optimal polyclonal and monoclonal CD4+ T cell lymphopenia-induced proliferation in recombination-activating gene 1-deficient (RAG-1-/-) mice; this requirement persisted over time. Uniquely, the dependency on CD18 in CD4+ T cells is in the rapid proliferation in RAG-1-/- recipients and in the slow homeostatic proliferation in irradiated Balb/c recipients. Consistent with the proposed role for intestinal microbiota in lymphopenia-induced rapid proliferation in RAG-/- mice, we observed a significant reduction in rapid proliferation upon treatment of mice with antibiotics; however, the dependency on CD18 for optimal lymphopenia-induced proliferation persisted. Moreover, the dependency for CD18 is maintained over a wide range of numbers of initially transferred T cells, including a low number of initially transferred T cells, when the drive for proliferation is very strong and proliferation is more rapid. Overall, these data argue for an essential and broad role for CD18 in lymphopenia-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sarin
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clara Abraham
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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19
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Adaptive immune response to model antigens is impaired in murine leukocyte-adhesion deficiency-1 revealing elevated activation thresholds in vivo. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:450738. [PMID: 22474478 PMCID: PMC3303708 DOI: 10.1155/2012/450738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Absence of β2 integrins (CD11/CD18) leads to leukocyte-adhesion deficiency-1 (LAD1), a rare primary immunodeficiency syndrome. Although extensive in vitro work has established an essential function of β2 integrins in adhesive and signaling properties for cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, their respective participation in an altered adaptive immunity in LAD1 patients are complex and only partly understood in vivo. Therefore, we investigated adaptive immune responses towards different T-dependent antigens in a murine LAD1 model of β2 integrin-deficiency (CD18−/−). CD18−/− mice generated only weak IgG responses after immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT). In contrast, robust hapten- and protein-specific immune responses were observed after immunization with highly haptenated antigens such as (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)21 acetyl chicken γ globulin (NP21-CG), even though regularly structured germinal centers with specificity for the defined antigens/haptens in CD18−/− mice remained absent. However, a decrease in the hapten/protein ratio lowered the efficacy of immune responses in CD18−/− mice, whereas a mere reduction of the antigen dose was less crucial. Importantly, haptenation of TT with NP (NP-TT) efficiently restored a robust IgG response also to TT. Our findings may stimulate further studies on a modification of vaccination strategies using highly haptenated antigens in individuals suffering from LAD1.
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20
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Ludwig RJ, Hardt K, Hatting M, Bistrian R, Diehl S, Radeke HH, Podda M, Schön MP, Kaufmann R, Henschler R, Pfeilschifter JM, Santoso S, Boehncke WH. Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-B supports lymphocyte rolling and adhesion through interaction with alpha4beta1 integrin. Immunology 2009; 128:196-205. [PMID: 19740376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), JAM-B and JAM-C have been implicated in leucocyte transmigration. As JAM-B binds to very late activation antigen (VLA)-4, a leucocyte integrin that contributes to rolling and firm adhesion of lymphocytes to endothelial cells through binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, we hypothesized that JAM-B is also involved in leucocyte rolling and firm adhesion. To test this hypothesis, intravital microscopy of murine skin microvasculature was performed. Rolling interactions of murine leucocytes were significantly affected by blockade of JAM-B [which reduced rolling interactions from 9.1 +/- 2.6% to 3.2 +/- 1.2% (mean +/- standard deviation)]. To identify putative ligands, T lymphocytes were perfused over JAM-B-coated slides in a dynamic flow chamber system. JAM-B-dependent rolling and sticking interactions were observed at low shear stress [0.3 dyn/cm(2): 220 +/- 71 (mean +/- standard deviation) versus 165 +/- 88 rolling (P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney rank sum test) and 2.6 +/- 1.3 versus 1.0 +/- 0.7 sticking cells/mm(2)/min (P = 0.026; Mann-Whitney rank sum test) on JAM-B- compared with baseline], but not at higher shear forces (1.0 dyn/cm(2)). As demonstrated by antibody blocking experiments, JAM-B-mediated rolling and sticking of T lymphocytes was dependent on alpha4 and beta1 integrin, but not JAM-C expression. To investigate whether JAM-B-mediated leucocyte-endothelium interactions are involved in a disease-relevant in vivo model, adoptive transfer experiments in 2,4,-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact hypersensitivity reactions were performed in mice in the absence or in the presence of a function-blocking JAM-B antibody. In this model, JAM-B blockade during the sensitization phase impaired the generation of the immune response to DNFB, which was assessed as the increase in ear swelling in untreated, DNFB-challenged mice, by close to 40% [P = 0.037; analysis of variance (anova)]. Overall, JAM-B appears to contribute to leucocyte extravasation by facilitating not only transmigration but also rolling and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Ludwig
- Department of Dermatology, Clinic of the J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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21
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Oreshkova T, Wang H, Seier AM, Sindrilaru A, Varga G, Grabbe S, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Peters T. Beta(2) integrin deficiency yields unconventional double-negative T cells distinct from mature classical natural killer T cells in mice. Immunology 2009; 128:271-86. [PMID: 19740384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressed on leucocytes, beta(2) integrins (CD11/CD18) are specifically involved in leucocyte function. Using a CD18-deficient (CD18(-/-)) mouse model, we here report on their physiological role in lymphocyte differentiation and trafficking. CD18(-/-) mice present with a defect in the distribution of lymphocytes with highly reduced numbers of naïve B and T lymphocytes in inguinal and axillary lymph nodes. In contrast, cervical lymph nodes were fourfold enlarged harbouring unconventional T-cell receptor-alphabeta (TCR-alphabeta) and TCR-gammadelta CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) (double-negative; DN) T cells that expanded in situ. Using adoptive transfer experiments, we found that these cells did not home to peripheral lymph nodes of CD18(wt) recipients but, like antigen-experienced T or natural killer (NK) T cells, recirculated through non-lymphoid organs. Lacking regulatory functions in vitro, CD18(-/-) TCR-alphabeta DN T cells did not suppress the proliferation of polyclonally activated CD4(+) or CD8(+) (single-positive; SP) T cells. Most interestingly, CD18(-/-) TCR-alphabeta DN T cells showed intermediate TCR expression levels, an absent activation through allogeneic major histocompatibility complex and a strong proliferative dependence on interleukin-2, hence, closely resembling NKT cells. However, our data oppose former reports, clearly showing that, because of an absent reactivity with CD1d-alphaGalCer dimers, these cells are not mature classical NKT cells. Our data indicate that CD18(-/-) TCR-alphabeta DN T cells, like NKT and TCR-gammadelta T cells, share characteristics of both adaptive and innate immune cells, and may accumulate as a compensatory mechanism to the functional defect of adaptive immunity in CD18(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Oreshkova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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22
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Podgrabinska S, Kamalu O, Mayer L, Shimaoka M, Snoeck H, Randolph GJ, Skobe M. Inflamed lymphatic endothelium suppresses dendritic cell maturation and function via Mac-1/ICAM-1-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1767-79. [PMID: 19587009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for the generation of immune responses by facilitating immune cell trafficking to lymph nodes. Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent APCs, exit tissues via lymphatic vessels, but the mechanisms of interaction between DCs and the lymphatic endothelium and the potential implications of these interactions for immune responses are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) modulate the maturation and function of DCs. Direct contact of human monocyte-derived DCs with an inflamed, TNF-alpha-stimulated lymphatic endothelium reduced expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 by DCs and suppressed the ability of DCs to induce T cell proliferation. These effects were dependent on adhesive interactions between DCs and LECs that were mediated by the binding of Mac-1 on DCs to ICAM-1 on LECs. Importantly, the suppressive effects of the lymphatic endothelium on DCs were observed only in the absence of pathogen-derived signals. In vivo, DCs that migrated to the draining lymph nodes upon inflammatory stimuli, but in the absence of a pathogen, showed increased levels of CD86 expression in ICAM-1-deficient mice. Together, these data demonstrate a direct role of LECs in the modulation of immune response and suggest a function of the lymphatic endothelium in preventing undesired immune reactions in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Podgrabinska
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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23
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Abstract
Tissue-specific silencing of genes may be used for genetic engineering in mice and has possible therapeutic applications in humans. Current strategies in mice rely on Cre/loxP technology requiring the generation of multiple transgenic lines and breeding strategies. Here, we describe the selective silencing of CD18, a leukocyte-specific integrin in neutrophils using a micro RNA (miRNA) strategy that requires the generation of one transgenic line. CD18-specific miRNA hairpin driven by the myeloid specific human MRP8 promoter resulted in the generation of transgenic lines with 75% to 95% reduction in CD18 protein levels in neutrophils and monocytes. Minimal decreases in T cells and a partial diminution in macrophages were observed. Neutrophil CD18 silencing resulted in neutrophilia, splenomegaly, and significant defects in neutrophil trafficking with the degree of alterations correlating with the extent of CD18 silencing. Thus, our data demonstrate the utility of using miRNA approaches to silence genes in neutrophils, which are terminally differentiated cells with a short half-life that largely precludes their genetic manipulation in vitro. Furthermore, the mouse models provide a valuable tool to examine the contribution of CD18 on neutrophils to leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD-I), a complex inherited disorder in which reduced or absent CD18 expression in multiple leukocyte subsets leads to impaired innate and adaptive immune responses.
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24
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Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Migration of donor-derived T cells into GVHD target organs plays an essential role in the development of GVHD. beta2 integrins are critically important for leukocyte extravasation through vascular endothelia and for T-cell activation. We asked whether CD18-deficient T cells would induce less GVHD while sparing the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. In murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation models, we found that recipients of CD18-/- donor T cells had significantly less GVHD morbidity and mortality compared with recipients of wild-type (WT) donor T cells. Analysis of alloreactivity showed that CD18-/- and WT T cells had comparable activation, expansion, and cytokine production in vivo. Reduced GVHD was associated with a significant decrease in donor T-cell infiltration of recipient intestine and with an overall decrease in pathologic scores in intestine and liver. Finally, we found that the in vivo GVL effect of CD18-/- donor T cells was largely preserved, because mortality of the recipients who received transplants of CD18-/- T cells plus tumor cells was greatly delayed or prevented. Our data suggest that strategies to target beta2 integrin have clinical potential to alleviate or prevent GVHD while sparing GVL activity.
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25
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Graf B, Bushnell T, Miller J. LFA-1-mediated T cell costimulation through increased localization of TCR/class II complexes to the central supramolecular activation cluster and exclusion of CD45 from the immunological synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1616-24. [PMID: 17641028 PMCID: PMC3993012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is associated with a dramatic reorganization of cell surface proteins and associated signaling components into discrete subdomains within the immunological synapse in T cell:APC conjugates. However, the signals that direct the localization of these proteins and the functional significance of this organization have not been established. In this study, we have used wild-type and LFA-1-deficient, DO11.10 TCR transgenic T cells to examine the role of LFA-1 in the formation of the immunological synapse. We found that coengagement of LFA-1 is not required for the formation of the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) region, but does increase the accumulation of TCR/class II complexes within the cSMAC. In addition, LFA-1 is required for the recruitment and localization of talin into the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster region and exclusion of CD45 from the synapse. The ability of LFA-1 to increase the amount of TCR engaged during synapse formation and segregate the phosphatase, CD45, from the synapse suggests that LFA-1 might enhance proximal TCR signaling. To test this, we combined flow cytometry-based cell adhesion and calcium-signaling assays and found that coengagement of LFA-1 significantly increased the magnitude of the intracellular calcium response following Ag presentation. These data support the idea that in addition to its important role on regulating T cell:APC adhesion, coengagement of LFA-1 can enhance T cell signaling, and suggest that this may be accomplished in part through the organization of proteins within the immunological synapse.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Cell Communication/genetics
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/genetics
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Talin/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Graf
- The David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Timothy Bushnell
- Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jim Miller
- The David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
- Corresponding Author: Jim Miller, Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Univ. Rochester, Box 609, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642-8609 Phone (585) 275-9698, FAX (585) 273-2452,
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26
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Uzel G, Tng E, Rosenzweig SD, Hsu AP, Shaw JM, Horwitz ME, Linton GF, Anderson SM, Kirby MR, Oliveira JB, Brown MR, Fleisher TA, Law SKA, Holland SM. Reversion mutations in patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type-1 (LAD-1). Blood 2007; 111:209-18. [PMID: 17875809 PMCID: PMC2200806 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-082552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type-1 (LAD-1) is an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the beta2 integrin, CD18, that impair CD11/CD18 heterodimer surface expression and/or function. Absence of functional CD11/CD18 integrins on leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, leads to their incapacity to adhere to the endothelium and migrate to sites of infection. We studied 3 LAD-1 patients with markedly diminished neutrophil CD18 expression, each of whom had a small population of lymphocytes with normal CD18 expression (CD18(+)). These CD18(+) lymphocytes were predominantly cytotoxic T cells, with a memory/effector phenotype. Microsatellite analyses proved patient origin of these cells. Sequencing of T-cell subsets showed that in each patient one CD18 allele had undergone further mutation. Interestingly, all 3 patients were young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Somatic reversions of inherited mutations in primary T-cell immunodeficiencies are typically associated with milder clinical phenotypes. We hypothesize that these somatic revertant CD18(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) may have altered immune regulation. The discovery of 3 cases of reversion mutations in LAD-1 at one center suggests that this may be a relatively common event in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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27
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Ulyanova T, Priestley GV, Banerjee ER, Papayannopoulou T. Unique and redundant roles of alpha4 and beta2 integrins in kinetics of recruitment of lymphoid vs myeloid cell subsets to the inflamed peritoneum revealed by studies of genetically deficient mice. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1256-65. [PMID: 17553614 PMCID: PMC2023970 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites is a prominent feature of acute and chronic inflammation. Instrumental in this process is the coordinated upregulation of leukocyte integrins (among which alpha4beta1 and beta2 integrins are major players) and their cognate receptors in inflamed tissues. To avoid the ambiguity of previous short-term antibody-based studies and to allow for long-term observation, we used genetically deficient mice to compare roles of alpha4 and beta2 integrins in leukocyte trafficking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aseptic peritonitis was induced in alpha4 or beta2 integrin-deficient (conditional and conventional knockouts, respectively) and control mice, and recruitment of major leukocyte subsets to the inflamed peritoneum was followed for up to 4 days. RESULTS Despite normal chemokine levels in the peritoneum and adequate numbers, optimal recruitment of myeloid cells was impaired in both alpha4- and beta2-deficient mice. Furthermore, clearance of recruited neutrophils and macrophages was delayed in these mice. Lymphocyte migration to the peritoneum in the absence of alpha4 integrins was drastically decreased, both at steady state and during inflammation, a finding consistent with impaired lymphocyte in vitro adhesion and signaling. By contrast, in the absence of beta2 integrins, defects in lymphocyte recruitment were only evident when peritonitis was established. CONCLUSIONS Our data with concurrent use of genetic models of integrin deficiency reveal nonredundant functions of alpha4 integrins in lymphocyte migration to the peritoneum and further refine specific roles of alpha4 and beta2 integrins concerning trafficking and clearance of other leukocyte subsets at homeostasis and during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ulyanova
- Department of Medicine/Hematology University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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28
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Wang H, Peters T, Kess D, Sindrilaru A, Oreshkova T, Van Rooijen N, Stratis A, Renkl AC, Sunderkötter C, Wlaschek M, Haase I, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Activated macrophages are essential in a murine model for T cell-mediated chronic psoriasiform skin inflammation. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2105-14. [PMID: 16886059 PMCID: PMC1523400 DOI: 10.1172/jci27180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD18 hypomorphic (CD18hypo) PL/J mouse model clinically resembling human psoriasis is characterized by reduced expression of the common chain of beta2 integrins (CD11/CD18) to only 2-16% of WT levels. Previously we found that this chronic psoriasiform skin inflammation also depends on the presence of CD4+ T cells. Herein we investigated the role of macrophages in this CD18hypo mouse model. Activated macrophages were significantly increased in lesional skin as well as in inflamed skin draining lymph nodes (DLNs) of affected CD18hypo mice and were identified as being an important source of TNF-alpha in vivo. Both depletion of macrophages and neutralization of TNF-alpha resulted in a significant alleviation of psoriasiform skin inflammation. As monocyte chemotactic protein 1 was enhanced in lesional skin of affected CD18hypo mice, we intradermally injected recombinant murine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (rJE/MCP-1) alone or in combination with rTNF-alpha into the skin of healthy CD18hypo mice. Only simultaneous injection of rJE/MCP-1 and rTNF-alpha, but neither substance alone, resulted in the induction of psoriasiform skin inflammation around the injection sites with recruitment and activation of macrophages. Collectively, our data suggest that maintenance of psoriasiform skin inflammation critically depends on efficient recruitment and activation of macrophages with sufficient release of TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Peters
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Kess
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Anca Sindrilaru
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Tsvetelina Oreshkova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Athanasios Stratis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Renkl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Meinhard Wlaschek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Haase
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Department of Cell Biology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Dermatology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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29
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Peters T, Sindrilaru A, Hinz B, Hinrichs R, Menke A, Al-Azzeh EAD, Holzwarth K, Oreshkova T, Wang H, Kess D, Walzog B, Sulyok S, Sunderkötter C, Friedrich W, Wlaschek M, Krieg T, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Wound-healing defect of CD18(-/-) mice due to a decrease in TGF-beta1 and myofibroblast differentiation. EMBO J 2005; 24:3400-10. [PMID: 16148944 PMCID: PMC1276170 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the mechanisms underlying the severely impaired wound healing associated with human leukocyte-adhesion deficiency syndrome-1 (LAD1) using a murine disease model. In CD18(-/-) mice, healing of full-thickness wounds was severely delayed during granulation-tissue contraction, a phase where myofibroblasts play a major role. Interestingly, expression levels of myofibroblast markers alpha-smooth muscle actin and ED-A fibronectin were substantially reduced in wounds of CD18(-/-) mice, suggesting an impaired myofibroblast differentiation. TGF-beta signalling was clearly involved since TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta receptor type-II protein levels were decreased, while TGF-beta(1) injections into wound margins fully re-established wound closure. Since, in CD18(-/-) mice, defective migration leads to a severe reduction of neutrophils in wounds, infiltrating macrophages might not phagocytose apoptotic CD18(-/-) neutrophils. Macrophages would thus be lacking their main stimulus to secrete TGF-beta1. Indeed, in neutrophil-macrophage cocultures, lack of CD18 on either cell type leads to dramatically reduced TGF-beta1 release by macrophages due to defective adhesion to, and subsequent impaired phagocytic clearance of, neutrophils. Our data demonstrates that the paracrine secretion of growth factors is essential for cellular differentiation in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Peters
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anca Sindrilaru
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Hinrichs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Menke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ezz Al Din Al-Azzeh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katrin Holzwarth
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tsvetelina Oreshkova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Honglin Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Kess
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Department of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Sulyok
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cord Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Meinhard Wlaschek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Maienweg 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany. Tel.:+49 731 500 21801; Fax: +49 731 500 21870; E-mail:
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30
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Barlow SC, Langston W, Matthews KM, Chidlow JH, Kevil CG. CD18 deficiency protects against multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 165:1849-52. [PMID: 15579429 PMCID: PMC1618720 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment into pancreatic islets is believed to play an important pathophysiological role in autoimmune diabetes. Previous reports have suggested that several different adhesion molecules may be involved in leukocyte recruitment during autoimmune diabetes, including members of the leukocyte beta(2) integrins. Here we report that a gene-targeted deficiency of the beta(2) integrin, CD18, protects against multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced autoimmune diabetes. CD18 null mice displayed lower blood glucose values throughout the study, with only 10% of these mice eventually developing diabetes compared to 95% in the control group. Importantly, the development of insulitis was markedly absent in the CD18 null mice, suggesting that members of this integrin subfamily predominately regulate leukocyte infiltration into pancreatic islets. This study demonstrates that the beta(2) integrins play a key pathophysiological role in the development of multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne C Barlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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31
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Ehrchen J, Sindrilaru A, Grabbe S, Schönlau F, Schlesiger C, Sorg C, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Sunderkötter C. Senescent BALB/c mice are able to develop resistance to Leishmania major infection. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5106-14. [PMID: 15322004 PMCID: PMC517419 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5106-5114.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has been associated with a decline in immunocompetence and resistance to infections, partially due to dysregulated NO production by macrophages and deficits in mounting Th2 cell responses. We wondered if these alterations would reverse the immune response in experimental leishmaniasis. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages from 2- and 18-month-old (senescent) C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice showed no marked difference in leishmanicidal functions. In vivo infections of resistant C57BL/6 mice with Leishmania major revealed no difference between senescent and young mice. However, among susceptible BALB/c mice, senescent animals showed less foot-pad swelling than young mice, and 40 to 60% of them even showed healing of ulcers, reduced parasite dissemination, and a Th1 cell response. These changes were associated with a spontaneous release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) by macrophages from aged but not from young mice. Since exogenous microbial stimulation can influence immune responses during aging, we also infected senescent mice who were raised under specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. They showed neither resistance nor a Th1 response, but their macrophages still spontaneously released IL-12. A microbiological analysis showed that conventionally kept mice, but not SPF mice, had experienced infection with murine hepatitis virus (MHV), an infection associated with a Th1-like response. We conclude that for the reversal of the immune response, senescence is the premier requirement but needs to be completed by another mandatory event such as microbial stimulation. One of the age-related, but not environment-related, factors is the spontaneous release of IL-12 by macrophages, while confrontation with MHV presents an environment-related difference, with both having the potential to support a Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ehrchen
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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32
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Dimitroff CJ, Kupper TS, Sackstein R. Prevention of leukocyte migration to inflamed skin with a novel fluorosugar modifier of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1008-18. [PMID: 14523038 PMCID: PMC198531 DOI: 10.1172/jci19220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
E-selectin and P-selectin on dermal postcapillary venules play critical roles in the migration of effector T cells into inflamed skin. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) modified by alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase is the principal selectin ligand on skin-homing T cells and is required for effector T cell entry into inflamed skin. We have previously shown that a fluorinated analog of N-acetylglucosamine peracetylated-4-fluorinated-d-glucosamine (4-F-GlcNAc), inhibits selectin ligand expression on human T cell PSGL-1. To analyze 4-F-GlcNAc efficacy in dampening effector T cell migration to inflamed skin, we elicited allergic contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions in mice treated with 4-F-GlcNAc. We also investigated 4-F-GlcNAc efficacy on lymphocyte E-selectin ligand expression in LNs draining antigen-sensitized skin and on other immunological processes requisite for CHS responses. Our results showed that 4-F-GlcNAc treatment attenuated lymphocyte E-selectin ligand expression in skin-draining LNs and prevented CHS reactions. Significant reductions in inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate were observed, while pathways related to antigenic processing and presentation and naive T cell recognition within skin-draining LNs were unaffected. These data indicate that 4-F-GlcNAc prevents CHS by inhibiting selectin ligand activity and the capacity of effector T cells to enter antigen-challenged skin without affecting the afferent phase of CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Dimitroff
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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