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Donovan C, Seow HJ, Bourke JE, Vlahos R. Influenza A virus infection and cigarette smoke impair bronchodilator responsiveness to β-adrenoceptor agonists in mouse lung. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:829-37. [PMID: 27128803 PMCID: PMC5233570 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β2-adrenoceptor agonists are the mainstay therapy for patients with asthma but their effectiveness in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited. In addition, bronchodilator efficacy of β2-adrenoceptor agonists is decreased during acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), caused by respiratory viruses including influenza A. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the β2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol (SALB) on small airway reactivity using mouse precision cut lung slices (PCLS) prepared from CS-exposed mice and from CS-exposed mice treated with influenza A virus (Mem71, H3N1). CS exposure alone reduced SALB potency and efficacy associated with decreased β2-adrenoceptor mRNA expression, and increased tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression. This impaired relaxation was restored by day 12 in the absence of further CS exposure. In PCLS prepared after Mem71 infection alone, responses to SALB were transient and were not well maintained. CS exposure prior to Mem71 infection almost completely abolished relaxation, although β2-adrenoceptor and TNFα and IL-1β expression were unaltered. The present study has shown decreased sensitivity to SALB after CS or a combination of CS and Mem71 occurs by different mechanisms. In addition, the PCLS technique and our models of CS and influenza infection provide a novel setting for assessment of alternative bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Donovan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Donovan C, Bourke JE, Vlahos R. Targeting the IL-33/IL-13 Axis for Respiratory Viral Infections. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:252-261. [PMID: 26833119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are highly prevalent worldwide. One of the major factors that limits the efficacy of current medication in these patients are viral infections, leading to exacerbations of symptoms and decreased quality of life. Current pharmacological strategies targeting virus-induced lung disease are problematic due to antiviral resistance and the requirement for strain-specific vaccination. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently required. In this Opinion article, we provide state-of-the-art evidence from humans and preclinical animal models implicating the interleukin (IL)-33/IL-13 axis in virus-induced lung disease. Thus, targeting the IL-33/IL-13 axis may be a feasible way to overcome the limitations of current therapy used to treat virus-induced exacerbations of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Donovan
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
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Cheah EY, Mann TS, Burcham PC, Henry PJ. Influenza A infection attenuates relaxation responses of mouse tracheal smooth muscle evoked by acrolein. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 93:519-26. [PMID: 25557294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium is an important source of relaxant mediators, and damage to the epithelium caused by respiratory tract viruses may contribute to airway hyperreactivity. The aim of this study was to determine whether influenza A-induced epithelial damage would modulate relaxation responses evoked by acrolein, a toxic and prevalent component of smoke. Male BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with influenza A/PR-8/34 (VIRUS-infected) or allantoic fluid (SHAM-infected). On day 4 post-inoculation, isometric tension recording studies were conducted on carbachol pre-contracted tracheal segments isolated from VIRUS and SHAM mice. Relaxant responses to acrolein (30 μM) were markedly smaller in VIRUS segments compared to SHAM segments (2 ± 1% relaxation vs. 28 ± 5%, n=14, p<0.01). Similarly, relaxation responses of VIRUS segments to the neuropeptide substance P (SP) were greatly attenuated (1 ± 1% vs. 47 ± 6% evoked by 1 nM SP, n=14, p<0.001). Consistent with epithelial damage, PGE2 release in response to both acrolein and SP were reduced in VIRUS segments (>35% reduction, n=6, p<0.01), as determined using ELISA. In contrast, exogenous PGE2 was 2.8-fold more potent in VIRUS relative to SHAM segments (-log EC50 7.82 ± 0.14 vs. 7.38 ± 0.05, n=7, p<0.01) whilst responses of VIRUS segments to the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline were similar to SHAM segments. In conclusion, relaxation responses evoked by acrolein were profoundly diminished in tracheal segments isolated from influenza A-infected mice. The mechanism through which influenza A infection attenuates this response appears to involve reduced production of PGE2 in response to SP due to epithelial cell loss, and may provide insight into the airway hyperreactivity observed with influenza A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Y Cheah
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tracy S Mann
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Philip C Burcham
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Henry
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:210-29. [PMID: 21233513 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00014-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium acts as a frontline defense against respiratory viruses, not only as a physical barrier and through the mucociliary apparatus but also through its immunological functions. It initiates multiple innate and adaptive immune mechanisms which are crucial for efficient antiviral responses. The interaction between respiratory viruses and airway epithelial cells results in production of antiviral substances, including type I and III interferons, lactoferrin, β-defensins, and nitric oxide, and also in production of cytokines and chemokines, which recruit inflammatory cells and influence adaptive immunity. These defense mechanisms usually result in rapid virus clearance. However, respiratory viruses elaborate strategies to evade antiviral mechanisms and immune responses. They may disrupt epithelial integrity through cytotoxic effects, increasing paracellular permeability and damaging epithelial repair mechanisms. In addition, they can interfere with immune responses by blocking interferon pathways and by subverting protective inflammatory responses toward detrimental ones. Finally, by inducing overt mucus secretion and mucostasis and by paving the way for bacterial infections, they favor lung damage and further impair host antiviral mechanisms.
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Message SD, Johnston SL. Infections. ASTHMA AND COPD 2009. [PMCID: PMC7149941 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374001-4.00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the epidemiological evidence implicating infectious pathogens as triggers and will discuss the mechanisms of interaction between the host–pathogen response and preexisting airway pathology that result in an exacerbation. Asthma is a multifaceted syndrome involving atopy, bronchial hyperreactivity, and IgE and non-IgE-mediated acute and chronic immune responses. The asthmatic airway is characterized by an infiltrate of eosinophils and of T-lymphocytes expressing the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Trigger factors associated with acute exacerbations of asthma include exposure to environmental allergens, especially animals, molds, pollens and mites, cold, exercise, and drugs. The frequency of exacerbations is a major factor in the quality of life of patients with COPD. The typical clinical features of an exacerbation include increased dyspnea, wheezing, cough, sputum production, and worsened gas exchange. Although noninfectious causes of exacerbations such as allergy, air pollution, or inhaled irritants including cigarette smoke may be important, acute airway infections are the major precipitants. The infection and consequent host inflammatory response result in increased airway obstruction. The success of vaccination to prevent respiratory virus infections has been limited by significant variation within the major virus types causing disease. Currently much of the treatment of infective exacerbations of asthma and COPD is symptomatic, consisting of increased bronchodilators, either short-acting β 2—agonists in inhaled or intravenous form or anticholinergics or theophyllines, or supportive in the form of oxygen and in severe cases noninvasive or invasive ventilatory measures.
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Pavlovic D, Frieling H, Usichenko T, Nedeljkov V, Nafissi T, Lehmann C, Aubier M, Wendt M. s-CARBOXYMETHYLCYSTEINE INHIBITS CARBACHOL-INDUCED CONSTRICTION OF EPITHELIUM-DENUDED RAT AND HUMAN AIRWAY PREPARATIONS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:663-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ricciardolo FLM, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. The therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the arginase pathway in asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 14:1221-31. [PMID: 16185164 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.10.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Arginine metabolism by arginases may be of importance in health and disease, either by competing with nitric oxide synthases for the common substrate or by the production of L-ornithine. L-ornithine serves as a precursor for L-proline and polyamines, which may be involved in tissue remodelling by promoting collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. Arginase activity potentiates airway reactivity by reducing the production of bronchodilatory nitric oxide. Increased arginase activity has been implicated in the development of allergen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness in experimental asthma. In addition, reduced L-arginine availability to inducible nitric oxide synthase by arginase may lead to an increased production of peroxynitrite, contributing to increased airway smooth muscle contractility, airway inflammation and cell damage in this disease. Recent studies demonstrate that the upregulation of arginase by T helper type 2 cytokines in lung tissue as well as in cultured airway fibroblasts indicates a possible role of the enzyme in airway re-modelling. These findings, in conjunction with human studies showing a role for arginase in acute asthma, open a new horizon for the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the arginase pathway in asthma.
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HULSMANN AR, DE JONGSTE JC. Modulation of airway responsiveness by the airway epithelium in humans: putative mechanisms. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Broeke RT, De Crom R, Van Haperen R, Verweij V, Leusink-Muis T, Van Ark I, De Clerck F, Nijkamp FP, Folkerts G. Overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase suppresses features of allergic asthma in mice. Respir Res 2006; 7:58. [PMID: 16597326 PMCID: PMC1456969 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and enhanced T-cell number/activity on one hand and increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) with expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) on the other hand. These findings are in paradox, as NO also relaxes airway smooth muscle and has immunosuppressive properties. The exact role of the endothelial NOS (eNOS) isoform in asthma is still unknown. We hypothezised that a delicate regulation in the production of NO and its bioactive forms by eNOS might be the key to the pathogenesis of asthma. Methods The contribution of eNOS on the development of asthmatic features was examined. We used transgenic mice that overexpress eNOS and measured characteristic features of allergic asthma after sensitisation and challenge of these mice with the allergen ovalbumin. Results eNOS overexpression resulted in both increased eNOS activity and NO production in the lungs. Isolated thoracic lymph nodes cells from eNOS overexpressing mice that have been sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin produced significantly less of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10. No difference in serum IgE levels could be found. Further, there was a 50% reduction in the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the lung lavage fluid of these animals. Finally, airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine was abolished in eNOS overexpressing mice. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that eNOS overexpression attenuates both airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a model of allergic asthma. We suggest that a delicate balance in the production of bioactive forms of NO derived from eNOS might be essential in the pathophysiology of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ten Broeke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Rini De Crom
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rien Van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne Verweij
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Van Ark
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fred De Clerck
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frans P Nijkamp
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Redington AE. Modulation of nitric oxide pathways: therapeutic potential in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:263-76. [PMID: 16466650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is present in the exhaled breath of humans and other mammalian species. It is generated in the lower airways by enzymes of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family, although nonenzymatic synthesis and consumptive processes may also influence levels of NO in exhaled breath. The biological properties of NO in the airways are multiple, complex, and bidirectional. Under physiological conditions, NO appears to play a homeostatic bronchoprotective role. However, its proinflammatory properties could also potentially cause tissue injury and contribute to airway dysfunction in disease states such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This article will review the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NO in the airways, discuss the rationale for the use of drugs that modulate NO pathways--nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and NO donors--to treat inflammatory airway diseases, and attempt to predict the likely therapeutic benefit of such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Redington
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom.
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Zimmermann N, Rothenberg ME. The arginine-arginase balance in asthma and lung inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:253-62. [PMID: 16458291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. Using global microarray analysis, we have recently uncovered that asthmatic responses involve metabolism of arginine by arginase. We found that the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)2, arginase I, and arginase II were particularly prominent among the allergen-induced gene transcripts. These genes are key regulators of critical processes associated with asthma including airway tone, cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition, respectively. Furthermore, systemic arginine levels and arginine metabolism via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can have profound effect on lung inflammation. This review focuses on the current body of knowledge on l-arginine metabolism in asthma and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229, USA
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Abstract
Assessment of airway function is difficult in young children with asthma, and in addition, only reflects the status of the disease at the time of the measurement. Thus, there is increasing interest in monitoring airway inflammation in asthma, which may provide a longer term assessment of disease activity. Most methods of assessing asthmatic inflammation are invasive, and are not feasible in the paediatric population. This review discusses exhaled nitric oxide as a marker of asthmatic inflammation, and compares it with other recognized markers. Exhaled nitric oxide has the potential to become a noninvasive method of assessing asthma control in the paediatric population.
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Li PC, Shaw CF, Kuo TF, Chien CT. Inducible nitric oxide synthase evoked nitric oxide counteracts capsaicin-induced airway smooth muscle contraction, but exacerbates plasma extravasation. Neurosci Lett 2005; 378:117-22. [PMID: 15774269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to capsaicin-evoked airway responses was investigated in rats. The measurement of plasma NO level, airway dynamics, airway smooth muscle electromyogram, and plasma extravasation by India ink and Evans blue leakage technique was adapted. Capsaicin-evoked hypotension, bronchoconstriction, trachea plasma extravasation as well as increases in plasma NO level in a dose-dependent manner. L-732138 (NK1 receptor antagonist) or SR-48968 (NK2 receptor antagonist) pretreatment reduced capsaicin-enhanced hypotension, bronchoconstriction, plasma extravasation, and plasma NO level. N(G)-nitro-L-Arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.v.), a non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, or aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg, i.v.), a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, reduced capsaicin-induced increases in plasma NO level and protected against capsaicin-induced plasma extravasation, whereas L-arginine (150 mg/kg, i.v.), a NO precursor, enhanced capsaicin-evoked plasma NO level and plasma extravasation. L-Arginine pretreatment ameliorated capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction, whereas L-NAME and aminoguanidine exaggerated capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction. In summary, NK1 and NK2 receptors and iNOS play a role in NO formation and on capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction and plasma extravasation. NO generated by iNOS counteracts tachykinin-mediated bronchoconstriction, but exacerbates tachykinin-mediated plasma extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chia Li
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taipei, Taiwan
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King NE, Rothenberg ME, Zimmermann N. Arginine in asthma and lung inflammation. J Nutr 2004; 134:2830S-2836S; discussion 2853S. [PMID: 15465795 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2830s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. Using global microarray analysis, we recently discovered that asthmatic responses involve metabolism of arginine by arginase. We found that the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)2, arginase I, and arginase II were particularly prominent among the allergen-induced gene transcripts. These genes are key regulators of critical processes associated with asthma, including airway tone, cell hyperplasia, and collagen deposition, respectively. Recent data suggest that arginase induction is not just a marker of allergic airway responses, but that arginase is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple aspects of disease. This review focuses on the current body of knowledge on L-arginine metabolism in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E King
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Ricciardolo FLM, Sterk PJ, Gaston B, Folkerts G. Nitric oxide in health and disease of the respiratory system. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:731-65. [PMID: 15269335 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade a plethora of studies have unravelled the multiple roles of nitric oxide (NO) in airway physiology and pathophysiology. In the respiratory tract, NO is produced by a wide variety of cell types and is generated via oxidation of l-arginine that is catalyzed by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS). NOS exists in three distinct isoforms: neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). NO derived from the constitutive isoforms of NOS (nNOS and eNOS) and other NO-adduct molecules (nitrosothiols) have been shown to be modulators of bronchomotor tone. On the other hand, NO derived from iNOS seems to be a proinflammatory mediator with immunomodulatory effects. The concentration of this molecule in exhaled air is abnormal in activated states of different inflammatory airway diseases, and its monitoring is potentially a major advance in the management of, e.g., asthma. Finally, the production of NO under oxidative stress conditions secondarily generates strong oxidizing agents (reactive nitrogen species) that may modulate the development of chronic inflammatory airway diseases and/or amplify the inflammatory response. The fundamental mechanisms driving the altered NO bioactivity under pathological conditions still need to be fully clarified, because their regulation provides a novel target in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mulrennan SA, Redington AE. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition: therapeutic potential in asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 3:79-88. [PMID: 15182209 DOI: 10.2165/00151829-200403020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine in the human respiratory tract by enzymes of the NO synthase (NOS) family. Levels of NO in exhaled air are increased in asthma, and measurement of exhaled NO has been advocated as a noninvasive tool to monitor the underlying inflammatory process. However, the relation of NO to disease pathophysiology is uncertain, and in particular the fundamental question of whether it should be viewed primarily as beneficial or harmful remains unanswered. Exogenously administered NO has both bronchodilator and bronchoprotective properties. Although it is unlikely that NO is an important regulator of basal airway tone, there is good evidence that endogenous NO release exerts a protective effect against various bronchoconstrictor stimuli. This response is thought to involve one or both of the constitutive NOS isoforms, endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS). Therefore, inhibition of these enzymes is unlikely to be therapeutically useful in asthma and indeed may worsen disease control. On the other hand, the high concentrations of NO in asthma, which are believed to reflect upregulation of inducible NOS (iNOS) by proinflammatory cytokines, may produce various deleterious effects. These include increased vascular permeability, damage to the airway epithelium, and promotion of inflammatory cell infiltration. However, the possible effects of iNOS inhibition on allergic inflammation in asthma have not yet been described and studies in animal models have yielded inconsistent findings. Thus, the evidence to suggest that inhibition of iNOS would be a useful therapeutic strategy in asthma is limited at present. More definitive information will require studies combining agents that potently and specifically target individual NOS isoforms with direct measurement of inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan A Mulrennan
- Division of Academic Medicine, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Hull, England
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Ten Broeke R, Blalock JE, Nijkamp FP, Folkerts G. Calcium sensors as new therapeutic targets for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:170-6. [PMID: 14987293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ten Broeke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Message SD, Johnston SL. Host defense function of the airway epithelium in health and disease: clinical background. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:5-17. [PMID: 12972516 PMCID: PMC7167170 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0703315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infection is extremely common and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The airway epithelium has an important role in host defense against infection and this is illustrated in this review by considering infection by respiratory viruses. In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory viruses are a common trigger of exacerbations. Rhinoviruses (RV) are the most common virus type detected. Knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of such RV-induced exacerbations remains limited, but information is available from in vitro and from in vivo studies, especially of experimental infection in human volunteers. RV infects and replicates within epithelial cells (EC) of the lower respiratory tract. EC are an important component of the innate-immune response to RV infection. The interaction between virus and the intracellular signaling pathways of the host cell results in activation of potentially antiviral mechanisms, including type 1 interferons and nitric oxide, and in the production of cytokines and chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-16, tumor necrosis factor alpha, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, growth-regulated oncogene-alpha, epithelial neutrophil-activating protein-78, regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted, eotaxin 1/2, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1 alpha], which influence the subsequent induced innate- and specific-immune response. Although this is beneficial in facilitating clearance of virus from the respiratory tract, the generation of proinflammatory mediators and the recruitment of inflammatory cells result in a degree of immunopathology and may amplify pre-existing airway inflammation. Further research will be necessary to determine whether modification of EC responses to respiratory virus infection will be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Message
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at St. Mary's, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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Meurs H, Maarsingh H, Zaagsma J. Arginase and asthma: novel insights into nitric oxide homeostasis and airway hyperresponsiveness. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24:450-5. [PMID: 12967769 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(03)00227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For many years it has been supposed that the production of an excess of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays a major role in inflammatory diseases, including asthma. However, recent studies indicate that a deficiency of beneficial, bronchodilating constitutive NOS (cNOS)-derived NO is important in allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Although several mechanisms are proposed to explain the reduction of cNOS activity, reduced substrate availability, caused by a combination of increased arginase activity and decreased cellular uptake of L-arginine, appears to play a key role. Recent evidence also indicates that iNOS-induced pathophysiological effects involve substrate deficiency. Thus, at low concentrations of L-arginine iNOS produces both NO and superoxide anions, which results in the increased synthesis of the highly reactive, detrimental oxidant peroxynitrite. Based on these observations, we propose that a relative deficiency of NO caused by increased arginase activity and altered L-arginine homeostasis is a major factor in the pathology of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Meurs
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Afshar S, Gibson LL, Yuhanna IS, Sherman TS, Kerecman JD, Grubb PH, Yoder BA, McCurnin DC, Shaul PW. Pulmonary NO synthase expression is attenuated in a fetal baboon model of chronic lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L749-58. [PMID: 12676765 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00334.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by NO synthase (NOS), serves multiple functions in the perinatal lung. In fetal baboons, neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) are all primarily expressed in proximal respiratory epithelium. In the present study, NOS expression and activity in proximal lung and minute ventilation of NO standard temperature and pressure (VeNO(STP)) were evaluated in a model of chronic lung disease (CLD) in baboons delivered at 125 days (d) of gestation (term = 185 d) and ventilated for 14 d, obtaining control lung samples from fetuses at 125 or 140 d of gestation. In contrast to the normal 73% increase in total NOS activity from 125 to 140 d of gestation, there was an 83% decline with CLD. This was related to marked diminutions in both nNOS and eNOS expression and enzymatic activity. nNOS accounted for the vast majority of enzymatic activity in all groups. The normal 3.3-fold maturational rise in iNOS protein expression was blunted in CLD, yet iNOS activity was elevated in CLD compared with at birth. The contribution of iNOS to total NOS activity was minimal in all groups. VeNO(STP) remained stable in the range of 0.5-1.0 nl x kg(-1) x min(-1) from birth to day 7 of life, and it then rose by 2.5-fold. Thus the baboon model of CLD is characterized by deficiency of the principal pulmonary isoforms, nNOS and eNOS, and enhanced iNOS activity over the first 2 wk of postnatal life. It is postulated that these alterations in NOS expression and activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Afshar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
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22
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Abstract
The formation and modulation of nitric oxide (NO) in the lungs is reviewed. Its beneficial and deleterious roles in airways diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis, and in animal models is discussed. The pharmacological effects of agents that modulate NO production or act as NO donors are described. The clinical pharmacology of these agents is described and the therapeutic potential for their use in airways disease is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Nevin
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is endogenously released in the airways by nitric oxide synthase. Functionally, two isoforms of this enzyme exist: constitutive and inducible. The former seems to protect airways from excessive bronchoconstriction while the latter has a modulatory role in inflammatory disorders of the airways such as asthma. This review explores the physiological and pathophysiological role of endogenous nitric oxide in the airways, and the clinical aspects of monitoring nitric oxide in exhaled air of patients with respiratory disease.
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Cochran JR, Khan AM, Elidemir O, Xue H, Cua B, Fullmer J, Larsen GL, Colasurdo GN. Influence of lipopolysaccharide exposure on airway function and allergic responses in developing mice. Pediatr Pulmonol 2002; 34:267-77. [PMID: 12205568 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endotoxin has been associated with an exacerbation of asthmatic responses in humans and animal models. However, recent evidence suggests that microbial exposure in early life may protect from the development of asthma and atopy. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) on airway function in developing mice. In addition, we evaluated the influence of LPS on subsequent allergen sensitization and challenge. Under light anesthesia, 2-3-week-old Balb/c mice received a single intranasal instillation of LPS or sterile physiologic saline. Measurements of airway function were obtained in unrestrained animals, using whole-body plethysmography. Airway responsiveness was expressed in terms of % enhanced pause (Penh) increase from baseline to aerosolized methacholine (Mch). In additional studies, we assessed the functional and cellular responses to ovalbumin sensitization and challenge following prior exposure to LPS. We found that exposure to LPS induced transient airway hyperresponsiveness to Mch. These functional changes were associated with the recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Airway responsiveness after allergen sensitization and challenge was decreased by prior exposure to LPS. The analysis of BAL cells and cytokines (interferon-gamma and interleukin-4) did not reveal alterations in the overall Th1/Th2 balance. Our findings suggest that LPS leads to airway hyperresponsiveness in developing mice, and may protect against the development of allergen-driven airway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Cochran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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Abstract
Endogenous nitric oxide is an ubiquitous gaseous molecule that regulates many aspects of human airway biology including the modulation of airway and vascular smooth muscle tone. It is generated from the three different enzymes nitric oxide synthases (NOS) -1, -2 and -3 which are all expressed in pulmonary cells. NOS-1 is localised primarily to neuronal structures, where NO is a mediator of the inhibitory Non-Adrenergic Non-Cholinergic System and NOS-3 is present in endothelial cells. While these enzymes are constitutively expressed, NOS-2 is an inducible enzyme independent of calcium and highly induced in inflammatory diseases such as allergic asthma, where NO may act beneficial or deleterious depending on the site of and amount of generation. The use of NO-donor compounds or classical unselective NOS inhibitors did not lead to significant therapeutical effects in asthmatic patients. Insights on the precise role of NO in asthma can only be achieved by targeting NO generation selectively. More potent and selective NOS-2 inhibitors have to clarify a role of NOS-modification based therapy in clinical routine. NO can also be detected in the exhaled air. Increased levels of exhaled NO in asthmatic patients may be useful for a non-invasive determination of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Charité School of Medicine, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany
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Kloek J, Nijkamp F, Bloksma N, De Clerck F, Folkerts G. Differential responsiveness of proximal and distal parts of isolated guinea pig trachea. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 442:289-94. [PMID: 12065083 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study addressed the question whether proximal and distal guinea pig tracheal segments respond differently to contractile agents. Using a perfused trachea set-up, histamine, KCl or the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, could be administered selectively to the mucosa (at the inside) or the serosa (at the outside) of the tracheal segments. Proximal parts contracted significantly more (40-60%) than distal parts when 1 mM histamine was administered to the mucosal or serosal side or when KCl (50 mM) was added to the serosal side. When histamine was administered to the mucosal side of epithelium-denuded segments, the contractions were twice as high in proximal than in distal parts (3057 vs. 1526 mg). Inhibition of tracheal cyclo-oxygenase with indomethacin at the mucosal side increased proximal and distal reactivity to mucosally administered histamine to the same extent. Serosal administration of indomethacin, however, increased histamine reactivity only in proximal segments (from 2690 to 5180 mg). In the latter segments, subsequent administration of histamine to the serosal side further increased the contraction, while serosal histamine in the absence of serosal indomethacin produced a relaxation (net difference of 4672 mg). In conclusion, the higher intrinsic contractility of proximal tracheal segments is counteracted by serosal cyclo-oxygenase products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Kloek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is expressed in vascular endothelium, airway epithelium, and certain other cell types where it generates the key signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO). Diminished NO availability contributes to systemic and pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, and airway dysfunction. Complex mechanisms underly the cell specificity of eNOS expression, and co- and post-translational processing leads to trafficking of the enzyme to plasma membrane caveolae. Within caveolae, eNOS is the downstream target member of a signaling complex in which it is functionally linked to both typical G protein-coupled receptors and less typical receptors such as estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI displaying novel actions. This compartmentalization facilitates dynamic protein-protein interactions and calcium- and phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction events that modify eNOS activity. Further understanding of these mechanisms will enable us to take preventive and therapeutic advantage of the powerful actions of NO in multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Shaul
- Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063, USA.
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Message SD, Johnston SL. Infections. ASTHMA AND COPD 2002. [PMCID: PMC7155531 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012079028-9/50114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection, in particular by respiratory viruses, plays an important role in triggering exacerbations and has also been implicated in the etiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This chapter reviews the epidemiological evidence that implicates infectious pathogens as triggers. The chapter also discusses the mechanisms of interaction between the host-pathogen response and preexisting airway pathology resulting in an exacerbation. Much of the treatment of infective exacerbations for both asthma and COPD is symptomatic, consisting of bronchodilators or supportive in the form of oxygen, and in severe cases it includes noninvasive or invasive ventilatory measures. The current therapy for virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and COPD relies on increased treatment of preexisting disease. Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial infections. The effective use of antiviral agents, particularly for influenza viruses, requires viral diagnosis, commencement of treatment early in the course of an exacerbation, or the targeting of high-risk groups for prophylaxis. Alternative strategies for drug development involve the identification of key factors common to exacerbations induced by a range of different viruses. Increased knowledge of the host–virus interaction can help in designing treatments that can increase virus clearance and minimize immunopathology.
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The Role of Virus and Atypical Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Asthma. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00019048-200201000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Ten Broeke R, Folkerts G, Leusink-Muis T, Van der Linde HJ, Villain M, Manion MK, De Clerck F, Blalock JE, Nijkamp FP. Calcium sensors as new therapeutic targets for airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma. FASEB J 2001; 15:1831-3. [PMID: 11481245 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0018fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ten Broeke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ricciardolo FL, Timmers MC, Geppetti P, van Schadewijk A, Brahim JJ, Sont JK, de Gouw HW, Hiemstra PS, van Krieken JH, Sterk PJ. Allergen-induced impairment of bronchoprotective nitric oxide synthesis in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:198-204. [PMID: 11496234 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous nitric oxide protects against airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to bradykinin in mild asthma, whereas AHR to bradykinin is enhanced by inhaled allergens. OBJECTIVE Hypothesizing that allergen exposure impairs bronchoprotective nitric oxide within the airways, we studied the effect of the inhaled nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) on AHR to bradykinin before and after allergen challenge in 10 subjects with atopic asthma. METHODS The study consisted of 3 periods (1 diluent and 2 allergen challenges). AHR to bradykinin (PD(20)BK) was examined before and 48 hours after allergen challenge, both after double-blinded pretreatment with L-NMMA or placebo. The accompanying expression of the various NOS isoforms (ecNOS, nNOS, and iNOS) was examined by means of immunohistochemistry in bronchial biopsies obtained after diluent and allergen challenge. RESULTS After placebo, AHR to BK worsened after allergen challenge in comparison with before allergen challenge (PD(20)BK, 70.8 nmol [range, 6.3-331] and 257 nmol [35.5-2041], respectively; P =.0004). After L-NMMA, preallergen and postallergen PD(20)BK values (50.1 nmol [1.8-200] vs 52.5 nmol [6.9-204]; P =.88) were similarly reduced (P <.01) and not different from the postplacebo/postallergen value (P >.05). After allergen challenge, the intensity of staining in bronchial epithelium decreased for ecNOS (P =.03) and increased for iNOS (P =.009). These changes in immunostaining were correlated with the accompanying worsening in AHR to BK (R(s) = -0.66 and 0.71; P <.04). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that allergen exposure in asthma induces increased airway hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin through impaired release of bronchoprotective nitric oxide associated with downregulation of ecNOS. This suggests that new therapeutic strategies towards restoring the balance among the NOS isoforms during asthma exacerbations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Ricciardolo
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Samb A, Pretolani M, Dinh-Xuan AT, Ouksel H, Callebert J, Lisdero C, Aubier M, Boczkowski J. Decreased pulmonary and tracheal smooth muscle expression and activity of type 1 nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) after ovalbumin immunization and multiple aerosol challenge in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:149-54. [PMID: 11435253 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2004030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological evidence supports a role of a transient decreased endogenous nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced early airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. However, no data are available regarding the expression and activity of the constitutive NO synthases (cNOS; NOS1 and NOS3, nNOS and eNOS, respectively) in this model. Therefore, we evaluated cNOS activity (conversion of L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline in the presence of Ca2+ and calmodulin), nitrate and nitrite (NOx) concentration (modified Griess method), and NOS1 and NOS3 protein expression (Western blot) in lung homogenates and in the tracheal smooth muscle from OVA-immunized and multiple aerosol-challenged guinea pigs (six challenges, once daily). The expression and activity of the inducible NOS isoform (NOS2), the levels of exhaled NO, and the in vivo airway reactivity were also determined. Constitutive NOS activity and NO(x) concentration were significantly lower 6 h after the last OVA challenge as compared with saline exposure, being similar at 24 h. Expression of NOS1 paralleled cNOS activity, which was reduced 6, but not 24 h after OVA challenge. The decrease in NOS1 expression was accompanied by a significant decrease in the amounts of exhaled NO and by a maximal airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine. The levels of NOS3 were not modified at the two time points evaluated, and no NOS2 expression and activity were found at any time point. Similar modifications were observed in the tracheal smooth muscle. We conclude that OVA stimulation in immunized guinea pigs induced a transient reduction in NOS1 protein expression and activity in the respiratory system, which probably participates in airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samb
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U408 and IFR 02, Faculté X. Bichat, Paris, France
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Folkerts G, Kloek J, Geppetti P, Van der Linde HJ, Nijkamp FP. Factors that determine acetylcholine responsiveness of guinea pig tracheal tubes. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 420:151-7. [PMID: 11408037 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine administered to the inside of epithelium-denuded tracheal tubes did cause a potent contraction (2486+/-120 mg). In contrast, a response was hardly observed in tissues with an intact epithelial layer (674+/-81 mg), which was due to both the synthesis of nitric oxide and the activity of acetylcholinesterase, since the contractions to acetylcholine were significantly enhanced after preincubation with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or physostigmine (1374+/-65 and 1120+/-65 mg, respectively). In addition, the suppressive effect was caused by the barrier function of the epithelial layer, since preincubation of epithelium-denuded tissues with physostigmine significantly increased the pD2 value for acetylcholine (7.48+/-0.04) compared to intact tissues preincubated with physostigmine (6.32+/-0.10) and epithelium-denuded preparations without physostigmine (6.37+/-0.06). Increasing concentrations of physostigmine administered to the inside of tissues with epithelium did induce a potent spontaneous contraction (1440+/-350 mg) that was prevented by atropine. In contrast to what was expected, the contractile response was diminished in tracheal tubes without epithelium (665+/-221 mg). It is concluded that contractions of epithelium-denuded tissues are more pronounced to exogenous than to endogenous acetylcholine, and that the production and breakdown of this neurotransmitter is very rapid in intact guinea pig airways. Moreover, the release of nitric oxide and the barrier function of the epithelium did suppress the responsiveness to acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Folkerts
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Abstract
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Several theories exist regarding causes of both response and nonresponse to iNO. Clinical trials differentiate disease entities (primary vs secondary persistent pulmonary hypertension associated with meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia or congenital diaphragmatic hernia) and their specific response rates. iNO combined with high-frequency ventilation appears to be superior to inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) during conventional ventilation. Little is known regarding the role of the degree of lung expansion and its modification -- no matter what mode of ventilation is applied. Gestational age plays an important role in relation to the potential adverse effects of NO. Of particular concern in the premature neonate is the effect of NO on bleeding time and the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Those potentially hazardous effects need to be carefully weighed against early intervention with iNO at a comparably low oxygenation index in order to prevent the vicious cycle of hypoxaemia and subsequent increased right-to-left shunting. Further studies are required to determine the optimal timing, mode of delivery and mode of ventilation used with iNO therapy in order to optimise the response of premature and term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoehn
- Department of Neonatology, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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Kao YJ, Piedra PA, Larsen GL, Colasurdo GN. Induction and regulation of nitric oxide synthase in airway epithelial cells by respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:532-9. [PMID: 11179135 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.9912068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on nitric oxide (NO) production in human airway epithelial cells. In addition, we evaluated whether T-helper type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-type cytokines modulate the release of NO in response to RSV infection. To do this, we infected monolayers of A549 cells with RSV and determined nitrite levels in the supernatant fluids. We also measured nitrite levels in human small-airway epithelial cells (SAEC) in primary culture and in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from Balb/c mice after RSV infection. To further support our observations in these analyses, we performed immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in A549 cells. To evaluate the regulation of NO production in response to RSV, we performed experiments in the absence and presence of the Th1 and Th2 type cytokines: interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13. In addition, we assessed the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on iNOS in RSV infected A549 cells. Results were expressed in terms of nmol/mg protein and shown as percents of control values (mean +/- SE). RSV increased the release of nitrites in A549 cells, SAEC, and BALF. The increase in nitrite levels was supported by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis for iNOS protein in A549 cells, indicating activation of iNOS in response to RSV infection. IFN-gamma and IL-13 did not affect the RSV-induced increase in NO production. By contrast, IL-4 and dexamethasone suppressed the release of NO in response to RSV infection. These observations show that RSV infection leads to activation of iNOS within the airway epithelium and that IL-4 and dexamethasone inhibit the production of NO in response to RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston 77030, USA
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37
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Högman M, Lúdvíksdóttir D, Anderson SD, George S, Håkansson L, Chan HK, Meriläinen P, Hedenström H. Inhaled mannitol shifts exhaled nitric oxide in opposite directions in asthmatics and healthy subjects. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 124:141-50. [PMID: 11164205 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5687(00)00195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated if healthy subjects could release NO upon hyperosmolar challenge as a defence mechanism, and whether asthmatics with atopy showed an altered response. A plot of NO output versus flow rate was used to calculate the alveolar level and the NO-flux from the airways. The asthmatics had a higher NO output and this was due to an increased NO-flux from the airways, 86+/-30 nl min(-1) compared with control 21+/-2 nl min(-1) (P<0.05). The alveolar NO levels showed no difference. In response to a dry powder of mannitol the exhaled NO concentration decreased in asthmatics by 37+/-7%, but increased in the control by 9+/-4% (P<0.001). The FEV(1.0) decreased 13+/-2% and airway conductance 42+/-7% in asthmatics and in the controls 2+/-1% and 0+/-7%, respectively (P<0.001). We conclude that asthmatics have an altered response to mannitol challenge in regards to exhaled NO. This may result from down regulation of constitutive NO production as a result of high levels of NO flux from the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Högman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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38
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Abstract
Respiratory viral infections in early childhood have been linked to the development of persistent wheezing and asthma. Epidemiologic data indicate that, for the majority of children, virus-induced wheezing is a self-limited condition, with no long-term consequences. For a substantial minority, however, virus-induced wheezing is associated with persistent asthma and the potential for enhanced allergic sensitization. For the most part, this subset of patients is genetically predisposed; they are atopic children in whom respiratory viral infections trigger the early development of asthma by mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Both inflammatory and noninflammatory mechanisms may be involved. It does not appear that viral infection per se in early life is responsible for the induction of atopic asthma. Data from animal models provide support for the concept that enhanced allergic sensitization caused by increased uptake of allergen during infection may play a critical role, as well as T-cell-mediated immune responses to viral infection, which may favor eosinophilic inflammatory responses and the development of altered airway function to inhaled methacholine. Recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between respiratory viruses and the development of reactive airway disease offer new possibilities for preventive treatment in children at risk for developing persistent wheezing and asthma exacerbation as a result of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schwarze
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Folkerts G, Vlieger JW, de Vries A, Faas S, van Der Linde H, Engels F, de Jong JC, Verheyen FA, Van Heuven-Nolsen D, Nijkamp FP. Virus- and bradykinin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1666-71. [PMID: 10806173 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9710002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of bradykinin in virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in guinea pig airways in vivo was determined with the B(2)-receptor antagonist Hoe 140. The efficacy of Hoe 140 treatment was assessed through its effect on the bradykinin-induced (up to 2.5 microgram/100 g B.W. administered intravenously) decrease in blood pressure (BP). Hoe 140 (0.1 micromol/kg), administered subcutaneously twice a day for 5 d almost completely blocked bradykinin-induced changes in BP. Four days after parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus infection, guinea pigs showed AHR; excessive airway contraction was found with histamine-receptor stimulation. This hyperresponsiveness was completely inhibited by pretreatment with Hoe 140 (0.1 micromol/kg) administered subcutaneously twice a day for five consecutive days, starting 1 d before virus inoculation. Interestingly, nebulized delivery of bradykinin itself to captopril-treated animals induced an AHR comparable to that observed in virus-treated guinea pigs. Viral infection also caused influx of bronchoalveolar cells into the lungs. Both histologic examinations and lung lavage experiments showed that this cell influx could not be inhibited by pretreatment with Hoe 140. In summary, the results of the study show that bradykinin is involved in a cascade of events leading to AHR after a viral infection in guinea pigs, without affecting bronchoalveolar cell influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Folkerts
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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German Z, Chambliss KL, Pace MC, Arnet UA, Lowenstein CJ, Shaul PW. Molecular basis of cell-specific endothelial nitric-oxide synthase expression in airway epithelium. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8183-9. [PMID: 10713142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.11.8183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in airway function, and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is expressed in airway epithelium. To determine the basis of cell-specific eNOS expression in airway epithelium, studies were performed in NCI-H441 human bronchiolar epithelial cells transfected with the human eNOS promoter fused to luciferase. Transfection with 1624 base pairs of sequence 5' to the initiation ATG (position -1624) yielded a 19-fold increase in promoter activity versus vector alone. No activity was found in lung fibroblasts, which do not express eNOS. 5' deletions from -1624 to -279 had modest effects on promoter activity in H441 cells. Further deletion to -248 reduced activity by 65%, and activity was lost with deletion to -79. Point mutations revealed that the GATA binding motif at -254 is mandatory for promoter activity and that the positive regulatory element between -248 and -79 is the Sp1 binding motif at -125. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays yielded two complexes with the GATA site and three with the Sp1 site. Immunodepletion with antiserum to GATA-2 prevented formation of the slowest migrating GATA complex, and antiserum to Sp1 supershifted the slowest migrating Sp1 complex. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay with H441 versus fibroblast nuclei revealed that the slowest migrating GATA complex is unique to airway epithelium. Thus, cell-specific eNOS expression in airway epithelium is dependent on the interaction of GATA-2 with the core eNOS promoter, and the proximal Sp1 binding site is also an important positive regulatory element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z German
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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Douglass JA, O'Hehir RE. What determines asthma phenotype? Respiratory infections and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:S211-4. [PMID: 10712377 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.supplement_2.a1q4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A Douglass
- Department of Allergy, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran, Australia
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Ricciardolo FL, Vergnani L, Wiegand S, Ricci F, Manzoli N, Fischer A, Amadesi S, Fellin R, Geppetti P. Detection of nitric oxide release induced by bradykinin in guinea pig trachea and main bronchi using a porphyrinic microsensor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:97-104. [PMID: 10615071 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.1.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect evidence using nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) inhibitors suggests that in guinea-pig airways bradykinin releases bronchoprotective NO. In this study, using a recently developed electrochemical method of NO measurement based on a porphyrinic microsensor, we investigated whether bradykinin releases NO from guinea-pig airways and whether the epithelium is the main source of NO. Further, the Ca(2+)-dependence of bradykinin-induced NO release was assessed stimulating airway preparations with bradykinin in Ca(2+)-free conditions. We also studied the immunohistochemical distribution of the Ca(2+)- dependent constitutive isoforms of NOS (constitutive NOS [cNOS]: neuronal and endothelial [ecNOS]) in our preparations. The porphyrinic microsensor was placed in the bathing fluid onto the mucosal surface of tracheal or main bronchial segments. Addition of bradykinin vehicle (0.9% saline) did not cause any detectable change of the baseline signal. Addition of bradykinin caused an upward shift of the baseline that reached a maximum within 1 to 2 s. The amplitude of the response to bradykinin was concentration-dependent between the range 1 nM to 10 microM, with a maximum effect at 10 microM. Bradykinin-induced NO release was higher in tracheal than in main bronchial segments. The selective bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist D-Arg(0)-[Hyp(3), Thi(5), D-Tic(7), Oic(8)]bradykinin (1 microM) inhibited NO release induced by a submaximum concentration of bradykinin (1 microM). The ability of bradykinin to release NO was markedly reduced in epithelium-denuded segments, and abolished in Ca(2+)-free conditions and after pretreatment with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (100 microM), but not with N(G)-monomethyl-D-arginine. Both cNOS isoforms were present in trachea and main bronchi, ecNOS being the predominant isoform in the epithelium. The study shows that bradykinin via B(2) receptor activation caused a rapid and Ca(2+)-dependent release of NO, mainly, but not exclusively, derived from the epithelium. It also shows that both cNOS isoforms may be involved in bradykinin-evoked NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Ricciardolo
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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de Gouw HW, Verbruggen MB, Twiss IM, Sterk PJ. Effect of oral L-arginine on airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in asthma. Thorax 1999; 54:1033-5. [PMID: 10525564 PMCID: PMC1745401 DOI: 10.1136/thx.54.11.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) may exert protective properties within the airways of asthmatic patients. It was postulated that airways obstruction in asthma may be associated with endogenous NO deficiency caused by limited availability of NO synthase substrate. METHODS In a double blind, crossover study 14 asthmatic patients received pretreatment with oral L-arginine (50 mg/kg body weight) or placebo prior to histamine challenge. Histamine challenge was performed until a 50% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) occurred and the response was expressed as the provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PC(20)) and as the dose-response slope (maximal % fall in FEV(1)/cumulative dose (micromol)). RESULTS Pretreatment with L-arginine did not affect PC(20) histamine (mean change in doubling dose 0.18 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.36 to 0.71), p = 0.5) but the dose-response slope to histamine was slightly reduced (mean change: 0.7 (95% CI 0.6 to 0. 9), p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Oral L-arginine does not influence airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine as reflected by PC(20), although the dose-response slope is slightly reduced in patients with asthma. This indicates only marginal, clinically unimportant limitation of NO synthase substrate in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W de Gouw
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Boer J, Duyvendak M, Schuurman FE, Pouw FM, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. Role of L-arginine in the deficiency of nitric oxide and airway hyperreactivity after the allergen-induced early asthmatic reaction in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128:1114-20. [PMID: 10556950 PMCID: PMC1571725 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Using a guinea-pig model of allergic asthma, we investigated the role of L-arginine limitation in the allergen-induced deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) after the early asthmatic reaction, by examining the effects of various concentrations of the NO synthase (NOS) substrate on the responsiveness to methacholine of isolated perfused tracheae from unchallenged (control) animals and from animals 6 h after ovalbumin challenge. 2. Preparations from ovalbumin-challenged guinea-pigs showed a 1.9 fold increase in the maximal response (Emax) to intraluminal (IL) administration of methacholine compared to controls (P<0.001). A similar 2.0 fold (P<0.05) increase in Emax to methacholine was observed in control airways incubated with the NOS inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.1 mM, IL), while L-NAME had no further effect on the airways from ovalbumin-challenged animals. 3. In control airways, extraluminal (EL) administration of 0.3, 1.0 and 5.0 mM L-arginine all suppressed the Emax for methacholine by approximately 40% (P<0.01 all), whereas 5.0 mM D-arginine (EL) had no effect. 4. L-Arginine dose-dependently reduced the AHR to methacholine in tracheae from ovalbumin-challenged guinea-pigs, the responsiveness being normalized in the presence of 5.0 mM L-arginine. As in controls, 5.0 mM D-arginine was without effect. 5. The results demonstrate that deficiency of endogenous NO contributes to the allergen-induced AHR to methacholine after the early asthmatic reaction, which is reversed by exogenous administration of L-arginine. This indicates that limitation of substrate may underly the reduced cNOS activity and subsequent AHR after the acute asthmatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hammermann R, Hirschmann J, Hey C, Mössner J, Folkerts G, Nijkamp FP, Wessler I, Racké K. Cationic proteins inhibit L-arginine uptake in rat alveolar macrophages and tracheal epithelial cells. Implications for nitric oxide synthesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:155-62. [PMID: 10423396 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.2.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil-derived cationic proteins play an essential role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We tested whether cationic proteins interfere with the cationic amino-acid transport in alveolar macrophages (AMPhi) and tracheal epithelial cells, and whether L-arginine-dependent pathways were affected. The effect of cationic polypeptides on cellular uptake of [(3)H]-L-arginine, nitrite accumulation, and the turnover of [(3)H]-L-arginine by nitric oxide (NO) synthase and arginase (formation of [(3)H]-L-citrulline and [(3)H]-L-ornithine, respectively) were studied. Poly-L-arginine reduced [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake in rat AMPhi and tracheal epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner (at 300 microgram/ml by 70%). Poly-L-lysine, protamine, and major basic protein (each up to 300 microgram/ml) tested in rat AMPhi inhibited [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake by 35 to 50%. During 6 h incubation in amino acid-free Krebs solution, rat AMPhi, precultured in the absence or presence of LPS (1 microgram/ml), accumulated 1.4 and 3.5 nmol/10(6) cells nitrite, respectively. Addition of 100 microM L-arginine increased nitrite accumulation by 70 and 400% in control and lipopolysaccharide-treated AMPhi, respectively. Nitrite accumulation in the presence of L-arginine was reduced by poly-L-arginine and poly-L-lysine (100 and 300 microgram/ml) by 60 to 85% and 20 to 30%, respectively. Poly-L-arginine, but not poly-L-lysine, inhibited nitrite accumulation already in the absence of extracellular L-arginine. Poly-L-arginine (300 microgram/ml) inhibited [(3)H]-L-citrulline formation by AMPhi stronger than that of [(3)H]-L-ornithine. We conclude that cationic proteins can inhibit cellular transport of L-arginine and this can limit NO synthesis. Poly-L-arginine inhibits L-arginine uptake more effectively than other cationic proteins and exerts additional direct inhibitory effects on NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hammermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn; Department of Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Leusink-Muis A, Ten Broeke R, Folkerts G, DE Clerck F, Nijkamp F. Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Clin Exp Allergy 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Scheerens J, Folkerts G, Van Der Linde H, Sterk PJ, Conroy DM, Williams TJ, Nijkamp FP. Eotaxin levels and eosinophils in guinea pig broncho-alveolar lavage fluid are increased at the onset of a viral respiratory infection. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29 Suppl 2:74-7. [PMID: 10421826 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we found that guinea pigs demonstrate an increase in airway reactivity and eosinophil numbers 4 days after a respiratory infection with parainfluenza-3 (PI3) virus. Clinical data support the possible involvement of eosinophils in virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Eotaxin, a newly discovered chemokine, could be involved in eosinophil migration to the airways. In this study, eosinophil numbers were counted in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and related with eotaxin concentrations in BAL fluid 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after intratracheal PI3 virus administration. On day 1, blood eosinophils increased by more than 200% (P < 0.01). The number of eosinophils were only slightly enhanced from day 2 to day 4 (40%-70%). BAL fluid eosinophils were not increased on day 1 but were significantly elevated on day 2 (180%) and remained high on days 3-4 (>300%, P < 0. 05). This increase in lung eosinophils correlated well with eotaxin levels measured in BAL fluid. There was no significant increase in eotaxin on day 1 following PI3 infection; however, on days 2-4 eotaxin levels in BAL fluid were significantly elevated (four-sixfold increase) when compared with medium inoculated controls. Eotaxin appears to play an important role in eosinophil accumulation in guinea pig lung following PI3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scheerens
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
There is renewed interest in the role of respiratory virus infections in the pathogenesis of asthma and in the development of exacerbations in pre-existing disease. This is due to the availability of new molecular and experimental tools. Circumstantial evidence points towards a potentially causative role as well as to possibly protective effects of certain respiratory viruses in the cause of allergic asthma during early childhood. In addition, it now has become clear that exacerbations of asthma, in children as well as adults, are mostly associated with respiratory virus infections, with a predominant role of the common cold virus: rhinovirus. Careful human in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that rhinovirus can potentially stimulate bronchial epithelial cells to produce pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, may activate cholinergic- or noncholinergic nerves, increase epithelial-derived nitric oxide synthesis, upregulate local ICAM-1 expression, and can lead to nonspecific T-cell responses and/or virus-specific T-cell proliferation. Experimental rhinovirus infections in patients with asthma demonstrate features of exacerbation, such as lower airway symptoms, variable airways obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, the latter being associated with eosinophil counts and eosinophilic cationic protein levels in induced sputum. This suggests that multiple cellular pathways can be involved in rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. It is still unknown whether these mechanisms are a distinguishing characteristic of asthma. Because of the limited effects of inhaled steroids during asthma exacerbations, new therapeutic interventions need to be developed based on the increasing pathophysiological knowledge about the role of viruses in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Grünberg
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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50
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Greenberg SB, Atmar RL. Chronic airway disease: the infection connection. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 1999; 110:38-50. [PMID: 10344005 PMCID: PMC2194299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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