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Benyamini P. Phylogenetic Tracing of Evolutionarily Conserved Zonula Occludens Toxin Reveals a "High Value" Vaccine Candidate Specific for Treating Multi-Strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:271. [PMID: 38922165 PMCID: PMC11209546 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are emerging as a significant threat associated with adverse patient outcomes. Due to this organism's inherent properties of developing antibiotic resistance, we sought to investigate alternative strategies such as identifying "high value" antigens for immunotherapy-based purposes. Through extensive database mining, we discovered that numerous Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) genomes, many of which are known multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, including P. aeruginosa, horizontally acquired the evolutionarily conserved gene encoding Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) with a substantial degree of homology. The toxin's genomic footprint among so many different GNB stresses its evolutionary importance. By employing in silico techniques such as proteomic-based phylogenetic tracing, in conjunction with comparative structural modeling, we discovered a highly conserved intermembrane associated stretch of 70 amino acids shared among all the GNB strains analyzed. The characterization of our newly identified antigen reveals it to be a "high value" vaccine candidate specific for P. aeruginosa. This newly identified antigen harbors multiple non-overlapping B- and T-cell epitopes exhibiting very high binding affinities and can adopt identical tertiary structures among the least genetically homologous P. aeruginosa strains. Taken together, using proteomic-driven reverse vaccinology techniques, we identified multiple "high value" vaccine candidates capable of eliciting a polarized immune response against all the P. aeruginosa genetic variants tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Benyamini
- Department of Health Sciences at Extension, University of California Los Angeles, 1145 Gayley Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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2
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Song KH. Effect of Tight Junction-Modulating FCIGRL-Modified Peptides on the Intestinal Absorption of Doxorubicin in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:650. [PMID: 38794312 PMCID: PMC11125019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a potent chemotherapy drug, but its oral bioavailability is limited due to its low membrane permeability. Thus, absorption enhancers such as zonula occludens toxin and its six-mer fragment, FCIGRL, have been studied to address this issue. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of four peptides (Pep1, Pep2, Pep3, and Pep4) derived from FCIGRL and investigate the changes in the absorption of doxorubicin, to propose an absorption enhancer for doxorubicin. Pep1 is a modified version of FCIGRL in which the hydroxyl group at the C-terminus is replaced with an amino group. Pep2 is a modified Pep1 in which cysteine is replaced with N3-substituted dipropionic acid. Pep3 and Pep4 are Pep2-modified homodimers. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in rats after the intraduodenal administration of doxorubicin solutions containing each FCIGRL-modified peptide and the stabilizer levan or benzalkonium chloride (BC). The results showed that Pep3 and Pep4 administered with levan each significantly increased the intestinal absorption of doxorubicin, as did Pep2 administered with levan/BC. In particular, 10 mg·kg-1 of Pep4 with levan significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC)0-240min of doxorubicin by 2.38-fold (p < 0.01) and the peak concentration (Cmax) by 3.30-fold (p < 0.01) compared to the control solution. The study findings indicate that Pep2, Pep3, and primarily Pep4 are novel absorption enhancers that can open tight junctions for doxorubicin, and the effectiveness of the peptides was directly affected by the presence of levan or levan/BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon-Hyoung Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li W, Larsen A, Murphy B, Fregulia P. Liver microbial community and associated host transcriptome in calves with feed induced acidosis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1193473. [PMID: 37941815 PMCID: PMC10630030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1193473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the dairy industry, calves are typically fed diets rich in highly fermentable carbohydrates and low in fibrous feeds to maximize ruminal papillae and tissue development. Calves on such diets are vulnerable at developing ruminal acidosis. Prevalent in cattle, liver abscess (LA) is considered a sequela to ruminal acidosis. LAs can cause significant liver function condemnation and decreased growth and production. Currently, we know little about the liver microbiome in calves with feed-induced acidosis. Methods Using our established model of ruminal acidosis, where young calves were fed an acidosis-inducing (AC) or -blunting (control) diet starting at birth until 17-week of age, we investigated microbial community changes in the liver resultant from ruminal acidosis. Eight calves were randomly assigned to each diet, with four animals per treatment. Rumen epithelium and liver tissues were collected at 17 weeks of age right after euthanasia. Total RNAs were extracted and followed by whole transcriptome sequencing. Microbial RNA reads were enriched bioinformatically and used for microbial taxonomy classification using Kraken2. Results AC Calves showed significantly less weight gain over the course of the experiment, in addition to significantly lower ruminal pH, and rumen degradation comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). In the liver, a total of 29 genera showed a significant (p < 0.05) abundance change (> 2-fold) between the treatments at 17-week of age. Among these, Fibrobacter, Treponema, Lactobacillus, and Olsenella have been reported in abscessed liver in cattle. Concurrent abundance changes in 9 of the genera were observed in both the liver and rumen tissues collected at 17-week of age, indicating potential crosstalk between the liver and rumen epithelial microbial communities. Significant association was identified between host liver gene and its embedded microbial taxa. Aside from identifying previously reported microbial taxa in cattle abscessed liver, new repertoire of actively transcribed microbial taxa was identified in this study. Discussion By employing metatranscriptome sequencing, our study painted a picture of liver microbiome in young calves with or without feed induced acidosis. Our study suggested that liver microbiome may have a critical impact on host liver physiology. Novel findings of this study emphasize the need for further in-depth analysis to uncover the functional roles of liver resident microbiome in liver metabolic acidosis resultant from feed-related ruminal acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna Larsen
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brianna Murphy
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Priscila Fregulia
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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4
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Boschetti E, Caio G, Cervellati C, Costanzini A, Rosta V, Caputo F, De Giorgio R, Zuliani G. Serum zonulin levels are increased in Alzheimer's disease but not in vascular dementia. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:1835-1843. [PMID: 37337075 PMCID: PMC10460299 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zonulin is involved in the integrity and functioning of both intestinal-epithelial barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB) by regulating tight junction molecular assembly. AIM Since changes in microbiota and BBB may play a role in neurodegenerative disorders, we aimed to determine whether serum zonulin levels change in older patients affected by different types of dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS We evaluated serum zonulin levels in patients with late-onset AD (LOAD), vascular dementia (VAD), MIXED (AD + VAD) dementia, amnestic MCI, and in healthy controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, serum zonulin increased in LOAD, MIXED dementia, and aMCI but not in VAD, independent of potential confounders (ANCOVA p = 0.01; LOAD vs controls, p = 0.01; MIXED vs. controls, p = 0.003; aMCI vs. controls, p = 0.04). Notably, aMCI converting to dementia showed significantly higher levels of zonulin compared with stable aMCI (p = 0.04). Serum zonulin inversely correlated with the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score (p < 0.05), regardless of potential confounders. DISCUSSION We found increased serum zonulin levels in patients with aMCI, LOAD and MIXED dementia, but not in VAD; moreover, zonulin levels were higher in aMCI converting to AD compared with stable ones. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a dysregulation of intestinal-epithelial barrier and/or BBB may be an early specific event in AD-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boschetti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuro Motor Sciences (DIBINEM), Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Caio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Costanzini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosta
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Caputo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Ramirez-Velez I, Belardi B. Storming the gate: New approaches for targeting the dynamic tight junction for improved drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114905. [PMID: 37271282 PMCID: PMC10999255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As biologics used in the clinic outpace the number of new small molecule drugs, an important challenge for their efficacy and widespread use has emerged, namely tissue penetrance. Macromolecular drugs - bulky, high-molecular weight, hydrophilic agents - exhibit low permeability across biological barriers. Epithelial and endothelial layers, for example within the gastrointestinal tract or at the blood-brain barrier, present the most significant obstacle to drug transport. Within epithelium, two subcellular structures are responsible for limiting absorption: cell membranes and intercellular tight junctions. Previously considered impenetrable to macromolecular drugs, tight junctions control paracellular flux and dictate drug transport between cells. Recent work, however, has shown tight junctions to be dynamic, anisotropic structures that can be targeted for delivery. This review aims to summarize new approaches for targeting tight junctions, both directly and indirectly, and to highlight how manipulation of tight junction interactions may help usher in a new era of precision drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ramirez-Velez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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6
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Li X, Wang X, Li R, Zhang W, Wang L, Yan B, Zhu T, Xu Y, Tan D. Characterization of a Filamentous Phage, Vaf1, from Vibrio alginolyticus AP-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0052023. [PMID: 37255423 PMCID: PMC10304664 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00520-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous phages are ubiquitously distributed in the global oceans. However, little is known about their biological contribution to their host's genetic and phenotypic diversity. In this study, a filamentous phage, Vaf1, was isolated and characterized from the emerging marine pathogen strain Vibrio alginolyticus AP-1. We explored the effects of the resident phage Vaf1 on the host physiology under diverse conditions by precisely deleting the entire phage Vaf1. Our results demonstrate that the presence of phage Vaf1 significantly increased biofilm formation, swarming motility, and contact-dependent competition. Furthermore, the gene expression profile suggests that several phage genes were upregulated in response to low-nutrient conditions. Unexpectedly, an in vivo study of zebrafish shows that fish infected with strain ΔVaf1 survived longer than those infected with wild-type strain AP-1, indicating that Vaf1 contributes to the virulence of V. alginolyticus. Together, our results provide direct evidence for the effect of Vaf1 phage-mediated phenotypic changes in marine bacteria V. alginolyticus. This further emphasizes the impressive complexity and diversity that filamentous phage-host interactions pose and the challenges associated with bacterial disease control in marine aquaculture. IMPORTANCE Non-lytic filamentous phages can replicate without killing their host, establishing long-term persistence within the bacterial host. In contrast to the well-studied CTXφ phage of the human-pathogenic Vibrio cholerae, little is known about the filamentous phage Vaf1 and its biological role in host fitness. In this study, we constructed a filamentous phage-deleted strain, ΔVaf1, and provided direct evidence on how an intact phage, φVaf1, belonging to the family Inoviridae, helps the bacterial host AP-1 to overcome adverse environmental conditions. Our results likely open new avenues for fundamental studies on how filamentous phage-host interactions regulate different aspects of Vibrio cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Demeng Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Veres-Székely A, Szász C, Pap D, Szebeni B, Bokrossy P, Vannay Á. Zonulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Disorders: Encouraging Results and Emerging Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087548. [PMID: 37108711 PMCID: PMC10139156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between dysbiosis and central nervous diseases has been proved in the last 10 years. Microbial alterations cause increased intestinal permeability, and the penetration of bacterial fragment and toxins induces local and systemic inflammatory processes, affecting distant organs, including the brain. Therefore, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier plays a central role in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this review, we discuss recent findings on zonulin, an important tight junction regulator of intestinal epithelial cells, which is assumed to play a key role in maintaining of the blood-brain barrier function. In addition to focusing on the effect of microbiome on intestinal zonulin release, we also summarize potential pharmaceutical approaches to modulate zonulin-associated pathways with larazotide acetate and other zonulin receptor agonists or antagonists. The present review also addresses the emerging issues, including the use of misleading nomenclature or the unsolved questions about the exact protein sequence of zonulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apor Veres-Székely
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Szász
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Pap
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szebeni
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Bokrossy
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vannay
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, 1052 Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Rogers AP, Mileto SJ, Lyras D. Impact of enteric bacterial infections at and beyond the epithelial barrier. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:260-274. [PMID: 36175770 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal lining of the gut has co-evolved with a diverse microbiota over millions of years, leading to the development of specialized mechanisms to actively limit the invasion of pathogens. However, some enteric microorganisms have adapted against these measures, developing ways to hijack or overcome epithelial micro-integrity mechanisms. This breach of the gut barrier not only enables the leakage of host factors out of circulation but can also initiate a cascade of detrimental systemic events as microbiota, pathogens and their affiliated secretions passively leak into extra-intestinal sites. Under normal circumstances, gut damage is rapidly repaired by intestinal stem cells. However, with substantial and deep perturbation to the gut lining and the systemic dissemination of gut contents, we now know that some enteric infections can cause the impairment of host regenerative processes. Although these local and systemic aspects of enteric disease are often studied in isolation, they heavily impact one another. In this Review, by examining the journey of enteric infections from initial establishment to systemic sequelae and how, or if, the host can successfully repair damage, we will tie together these complex interactions to provide a holistic overview of the impact of enteric infections at and beyond the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh P Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven J Mileto
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Kim D, Jin L, Park EJ, Na DH. Peptide permeation enhancers for improving oral bioavailability of macromolecules. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Naryzhny S, Legina O. Zonulin — regulation of tight contacts in the brain and intestine — facts and hypotheses. BIOMEDITSINSKAYA KHIMIYA 2022; 68:309-320. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226805309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interrelationship between the brain and the gut has become an area of high scientific interest. The intestine is responsible not only for digestion, as it contains millions of neurons, its own immune system, and affects the emotional and cognitive processes. The relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the processes carried out by the gut microbiota play a significant role in the regulation of brain function, and vice versa. A special role here is played by intercellular tight junctions (TJ), where the zonulin protein holds an important place. Zonulin, an unprocessed precursor of mature haptoglobin, is the only physiological modulator of intercellular TJ that can reversibly regulate the permeability of the intestinal (IB) and blood-brain (BBB) barriers in the human body. BBB disruption and altered microbiota composition are associated with many diseases, including neurological disorders and neuroinflammation. That is, there is a gut-brain axis (GBA) — a communication system through which the brain modulates the functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and vice versa. GBA is based on neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms that are interconnected at the organismal, organ, cellular, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Naryzhny
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics B.P. Konstantinova National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
| | - O.K. Legina
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics B.P. Konstantinova National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
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11
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Pérez-Reytor D, Karahanian E. Alcohol use disorder, neuroinflammation, and intake of dietary fibers: a new approach for treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diliana Pérez-Reytor
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Karahanian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Martinez EE, Mehta NM, Fasano A. The Zonulin Pathway as a Potential Mediator of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Critical Illness. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2022; 23:e424-e428. [PMID: 35543388 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enid E Martinez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA
| | - Nilesh M Mehta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA
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13
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Fu Q, Song T, Ma X, Cui J. Research progress on the relationship between intestinal microecology and intestinal bowel disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:297-310. [PMID: 35962562 PMCID: PMC9434592 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microecology is the main component of human microecology. Intestinal microecology consists of intestinal microbiota, intestinal epithelial cells, and intestinal mucosal immune system. These components are interdependent and establish a complex interaction network that restricts each other. According to the impact on the human body, there are three categories of symbiotic bacteria, opportunistic pathogens, and pathogenic bacteria. The intestinal microecology participates in digestion and absorption, and material metabolism, and inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. It also acts as the body's natural immune barrier, regulates the innate immunity of the intestine, controls the mucosal barrier function, and also participates in the intestinal epithelial cells' physiological activities such as hyperplasia or apoptosis. When the steady‐state balance of the intestinal microecology is disturbed, the existing core intestinal microbiota network changes and leads to obesity, diabetes, and many other diseases, especially irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal malignancy. Intestinal diseases, including tumors, are particularly closely related to intestinal microecology. This article systematically discusses the research progress on the relationship between IBD and intestinal microecology from the pathogenesis, treatment methods of IBD, and the changes in intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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14
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Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease and its etiology remains unknown. Increased gut permeability has been reported in lupus patients, yet whether it promotes or results from lupus progression is unclear. Recent studies indicate that an impaired intestinal barrier allows the translocation of bacteria and bacterial components into systemic organs, increasing immune cell activation and autoantibody generation. Indeed, induced gut leakage in a mouse model of lupus enhanced disease characteristics, including the production of anti-dsDNA antibody, serum IL-6 as well as cell apoptosis. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been suggested to be one of the factors that decreases gut barrier integrity by outgrowing harmful bacteria and their products, or by perturbation of gut immune homeostasis, which in turn affects gut barrier integrity. The restoration of microbial balance eliminates gut leakage in mice, further confirming the role of microbiota in maintaining gut barrier integrity. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the association between microbiota dysbiosis and leaky gut, as well as their influences on the progression of lupus. The modifications on host microbiota and gut integrity may offer insights into the development of new lupus treatment.
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15
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Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020289. [PMID: 35203499 PMCID: PMC8869546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between gut microbes (both commensals and pathogens) and the host immune system. Highly specialized epithelial cells constantly cope with several protective and harmful agents to maintain the multiple physiological functions of the barrier as well as its integrity. However, both genetic defects and environmental factors can break such equilibrium, thus promoting gut dysbiosis, dysregulated immune-inflammatory responses, and even the development of chronic pathological conditions. Here, we review and discuss the molecular and cellular pathways underlying intestinal barrier structural and functional homeostasis, focusing on potential alterations that may undermine this fine balance.
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16
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Le T, Aguilar B, Mangal JL, Acharya AP. Oral drug delivery for immunoengineering. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10243. [PMID: 35111945 PMCID: PMC8780903 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs is heavily influenced by its route of administration. A few common routes for the systemic delivery of immunotherapeutics are intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular injections. However, the development of novel biomaterials, in adjunct to current progress in immunoengineering, is providing an exciting area of interest for oral drug delivery for systemic targeting. Oral immunotherapeutic delivery is a highly preferred route of administration due to its ease of administration, higher patient compliance, and increased ability to generate specialized immune responses. However, the harsh environment and slow systemic absorption, due to various biological barriers, reduces the immunotherapeutic bioavailability, and in turn prevents widespread use of oral delivery. Nonetheless, cutting edge biomaterials are being synthesized to combat these biological barriers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for the enhancement of drug bioavailability and targeting the immune system. For example, advancements in biomaterials and synthesized drug agents have provided distinctive methods to promote localized drug absorption for the modulation of local or systemic immune responses. Additionally, novel breakthroughs in the immunoengineering field show promise in the development of vaccine delivery systems for disease prevention as well as combating autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This review will discuss current progress made within the field of biomaterials and drug delivery systems to enhance oral immunotherapeutic availability, and how these new delivery platforms can be utilized to deliver immunotherapeutics for resolution of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Le
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Brian Aguilar
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Joslyn L. Mangal
- Biological Design, School for Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and EnergyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Biological Design, School for Biological and Health Systems EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and energyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and VirotherapyArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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Whelan R, Hargaden GC, Knox AJS. Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1980. [PMID: 34834395 PMCID: PMC8618722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly secure blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug access to the brain, limiting the molecular toolkit for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases to small, lipophilic drugs. Development of a safe and effective BBB modulator would revolutionise the treatment of CNS diseases and future drug development in the area. Naturally, the field has garnered a great deal of attention, leading to a vast and diverse range of BBB modulators. In this review, we summarise and compare the various classes of BBB modulators developed over the last five decades-their recent advancements, advantages and disadvantages, while providing some insight into their future as BBB modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Whelan
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
- Chemical and Structural Biology, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne C. Hargaden
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Andrew J. S. Knox
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Central Quad, Grangegorman, D07 XT95 Dublin, Ireland;
- Chemical and Structural Biology, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Pazhani GP, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T. Adaptations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Stress During Environmental Survival, Host Colonization, and Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737299. [PMID: 34690978 PMCID: PMC8530187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) is an aquatic Gram-negative bacterium that may infect humans and cause gastroenteritis and wound infections. The first pandemic of Vp associated infection was caused by the serovar O3:K6 and epidemics caused by the other serovars are increasingly reported. The two major virulence factors, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and/or TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), are associated with hemolysis and cytotoxicity. Vp strains lacking tdh and/or trh are avirulent and able to colonize in the human gut and cause infection using other unknown factors. This pathogen is well adapted to survive in the environment and human host using several genetic mechanisms. The presence of prophages in Vp contributes to the emergence of pathogenic strains from the marine environment. Vp has two putative type-III and type-VI secretion systems (T3SS and T6SS, respectively) located on both the chromosomes. T3SS play a crucial role during the infection process by causing cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity. T6SS contribute to adhesion, virulence associated with interbacterial competition in the gut milieu. Due to differential expression, type III secretion system 2 (encoded on chromosome-2, T3SS2) and other genes are activated and transcribed by interaction with bile salts within the host. Chromosome-1 encoded T6SS1 has been predominantly identified in clinical isolates. Acquisition of genomic islands by horizontal gene transfer provides enhanced tolerance of Vp toward several antibiotics and heavy metals. Vp consists of evolutionarily conserved targets of GTPases and kinases. Expression of these genes is responsible for the survival of Vp in the host and biochemical changes during its survival. Advanced genomic analysis has revealed that various genes are encoded in Vp pathogenicity island that control and expression of virulence in the host. In the environment, the biofilm gene expression has been positively correlated to tolerance toward aerobic, anaerobic, and micro-aerobic conditions. The genetic similarity analysis of toxin/antitoxin systems of Escherichia coli with VP genome has shown a function that could induce a viable non-culturable state by preventing cell division. A better interpretation of the Vp virulence and other mechanisms that support its environmental fitness are important for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and spread of infections. This review identifies some of the common regulatory pathways of Vp in response to different stresses that influence its survival, gut colonization and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaja Perumal Pazhani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Formulation strategies to improve the efficacy of intestinal permeation enhancers . Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113925. [PMID: 34418495 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical permeation enhancers (PEs) is the most widely tested approach to improve oral absorption of low permeability active agents, as represented by peptides. Several hundred PEs increase intestinal permeability in preclinical bioassays, yet few have progressed to clinical testing and, of those, only incremental increases in oral bioavailability (BA) have been observed. Still, average BA values of ~1% were sufficient for two recent FDA approvals of semaglutide and octreotide oral formulations. PEs are typically screened in static in vitro and ex-vivo models where co-presentation of active agent and PE in high concentrations allows the PE to alter barrier integrity with sufficient contact time to promote flux across the intestinal epithelium. The capacity to maintain high concentrations of co-presented agents at the epithelium is not reached by standard oral dosage forms in the upper GI tract in vivo due to dilution, interference from luminal components, fast intestinal transit, and possible absorption of the PE per se. The PE-based formulations that have been assessed in clinical trials in either immediate-release or enteric-coated solid dosage forms produce low and variable oral BA due to these uncontrollable physiological factors. For PEs to appreciably increase intestinal permeability from oral dosage forms in vivo, strategies must facilitate co-presentation of PE and active agent at the epithelium for a sustained period at the required concentrations. Focusing on peptides as examples of a macromolecule class, we review physiological impediments to optimal luminal presentation, discuss the efficacy of current PE-based oral dosage forms, and suggest strategies that might be used to improve them.
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Evaluation of Signaling Pathways Profiling in Human Dermal Endothelial Cells Treated by Snake Venom Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins (svCRiSPs) from North American Snakes Using Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090613. [PMID: 34564617 PMCID: PMC8473428 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins (CRiSPs) are typically found in many snake venoms; however, the role that these toxins play in the pathophysiology of snakebites is still unclear. Herein, we compared the effects of snake venom CRiSPs (svCRiSPs) from the most medically important species of North American snakes on endothelial cell permeability and vascular permeability. We used reverse phase protein array (RPPA) to identify key signaling molecules on human dermal lymphatic (HDLECs) and blood (HDBECs) endothelial cells treated with svCRiSPs. The results showed that Css-CRiSP isolated from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus and App-CRiSP from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus are the most potent causes of increase vascular and endothelial permeability in comparison with other svCRiSPs used in this study. We examined the protein expression levels and their activated phosphorylation states in HDLECs and HDBECs induced by App-CRiSP and Css-CRiSP using RPPA. Interestingly, both App-CRiSP and Css-CRiSP induced caveolin-1 expression in HDBECs. We also found that stimulating HDBECs with Css-CRiSP and App-CRiSP significantly induced the phosphorylation of mTOR and Src, respectively. In HDLECs, Css-CRiSP significantly downregulated the expression of N-Cadherin and phospholipase C-gamma, while App-CRiSP significantly enhanced Akt and JNK phosphorylation. These results suggest that the increased endothelial permeability in HDLECs and HDBECs by Css-CRiSP and App-CRiSP may occur through different pathways.
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21
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Zhu Q, Chen Z, Paul PK, Lu Y, Wu W, Qi J. Oral delivery of proteins and peptides: Challenges, status quo and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2416-2448. [PMID: 34522593 PMCID: PMC8424290 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides (PPs) have gradually become more attractive therapeutic molecules than small molecular drugs due to their high selectivity and efficacy, but fewer side effects. Owing to the poor stability and limited permeability through gastrointestinal (GI) tract and epithelia, the therapeutic PPs are usually administered by parenteral route. Given the big demand for oral administration in clinical use, a variety of researches focused on developing new technologies to overcome GI barriers of PPs, such as enteric coating, enzyme inhibitors, permeation enhancers, nanoparticles, as well as intestinal microdevices. Some new technologies have been developed under clinical trials and even on the market. This review summarizes the history, the physiological barriers and the overcoming approaches, current clinical and preclinical technologies, and future prospects of oral delivery of PPs.
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Key Words
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAGR, compound annual growth
- CD, Crohn's disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell penetrating peptide
- CaP, calcium phosphate
- Clinical
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDVAP, desmopressin acetate
- DTPA, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EPD, empirical phase diagrams
- EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance
- Enzyme inhibitor
- FA, folic acid
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FcRn, Fc receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIPET, gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HPMCP, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ILs, ionic liquids
- LBNs, lipid-based nanoparticles
- LMWP, low molecular weight protamine
- MCT-1, monocarborxylate transporter 1
- MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- Oral delivery
- PAA, polyacrylic acid
- PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetics
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCL, polycarprolacton
- PGA, poly-γ-glutamic acid
- PLA, poly(latic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PPs, proteins and peptides
- PVA, poly vinyl alcohol
- Peptides
- Permeation enhancer
- Proteins
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RTILs, room temperature ionic liquids
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SDC, sodium deoxycholate
- SGC, sodium glycocholate
- SGF, simulated gastric fluids
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluids
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNAC, sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
- STC, sodium taurocholate
- Stability
- TAT, trans-activating transcriptional peptide
- TMC, N-trimethyl chitosan
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptors
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UEA1, ulex europaeus agglutinin 1
- VB12, vitamin B12
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- pHPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
- pI, isoelectric point
- sCT, salmon calcitonin
- sc, subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Pijush Kumar Paul
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay (University), Mirzanagar Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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22
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Slifer ZM, Krishnan BR, Madan J, Blikslager AT. Larazotide acetate: a pharmacological peptide approach to tight junction regulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G983-G989. [PMID: 33881350 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00386.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Larazotide acetate (LA) is a single-chain peptide of eight amino acids that acts as a tight junction regulator to restore intestinal barrier function. LA is currently being studied in phase III clinical trials and is orally administered to adult patients with celiac disease as an adjunct therapeutic to enhance intestinal barrier function that has been disrupted by gliadin-induced immune reactivity. Mechanistically, LA is thought to act as a zonulin antagonist to reduce zonulin-induced increases in barrier permeability and has been associated with the redistribution and rearrangement of tight junction proteins and actin filaments to restore intestinal barrier function. More recently, LA has been linked to inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, which likely reduces tension on actin filaments, thereby facilitating tight junction closure. Small (rodent) and large (porcine) animal studies have been conducted that demonstrate the importance of LA as a tight junction regulatory peptide in conditions other than celiac disease, including collagen-induced arthritis in mice and intestinal ischemic injury in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Slifer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Jay Madan
- Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Pérez-Reytor D, Puebla C, Karahanian E, García K. Use of Short-Chain Fatty Acids for the Recovery of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Affected by Bacterial Toxins. Front Physiol 2021; 12:650313. [PMID: 34108884 PMCID: PMC8181404 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.650313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are carboxylic acids produced as a result of gut microbial anaerobic fermentation. They activate signaling cascades, acting as ligands of G-protein-coupled receptors, such as GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A, that can modulate the inflammatory response and increase the intestinal barrier integrity by enhancing the tight junction proteins functions. These junctions, located in the most apical zone of epithelial cells, control the diffusion of ions, macromolecules, and the entry of microorganisms from the intestinal lumen into the tissues. In this sense, several enteric pathogens secrete diverse toxins that interrupt tight junction impermeability, allowing them to invade the intestinal tissue and to favor gastrointestinal colonization. It has been recently demonstrated that SCFAs inhibit the virulence of different enteric pathogens and have protective effects against bacterial colonization. Here, we present an overview of SCFAs production by gut microbiota and their effects on the recovery of intestinal barrier integrity during infections by microorganisms that affect tight junctions. These properties make them excellent candidates in the treatment of infectious diseases that cause damage to the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diliana Pérez-Reytor
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Puebla
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Eduardo Karahanian
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine García
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Tamargo SB, Bui Thanh T, Pérez M, Otero O, Oliva HR, Falero G, Pérez JL, Cedré MB, Okuskhanova E, Thiruvengadam M, Shariati MA, Sierra GVG. Nanocochleates containing N-Octylglicoside extracted Vibrio cholerae antigens elicited high vibriocidal antibodies titers after intragastric immunization in a mice model. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104902. [PMID: 33930421 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological detergents are used in research laboratories, to extract or solubilize proteins from cell membranes. In order to evaluate the ability to extract antigens from the bacterial cell surface of the wild Vibrio cholerae strain C7258 and study their immunogenic potential by forming proteoliposomes and cochleate and preserving their immunogenicity, the non-ionic detergent, n-Octylglucoside (n-OG), and the Zwitterionic detergent (3-cholamidopropyl dimethylammonio 1-propanesulfonate; CHAPS) were tested in concentrations between 5 and 15%. The anionic detergent sodium deoxycholate (DOC) was used as a reference. Electrophoretic, immunochemical and electron microscopy techniques have characterized the extracts and their chromatographic fractions. With CHAPS and n-OG detergents in concentrations between 5 and 15%, a higher yield was obtained in the extraction of proteins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and other components from the bacterial surface compared to 10% DOC. When using 10% DOC, 15% CHAPS and n-OG between 5 and 15%, stable proteoliposomes were formed, of average size between 82 and 93 nm in diameter, with known proportions of proteins, LPS and other components. In some of the concentrations, liposomes were formed with almost pure proteins. Some cholera outer membrane proteins like the 17 kDa protein, which corresponds to the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA), which mediates the adhesion to the brush border of the small intestine and the outer membrane protein U (OMPU) were identified with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and purified. The fundamental components of liposomes, proteins and LPS, retained their molecular weights, when compared with known standards and by processing programs of electrophoretic profiles and their antigenicity, without alterations due to the extraction procedure, as could be verified by immune identification techniques with monoclonal antibodies in the case of LPS, significant antigens in this pathogen. The main purpose of the present work was to show that a new anticholera vaccine formulation based on cochleates, containing selected protein and LPS fraction extracted by detergents, is able to elicit protective high titers of bactericidal antibodies after intragastric immunization in the mice model. The objective was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Tamargo
- Latin American School of Medicine, Havana, Cuba; Jiangxi Institute of Biological Products, Ji'An, China
| | - T Bui Thanh
- Pharmacy and Foods Institute, University of Havana, Cuba
| | - M Pérez
- Pharmacy and Foods Institute, University of Havana, Cuba
| | - O Otero
- Finlay Institute for Vaccines, Havana City, Cuba
| | - H R Oliva
- Finlay Institute for Vaccines, Havana City, Cuba
| | - G Falero
- Finlay Institute for Vaccines, Havana City, Cuba
| | - J L Pérez
- Finlay Institute for Vaccines, Havana City, Cuba
| | - M B Cedré
- Finlay Institute for Vaccines, Havana City, Cuba
| | - E Okuskhanova
- Shakarim State University of Semey, Semey, 071412, Kazakhstan
| | - M Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - M A Shariati
- Laboratory of Biological Control and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State University, Orel City, 302026, Russia; K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation; Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry (Semey Branch), Kazakhstan
| | - G V G Sierra
- Group of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries of Cuba (BioCubaFarma), Havana, Cuba; Jiangxi Institute of Biological Products, Ji'An, China.
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Abstract
The intestinal surface is constitutively exposed to diverse antigens, such as food antigens, food-borne pathogens, and commensal microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells have developed unique barrier functions that prevent the translocation of potentially hostile antigens into the body. Disruption of the epithelial barrier increases intestinal permeability, resulting in leaky gut syndrome (LGS). Clinical reports have suggested that LGS contributes to autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease. Furthermore, the gut commensal microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host immunity; abnormalities of the microbial community, known as dysbiosis, are observed in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the pathological links among intestinal dysbiosis, LGS, and autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated. This review discusses the current understanding of how commensal microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by modifying the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kinashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan,International Research and Developmental Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Koji Hase,
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26
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Kinashi Y, Hase K. Partners in Leaky Gut Syndrome: Intestinal Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673708. [PMID: 33968085 PMCID: PMC8100306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal surface is constitutively exposed to diverse antigens, such as food antigens, food-borne pathogens, and commensal microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells have developed unique barrier functions that prevent the translocation of potentially hostile antigens into the body. Disruption of the epithelial barrier increases intestinal permeability, resulting in leaky gut syndrome (LGS). Clinical reports have suggested that LGS contributes to autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease. Furthermore, the gut commensal microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host immunity; abnormalities of the microbial community, known as dysbiosis, are observed in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the pathological links among intestinal dysbiosis, LGS, and autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated. This review discusses the current understanding of how commensal microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by modifying the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kinashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Developmental Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Awasthi SP, Chowdhury N, Hatanaka N, Hinenoya A, Ramamurthy T, Asakura M, Yamasaki S. Quantification of Vibrio cholerae cholix exotoxin by sandwich bead-ELISA. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33830907 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Cholix toxin (ChxA) is an ADP-ribosylating exotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. However, to date, there is no quantitative assay available for ChxA, which makes it difficult to detect and estimate the level of ChxA produced by V. cholerae.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. It is important to develop a reliable and specific quantitative assay to measure the production level of ChxA, which will help us to understand the role of ChxA in V. cholerae pathogenesis.Aim. The aim of this study was to develop a bead-based sandwich ELISA (bead-ELISA) for the quantification of ChxA and to evaluate the importance of ChxA in the pathogenesis of V. cholerae infection.Methodology. Anti-rChxA was raised in New Zealand white rabbits, and Fab-horse radish peroxidase conjugate was prepared by the maleimide method to use in the bead-ELISA. This anti-ChxA bead-ELISA was applied to quantify the ChxA produced by various V. cholerae strains. The production of ChxA was examined in different growth media such as alkaline peptone water (APW), Luria-Bertani broth and AKI. Finally, the assay was evaluated using a mouse lethality assay with representative V. cholerae strains categorized as low to high ChxA-producers based on anti-ChxA bead-ELISA.Results. A sensitive bead-ELISA assay, which can quantify from 0.6 to 60 ng ml-1 of ChxA, was developed. ChxA was mostly detected in the extracellular cell-free supernatant and its production level varied from 1.2 ng ml-1 to 1.6 µg ml-1. The highest ChxA production was observed when V. cholerae strains were cultured in LB broth, but not in APW or AKI medium. The ChxA-producer V. cholerae strains showed 20-80 % lethality and only the high ChxA II-producer was statistically more lethal than a non-ChxA-producer, in the mice model assay. ChxA I and II production levels were not well correlated with mice lethality, and this could be due to the heterogeneity of the strains tested.Conclusion. ChxA I to III was produced mostly extracellularly at various levels depending on strains and culture conditions. The bead-ELISA developed in this study is useful for the detection and quantification of ChxA in V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Present address: Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., BSB 246, Charleston, SC, USA.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Asakura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Brunner J, Ragupathy S, Borchard G. Target specific tight junction modulators. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:266-288. [PMID: 33617902 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular tight junctions represent a formidable barrier against paracellular drug absorption at epithelia (e.g., nasal, intestinal) and the endothelium (e.g., blood-brain barrier). In order to enhance paracellular transport of drugs and increase their bioavailability and organ deposition, active excipients modulating tight junctions have been applied. First-generation of permeation enhancers (PEs) acted by unspecific interactions, while recently developed PEs address specific physiological mechanisms. Such target specific tight junction modulators (TJMs) have the advantage of a defined specific mechanism of action. To date, merely a few of these novel active excipients has entered into clinical trials, as their lack in safety and efficiency in vivo often impedes their commercialisation. A stronger focus on the development of such active excipients would result in an economic and therapeutic improvement of current and future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sakthikumar Ragupathy
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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29
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Karagözlü S, Dalgıç B, İşeri E. The Relationship of Severity of Autism with Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Serum Zonulin Levels in Autistic Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:623-629. [PMID: 33743117 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between the severity of autism, severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and serum zonulin levels as a marker of increased intestinal permeability in children. Serum zonulin levels were determined in 56 children with ASDs and 55 healthy children. The severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and ASD symptoms was assessed with the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), respectively. Serum zonulin levels were significantly higher than healthy controls in children with severe autism. A positive correlation was found between the CARS score, GSRS score and serum zonulin levels (r = ; P < .001). Our findings suggest that the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and severity of autism might be related to increased intestinal permeability in ASDs children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Karagözlü
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Children's Hospital, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Buket Dalgıç
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical School, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvan İşeri
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, Medical School, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Tight Junctions as a Key for Pathogens Invasion in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052506. [PMID: 33801524 PMCID: PMC7958858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions play a major role in maintaining the integrity and impermeability of the intestinal barrier. As such, they act as an ideal target for pathogens to promote their translocation through the intestinal mucosa and invade their host. Different strategies are used by pathogens, aimed at directly destabilizing the junctional network or modulating the different signaling pathways involved in the modulation of these junctions. After a brief presentation of the organization and modulation of tight junctions, we provide the state of the art of the molecular mechanisms leading to permeability breakdown of the gut barrier as a consequence of tight junctions’ attack by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
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31
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Leaky Gut and Autoimmunity: An Intricate Balance in Individuals Health and the Diseased State. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249770. [PMID: 33371435 PMCID: PMC7767453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the tissue and the ruining of functions characterize autoimmune syndromes. This review centers around leaky gut syndromes and how they stimulate autoimmune pathogenesis. Lymphoid tissue commonly associated with the gut, together with the neuroendocrine network, collaborates with the intestinal epithelial wall, with its paracellular tight junctions, to maintain the balance, tolerance, and resistance to foreign/neo-antigens. The physiological regulator of paracellular tight junctions plays a vital role in transferring macromolecules across the intestinal barrier and thereby maintains immune response equilibrium. A new paradigm has explained the intricacies of disease development and proposed that the processes can be prevented if the interaction between the genetic factor and environmental causes is barred by re-instituting the intestinal wall function. The latest clinical evidence and animal models reinforce this current thought and offer the basis for innovative methodologies to thwart and treat autoimmune syndromes.
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32
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Sun L, Yang S, Deng Q, Dong K, Li Y, Wu S, Huang R. Salmonella Effector SpvB Disrupts Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity for Bacterial Translocation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:606541. [PMID: 33392110 PMCID: PMC7773751 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.606541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella are common enteric bacterial pathogens that infect both humans and animals. Intestinal epithelial barrier, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells and apical junctional complex (AJC), plays a crucial role in host defense against enteric pathogens to prevent bacterial translocation. However, the underlying mechanisms of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction caused by Salmonella are poorly understood. It is found that a locus termed Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) gene exists extensively in clinically important Salmonella serovars. SpvB is a key effector encoded within this locus, and closely related to Salmonella pathogenicity such as interfering with autophagy and iron homeostasis. To investigate the interaction between SpvB and intestinal epithelial barrier and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, we used the typical foodborne disease agent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella typhimurium) carrying spvB or not to construct infection models in vivo and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were orally challenged with S. typhimurium wild-type strain SL1344 or spvB-deficient mutant strain SL1344-ΔspvB. Caco-2 cell monolayer model, as a widely used model to mimic the human intestinal epithelium in vitro, was infected with SL1344, SL1344-ΔspvB, or spvB complementary strain SL1344-c-ΔspvB, respectively. The results showed that SpvB enhanced bacterial pathogenicity during S. typhimurium infection in vivo, and contributed to intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in both infection systems. This SpvB-mediated barrier dysfunction was attributed to the cellular redistribution of Claudin-1, Occludin, and E-cadherin junctional proteins. Moreover, by using pharmacological inhibitors, we found that F-actin rearrangement and suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway were involved in SpvB-mediated barrier dysfunction. In conclusion, the study reveals the contribution of Salmonella effector SpvB to the dysfunction of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, which facilitates bacterial translocation via the paracellular route to promote Salmonella systemic dissemination. Our findings broaden the understanding of host–pathogen interactions in salmonellosis, and provide new strategies for the therapy in limiting bacterial dissemination during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqing Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidi Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kedi Dong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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33
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Stalla FM, Astegiano M, Ribaldone DG, Saracco GM, Pellicano R. The small intestine: barrier, permeability and microbiota. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2020; 68:98-110. [PMID: 33267569 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.20.02808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interest in the comprehension of the physiology of intestinal permeability and microbiota; and how these elements could influence the pathogenesis of diseases. The term intestinal permeability describes all the processes that allow the passage of molecules as water, electrolytes and nutrients through the intestinal barrier by the paracellular or the transcellular transport systems with several implications for self-tolerance and not-self immunity. An increased permeability might induce a more significant interaction of the immune system with unknown external antigens. This might favor the onset of several immune-related extra-intestinal diseases including coeliac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, bronchial asthma and inflammatory bowel diseases. Furthermore, the intestinal permeability interacts every day with microbiota, the complex system of mutualistic inhabitants and commensal microorganisms living in the healthy gut. Microbiota is implicated in physiological functions by actively participating in digestion, absorption, synthesis of vitamins and protection from external aggressions. The critical site where these processes occur is the small intestine to which this updated review is dedicated. Understanding its anatomy, its barrier structure and permeability modulation and its microbiota composition is the essential skill to comprehend the complex pathogenesis of several - not only gastroenterological - diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giorgio M Saracco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy
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34
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Rudraraju M, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Regulation of blood-retinal barrier cell-junctions in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105115. [PMID: 32750417 PMCID: PMC7755666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity and subsequent damage to the neurovascular unit in the retina are the underlying reasons for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Damage to BRB eventually leads to severe visual impairment in the absence of prompt intervention. Diabetic macular edema and proliferative DR are the advanced stages of the disease where BRB integrity is altered. Primary mechanisms contributing to BRB dysfunction include loss of cell-cell barrier junctions, vascular endothelial growth factor, advanced glycation end products-induced damage, and oxidative stress. Although much is known about the involvement of adherens and tight-junction proteins in the regulation of vascular permeability in various diseases, there is a significant gap in our knowledge on the junctional proteins expressed in the BRB and how BRB function is modulated in the diabetic retina. In this review article, we present our current understanding of the molecular composition of BRB, the changes in the BRB junctional protein turnover in DR, and how BRB functional modulation affects vascular permeability and macular edema in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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35
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Fiedoruk K, Zakrzewska M, Daniluk T, Piktel E, Chmielewska S, Bucki R. Two Lineages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Filamentous Phages: Structural Uniformity over Integration Preferences. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1765-1781. [PMID: 32658245 PMCID: PMC7549136 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa filamentous (Pf) bacteriophages are important factors contributing to the pathogenicity of this opportunistic bacterium, including biofilm formation and suppression of bacterial phagocytosis by macrophages. In addition, the capacity of Pf phages to form liquid crystal structures and their high negative charge density makes them potent sequesters of cationic antibacterial agents, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics or host antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, Pf phages have been proposed as a potential biomarker for risk of antibiotic resistance development. The majority of studies describing biological functions of Pf viruses have been performed with only three of them: Pf1, Pf4, and Pf5. However, our analysis revealed that Pf phages exist as two evolutionary lineages (I and II), characterized by substantially different structural/morphogenesis properties, despite sharing the same integration sites in the host chromosomes. All aforementioned model Pf phages are members of the lineage I. Hence, it is reasonable to speculate that their interactions with P. aeruginosa and impact on its pathogenicity may be not completely extrapolated to the lineage II members. Furthermore, in order to organize the present numerical nomenclature of Pf phages, we propose a more informative approach based on the insertion sites, that is, Pf-tRNA-Gly, -Met, -Sec, -tmRNA, and -DR (direct repeats), which are fully compatible with one of five types of tyrosine integrases/recombinases XerC/D carried by these viruses. Finally, we discuss possible evolutionary mechanisms behind this division and consequences from the perspective of virus-virus, virus-bacterium, and virus-human interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Chmielewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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36
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Maher S, Geoghegan C, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers to improve oral bioavailability of macromolecules: reasons for low efficacy in humans. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:273-300. [PMID: 32937089 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1825375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are substances that transiently alter the intestinal epithelial barrier to facilitate permeation of macromolecules with low oral bioavailability (BA). While a number of PEs have progressed to clinical testing in conventional formulations with macromolecules, there has been only low single digit increases in oral BA, irrespective of whether the drug met primary or secondary clinical endpoints. AREAS COVERED This article considers the causes of sub-optimal BA of macromolecules from PE dosage forms and suggests approaches that may improve performance in humans. EXPERT OPINION Permeation enhancement is most effective when the PE is co-localized with the macromolecule at the epithelial surface. Conditions in the GI tract impede optimal co-localization. Novel delivery systems that limit dilution and spreading of the PE and macromolecule in the small intestine have attempted to replicate promising enhancement efficacy observed in static drug delivery models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Geoghegan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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37
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Pérez-Reytor D, Pavón A, Lopez-Joven C, Ramírez-Araya S, Peña-Varas C, Plaza N, Alegría-Arcos M, Corsini G, Jaña V, Pavez L, Del Pozo T, Bastías R, Blondel CJ, Ramírez D, García K. Analysis of the Zonula occludens Toxin Found in the Genome of the Chilean Non-toxigenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain PMC53.7. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:482. [PMID: 33072618 PMCID: PMC7541967 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus non-toxigenic strains are responsible for about 10% of acute gastroenteritis associated with this species, suggesting they harbor unique virulence factors. Zonula occludens toxin (Zot), firstly described in Vibrio cholerae, is a secreted toxin that increases intestinal permeability. Recently, we identified Zot-encoding genes in the genomes of highly cytotoxic Chilean V. parahaemolyticus strains, including the non-toxigenic clinical strain PMC53.7. To gain insights into a possible role of Zot in V. parahaemolyticus, we analyzed whether it could be responsible for cytotoxicity. However, we observed a barely positive correlation between Caco-2 cell membrane damage and Zot mRNA expression during PMC53.7 infection and non-cytotoxicity induction in response to purified PMC53.7-Zot. Unusually, we observed a particular actin disturbance on cells infected with PMC53.7. Based on this observation, we decided to compare the sequence of PMC53.7-Zot with Zot of human pathogenic species such as V. cholerae, Campylobacter concisus, Neisseria meningitidis, and other V. parahaemolyticus strains, using computational tools. The PMC53.7-Zot was compared with other toxins and identified as an endotoxin with conserved motifs in the N-terminus and a variable C-terminal region and without FCIGRL peptide. Notably, the C-terminal diversity among Zots meant that not all of them could be identified as toxins. Structurally, PMC53.7-Zot was modeled as a transmembrane protein. Our results suggested that it has partial 3D structure similarity with V. cholerae-Zot. Probably, the PMC53.7-Zot would affect the actin cytoskeletal, but, in the absence of FCIGRL, the mechanisms of actions must be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diliana Pérez-Reytor
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alequis Pavón
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Lopez-Joven
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Ramírez-Araya
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Peña-Varas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Plaza
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Alegría-Arcos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gino Corsini
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Jaña
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Pavez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Talia Del Pozo
- Centro Tecnológico de Recursos Vegetales, Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Chile
| | - Roberto Bastías
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos J Blondel
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine García
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Lochhead JJ, Yang J, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junction in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:914. [PMID: 32848858 PMCID: PMC7424030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows the brain to selectively import nutrients and energy critical to neuronal function while simultaneously excluding neurotoxic substances from the peripheral circulation. In contrast to the highly permeable vasculature present in most organs that reside outside of the central nervous system (CNS), the BBB exhibits a high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) along with a low rate of transcytosis and greatly restricted paracellular permeability. The property of low paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junction (TJ) protein complexes that seal the paracellular route between apposing brain microvascular endothelial cells. Although tight junction protein complexes are principal contributors to physical barrier properties, they are not static in nature. Rather, tight junction protein complexes are highly dynamic structures, where expression and/or localization of individual constituent proteins can be modified in response to pathophysiological stressors. These stressors induce modifications to tight junction protein complexes that involve de novo synthesis of new protein or discrete trafficking mechanisms. Such responsiveness of BBB tight junctions to diseases indicates that these protein complexes are critical for maintenance of CNS homeostasis. In fulfillment of this vital role, BBB tight junctions are also a major obstacle to therapeutic drug delivery to the brain. There is an opportunity to overcome this substantial obstacle and optimize neuropharmacology via acquisition of a detailed understanding of BBB tight junction structure, function, and regulation. In this review, we discuss physiological characteristics of tight junction protein complexes and how these properties regulate delivery of therapeutics to the CNS for treatment of neurological diseases. Specifically, we will discuss modulation of tight junction structure, function, and regulation both in the context of disease states and in the setting of pharmacotherapy. In particular, we will highlight how these properties can be potentially manipulated at the molecular level to increase CNS drug levels via paracellular transport to the brain.
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Abstract
Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio mediterranei are important coral pathogens capable of inducing serious coral damage, which increases severely when they infect the host simultaneously. This has consequences related to the dispersion of these pathogens among different locations that could enhance deleterious effects on coral reefs. However, the mechanisms underlying this synergistic interaction are unknown. The work described here provides a new perspective on the complex interactions among these two Vibrio coral pathogens, suggesting that coral infection could be a collateral effect of interspecific competition. Major implications of this work are that (i) Vibrio virulence mechanisms are activated in the absence of the host as a response to interspecific competition and (ii) release of molecules by Vibrio coral pathogens produces changes in the coral microbiome that favor the pathogenic potential of the entire Vibrio community. Thus, our results highlight that social cues and competition sensing are crucial determinants of development of coral diseases. The increase in prevalence and severity of coral disease outbreaks produced by Vibrio pathogens, and related to global warming, has seriously impacted reef-building corals throughout the oceans. The coral Oculina patagonica has been used as a model system to study coral bleaching produced by Vibrio infection. Previous data demonstrated that when two coral pathogens (Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio mediterranei) simultaneously infected the coral O. patagonica, their pathogenicity was greater than when each bacterium was infected separately. Here, to understand the mechanisms underlying this synergistic effect, transcriptomic analyses of monocultures and cocultures as well as experimental infection experiments were performed. Our results revealed that the interaction between the two vibrios under culture conditions overexpressed virulence factor genes (e.g., those encoding siderophores, the type VI secretion system, and toxins, among others). Moreover, under these conditions, vibrios were also more likely to form biofilms or become motile through induction of lateral flagella. All these changes that occur as a physiological response to the presence of a competing species could favor the colonization of the host when they are present in a mixed population. Additionally, during coral experimental infections, we showed that exposure of corals to molecules released during V. coralliilyticus and V. mediterranei coculture induced changes in the coral microbiome that favored damage to coral tissue and increased the production of lyso-platelet activating factor. Therefore, we propose that competition sensing, defined as the physiological response to detection of harm or to the presence of a competing Vibrio species, enhances the ability of Vibrio coral pathogens to invade their host and cause tissue necrosis.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that obesity is associated with an increased intestinal permeability as well as an altered microbiota profile. These conditions can promote the translocation of lipopolysaccharide into the circulation and, subsequently, contribute to the observed systemic inflammation. Our aim was to assess gut permeability in patients with obesity compared to non-obese subjects as well as after excessive weight loss following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). METHODS We analyzed the dietary intake, metabolic and inflammatory markers, gut permeability (four-probe sugar test), and microbiota composition in 17 morbidly obese patients before and after LSG as well as in 17 age- and gender-matched non-obese subjects. Additionally, we compared gut permeability and inflammatory markers in patients of different stages of obesity. RESULTS Patients with obesity showed elevated levels of C-reactive protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein as compared to non-obese subjects, but no differences were noted for gut permeability between these two groups. LSG led to improvements in metabolic and inflammatory parameters in the obese patients. Moreover, gastroduodenal as well as small intestinal permeability decreased, whereas colonic permeability increased after surgery. Regarding gut microbiota, differences were noted for main phyla and alpha-diversity between non-obese and obese subjects. After surgery, the composition of the microbiota showed a tendency toward the pattern of the non-obese group. CONCLUSIONS Gut permeability is not dependent on body mass index, whereas weight loss after LSG initiates distinct changes in gastroduodenal, intestinal, and colonic permeability. These changes do not seem to be associated with changes in the microbiota composition. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE The trials were registered at https://www.drks.de/drks_web/ with the number DRKS00009008 and DRKS00006210.
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Thotakura N, Kaushik L, Kumar V, Preet S, Babu PV. Advanced Approaches of Bioactive Peptide Molecules and Protein Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5147-5163. [PMID: 30727874 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206211458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that protein and peptide therapeutics are widely employed in the treatment of various diseases, their delivery is posing an unembellished challenge to the scientists. It was discovered that delivery of these therapeutic systems through oral route is easy with high patient compliance. However, proteolytic degradation and absorption through the mucosal epithelium are the barriers in this route. These issues can be minimized by the use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers, different carrier systems or either by direct modification. In the process of investigation, it was found that transdermal route is not posing any challenges of enzymatic degradation, but, still absorption is the limitation as the outer layer of skin acts as a barrier. To suppress the effect of the barrier and increase the rate of the absorption, various advanced technologies were developed, namely, microneedle technology, iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis and biochemical enhancement. Indeed, even these molecules are targeted to the cells with the use of cell-penetrating peptides. In this review, delivery of the peptide and protein therapeutics using oral, transdermal and other routes is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarani Thotakura
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block-2, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, India
| | - Penke Vijaya Babu
- Department of chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Han X, Zhang E, Shi Y, Song B, Du H, Cao Z. Biomaterial-tight junction interaction and potential impacts. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6310-6320. [PMID: 31364678 PMCID: PMC6812605 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have to cross the natural barriers and get into the blood to impart the pharmacological effects. The tight junctions (TJs) between the epithelial cells serve as the major selectively permeable barriers and control the paracellular transport of the majority of hydrophilic drugs, in particular, peptides and proteins. TJs perfectly balance the targeted transport and the exclusion of other unexpected pathogens under the normal conditions. Many biomaterials have shown the capability to open the TJs and improve the oral bioavailability and targeting efficacy of the APIs. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the biomaterial-TJ interactions. The opening of the TJs further poses the risk of autoimmune diseases and infections. This review article summarizes the most updated literature and presents insights into the TJ structure, the biomaterial-TJ interaction mechanism, the benefits and drawbacks of TJ disruption, and methods for evaluating such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Ershuai Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Yuanjie Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Boyi Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Caviglia GP, Rosso C, Ribaldone DG, Dughera F, Fagoonee S, Astegiano M, Pellicano R. Physiopathology of intestinal barrier and the role of zonulin. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ghoshal UC, Rahman MM. Post-infection irritable bowel syndrome in the tropical and subtropical regions: Vibrio cholerae is a new cause of this well-known condition. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38:87-94. [PMID: 31073702 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-019-00959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India.
| | - M Masudur Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Russel Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Application of Permeation Enhancers in Oral Delivery of Macromolecules: An Update. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010041. [PMID: 30669434 PMCID: PMC6359609 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of permeation enhancers (PEs) to improve transport of poorly absorbed active pharmaceutical ingredients across the intestinal epithelium is a widely tested approach. Several hundred compounds have been shown to alter the epithelial barrier, and although the research emphasis has broadened to encompass a role for nanoparticle approaches, PEs represent a key constituent of conventional oral formulations that have progressed to clinical testing. In this review, we highlight promising PEs in early development, summarize the current state of the art, and highlight challenges to the translation of PE-based delivery systems into safe and effective oral dosage forms for patients.
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Peterson B, Weyers M, Steenekamp JH, Steyn JD, Gouws C, Hamman JH. Drug Bioavailability Enhancing Agents of Natural Origin (Bioenhancers) that Modulate Drug Membrane Permeation and Pre-Systemic Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010033. [PMID: 30654429 PMCID: PMC6359194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many new chemical entities are discovered with high therapeutic potential, however, many of these compounds exhibit unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties due to poor solubility and/or poor membrane permeation characteristics. The latter is mainly due to the lipid-like barrier imposed by epithelial mucosal layers, which have to be crossed by drug molecules in order to exert a therapeutic effect. Another barrier is the pre-systemic metabolic degradation of drug molecules, mainly by cytochrome P450 enzymes located in the intestinal enterocytes and liver hepatocytes. Although the nasal, buccal and pulmonary routes of administration avoid the first-pass effect, they are still dependent on absorption of drug molecules across the mucosal surfaces to achieve systemic drug delivery. Bioenhancers (drug absorption enhancers of natural origin) have been identified that can increase the quantity of unchanged drug that appears in the systemic blood circulation by means of modulating membrane permeation and/or pre-systemic metabolism. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of natural bioenhancers and their main mechanisms of action for the nasal, buccal, pulmonary and oral routes of drug administration. Poorly bioavailable drugs such as large, hydrophilic therapeutics are often administered by injections. Bioenhancers may potentially be used to benefit patients by making systemic delivery of these poorly bioavailable drugs possible via alternative routes of administration (i.e., oral, nasal, buccal or pulmonary routes of administration) and may also reduce dosages of small molecular drugs and thereby reduce treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Peterson
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Morné Weyers
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Jan H Steenekamp
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Johan D Steyn
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Josias H Hamman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Ajamian M, Steer D, Rosella G, Gibson PR. Serum zonulin as a marker of intestinal mucosal barrier function: May not be what it seems. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210728. [PMID: 30640940 PMCID: PMC6331146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein, zonulin, has emerged as a popular serological marker to assess the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. However, there is limited information on the utility of serum zonulin to indicate gastrointestinal disease and the validity of zonulin detection in widely-used commercial assays. The current study reports differences in zonulin levels across patient groups with gastrointestinal dysfunction compared with healthy individuals, though methodological inconsistencies indicated that actual zonulin protein was not detected by the commercial assays applied. The nature of the assays’ detected antigen was investigated using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometric analysis and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by protein staining. Top matches of the assays’ detected antigen included haptoglobin and complement C3 for the assay manufactured by CUSABIO (Wuhan, China) and complement C3 for the assay manufactured by Immundiagnostik AG (Bensheim, Germany). These findings confirm that current commercial zonulin assays are not detecting the actual protein as prehaptoglobin-2. Until assay methodology is improved, we advise the greater scientific and medical community to exercise caution in considering the measurement of serum zonulin as a marker of mucosal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ajamian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Steer
- Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gennaro Rosella
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hernandez RJ, Hesse E, Dowling AJ, Coyle NM, Feil EJ, Gaze WH, Vos M. Using the wax moth larva Galleria mellonella infection model to detect emerging bacterial pathogens. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6150. [PMID: 30631644 PMCID: PMC6322482 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change, changing farming practices, social and demographic changes and rising levels of antibiotic resistance are likely to lead to future increases in opportunistic bacterial infections that are more difficult to treat. Uncovering the prevalence and identity of pathogenic bacteria in the environment is key to assessing transmission risks. We describe the first use of the Wax moth larva Galleria mellonella, a well-established model for the mammalian innate immune system, to selectively enrich and characterize pathogens from coastal environments in the South West of the UK. Whole-genome sequencing of highly virulent isolates revealed amongst others a Proteus mirabilis strain carrying the Salmonella SGI1 genomic island not reported from the UK before and the recently described species Vibrio injenensis hitherto only reported from human patients in Korea. Our novel method has the power to detect bacterial pathogens in the environment that potentially pose a serious risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Hernandez
- Stony Brook School of Medicine, Department of Global Medical Education, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Elze Hesse
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Nicola M Coyle
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Edward J Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Will H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Michiel Vos
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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Erfanimanesh S, Eslami G, Taherpour A, Hashemi A. Capsaicin inhibitory effects on Vibrio cholerae toxin genes expression. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2019; 9:187-194. [PMID: 31143687 PMCID: PMC6526041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholera is an acute secretory diarrhea caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae mostly through production of cholera toxin (CT) and zonula occludens toxin (Zot). Isolates of V. cholerae have acquired resistance elements during the last decade. One of the most promising ways to treat resistant strains is to use antivirulence agents instead of killing the causative agent with conventional antibiotics. In this study, we examined whether different concentrations of capsaicin - the pungent fraction of red chili- can act as an antivirulence agent and inhibit V. cholerae toxin production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two standard strains namely, V. cholerae ATCC 14035 and V. cholerae PTCC 1611 were used in this study. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of capsaicin was determined by broth microdilution method. Based on MIC results, the bacteria were cultured in the presence of sub-MIC concentrations of capsaicin and a negative control without capsaicin. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was carried out to determine the expression level of V. cholerae toxin genes at each concentration. RESULTS MIC test showed that 200 mg/mL of capsaicin in 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) could inhibit the growth of the two standard strains of V. cholerae. The expression of V. cholerae toxin genes was significantly reduced following treatment with sub-MIC concentrations of capsaicin as assessed by RT-PCR. CONCLUSION Capsaicin showed great inhibitory effect against cholera toxin and reduced Zot production in the tested strains of V. cholerae. The results showed promising insights into antivirulence effects of capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroor Erfanimanesh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Eslami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98 21 23872556, Fax: +98-2122439964,
| | - Arezou Taherpour
- Department of Microbiology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Zhang L, Qin Q, Liu M, Zhang X, He F, Wang G. Akkermansia muciniphila can reduce the damage of gluco/lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation, and normalize intestine microbiota in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4972761. [PMID: 29668928 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how Akkermansia muciniphila can implicate type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mechanisms underlying the effects A. muciniphila on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with A. muciniphila and solvent. After 4 weeks of treatment, diabetic rats orally administered with live or pasteurized A. muciniphila exhibited significant increase in the blood concentration of high-density lipoprotein, and decrease in the hepatic glycogen, serum plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, lipopolysaccharide, malondialdehyde and total glucagon-like peptide-1. Moreover, diabetic rats orally administered with A. muciniphila showed significantly increased species alpha diversity and gene function in gut microbes. These results indicated that A. muciniphila can improve liver function, reduce gluco/lipotoxicity, alleviate oxidative stress, suppress inflammation and normalize intestine microbiota of the host animal, thereby ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Akkermansia muciniphila might be considered as one of the ideal new probiotics used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Qin
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Manni Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiangling Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fang He
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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