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Hamdin CD, Wu ML, Chen CM, Ho YC, Jiang WC, Gung PY, Ho HH, Chuang HC, Tan TH, Yet SF. Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 6 Deficiency Attenuates Arterial-Injury-Induced Intimal Hyperplasia in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17136. [PMID: 38138967 PMCID: PMC10742470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of the arterial wall dedifferentiate into a proliferative and migratory phenotype, leading to intimal hyperplasia. The ERK1/2 pathway participates in cellular proliferation and migration, while dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6, also named MKP3) can dephosphorylate activated ERK1/2. We showed that DUSP6 was expressed in low baseline levels in normal arteries; however, arterial injury significantly increased DUSP6 levels in the vessel wall. Compared with wild-type mice, Dusp6-deficient mice had smaller neointima. In vitro, IL-1β induced DUSP6 expression and increased VSMC proliferation and migration. Lack of DUSP6 reduced IL-1β-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. DUSP6 deficiency did not affect IL-1β-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. Instead, ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 prevented DUSP6 induction by IL-1β, indicating that ERK1/2 functions upstream of DUSP6 to regulate DUSP6 expression in VSMCs rather than downstream as a DUSP6 substrate. IL-1β decreased the levels of cell cycle inhibitor p27 and cell-cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin in VSMCs, whereas lack of DUSP6 maintained their high levels, revealing novel functions of DUSP6 in regulating these two molecules. Taken together, our results indicate that lack of DUSP6 attenuated neointima formation following arterial injury by reducing VSMC proliferation and migration, which were likely mediated via maintaining p27 and N-cadherin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candra D. Hamdin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
- National Health Research Institutes and Department of Life Sciences, National Central University Joint Ph.D. Program in Biomedicine, Zhongli District, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ling Wu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Chen-Mei Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Wei-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Yu Gung
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Hua-Hui Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
| | - Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.T.)
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350401, Taiwan; (C.D.H.); (P.-Y.G.); (H.-H.H.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
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2
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Ko DS, Kang J, Heo HJ, Kim EK, Kim K, Kang JM, Jung Y, Baek SE, Kim YH. Role of PCK2 in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in neointimal hyperplasia. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5154-5167. [PMID: 35982907 PMCID: PMC9379418 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.75577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a hallmark of neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) in atherosclerosis and restenosis post-balloon angioplasty and stent insertion. Although numerous cytotoxic and cytostatic therapeutics have been developed to reduce NIH, it is improbable that a multifactorial disease can be successfully treated by focusing on a preconceived hypothesis. We, therefore, aimed to identify key molecules involved in NIH via a hypothesis-free approach. We analyzed four datasets (GSE28829, GSE43292, GSE100927, and GSE120521), evaluated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in wire-injured femoral arteries of mice, and determined their association with VSMC proliferation in vitro. Moreover, we performed RNA sequencing on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated human VSMCs (hVSMCs) post-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) knockdown and investigated pathways associated with PCK2. Finally, we assessed NIH formation in Pck2 knockout (KO) mice by wire injury and identified PCK2 expression in human femoral artery atheroma. Among six DEGs, only PCK2 and RGS1 showed identical expression patterns between wire-injured femoral arteries of mice and gene expression datasets. PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation was attenuated when hVSMCs were transfected with PCK2 siRNA. RNA sequencing of PCK2 siRNA-treated hVSMCs revealed the involvement of the Akt-FoxO-PCK2 pathway in VSMC proliferation via Akt2, Akt3, FoxO1, and FoxO3. Additionally, NIH was attenuated in the wire-injured femoral artery of Pck2-KO mice and PCK2 was expressed in human femoral atheroma. PCK2 regulates VSMC proliferation in response to vascular injury via the Akt-FoxO-PCK2 pathway. Targeting PCK2, a downstream signaling mediator of VSMC proliferation, may be a novel therapeutic approach to modulate VSMC proliferation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Sik Ko
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Kang
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Heo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihun Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Mo Kang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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3
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Xia X, Liu X, Chai R, Xu Q, Luo Z, Gu J, Jin Y, Hu T, Yu C, Du B, Huang H, Ou W, Liu S, Liu N. USP10 exacerbates neointima formation by stabilizing Skp2 protein in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101258. [PMID: 34599966 PMCID: PMC8524199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of neointima formation remains unclear. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) is a deubiquitinase that plays a major role in cancer development and progression. However, the function of USP10 in arterial restenosis is unknown. Herein, USP10 expression was detected in mouse arteries and increased after carotid ligation. The inhibition of USP10 exhibited thinner neointima in the model of mouse carotid ligation. In vitro data showed that USP10 deficiency reduced proliferation and migration of rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells (A7r5) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Mechanically, USP10 can bind to Skp2 and stabilize its protein level by removing polyubiquitin on Skp2 in the cytoplasm. The overexpression of Skp2 abrogated cell cycle arrest induced by USP10 inhibition. Overall, the current study demonstrated that USP10 is involved in vascular remodeling by directly promoting VSMC proliferation and migration via stabilization of Skp2 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jielei Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangshuo Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tumei Hu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuifu Yu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bijun Du
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Ou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ningning Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Jeong K, Murphy JM, Erin Ahn EY, Steve Lim ST. FAK in the nucleus prevents VSMC proliferation by promoting p27 and p21 expression via Skp2 degradation. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1150-1163. [PMID: 33839758 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) normally exhibit a very low proliferative rate. Vessel injury triggers VSMC proliferation, in part, through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, which increases transcription of cyclin D1, a key activator for cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDKs). At the same time, we also observe that FAK regulates the expression of the CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) p27 and p21. However, the mechanism of how FAK controls CDKIs in cell cycle progression is not fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that pharmacological and genetic FAK inhibition increased p27 and p21 by reducing stability of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), which targets the CDKIs for degradation. FAK N-terminal domain interacts with Skp2 and an APC/C E3 ligase activator, fizzy-related 1 (Fzr1) in the nucleus, which promotes ubiquitination and degradation of both Skp2 and Fzr1. Notably, overexpression of cyclin D1 alone failed to promote proliferation of genetic FAK kinase-dead (KD) VSMCs, suggesting that the FAK-Skp2-CDKI signaling axis is distinct from the FAK-cyclin D1 pathway. However, overexpression of both cyclin D1 and Skp2 enables proliferation of FAK-KD VSMCs, implicating that FAK ought to control both activating and inhibitory switches for CDKs. In vivo, wire injury activates FAK in the cytosol and increased Skp2 and decreased p27 and p21 levels. CONCLUSIONS Both pharmacological FAK and genetic FAK inhibition reduced Skp2 expression in VSMCs upon injury, which significantly reduced intimal hyperplasia through elevated expression of p27 and p21. This study revealed that nuclear FAK-Skp2-CDKI signaling negatively regulates CDK activity in VSMC proliferation. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE Increased VSMC proliferation contributes to pathological vessel narrowing in atherosclerosisand following vascular interventions. Blocking VSMC proliferation will reduce atherosclerosisprogression and increase patency of vascular interventions. We found that forced nuclear FAKlocalization by FAK inhibition reduced VSMC proliferation upon vessel injury. Nuclear FAKdecreased Skp2 protein expression by proteasomal degradation, thereby increasing theexpression of cell cycle inhibitors p27 and p21 and blocking cell cycle progression. This studyhas demonstrated the potential for FAK inhibitors in blocking VSMC proliferation to treat vessel narrowing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
| | - James M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
| | - Eun-Young Erin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688
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5
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Kimura Y, Izumiya Y, Araki S, Yamamura S, Hanatani S, Onoue Y, Ishida T, Arima Y, Nakamura T, Yamamoto E, Senokuchi T, Yoshizawa T, Sata M, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Nakagata N, Bober E, Braun T, Kaikita K, Yamagata K, Tsujita K. Sirt7 Deficiency Attenuates Neointimal Formation Following Vascular Injury by Modulating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. Circ J 2021; 85:2232-2240. [PMID: 33678753 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-20-0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirt7 is a recently identified sirtuin and has important roles in various pathological conditions, including cancer progression and metabolic disorders. It has previously been reported that Sirt7 is a key molecule in acute myocardial wound healing and pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, the role of Sirt7 in neointimal formation after vascular injury is investigated.Methods and Results:Systemic (Sirt7-/-) and smooth muscle cell-specific Sirt7-deficient mice were subjected to femoral artery wire injury. Primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were isolated from the aorta of wild type (WT) and Sirt7-/-mice and their capacity for cell proliferation and migration was compared. Sirt7 expression was increased in vascular tissue at the sites of injury. Sirt7-/-mice demonstrated significant reduction in neointimal formation compared to WT mice. In vitro, Sirt7 deficiency attenuated the proliferation of serum-induced VSMCs. Serum stimulation-induced upregulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent-kinase 2 (CDK2) was significantly attenuated in VSMCs of Sirt7-/-compared with WT mice. These changes were accompanied by enhanced expression of the microRNA 290-295 cluster, the translational negative regulator of CDK2, in VSMCs of Sirt7-/-mice. It was confirmed that smooth muscle cell-specific Sirt7-deficient mice showed significant reduction in neointima compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS Sirt7 deficiency attenuates neointimal formation after vascular injury. Given the predominant role in vascular neointimal formation, Sirt7 is a potentially suitable target for treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yasuhiro Izumiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Araki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Satoru Yamamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Shinsuke Hanatani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yoshiro Onoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Toshifumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yuichiro Arima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Takafumi Senokuchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Tatsuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama
- Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University
| | - Eva Bober
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kazuya Yamagata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
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6
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Zheng HK, Dong MH, Liu GH, An Z, Zhang L, Shan RT, Zhang WQ. Dysregulation of the Urothelial Cancer Associated 1 Long Noncoding RNA Promotes Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Modulating Expression of P27KIP1/CDK2. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 24:204-211. [PMID: 32213082 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Kuo Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming-Hui Dong
- Veteran Cadre Department, Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Guo-Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhe An
- Department of Cardiovascular, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui-Ting Shan
- Department of Cardiovascular, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Chen CY, Tsai HY, Tsai SH, Chu PH, Huang PH, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Deletion of the FHL2 gene attenuates intima-media thickening in a partially ligated carotid artery ligated mouse model. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:160-173. [PMID: 31714683 PMCID: PMC6933399 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The four and a half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) is a member of the four and a half LIM domain (FHL) gene family, and it is associated with cholesterol‐enriched diet‐promoted atherosclerosis. However, the effect of FHL2 protein on vascular remodelling in response to hemodynamic alterations remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of FHL2 in a model of restricted blood flow‐induced atherosclerosis. To promote neointimal hyperplasia in vivo, we subjected FHL2+/+ and FHL2−/− mice to partial ligation of the left carotid artery (LCA). The expression of p‐ERK and p‐AKT was decreased in FHL2−/− mice. FHL2 bound to AKT regulated AKT phosphorylation and led to Rac1‐GTP inactivation. FHL2 silencing in human aortic smooth muscle cells down‐regulated the PDGF‐induced phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Furthermore, FHL2 silencing reduced cytoskeleton conformational changes and caused cell cycle arrest. We concluded that FHL2 is essential for the regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell function. FHL2 modulates proliferation and migration via mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K‐AKT signalling, leading to arterial wall thickening and thus neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ya Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- First Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Healthcare and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Bregenzer ME, Horst EN, Mehta P, Novak CM, Repetto T, Mehta G. The Role of Cancer Stem Cells and Mechanical Forces in Ovarian Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1008. [PMID: 31323899 PMCID: PMC6679114 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is an extremely lethal gynecologic disease; with the high-grade serous subtype predominantly associated with poor survival rates. Lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and prevalence of post-treatment recurrence, present substantial challenges in treating ovarian cancers. These cancers are also characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and protracted metastasis, further complicating treatment. Within the ovarian tumor microenvironment, cancer stem-like cells and mechanical stimuli are two underappreciated key elements that play a crucial role in facilitating these outcomes. In this review article, we highlight their roles in modulating ovarian cancer metastasis. Specifically, we outline the clinical relevance of cancer stem-like cells, and challenges associated with their identification and characterization and summarize the ways in which they modulate ovarian cancer metastasis. Further, we review the mechanical cues in the ovarian tumor microenvironment, including, tension, shear, compression and matrix stiffness, that influence (cancer stem-like cells and) metastasis in ovarian cancers. Lastly, we outline the challenges associated with probing these important modulators of ovarian cancer metastasis and provide suggestions for incorporating these cues in basic biology and translational research focused on metastasis. We conclude that future studies on ovarian cancer metastasis will benefit from the careful consideration of mechanical stimuli and cancer stem cells, ultimately allowing for the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Bregenzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric N Horst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAeering
| | - Caymen M Novak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Taylor Repetto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAeering
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAeering.
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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Datla SR, Hilenski L, Seidel-Rogol B, Dikalova AE, Harousseau M, Punkova L, Joseph G, Taylor WR, Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Poldip2 knockdown inhibits vascular smooth muscle proliferation and neointima formation by regulating the expression of PCNA and p21. J Transl Med 2019; 99:387-398. [PMID: 30237457 PMCID: PMC6393166 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerase delta-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a multi-functional protein with numerous roles in the vasculature, including the regulation of cell apoptosis and migration, as well as extracellular matrix deposition; however, its role in VSMC proliferation and neointimal formation is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Poldip2 in intraluminal wire-injury induced neointima formation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Poldip2 expression was observed in the intima and media of human atherosclerotic arteries, where it colocalized with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Wire injury of femoral arteries of Poldip2+/+ mice induced robust neointimal formation after 2 weeks, which was impaired in Poldip2+/‒ mice. PCNA expression was significantly reduced and expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 was significantly increased in wire-injured arteries of Poldip2+/‒ animals compared to wild-type controls. No difference was observed in apoptosis. Downregulation of Poldip2 in rat aortic smooth muscle cells significantly reduced serum-induced proliferation and PCNA expression, but upregulated p21 expression. Downregulation of p21 using siRNA reversed the inhibition of proliferation induced by knockdown of Poldip2. These results indicate that Poldip2 plays a critical role in the proliferation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Raju Datla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lula Hilenski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bonnie Seidel-Rogol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anna E. Dikalova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mark Harousseau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lili Punkova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Giji Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - W. Robert Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,The Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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10
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Application of galangin, an active component of Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae), for use in drug-eluting stents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8207. [PMID: 28811550 PMCID: PMC5557749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical pathology, stent interposition is used to treat vascular disease but can lead to restenosis. Drug-eluting stents (DES) are most commonly used to suppress restenosis but can also have side effects. Therefore, we investigated the anti-proliferative effect and its possible target in vitro and in vivo. We found that Alpinia officinarum Hance (AO) extract efficiently inhibited VSMC proliferation by arresting the transition from the G0/G1 to the S phase via the up-regulation of p27KIP1 expression. Galangin (GA) was determined to be a significant component of this extract, with the same anti-proliferative activity as the raw extract. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that both the AO extract and GA targeted the up-regulation of p27KIP1 expression. Therefore, we next examined the effect of these compounds in a cuff-injured neointimal hyperplasia model in vivo. In this animal model, both the AO extract and GA completely suppressed the neointima formation, and this inhibitory effect was also demonstrated to target the up-regulation of p27KIP1, including the suppression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Our findings indicate that AO extract and GA have a potent anti-proliferative activity, targeting the up-regulation of p27 expression. Thus, GA may represent an alternative medicine for use in DES.
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Cell-cycle arrest in mature adipocytes impairs BAT development but not WAT browning, and reduces adaptive thermogenesis in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6648. [PMID: 28751675 PMCID: PMC5532220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported brown adipocytes can proliferate even after differentiation. To test the involvement of mature adipocyte proliferation in cell number control in fat tissue, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice over-expressing cell-cycle inhibitory protein p27 specifically in adipocytes, using the aP2 promoter. While there was no apparent difference in white adipose tissue (WAT) between wild-type (WT) and Tg mice, the amount of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was much smaller in Tg mice. Although BAT showed a normal cellular morphology, Tg mice had lower content of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) as a whole, and attenuated cold exposure- or β3-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist-induced thermogenesis, with a decrease in the number of mature brown adipocytes expressing proliferation markers. An agonist for the β3-AR failed to increase the number of proliferating brown adipocytes, UCP1 content in BAT, and oxygen consumption in Tg mice, although the induction and the function of beige adipocytes in inguinal WAT from Tg mice were similar to WT mice. These results show that brown adipocyte proliferation significantly contributes to BAT development and adaptive thermogenesis in mice, but not to induction of beige adipocytes.
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12
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Wilhelmson AS, Fagman JB, Johansson I, Zou ZV, Andersson AG, Svedlund Eriksson E, Johansson ME, Lindahl P, Fogelstrand P, Tivesten Å. Increased Intimal Hyperplasia After Vascular Injury in Male Androgen Receptor-Deficient Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3915-3923. [PMID: 27533884 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia is a vascular pathological process involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Data suggest that T, the most important sex steroid hormone in males, protects men from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. T mainly acts via the androgen receptor (AR), and in this study we evaluated formation of intimal hyperplasia in male AR knockout (ARKO) mice using a vascular injury model. Two weeks after ligation of the carotid artery, male ARKO mice showed increased intimal area and intimal thickness compared with controls. After endothelial denudation by an in vivo scraping injury, there was no difference in the reendothelialization in ARKO compared with control mice. Ex vivo, we observed increased outgrowth of vascular smooth muscle cells from ARKO compared with control aortic tissue explants; the number of outgrown cells was almost doubled in ARKO. In vitro, stimulation of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells with a physiological T concentration inhibited both migration and proliferation of the cells. Analyzing the expression of central regulators of cell proliferation and migration, we found that mRNA and protein levels of p27 were lower in uninjured arteries from ARKO mice and that T replacement to castrated male mice increased p27 mRNA in an AR-dependent manner. In conclusion, AR deficiency in male mice increases intimal hyperplasia in response to vascular injury, potentially related to the effects of androgens/AR to inhibit proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Wilhelmson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan B Fagman
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Johansson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhiyuan V Zou
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel G Andersson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elin Svedlund Eriksson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Lindahl
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Åsa Tivesten
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (A.S.W., J.B.F., I.J., Z.V.Z., A.G.A., E.S.E., P.L., P.F., Å.T.), Institute of Medicine; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center (J.B.F.), Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences; and Department of Physiology (M.E.J.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Finsen Laboratory (A.S.W), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kim YJ, Tamadon A, Park HT, Kim H, Ku SY. The role of sex steroid hormones in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:140-155. [PMID: 30775480 PMCID: PMC6372754 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids influence the maintenance and growth of muscles. Decline in androgens, estrogens and progesterone by aging leads to the loss of muscular function and mass, sarcopenia. These steroid hormones can interact with different signaling pathways through their receptors. To date, sex steroid hormone receptors and their exact roles are not completely defined in skeletal and smooth muscles. Although numerous studies focused on the effects of sex steroid hormones on different types of cells, still many unexplained molecular mechanisms in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells remain to be investigated. In this paper, many different molecular mechanisms that are activated or inhibited by sex steroids and those that influence the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of skeletal and smooth muscle cells are reviewed. Also, the similarities of cellular and molecular pathways of androgens, estrogens and progesterone in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells are highlighted. The reviewed signaling pathways and participating molecules can be targeted in the future development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, South Korea
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Jacob T, Ascher E, Hingorani A, Kallakuri S. The Effect of Von Hippel-Lindau Gene Transfer on Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2016; 39:25-32. [PMID: 15696245 DOI: 10.1177/153857440503900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL) gene is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a genome “gatekeeper” role and controls several downstream effector genes. We have previously demonstrated that both in vivo and in vitro adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of tumor suppressor genes into the vascular endothelium is effective in decreasing neointimal hyperplasia and abnormal cell proliferation. The degree of apoptosis induced by these genes is critical in mediating the in vivo responses to gene therapy and the maintenance of the crucial balance between cell death and viability. Since VHL gene is known to regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as other angiogenic factors, it may exhibit a greater potential in the attenuation of vascular disorders in comparison to other tumor suppressor genes. This study focused on whether adenovirus-mediated VHL gene transfer into human vascular smooth muscle cells has an effect on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) were grown as monolayers and transfected with varying titers of adenovirus containing the VHL cDNA (AdVHL). The negative controls were adenovirus containing green fluorescent protein (AdGFP), vector alone (AdNull), and virus-free infection medium. Adenovirus encoding wild-type p53 (Adp53) was used as positive control. Cell viability and proliferation were determined by using trypan blue exclusion and MTS-based CellTiter 96 AQ Proliferation Assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay, morphologic changes, and nucleosomal DNA degradation. Following AdVHL transfection HASMCs demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in viability as compared to negative controls (p<0.05). AdVHL-transfected cells exhibited a decrease in their proliferative ability by 40.21 ±1.66 (SEM)%. In cultures transfected with the positive control, Adp53, the cell viability as well as proliferation was highly reduced (p<0.001). AdGFP and AdNull did not increase HASMC apoptosis above baseline levels. The cells exposed to adenoviruses expressing tumor suppressor genes underwent apoptosis, with Adp53 demonstrating a very high magnitude of cell death (75.27 ±3.52 [SEM]%). AdVHL expression caused 45.36 ±2.55 (SEM)% apoptosis in HASMC. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated VHL expression is efficacious in limiting vascular smooth muscle cell growth in vitro. Overexpression of VHL suppresses HASMC proliferation and regulates apoptosis. Further experiments are indicated to examine whether VHL may be a useful adjunct in limiting myointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Jacob
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
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15
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Song JH, Jeong GH, Park SL, Won SY, Paek NS, Lee BH, Moon SK. Inhibitory effects of fermented extract of Ophiopogon japonicas on thrombin-induced vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:426-32. [PMID: 26530246 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiopogon japonicus is known to have various pharmacological effects. The present study investigated the effects of an extract of fermented Ophiopogon japonicas (FEOJ) on thrombin‑treated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). FEOJ treatment inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs treated with thrombin as indicated by an MTT assay. These inhibitory effects were associated with decreased phosphorylation of AKT, reduced expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of p27KIP1 in thrombin‑induced VSMCs. In addition, FEOJ treatment suppressed the thrombin‑stimulated migration of VSMCs as demonstrated by a wound‑healing migration assay. Furthermore, zymographic analyses demonstrated that treatment of FEOJ with VSMCs suppressed the thrombin‑induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2, which was attributed to the reduction of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB binding activity. Collectively, these results demonstrated that FEOJ induced p27KIP1 expression, reduced cyclin D1 expression and AKT phosphorylation, and inhibited MMP‑2 expression mediated by downregulation of NF‑κB binding activity in thrombin‑treated VSMCs, which led to growth inhibition and repression of migration. These results supported the use of FEOJ for the prevention of vascular diseases and provided novel insight into the underlying mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong‑si, Gyeonggi‑do 456‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hee Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong‑si, Gyeonggi‑do 456‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Lyea Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong‑si, Gyeonggi‑do 456‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yeon Won
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong‑si, Gyeonggi‑do 456‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Soo Paek
- Mediogen, Jecheon‑si, Chungcheongbuk‑do 390‑250, Republic of Korea
| | - Bog-Hieu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong‑si, Gyeonggi‑do 456‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong‑si, Gyeonggi‑do 456‑756, Republic of Korea
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Uchida M, Suzuki S, Suzuki T, Ishii I. p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1)-independent proliferative inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in type-I collagen matrix honeycombs. Microvasc Res 2015; 103:36-40. [PMID: 26522285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contributes to atherosclerotic plaque formation and restenosis. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1), are known to play significant roles in the control of the aberrant proliferation of SMCs. Primary cultured SMCs stop proliferating immediately when cultured in three-dimensional matrices of type-I collagen "honeycombs" structures. To clarify whether p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) are involved in the proliferative inhibition of SMCs cultured in honeycombs, the characteristics of SMCs derived from the aorta of both wild-type mice (p27[+/+] SMCs) and p27(Kip1) knockout mice (p27[-/-] SMCs) were investigated. Although the growth of p27(-/-) SMCs cultured on plates was faster than that of p27(+/+) SMCs, the number of both p27(+/+) and p27(-/-) SMCs did not change when they were cultured in honeycombs. p21(Cip1) expression was decreased but maintained in p27(-/-) SMCs cultured on plates and in honeycombs. Knockdown of p21(Cip1) in p27(-/-) SMCs promoted proliferation on plates. On the contrary, p21(Cip1) knockdown had no effect on the proliferation of p27(-/-) SMCs cultured in honeycombs. In conclusion, p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1) are insufficient for the proliferative inhibition of SMCs cultured in honeycombs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Uchida
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Saki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Itsuko Ishii
- Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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Molina-Sánchez P, Chèvre R, Rius C, Fuster J, Andrés V. Loss of p27 phosphorylation at Ser10 accelerates early atherogenesis by promoting leukocyte recruitment via RhoA/ROCK. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Martin DS, Wang X. The COP9 signalosome and vascular function: intriguing possibilities? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2015; 5:33-52. [PMID: 26064791 PMCID: PMC4460692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of vascular function contribute importantly to cardiovascular disease which represents a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. An emerging paradigm in the study of cardiovascular diseases is that protein ubiquitination and turnover represent key pathological mechanisms. Our understanding of these processes in the vasculature is growing but remains incomplete. Since protein ubiquitination and turnover can represent a terminal event in the life of a given protein, entry into these pathways must be highly regulated. However, at present understanding of these regulatory mechanisms, particularly in the vasculature, is fragmentary. The COP9 (constitutive photomorphogenic mutant 9) signalosome (CSN) is a heteromeric protein complex implicated in the control of protein degradation. The CSN participates critically in the control of Cullin Ring Ligases (CRLs), at least in part via the detachment of a small protein, Nedd8 (deneddylation). CRLs are one of the largest groups of ubiquitin ligases, which represent the most selective control point for protein ubiquitination. Thus, the CSN by virtue of its ability to control the CRLs ubiquitin ligase activity is ideally positioned to effect selective modulation of protein turnover. This review surveys currently available data regarding the potential role of the CSN in control of vascular function. Data potentially linking the CSN to control of regulatory proteins involved in vascular smooth muscle proliferation and to vascular smooth muscle contraction are presented with the intent of providing potentially intriguing possibilities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Martin
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Santulli G, Wronska A, Uryu K, Diacovo TG, Gao M, Marx SO, Kitajewski J, Chilton JM, Akat KM, Tuschl T, Marks AR, Totary-Jain H. A selective microRNA-based strategy inhibits restenosis while preserving endothelial function. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4102-14. [PMID: 25133430 DOI: 10.1172/jci76069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs currently approved to coat stents used in percutaneous coronary interventions do not discriminate between proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). This lack of discrimination delays reendothelialization and vascular healing, increasing the risk of late thrombosis following angioplasty. We developed a microRNA-based (miRNA-based) approach to inhibit proliferative VSMCs, thus preventing restenosis, while selectively promoting reendothelialization and preserving EC function. We used an adenoviral (Ad) vector that encodes cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) with target sequences for EC-specific miR-126-3p at the 3' end (Ad-p27-126TS). Exogenous p27 overexpression was evaluated in vitro and in a rat arterial balloon injury model following transduction with Ad-p27-126TS, Ad-p27 (without miR-126 target sequences), or Ad-GFP (control). In vitro, Ad-p27-126TS protected the ability of ECs to proliferate, migrate, and form networks. At 2 and 4 weeks after injury, Ad-p27-126TS-treated animals exhibited reduced restenosis, complete reendothelialization, reduced hypercoagulability, and restoration of the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine to levels comparable to those in uninjured vessels. By incorporating miR-126-3p target sequences to leverage endogenous EC-specific miR-126, we overexpressed exogenous p27 in VSMCs, while selectively inhibiting p27 overexpression in ECs. Our proof-of-principle study demonstrates the potential of using a miRNA-based strategy as a therapeutic approach to specifically inhibit vascular restenosis while preserving EC function.
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PARK SUNGSOO, KIM WUNJAE, MOON SUNGKWON. Gleditsia sinensis thorn extract inhibits the proliferation and migration of PDGF-induced vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2031-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gadang V, Konaniah E, Hui DY, Jaeschke A. Mixed-lineage kinase 3 deficiency promotes neointima formation through increased activation of the RhoA pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1429-36. [PMID: 24790140 PMCID: PMC4084683 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways play an important role in neointima formation secondary to vascular injury, in part by promoting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that activates multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and has been implicated in regulating proliferation in several cell types. However, the role of MLK3 in VSMC proliferation and neointima formation is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the function of MLK3 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS Neointima formation was analyzed after endothelial denudation of carotid arteries from wild-type and MLK3-deficient mice. MLK3 deficiency promoted injury-induced neointima formation and increased proliferation of primary VSMC derived from aortas isolated from MLK3-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, MLK3 deficiency increased the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RhoA, and Rho kinase in VSMC, a pathway known to promote neointimal hyperplasia, and reconstitution of MLK3 expression attenuated Rho kinase activation. Furthermore, cJun NH2-terminal kinase activation was decreased in MLK3-deficient VSMC, and proliferation of wild-type but not MLK3 knockout cells treated with a cJun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that MLK3 limits RhoA activation and injury-induced neointima formation by binding to and inhibiting the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, a RhoA activator. In MLK3-deficient cells, activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor proceeds in an unchecked manner, leading to a net increase in RhoA pathway activation. Reconstitution of MLK3 expression restores MLK3/p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction, which is attenuated by feedback from activated cJun NH2-terminal kinase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hyperplasia
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/deficiency
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 11
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gadang
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - David Y Hui
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH.
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22
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Yin RX, Yang DZ, Wu JZ. Nanoparticle drug- and gene-eluting stents for the prevention and treatment of coronary restenosis. Theranostics 2014; 4:175-200. [PMID: 24465275 PMCID: PMC3900802 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the most common revascularization procedure for coronary artery disease. The use of stents has reduced the rate of restenosis by preventing elastic recoil and negative remodeling. However, in-stent restenosis remains one of the major drawbacks of this procedure. Drug-eluting stents (DESs) have proven to be effective in reducing the risk of late restenosis, but the use of currently marketed DESs presents safety concerns, including the non-specificity of therapeutics, incomplete endothelialization leading to late thrombosis, the need for long-term anti-platelet agents, and local hypersensitivity to polymer delivery matrices. In addition, the current DESs lack the capacity for adjustment of the drug dose and release kinetics appropriate to the disease status of the treated vessel. The development of efficacious therapeutic strategies to prevent and inhibit restenosis after PCI is critical for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The administration of drugs using biodegradable polymer nanoparticles as carriers has generated immense interest due to their excellent biocompatibility and ability to facilitate prolonged drug release. Despite the potential benefits of nanoparticles as smart drug delivery and diagnostic systems, much research is still required to evaluate potential toxicity issues related to the chemical properties of nanoparticle materials, as well as to their size and shape. This review describes the molecular mechanism of coronary restenosis, the use of DESs, and progress in nanoparticle drug- or gene-eluting stents for the prevention and treatment of coronary restenosis.
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23
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Woods TC. Dysregulation of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and p27Kip1 Promotes Intimal Hyperplasia in Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:716-27. [PMID: 24276258 PMCID: PMC3816729 DOI: 10.3390/ph6060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the intima of an artery, known as intimal hyperplasia, is an important component of cardiovascular diseases. This is seen most clearly in the case of in-stent restenosis, where drug eluting stents are used to deliver agents that prevent VSMC proliferation and migration. One class of agents that are highly effective in the prevention of in-stent restenosis is the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. Inhibition of mTOR blocks protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, and cell migration. Key to the effects on cell cycle progression and cell migration is the inhibition of mTOR-mediated degradation of p27Kip1 protein. p27Kip1 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that is elevated in quiescent VSMCs and inhibits the G1 to S phase transition and cell migration. Under normal conditions, vascular injury promotes degradation of p27Kip1 protein in an mTOR dependent manner. Recent reports from our lab suggest that in the presence of diabetes mellitus, elevation of extracellular signal response kinase activity may promote decreased p27Kip1 mRNA and produce a relative resistance to mTOR inhibition. Here we review these findings and their relevance to designing treatments for cardiovascular disease in the presence of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cooper Woods
- Tulane Heart and Vascular Institute and the Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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24
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Handy I, Patel RC. STAT1 requirement for PKR-induced cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cells in response to heparin. Gene 2013; 524:15-21. [PMID: 23597922 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that exhibit antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. PKR (protein kinase, RNA activated) is of central importance in mediating the antiproliferative actions of IFNs. Our research has established that PKR inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation by regulating G1 to S transition. Many cardiovascular diseases result from complications of atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory condition often characterized by excessive proliferation of VSMC. Thus, an effective method for inhibiting VSMC proliferation is likely to arrest atherosclerosis and restenosis at early stages. Our research establishes that PKR activation in VSMC leads to a G1 arrest brought about by an inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) activity by p27(kip1). In quiescent VSMC, p27(kip1) levels are high and when stimulated by serum/growth factors, p27(kip1) levels drop by destabilization of the protein. Under conditions that lead to activation of PKR, there is a marked inhibition of p27(kip1) down-regulation due to increased stability of p27(kip1) protein. In order to understand the mechanism of heparin-induced stabilization of p27(kip1) in VSMC, we examined the involvement of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1 (STAT1), which is an important player in mediating antiproliferative effects of IFNs. Our results demonstrate that PKR overexpression in VSMC leads to an increase in p27(kip1) protein levels and this increase requires the catalytic activity of PKR. PKR activation induced by antiproliferative agent heparin leads to phosphorylation of STAT1 on serine 727, which is essential for the cell cycle block. STAT1 null VSMCs are largely defective in heparin-induced cell cycle arrest and in PKR null cells the STAT1 phosphorylation in response to heparin was absent. These results establish that heparin causes STAT1 phosphorylation on serine 727 via activation of PKR and that this event is required for the G1 arrest in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indhira Handy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208,USA
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25
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Goh D, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Rajadas J, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian AM. Nanotechnology-Based Gene-Eluting Stents. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Goh
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Farhatnia
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials & Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation
Trust, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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26
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Conte MS, Owens CD, Belkin M, Creager MA, Edwards KL, Gasper WJ, Kenagy RD, LeBoeuf RC, Sobel M, Clowes A. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the p27(Kip1) gene is associated with primary patency of lower extremity vein bypass grafts. J Vasc Surg 2013; 57:1179-85.e1-2. [PMID: 23312942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Factors responsible for the variability in outcomes after lower extremity vein bypass grafting (LEVBG) are poorly understood. Recent evidence has suggested that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the p27(Kip1) gene, a cell-cycle regulator, is associated with coronary in-stent restenosis. We hypothesized an association with vein graft patency. METHODS This was a retrospective genetic association study nested within a prospective cohort of 204 patients from three referral centers undergoing LEVBG for claudication or critical ischemia. The main outcome measure was primary vein graft patency. RESULTS All patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year with duplex graft surveillance (median follow-up, 893 days; interquartile range, 539-1315). Genomic DNA was isolated and SNP analysis for the p27(Kip1)-838C>A variants was performed. Allele frequencies were correlated with graft outcome using survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling. The p27(Kip1)-838C>A allele frequencies observed were CA, 53%; CC, 30%; and AA, 17%, satisfying Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Race (P = .025) and history of coronary artery disease (P = .027) were different across the genotypes; all other baseline variables were similar. Primary graft patency was greater among patients with the -838AA genotype (75% AA vs 55% CA/CC at 3 years; P = .029). In a Cox proportional hazards model including age, sex, race, diabetes, critical limb ischemia, redo (vs primary) bypass, vein type, and baseline C-reactive protein level, the p27(Kip1)-838AA genotype was significantly associated with higher graft patency (hazard ratio for failure, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.93). Genotype was also associated with early (0-1 month) changes in graft lumen diameter by ultrasound imaging. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the p27(Kip1)-838C>A SNP is associated with LEVBG patency and, together with previous reports, underscore a central role for p27(Kip1) in the generic response to vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif 94143, USA.
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27
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Guan H, Chen C, Zhu L, Cui C, Guo Y, Fu M, Wang L, Tang Q. Indole-3-carbinol blocks platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell function and reduces neointima formation in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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Lightell DJ, Woods TC. Relative resistance to Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition in vascular smooth muscle cells of diabetic donors. Ochsner J 2013; 13:56-60. [PMID: 23532775 PMCID: PMC3603189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Intimal thickening, a component of cardiovascular disease, entails the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) blocks VSMC proliferation, in part through an increase in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27(Kip1). The use of mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, is effective clinically in inhibiting intimal thickening. This efficacy is reduced in diabetic subjects, however, suggesting a change in the role of the mTOR pathway in intimal thickening under diabetic conditions. METHODS To examine whether diabetes induced changes in the role of mTOR in VSMC proliferation, we compared the response to rapamycin of human coronary artery VSMCs from diabetic (DM-huCASMC [human coronary artery smooth muscle cell]) and nondiabetic (ND-huCASMC) subjects. RESULTS The DM-huCASMCs exhibited a relative resistance to rapamycin's inhibition of proliferation. Activation of the mTOR effector p70(S6kinase) was inhibited in rapamycin-treated DM-huCASMCs as in ND-huCASMCs. While ND-huCASMCs exhibited the normal increase in p27(Kip1) in response to rapamycin treatment, the DM-huCASMCs did not. Additionally, activation of the extracellular signal response kinase pathway was increased in the DM-huCASMCs, suggesting a potential pathway mediating the mTOR-independent decrease in p27(Kip1). CONCLUSION We conclude that diabetes is accompanied by a relative resistance to the effects of mTOR inhibition on VSMC proliferation through a loss of mTOR's effects on p27(Kip1) levels. These data provide insight into the effects of insulin resistance on the role of mTOR in regulating intimal thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Lightell
- Institute for Translational Research, Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - T. Cooper Woods
- Institute for Translational Research, Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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29
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Li J, Li P, Zhang Y, Li GB, Zhou YG, Yang K, Dai SS. c-Ski inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via suppressing Smad3 signaling but stimulating p38 pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 25:159-67. [PMID: 22986000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays key roles in the progression of intimal hyperplasia, but the molecular mechanisms that trigger VSMC proliferation after vascular injury remain unclear. c-Ski, a co-repressor of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling, was detected to express in VSMC of rat artery. During the course of arterial VSMC proliferation induced by balloon injury in rat, the endogenous protein expressions of c-Ski decreased markedly in a time-dependent manner. In vivo c-Ski gene delivery was found to significantly suppress balloon injury-induced VSMC proliferation and neointima formation. Further investigation in A10 rat aortic smooth muscle cells demonstrated that overexpression of c-Ski gene inhibited TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml)-induced A10 cell proliferation while knockdown of c-Ski by RNAi enhanced the stimulatory effect of TGF-β1 on A10 cell growth. Western blot for signaling detection showed that suppression of Smad3 phosphorylation while stimulating p38 signaling associated with upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 was responsible for the inhibitory effect of c-Ski on TGF-β1-induced VSMC proliferation. These data suggest that the decrease of endogenous c-Ski expression is implicated in the progression of VSMC proliferation after arterial injury and c-Ski administration represents a promising role for treating intimal hyperplasia via inhibiting the proliferation of VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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30
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Fuster JJ, Molina-Sánchez P, Jovaní D, Vinué Á, Serrano M, Andrés V. Increased gene dosage of the Ink4/Arf locus does not attenuate atherosclerosis development in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 221:98-105. [PMID: 22226369 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Human genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants in the chromosome 9p21 region that confer increased risk of coronary artery disease and other age-related diseases. These variants are located in a block of high linkage disequilibrium with the neighboring Ink4/Arf tumor-suppressor locus (also named CDKN2A/CDKN2B). Since previous studies suggest an atheroprotective role of the Ink4/Arf locus, here we assessed whether gain-of-function of the encoded genes can be exploited therapeutically to reduce atherosclerosis. METHODS Generation and characterization of apolipoprotein E-null mice carrying an additional transgenic copy of the entire Ink4/Arf locus (apoE-/-Super-Ink4/Arf) that reproduces the normal expression and regulation of the endogenous locus. RESULTS Although liver and aorta of apoE-/-Super-Ink4/Arf mice only showed a trend towards increased Ink4/Arf transcript levels compared to apoE-/- controls, cultured macrophages with increased Ink4/Arf gene dosage exhibited augmented apoptosis induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light, indicating that low level of transgene overexpression can lead to augmented Ink4/Arf function. However, increased Ink4/Arf gene dosage did not affect atherosclerosis development in different vascular regions of both male and female apoE-/- mice fed either normal or high-fat diet. Increased gene dosage of Ink4/Arf similarly had no effect on atheroma cell composition or collagen content, an index of plaque stability. CONCLUSION In contrast with previous studies demonstrating cancer resistance in Super-Ink4/Arf mice carrying an additional transgenic copy of the entire Ink4/Arf locus, our results cast doubt on the potential of Ink4/Arf activation as a strategy for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Fuster JJ, González-Navarro H, Vinué A, Molina-Sànchez P, Andrés-Manzano MJ, Nakayama KI, Nakayama K, Díez-Juan A, Bernad A, Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J, Andrés V. Deficient p27 Phosphorylation at Serine 10 Increases Macrophage Foam Cell Formation and Aggravates Atherosclerosis Through a Proliferation-Independent Mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2455-63. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.235580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Genetic ablation of the growth suppressor p27
Kip1
(p27) in the mouse aggravates atherosclerosis coinciding with enhanced arterial cell proliferation. However, it is unknown whether molecular mechanisms that limit p27's protective function contribute to atherosclerosis development and whether p27 exerts proliferation-independent activities in the arterial wall. This study aims to provide insight into both questions by investigating the role in atherosclerosis of p27 phosphorylation at serine 10 (p27-phospho-Ser10), a major posttranslational modification of this protein.
Methods and Results—
Immunoblotting studies revealed a marked reduction in p27-phospho-Ser10 in atherosclerotic arteries from apolipoprotein E–null mice, and expression of the nonphosphorylatable mutant p27Ser10Ala, either global or restricted to bone marrow, accelerated atherosclerosis. p27Ser10Ala expression did not affect cell proliferation in early and advanced atheroma but activated RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) signaling and promoted macrophage foam cell formation in a ROCK-dependent manner. Supporting the clinical relevance of these findings, human atherosclerotic coronary arteries exhibited a prominent reduction in p27-phospho-Ser10 and increased ezrin/radixin/moesin protein phosphorylation, a marker of RhoA/ROCK activation.
Conclusion—
Scarce phosphorylation of p27 at Ser10 is a hallmark of human and mouse atherosclerosis and promotes disease progression in mice. This proatherogenic effect is mediated by a proliferation-independent mechanism that involves augmented foam cell formation owing to increased RhoA/ROCK activity. These findings unveil a new atheroprotective action of p27 and identify p27-phospho-Ser10 as an attractive target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Fuster
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Angela Vinué
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Pedro Molina-Sànchez
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Maria J. Andrés-Manzano
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Antonio Díez-Juan
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Antonio Bernad
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - José Martínez-González
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
| | - Vicente Andrés
- From the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging (J.J.F., P.M.-S., M.J.A.-M., V.A.) and Department of Regenerative Cardiology (A.D.-J., A.B.), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain (H.G.-N., A.V
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Song P, Wang S, He C, Wang S, Liang B, Viollet B, Zou MH. AMPKα2 deletion exacerbates neointima formation by upregulating Skp2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 2011; 109:1230-9. [PMID: 21980125 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.250423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a metabolic and redox sensor, is reported to suppress cell proliferation of nonmalignant and tumor cells. Whether AMPKα alters vascular neointima formation induced by vascular injury is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the roles of AMPKα in the development of vascular neointima hyperplasia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia were evaluated in cultured VSMCs and wire-injured mouse carotid arteries from wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J), AMPKα2(-/-), and AMPKα1(-/-) mice. Mouse VSMCs derived from aortas of AMPKα2(-/-) mice exhibited increased proliferation compared with either WT or AMPKα1(-/-) VSMCs. Further, deletion of AMPKα2 but not AMPKα1 reduced the level of p27(Kip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and increased the level of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), a known E3 ubiquitin ligase for p27(Kip1), through activation of p52 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-2. Moreover, either pharmacological (ie, through compound C) or genetical (ie, through AMPKα2-specific siRNA) inhibition of AMPK decreased p27(Kip1) levels but increased the abundance of Skp2 in human VSMCs. Furthermore, gene silencing of Skp2 reversed the levels of p27(Kip1) and VSMCs proliferation. Finally, neointima formation after mechanical arterial injury was increased in AMPKα2(-/-) but not AMPKα1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that deletion of AMPKα2 through p52-Skp2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p27(Kip1) accentuates neointimal hyperplasia in response to wire injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, USA.
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Tudev M, Lim Y, Park ES, Kim WS, Lim IH, Kwak JH, Jung JK, Hong JT, Yoo HS, Lee MY, Pyo MY, Yun YP. Anti-Proliferative Activity of OD78 Is Mediated through Cell Cycle Progression by Upregulation p27 kip1in Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Liu WS, Lin PC, Chang LF, Harn HJ, Shiuan D, Chiou TW, Jeng JR. Inhibitory effect of n-butylidenephthalide on neointimal hyperplasia in balloon injured rat carotid artery. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1494-502. [PMID: 21365711 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was designed to determine the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of n-butylidenephthalide (BP) from Angelica sinensis on smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in vitro and in balloon injured rat carotid artery. Treatment of cultured rat aorta SMC-derived A7r5 cells with 25-100 μg/mL BP significantly inhibited the proliferation and arrested the cell cycle in G(0)/G(1) phase. BP induced the expression and migration of Nur77 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Among signal pathways, JNK and p38 MAPK were phosphorylated after BP treatment. In vivo, the neointimal area of common carotid artery 2 weeks after balloon injury reduced significantly in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 150-300 mg/kg BP compared with the control. The proliferative activity indicated by immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67 positive cells in the neointima was significantly decreased in the 60-300 mg/kg BP treatment groups. The apoptotic activity indicated by cleaved caspase-3 positive cells and Nur77 positive cells in the neointima was significantly increased in rats treated with 60-300 mg/kg BP. This study demonstrated BP inhibited neointimal hyperplasia in balloon injured rat carotid artery due to its dual effects of proliferative inhibition and apoptotic induction on SMCs. Up-regulation of Nur77 gene may partly explain the antihyperplasia activity of BP on the neointima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shin Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Li W, Li H, Sanders PN, Mohler PJ, Backs J, Olson EN, Anderson ME, Grumbach IM. The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II delta (CaMKIIdelta) controls neointima formation after carotid ligation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through cell cycle regulation by p21. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:7990-7999. [PMID: 21193397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) promotes vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) proliferation. However, the signaling pathways mediating CAMKII-dependent proliferative effects in vivo are poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that CaMKIIδ mediates neointimal proliferation after carotid artery ligation by regulating expression and activity of cell cycle regulators, particularly at the G1/S checkpoint. Data herein indicate that 14 days after carotid ligation, C57Bl/6 mice developed a marked neointima with robust CaMKII protein expression. In particular, only the CaMKII isoform δ was increased as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR. Genetic deletion of CaMKII δ prevented injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and cell proliferation in the intima and media. In ligated carotids of control mice, the proliferative cell cycle markers cdk2, cyclin E, and cyclin D1 were activated. In contrast, in CaMKIIδ(-/-) mice, we detected a reduction in proliferative cell cycle regulators as well as an increase in the cell cycle inhibitor p21. This expression profile was confirmed in cultured CaMKIIδ(-/-) VSMC, in which cdk2 and cdk4 activity was decreased. Toward understanding how CAMKIIδ affects p53, a transcriptional regulator of p21, we examined p53 pathway components. Our data indicate that p53 is elevated in CAMKIIδ(-/-) VSMC, whereas phosphorylation of the p53-specific E3 ligase, Mdm2, was decreased. In conclusion, CaMKII stimulates neointima proliferation after vascular injury by regulating cell proliferation through inhibition of p21 and induction of Mdm-2-mediated degradation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine/Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Hui Li
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine/Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Philip N Sanders
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine/Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine/Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Johannes Backs
- the Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Eric N Olson
- the Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Mark E Anderson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine/Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Isabella M Grumbach
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine/Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,; the Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242,.
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Tiroch KA, Byrne RA, Kastrati A. Pharmacological prevention and management of restenosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:1855-72. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.485610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Akyürek LM, Boehm M, Olive M, Zhou AX, San H, Nabel EG. Deficiency of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 accelerates atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:359-63. [PMID: 20417618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1), are upregulated during vascular cell proliferation and negatively regulate growth of vascular cells. We hypothesized that absence of either p21(Cip1) or p27(Kip1) in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficiency may increase atherosclerotic plaque formation. Compared to apoE(-/-) aortae, both apoE(-/-)/p21(-/-) and apoE(-/-)/p27(-/-) aortae exhibited significantly more atherosclerotic plaque following a high-cholesterol regimen. This increase was particularly observed in the abdominal aortic regions. Deficiency of p27(Kip1) accelerated plaque formation significantly more than p21(-/-) in apoE(-/-) mice. This increased plaque formation was in parallel with increased intima/media area ratios. Deficiency of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) accelerates atherogenesis in apoE(-/-) mice. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of the molecular basis of atherosclerosis associated with excessive proliferation of vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent M Akyürek
- National Human Genome Research Institute and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zettler ME, Merchant MA, Pierce GN. Augmented cell cycle protein expression and kinase activity in atherosclerotic rabbit vessels. Exp Clin Cardiol 2010; 15:e139-e144. [PMID: 21264072 PMCID: PMC3016074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation within a primary atherosclerotic plaque is controversial. Identifying changes in cell cycle protein expression and the activities of their related kinases would provide valuable evidence of mitotic activity in the atherosclerotic lesion. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein has been shown to induce a significant increase in the total number of rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. In the present study, whole aortic cell extracts were harvested from rabbits fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet for eight weeks to induce modest plaque development, or 16 weeks to induce later, more severe plaque progression. Expression levels of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk 4) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were measured, as well as the activities of Cdk 4, Cdk 2 and Cdk 1. At both time points, the expression levels of cyclin A, Cdk 4 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were significantly elevated. The activity of all three Cdks was also increased. There were no significant differences between moderate and more severe atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, tissues that neighboured the plaques, but did not show visible plaque formation on the vessel surface, also had significantly elevated cyclin A expression levels, but not as high as in the plaque areas. In conclusion, the primary atherosclerotic plaque exhibited elevated mitotic activity as shown by increased expression levels and activities of several cell cycle proteins. Expression levels were similar during moderate and severe atherosclerosis, and were even detected in nonatherosclerotic vascular tissue bordering the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grant N Pierce
- Correspondence: Dr Grant N Pierce, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6. Telephone 204-235-3206, fax 204-235-0793, e-mail
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Wu YJ, Sala-Newby GB, Shu KT, Yeh HI, Nakayama KI, Nakayama K, Newby AC, Bond M. S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2) promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation in vivo. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50:1135-42. [PMID: 19878790 PMCID: PMC2774860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation plays an important role in the development of postangioplasty or in-stent restenosis, venous graft failure, and atherosclerosis. Our previous work has demonstrated S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2), an F-box subunit of SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase, as an important mediator and common final pathway for growth factors, extracellular matrices, and cyclic-nucleotides to regulate VSMC proliferation in vitro. However, whether alteration of Skp2 function also regulates VSMC proliferation in vivo and neointimal thickening postvascular injury remains unclear. We investigated the effect of Skp2 on VSMC proliferation and neointimal formation in vivo. Methods and Results Firstly, we demonstrated that Skp2-null mice developed significantly smaller neointimal areas than wild-type mice after carotid ligation. Secondly, to further identify a local rather than a systemic effect of Skp2 alteration, we demonstrated that adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant-negative Skp2 in the balloon-injured rat carotid artery significantly increased medial p27Kip1 levels, inhibited VSMC proliferation, and the subsequent neointimal thickening. Lastly, to determine if Skp2 alone is sufficient to drive VSMC proliferation and lesion development in vivo, we demonstrated that adenovirus-delivery of wild-type Skp2 to the minimally-injured rat carotids is sufficient to downregulate p27Kip1 protein levels, enhanced medial VSMC proliferation, and the neointimal thickening. Conclusion This data provides, we believe for the first time, a more comprehensive understanding of Skp2 in the regulation of VSMC proliferation and neointimal formation and suggests that Skp2 is a promising target in the treatment of vasculoproliferative diseases. This manuscript describes our latest work investigating the role of the Skp2, an F-box protein component of the SCFskp2 ubiquitin-ligase, in promoting VSMC proliferation, and neointima formation in response to vascular injury in vivo. Our previous work has identified a major role for Skp2 as a key target for numerous positive and negative growth regulatory signals in vitro. These signals converge to regulate the expression of Skp2, which then controls cell-cycle progression by promoting degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27Kip1. Until now, there has been no data in the literature on the role played by Skp2 in the regulation of VSMC proliferation and neointima formation in vivo. Our current manuscript describes, we believe for the first time, the important role played by Skp2 in these processes, using both mouse and rat arterial injury models. This is important because proliferation of VSMCs underlies the development of postangioplasty or post-stenting restenosis, venous graft failure, and transplant arteriosclerosis. Our work demonstrates for the first time that Skp2 is a major regulator of VSMC proliferation and neointimal thickening in vivo in response to vascular injury and highlights Skp2 as a potential target for future strategies designed to combat vasculoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Jer Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, and Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Martin KA, Gleim S, Elderon L, Fetalvero K, Hwa J. The human prostacyclin receptor from structure function to disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 89:133-66. [PMID: 20374736 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)89006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years have passed since Vane and colleagues first described a substance, prostanoid X, from microsomal fractions (later called prostacyclin) that relaxed rather than contracted mesenteric arteries. The critical role of prostacyclin in many pathophysiological conditions, such as atherothrombosis, has only recently become appreciated (through receptor knockout mice studies, selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition clinical trials, and the discovery of dysfunctional prostacyclin receptor genetic variants). Additionally, important roles in such diverse areas as pain and inflammation, and parturition are being uncovered. Prostacyclin-based therapies, currently used for pulmonary hypertension, are accordingly emerging as possible treatments for such diseases, fueling interests in structure function studies for the receptor and signal transduction pathways in native cells. The coming decade is likely to yield many further exciting advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Abstract
Alteration of VSMC (vascular smooth-muscle cell) physiology is associated with the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. We hypothesize that aging up-regulates the expression of p16INK4a in VSMCs, which may increase the susceptibility of blood vessels to vascular occlusive diseases. Aortic VSMCs were obtained from young and aged mice. Cells from aged mice grew more slowly than those from their younger counterparts. Progression of cell cycle in response to serum stimulation was significantly inhibited in those cells with aging, as determined by FACS after propidium iodide staining. A significant up-regulation of p16INK4a (2.5-fold, P=0.0012) was found in VSMC from aged animals using gene arrays. The up-regulation of this gene was further confirmed by quantitative RT–PCR (reverse transcription–PCR) and Western-blot experiments. Immunostaining for p16INK4a confirmed that aortas from aged mice contained more p16INK4a+ SMA (smooth-muscle cell actin)+ cells than aortas from young animals (26.79±2.45 versus 7.06±1.44, P=0.00027, n=4). In conclusion, we have shown that aging up-regulates the expression of p16INK4a in VSMC in both cultures and arteries. The increase in p16INK4a in the vasculature with aging may modify VSMC's response to post-injury stress and therefore accelerate the development of age-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Fahrenholz M, Real R, Küken A, Saxena A, Orzechowski HD. Single low-dose administration of pharmacological inhibitor of mitogen-activated ERK kinase to the adventitia of the injured rat carotid artery suppresses neointima formation and inhibits nuclear ERK signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 617:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Borin TF, Miyakawa AA, Cardoso L, de Figueiredo Borges L, Gonçalves GA, Krieger JE. Apoptosis, cell proliferation and modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(cip1) in vascular remodelling during vein arterialization in the rat. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:328-37. [PMID: 19563615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neo-intima development and atherosclerosis limit long-term vein graft use for revascularization of ischaemic tissues. Using a rat model, which is technically less challenging than smaller rodents, we provide evidence that the temporal morphological, cellular, and key molecular events during vein arterialization resemble the human vein graft adaptation. Right jugular vein was surgically connected to carotid artery and observed up to 90 days. Morphometry demonstrated gradual thickening of the medial layer and important formation of neo-intima with deposition of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the subendothelial layer from day 7 onwards. Transmission electron microscopy showed that SMCs switch from the contractile to synthetic phenotype on day 3 and new elastic lamellae formation occurs from day 7 onwards. Apoptosis markedly increased on day 1, while alpha-actin immunostaining for SMC almost disappeared by day 3. On day 7, cell proliferation reached the highest level and cellular density gradually increased until day 90. The relative magnitude of cellular changes was higher in the intima vs. the media layer (100 vs. 2 times respectively). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p27(Kip1) and p16(INKA) remained unchanged, whereas p21(Cip1) was gradually downregulated, reaching the lowest levels by day 7 until day 90. Taken together, these data indicate for the first time that p21(Cip1) is the main CDKI protein modulated during the arterialization process the rat model of vein arterialization that may be useful to identify and validate new targets and interventions to improve the long-term patency of vein grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiz Ferraz Borin
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Cardiology/LIM-13, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tsai S, Hollenbeck ST, Ryer EJ, Edlin R, Yamanouchi D, Kundi R, Wang C, Liu B, Kent KC. TGF-beta through Smad3 signaling stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H540-9. [PMID: 19525370 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.91478.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to better understand the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and its primary signaling protein Smad3 in the development of intimal hyperplasia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left carotid balloon injury followed by intra-arterial infection with adenovirus-expressing Smad3 (AdSmad3). In uninfected injured arteries, endogenous Smad3 was upregulated with the expression peaking at 14 days. Moreover, in arteries infected with AdSmad3, we observed an enhancement of intimal hyperplasia and increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The novel finding, that TGF-beta/Smad3 stimulated rather than inhibited VSMC proliferation, was confirmed in cultured VSMCs infected with AdSmad3 and treated with TGF-beta. To identify the mechanism underlying TGF-beta/Smad3-mediated VSMC proliferation, we studied the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Although the upregulation of Smad3 in VSMCs had no significant effect on total p27 levels, Smad3 did stimulate the phosphorylation of p27 at serine-10 as well as the nuclear export of p27, events associated with cell proliferation. Furthermore, serine-10-phosphorylated p27 was also increased in AdSmad3-infected injured rat carotid arteries, demonstrating the existence of this same mechanism in vivo. In conclusion, our findings identify a novel mechanism for the effect of TGF-beta on intimal hyperplasia. In the presence of elevated levels of Smad3 that develop in response to injury, TGF-beta stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation through a mechanism involving the phosphorylation and nuclear export of p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Neukamm B, Miyakawa AA, Fukada SY, de Andrade CR, Pacheco FP, da Silva TG, Ramalho LNZ, de Oliveira AM, Krieger JE. Local TAT-p27Kip1 fusion protein inhibits cell proliferation in rat carotid arteries. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 2:129-36. [PMID: 19124416 DOI: 10.1177/1753944708090170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION p27(Kip1) is a cyclin kinase inhibitor that induces cell cycle arrest. In this study, the efficacy of fusion protein TAT- p27(Kip1) to inhibit cell proliferation in rat perivascular injured carotid arteries was tested. METHODS The cDNA of p27(Kip1) and GFP (green fluorescein protein) fused to the TAT epitope, which allows cell penetration, yielded TAT-p27 (Kip1) and TAT-GFP fusion proteins. In vitro biological activity on cell proliferation was evaluated by [(3)H] thymidine DNA incorporation in rabbit aortic endothelial cells (REC). An in vivo model used a silicone collar filled with saline positioned around the carotid vessel for 14 days to produce an increased adventitia cross-sectional area. RESULTS TAT-p27(Kip1) inhibited REC proliferation in vitro using either 100, 200, and 500 nM compared to control (88.2 +/- 4.4, 81.3 +/- 7, 71.9 +/- 4.2 vs. 100 +/- 6.7%, N = 3, respectively, p < 0.05). This response was stable for purified proteins stored at -20*C for at least 23 days. In vivo , TAT-p27(Kip1) solution reduced adventitia cross-sectional area in a dose-dependent manner compared to TAT-GFP (area in mm(2) - TAT-p27(Kip1): 200 nM, 0.160 +/- 0.018; 500 nM, 0.050 +/- 0.005 vs. TAT-GFP: 500 nM, 0.595 +/- 0.066 vs. the contralateral: 0.047 +/- 0.005, N = 7, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Taken together, these results provide evidence that TAT-p27(Kip1) can inhibit vascular cells proliferation. It is the first successful demonstration that the cell permeable TAT-p27(Kip1) has potential as a vascular anti-proliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Neukamm
- Heart Institute (InCor)/LIM 13, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Davis BN, Hilyard AC, Nguyen PH, Lagna G, Hata A. Induction of microRNA-221 by platelet-derived growth factor signaling is critical for modulation of vascular smooth muscle phenotype. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:3728-38. [PMID: 19088079 PMCID: PMC2635044 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808788200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway is a critical regulator of animal development and homeostasis. Activation of the PDGF pathway leads to neointimal proliferative responses to artery injury; it promotes a switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) to a less contractile phenotype by inhibiting the SMC-specific gene expression and increasing the rate of proliferation and migration. The molecular mechanism for these pleiotropic effects of PDGFs has not been fully described. Here, we identify the microRNA-221 (miR-221), a small noncoding RNA, as a modulator of the phenotypic change of vSMCs in response to PDGF signaling. We demonstrate that miR-221 is transcriptionally induced upon PDGF treatment in primary vSMCs, leading to down-regulation of the targets c-Kit and p27Kip1. Down-regulation of p27Kip1 by miR-221 is critical for PDGF-mediated induction of cell proliferation. Additionally, decreased c-Kit causes inhibition of SMC-specific contractile gene transcription by reducing the expression of Myocardin (Myocd), a potent SMC-specific nuclear coactivator. Our study demonstrates that PDGF signaling, by modulating the expression of miR-221, regulates two critical determinants of the vSMC phenotype; they are SMC gene expression and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Liu X, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Lin Y, Yang J, Zhang C. A necessary role of miR-221 and miR-222 in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. Circ Res 2009; 104:476-87. [PMID: 19150885 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.185363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a novel class of endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. Functionally, an individual miRNA is as important as a transcription factor because it is able to regulate the expression of its multiple target genes. Recently, miR-221 and miR-222 have been found to play a critical role in cancer cell proliferation. However, their roles in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) biology are currently unknown. In the present study, the time course changes and cellular distribution of miR-221 and miR-222 expression were identified in rat carotid arteries after angioplasty, in which their expression was upregulated and localized in VSMCs in the injured vascular walls. In cultured VSMCs, miR-221 and miR-222 expression was increased by growth stimulators. Knockdown of miR-221 and miR-222 resulted in decreased VSMC proliferation in vitro. Using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we found that p27(Kip1) and p57(Kip2) were 2 target genes that were involved in miR-221- and miR-222-mediated effect on VSMC growth. Finally, knockdown of miR-221 and miR-222 in rat carotid arteries suppressed VSMC proliferation in vivo and neointimal lesion formation after angioplasty. The results indicate that miR-221 and miR-222 are novel regulators for VSMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. These findings may also represent promising therapeutic targets in proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- RNA and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine
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Davis BN, Hilyard AC, Nguyen PH, Lagna G, Hata A. Induction of microRNA-221 by platelet-derived growth factor signaling is critical for modulation of vascular smooth muscle phenotype. J Biol Chem 2008. [PMID: 19088079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway is a critical regulator of animal development and homeostasis. Activation of the PDGF pathway leads to neointimal proliferative responses to artery injury; it promotes a switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) to a less contractile phenotype by inhibiting the SMC-specific gene expression and increasing the rate of proliferation and migration. The molecular mechanism for these pleiotropic effects of PDGFs has not been fully described. Here, we identify the microRNA-221 (miR-221), a small noncoding RNA, as a modulator of the phenotypic change of vSMCs in response to PDGF signaling. We demonstrate that miR-221 is transcriptionally induced upon PDGF treatment in primary vSMCs, leading to down-regulation of the targets c-Kit and p27Kip1. Down-regulation of p27Kip1 by miR-221 is critical for PDGF-mediated induction of cell proliferation. Additionally, decreased c-Kit causes inhibition of SMC-specific contractile gene transcription by reducing the expression of Myocardin (Myocd), a potent SMC-specific nuclear coactivator. Our study demonstrates that PDGF signaling, by modulating the expression of miR-221, regulates two critical determinants of the vSMC phenotype; they are SMC gene expression and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Monahan TS, Andersen ND, Martin MC, Malek JY, Shrikhande GV, Pradhan L, Ferran C, LoGerfo FW. MARCKS silencing differentially affects human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cell phenotypes to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in saphenous vein. FASEB J 2008; 23:557-64. [PMID: 18940893 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia (IH) limits the patency of all cardiovascular vein bypass grafts. We previously found the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), a key protein kinase C (PKC) substrate, to be up-regulated in canine models of IH. Here, we further characterize the role of MARCKS in IH and examine the phenotypic consequences of MARCKS silencing by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro and use a rapid 10-min nonviral siRNA transfection technique to determine the effects of MARCKS silencing in human saphenous vein cultured ex vivo. We demonstrate MARCKS silencing attenuates VSMC migration and arrests VSMC proliferation in part through the up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1). Conversely, MARCKS silencing had little or no effect on EC migration or proliferation. These phenotypic changes culminated in reduced neointimal formation in cultured human saphenous vein. These data identify MARCKS as a pathogenic contributor to IH and indicate therapeutic MARCKS silencing could selectively suppress the "atherogenic," proliferative phenotype of VSMCs without collateral harm to the endothelium. This approach could be readily translated to the clinic to silence MARCKS in vein bypass grafts prior to implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Monahan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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