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Cao L, Li F, Cai S, Zhang J, Guo C, Ali S, Zhou J, Jing X, Wang X, Qin Y, Wu F. Pan-cancer analysis and the oncogenic role of Glypican 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15870. [PMID: 38982153 PMCID: PMC11233571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that Glypican 1 (GPC-1) is aberrantly expressed and plays a key role in certain cancers, but little is known in the hepatocellular carcinoma. Raw data from TCGA, GTEx and TIMER databases were utilized to comprehensively analyze GPC-1 expression landscape in pan-cancer, and the biological function of GPC-1 was investigated in liver cancer cells. The results revealed that GPC-1 is highly expressed in HCC, negatively correlated with survival, and also positively correlated with immune infiltration and clinical stage. Furthermore, GPC-1 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in the HCC cell lines. WGCNA analysis and HCCDB database revealed that Akt acted as a key molecule related to GPC-1, influencing biological functions and regulating cell malignant behaviors via the AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings provide a relatively comprehensive understanding of the oncogenic role of GPC-1 in HCC, implying that GPC-1 could serve as an innovative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sadiq Ali
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintao Jing
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Biomedical Experimental Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yannan Qin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710301, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Xie C, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Global impact of proteoglycan science on human diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108095. [PMID: 37867945 PMCID: PMC10589900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, we will dissect the impact of research on proteoglycans focusing on recent developments involved in their synthesis, degradation, and interactions, while critically assessing their usefulness in various biological processes. The emerging roles of proteoglycans in global infections, specifically the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and their rising functions in regenerative medicine and biomaterial science have significantly affected our current view of proteoglycans and related compounds. The roles of proteoglycans in cancer biology and their potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer is also emerging as a constructive and potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy. We will discuss the role of proteoglycans in selected and emerging areas of proteoglycan science, such as neurodegenerative diseases, autophagy, angiogenesis, cancer, infections and their impact on mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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3
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Lin K, Xu D, Wang X, Shi J, Gao W. Development of a basement membrane gene signature and identification of the potential candidate therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Gland Surg 2023; 12:263-281. [PMID: 36915817 PMCID: PMC10005979 DOI: 10.21037/gs-23-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is a deadly cancer with a poor prognosis. In light of mounting evidence that basement membrane genes (BMGs) play a role in the development of cancer, we sought to examine the prognostic importance and role of BMGs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. Methods BMGs were obtained from previous top research studies. The clinical and messenger ribonucleic acid expression data were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data sets, respectively. Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses were used for the PDAC risk modeling and gene identification. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare outcomes between the low- and high-risk groups. Finally, we analyzed small-molecule drugs that could be used to target BMGs for treatment using the Enrichr data set and validated the function of the tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (TINAG) in pancreatic cancer. Results We successfully constructed and validated a 7 BMG-based model to predict PDAC patient outcomes. Additionally, we discovered that 7 BMG-based model was an independent predictive factor for PDAC. According to our functional analysis, the majority of the signaling pathways enriched in BMGs were those connected to malignancy. Immune cell infiltration and immunological checkpoints were also linked to the BMG-based model. Further, we identified 5 small-molecule drugs that may be useful in treating PDAC patients. We also found that TINAG promoted cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer. Conclusions Our study extended understandings of how BMGs work in PDAC. We identified a credible predictive biomarker for PDAC patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Gaochun People’s Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of GCP Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Gao
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Gone with the Wnt(less): a mechanistic perspective on the journey of Wnt. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1763-1772. [PMID: 36416660 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are short-range signaling proteins, expressed in all metazoans from sponges to humans, critical for cell development and fate. There are 19 different Wnts in the human genome with varying expression levels and patterns, and post-translational modifications. Common to essentially all Wnts is the palmitoleation of a conserved serine by the O-acyltransferase PORCN in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All lipidated Wnts then bind a dedicated carrier Wntless (WLS), endowed with the task of transporting them from the ER to the plasma membrane, and ultimately facilitating their release to receptors on the Wnt-receiving cell to initiate signaling. Here, we will focus on the WLS-mediated transport step. There are currently two published structures, both obtained by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of the Wnt/WLS complex: human Wnt8A-bound and human Wnt3A-bound WLS. We analyze the two Wnt/WLS structures - remarkably similar despite the sequence similarity between Wnt8A and Wnt3A being only ∼39% - to begin to understand the conserved nature of this binding mechanism, and ultimately how one carrier can accommodate a family of 19 different Wnts. By comparing how Wnt associates with WLS with how it binds to PORCN and FZD receptors, we can begin to speculate on mechanisms of Wnt transfer from PORCN to WLS, and from WLS to FZD, thus providing molecular-level insight into these essential steps of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Novel Nanotechnology Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Glypican 3 as a Useful Target for Innovative Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710038. [PMID: 36077433 PMCID: PMC9456072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most lethal tumor, with a 5-year survival rate of 18%. Early stage HCC is potentially treatable by therapies with curative intent, whereas chemoembolization/radioembolization and systemic therapies are the only therapeutic options for intermediate or advanced HCC. Drug resistance is a critical obstacle in the treatment of HCC that could be overcome by the use of targeted nanoparticle-based therapies directed towards specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to improve drug delivery. Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a member of the glypican family, heparan sulfate proteoglycans bound to the cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The high levels of GPC3 detected in HCC and the absence or very low levels in normal and non-malignant liver make GPC3 a promising TAA candidate for targeted nanoparticle-based therapies. The use of nanoparticles conjugated with anti-GPC3 agents may improve drug delivery, leading to a reduction in severe side effects caused by chemotherapy and increased drug release at the tumor site. In this review, we describe the main clinical features of HCC and the common treatment approaches. We propose the proteoglycan GPC3 as a useful TAA for targeted therapies. Finally, we describe nanotechnology approaches for anti-GPC3 drug delivery systems based on NPs for HCC treatment.
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6
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Deb G, Cicala A, Papadas A, Asimakopoulos F. Matrix proteoglycans in tumor inflammation and immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C678-C693. [PMID: 35876288 PMCID: PMC9448345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00023.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunoediting progresses through elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Each of these phases is characterized by breaching, remodeling, and rebuilding tissue planes and structural barriers that engage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in particular matrix proteoglycans. Some of the signals emanating from matrix proteoglycan remodeling are readily co-opted by the growing tumor to sustain an environment of tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive inflammation. Yet other matrix-derived cues can be viewed as part of a homeostatic response by the host, aiming to eliminate the tumor and restore tissue integrity. These latter signals may be harnessed for therapeutic purposes to tip the polarity of the tumor immune milieu toward anticancer immunity. In this review, we attempt to showcase the importance and complexity of matrix proteoglycan signaling in both cancer-restraining and cancer-promoting inflammation. We propose that the era of matrix diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer is fast approaching the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Deb
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Cicala
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Athanasios Papadas
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
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7
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Palu RAS, Owings KG, Garces JG, Nicol A. A natural genetic variation screen identifies insulin signaling, neuronal communication, and innate immunity as modifiers of hyperglycemia in the absence of Sirt1. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac090. [PMID: 35435227 PMCID: PMC9157059 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the onset, progression, and severity of symptoms associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes impairs the diagnosis and treatment of at-risk patients. Diabetes symptoms, and patient variation in these symptoms, are attributed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but identifying the genes and pathways that modify diabetes in humans has proven difficult. A greater understanding of genetic modifiers and the ways in which they interact with metabolic pathways could improve the ability to predict a patient's risk for severe symptoms, as well as enhance the development of individualized therapeutic approaches. In this study, we use the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel to identify genetic variation influencing hyperglycemia associated with loss of Sirt1 function. Through analysis of individual candidate functions, physical interaction networks, and gene set enrichment analysis, we identify not only modifiers involved in canonical glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, but also genes important for neuronal signaling and the innate immune response. Furthermore, reducing the expression of several of these candidates suppressed hyperglycemia, making them potential candidate therapeutic targets. These analyses showcase the diverse processes contributing to glucose homeostasis and open up several avenues of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A S Palu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46818, USA
| | - Katie G Owings
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John G Garces
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46818, USA
| | - Audrey Nicol
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46818, USA
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Chen G, Luo D, Zhong N, Li D, Zheng J, Liao H, Li Z, Lin X, Chen Q, Zhang C, Lu Y, Chan YT, Ren Q, Wang N, Feng Y. GPC2 Is a Potential Diagnostic, Immunological, and Prognostic Biomarker in Pan-Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857308. [PMID: 35345673 PMCID: PMC8957202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glypican 2 (GPC2), a member of glypican (GPC) family genes, produces proteoglycan with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. It has shown its ascending significance in multiple cancers such as neuroblastoma, malignant brain tumor, and small-cell lung cancer. However, no systematic pan-cancer analysis has been conducted to explore its function in diagnosis, prognosis, and immunological prediction. Methods By comprehensive use of datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx), cBioPortal, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), UALCAN, StarBase, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), we adopted bioinformatics methods to excavate the potential carcinogenesis of GPC2, including dissecting the correlation between GPC2 and prognosis, gene mutation, immune cell infiltration, and DNA methylation of different tumors, and constructed the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of GPC2 as well as explored the interaction of GPC2 with chemicals and genes. Results The results indicated that GPC2 was highly expressed in most cancers, except in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which presented at a quite low level. Furthermore, GPC2 showed the early diagnostic value in 16 kinds of tumors and was positively or negatively associated with the prognosis of different tumors. It also verified that GPC2 was a gene associated with most immune-infiltrating cells in pan-cancer, especially in thymoma. Moreover, the correlation with GPC2 expression varied depending on the type of immune-related genes. Additionally, GPC2 gene expression has a correlation with DNA methylation in 20 types of cancers. Conclusion Through pan-cancer analysis, we discovered and verified that GPC2 might be useful in cancer detection for the first time. The expression level of GPC2 in a variety of tumors is significantly different from that of normal tissues. In addition, the performance of GPC2 in tumorigenesis and tumor immunity also confirms our conjecture. At the same time, it has high specificity and sensitivity in the detection of cancers. Therefore, GPC2 can be used as an auxiliary indicator for early tumor diagnosis and a prognostic marker for many types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongqiang Luo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhong
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyun Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Zheng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyao Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yau-Tuen Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qing Ren
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Liu J, Tu X, Liu L, Fang W. Advances in CAR-T cell therapy for malignant solid tumors. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:175-184. [PMID: 36161290 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
T cells modified by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) have the advantage of major histocompatibility complex-independent recognition of tumor-associated antigens, so can achieve efficient response to tumor targets. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown a good therapeutic effect in hematological malignancies; however, its efficacy is generally not satisfactory for solid tumors. The reasons include the lack of tumor specific antigen target on solid tumors, the uncertainty of homing ability of engineered T cells and the inhibitory immune microenvironment of tumors. In clinical trials, the targets of CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors are mainly disialoganglioside (GD2), claudin-18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2), mesenchymal, B7 homolog 3 (B7H3), glypican (GPC) 3 and epidermal growth factor receptor variant Ш (EGFRvШ)Ⅲ. Combination of CAR-T cells with oncolytic viruses, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and programmed death ligand-1 monoclonal antibodies may increase its efficacy. The CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors can be optimized through gene editing to enhance the activity of CAR-T cells, adding corresponding regulatory components to make the activation of CAR-T cells safer and more controllable, and enhancing the persistence of CAR-T cells. In this article, we review the latest advances of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors to provide new insights for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- 1. Department of General Medicine, People's Hospital of Changshan County, Quzhou 324200, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tu
- 2. Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Early Warning and Intervention of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- 2. Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Early Warning and Intervention of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Weijia Fang
- 2. Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Early Warning and Intervention of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Zheng X, Liu X, Lei Y, Wang G, Liu M. Glypican-3: A Novel and Promising Target for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:824208. [PMID: 35251989 PMCID: PMC8889910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.824208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a membrane-associated proteoglycan that is specifically up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) although rarely or not expressed in normal liver tissues, making it a perfect diagnostic and treatment target for HCC. Several GPC3-based clinical trials are ongoing and recently several innovative GPC3-targeted therapeutic methods have emerged with exciting results, including GPC3 vaccine, anti-GPC3 immunotoxin, combined therapy with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T or NK cells. Here, we review the value of GPC3 in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC, together with its signaling pathways, with a specific focus on GPC3-targeted treatments of HCC and some prospects for the future GPC3-based therapeutic strategies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanna Lei
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Bakrania A, Zheng G, Bhat M. Nanomedicine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A New Frontier in Targeted Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:41. [PMID: 35056937 PMCID: PMC8779722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and is associated with a dismal median survival of 2-9 months. The fundamental limitations and ineffectiveness of current HCC treatments have led to the development of a vast range of nanotechnologies with the goal of improving the safety and efficacy of treatment for HCC. Although remarkable success has been achieved in nanomedicine research, there are unique considerations such as molecular heterogeneity and concomitant liver dysfunction that complicate the translation of nanotheranostics in HCC. This review highlights the progress, challenges, and targeting opportunities in HCC nanomedicine based on the growing literature in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bakrania
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada;
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada;
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mamatha Bhat
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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12
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Qiang Z, Zhang H, Jin S, Yan C, Li Z, Tao L, Yu H. The prognostic value of arginase-1 and glypican-3 expression levels in patients after surgical intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma resection. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:316. [PMID: 34715880 PMCID: PMC8556943 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and glypican-3 (GPC-3) in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Methods Two hundred and thirty-seven patients with ICC were included in this study. All patients had undergone radical surgery and had complete clinical information. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the levels of Arg-1 and GPC-3 in ICC tissues. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors in ICC. The relationship between Arg-1 and GPC-3 levels and patient survival was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results High Arg-1 and GPC-3 expression levels were associated with poor prognosis in patients with ICC, and they could be as new prognostic biomarkers in ICC. Conclusion Arg-1 and GPC-3 can serve as independent prognostic biomarkers in ICC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-021-02426-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Qiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Haofeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cao Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lianyuan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China. .,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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13
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Involvement of Kynurenine Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205180. [PMID: 34680327 PMCID: PMC8533819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a biochemical pathway that synthesizes the vital coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). In cancer, the KP is significantly activated, leading to tryptophan depletion and the production of downstream metabolites, which skews the immune response towards tumour tolerance. More specifically, advanced stage cancers that readily metastasize evidence the most dysregulation in KP enzymes, providing a clear link between the KP and cancer morbidity. Consequently, this provides the rationale for an attractive new drug discovery opportunity for adjuvant therapeutics targeting KP-mediated immune tolerance, which would greatly complement current pharmacological interventions. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the roles of the KP and clinical trials examining KP inhibition in liver cancer. Abstract As the second and third leading cancer-related death in men and the world, respectively, primary liver cancer remains a major concern to human health. Despite advances in diagnostic technology, patients with primary liver cancer are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Treatment options for patients with advanced hepatocarcinoma (HCC) are limited to systemic treatment with multikinase inhibitors and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the 5-year survival rate for these late-stage HCC patients is approximately 12% worldwide. There is an unmet need to identify novel treatment options and/or sensitive blood-based biomarker(s) to detect this cancer at an early stage. Given that the liver harbours the largest proportion of immune cells in the human body, understanding the tumour–immune microenvironment has gained increasing attention as a potential target to treat cancer. The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been proposed to be one of the key mechanisms used by the tumour cells to escape immune surveillance for proliferation and metastasis. In an inflammatory environment such as cancer, the KP is elevated, suppressing local immune cell populations and enhancing tumour growth. In this review, we collectively describe the roles of the KP in cancer and provide information on the latest research into the KP in primary liver cancer.
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14
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Udomsinprasert W, McConachie E, Ngarmukos S, Theerawattanapong N, Tanavalee A, Honsawek S. Plasma and Joint Fluid Glypican-3 Are Inversely Correlated with the Severity of Knee Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2021; 12:505-511. [PMID: 30947517 PMCID: PMC8461156 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519841679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glypican-3 possesses a possible action in regulation of bone growth and development implicated in osteoarthritis (OA) pathology. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate glypican-3 in plasma and synovial fluid of knee OA patients and to determine the possible association between glypican-3 levels and radiographic severity. DESIGN A total of 80 knee OA patients and 80 healthy controls were recruited. Glypican-3 levels in plasma and synovial fluid were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The severity of knee OA was assessed by radiographic grading according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification. Relative mRNA expression of glypican-3 in 10 inflamed synovial tissues from OA patients and 10 noninflamed synovial controls was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Plasma glypican-3 levels were significantly lower in OA patients than in healthy controls (P = 0.03), whereas synovial fluid glypican-3 levels were remarkably greater than in paired plasma samples of OA patients (P < 0.001). Subsequent analysis demonstrated that plasma and synovial fluid glypican-3 levels were inversely associated with the radiographic severity of knee OA (r = -0.691, P < 0.001; r = -0.646, P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between plasma and synovial fluid glypican-3 levels in knee OA patients (r = 0.515, P < 0.001). Additionally, overexpression of glypican-3 mRNA was observed in inflamed synovium of OA patients (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that plasma and synovial glypican-3 levels were negatively associated with radiographic severity of knee OA. Glypican-3 could emerge as a potential biomarker for reflecting the severity of knee OA and might play a plausible role in the pathophysiology of degenerative joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellie McConachie
- Department of Biochemistry, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Vinai Parkpian Orthopaedic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand,School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Srihatach Ngarmukos
- Department of Orthopaedics, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nipaporn Theerawattanapong
- Department of Biochemistry, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Vinai Parkpian Orthopaedic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aree Tanavalee
- Department of Orthopaedics, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittisak Honsawek
- Department of Biochemistry, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Vinai Parkpian Orthopaedic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Orthopaedics, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand,Sittisak Honsawek, Department of Biochemistry and Orthopaedics, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial, 1873 Rama IV Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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15
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Alshammari FOFO, Al-Saraireh YM, Youssef AMM, Al-Sarayra YM, Alrawashdeh HM. Glypican-1 Overexpression in Different Types of Breast Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4309-4318. [PMID: 34366675 PMCID: PMC8334627 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients is challenging and remains a major underlying cause of female mortality. Understanding molecular alterations in tumor development is critical to identify novel biomarkers and targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. One of the aberrant cancer expressions gaining recent research interest is glypican-1. Several studies reported strong glypican-1 expression in various types of human cancers. However, none of these investigated glypican-1 expression in a large cohort of breast cancer histopathological subtypes. Patients and Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess glypican-1 expression in 220 breast cancer patients and its relation to demographic and clinical features, as well as important prognostic immunohistochemical markers for breast cancer. Results Intense glypican-1 expression was recognized in all breast cancer histopathological subtypes. Normal, healthy breast tissue displayed a heterogeneous low expression (20%). Importantly, a strong differential in glypican-1 expression was determined between normal and malignant breast tissues. Moreover, there was a significantly high rate of glypican-1 expression in advanced grades of breast cancer patients and larger tumor sizes. Unfortunately, the glypican-1 expression demonstrated no obvious relationship with the expression of various biomarkers in breast cancer. Conclusion This study may establish glypican-1 as a promising new therapeutic target for the development of therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah O F O Alshammari
- Department of Medical Lab technology, Faculty of health sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Yousef M Al-Saraireh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-karak, Jordan
| | - Ahmed M M Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-karak, Jordan
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16
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Huang SL, Wang YM, Wang QY, Feng GG, Wu FQ, Yang LM, Zhang XH, Xin HW. Mechanisms and Clinical Trials of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy. Front Genet 2021; 12:691391. [PMID: 34306031 PMCID: PMC8296838 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.691391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common and lethal tumors worldwide, is usually not diagnosed until the disease is advanced, which results in ineffective intervention and unfavorable prognosis. Small molecule targeted drugs of HCC, such as sorafenib, provided only about 2.8 months of survival benefit, partially due to cancer stem cell resistance. There is an urgent need for the development of new treatment strategies for HCC. Tumor immunotherapies, including immune check point inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb), have shown significant potential. It is known that the expression level of glypican-3 (GPC3) was significantly increased in HCC compared with normal liver tissues. A bispecific antibody (GPC3-S-Fabs) was reported to recruit NK cells to target GPC3 positive cancer cells. Besides, bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTE), including GPC3/CD3, an aptamer TLS11a/CD3 and EpCAM/CD3, were recently reported to efficiently eliminate HCC cells. It is known that immune checkpoint proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) binding by programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) activates immune checkpoints of T cells. Anti-PD-1 antibody was reported to suppress HCC progression. Furthermore, GPC3-based HCC immunotherapy has been shown to be a curative approach to prolong the survival time of patients with HCC in clinically trials. Besides, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor may inhibit the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of HCC. Here we review the cutting-edge progresses on mechanisms and clinical trials of HCC immunotherapy, which may have significant implication in our understanding of HCC and its immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Li Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guang-Gui Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fu-Qing Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liu-Ming Yang
- Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xi-He Zhang
- Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Lianjiang People's Hospital, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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17
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Advances in immunotherapeutic targets for childhood cancers: A focus on glypican-2 and B7-H3. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107892. [PMID: 33992682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized how we can treat adult malignancies and are being translated to pediatric oncology. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and bispecific antibodies targeting CD19 have shown success for the treatment of pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody has demonstrated efficacy in neuroblastoma. In this review, we summarize the immunotherapeutic agents that have been approved for treating childhood cancers and provide an updated review of molecules expressed by pediatric cancers that are under study or are emerging candidates for future immunotherapies. Advances in our knowledge of tumor immunology and in genome profiling of cancers has led to the identification of new tumor-specific/associated antigens. While cell surface antigens are normally targeted in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner using antibody-based therapies, intracellular antigens are normally targeted with MHC-dependent T cell therapies. Glypican 2 (GPC2) and B7-H3 (CD276) are two cell surface antigens that are expressed by a variety of pediatric tumors such as neuroblastoma and potentially can have a positive impact on the treatment of pediatric cancers in the clinic.
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18
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Inhibition of glypican-1 expression induces an activated fibroblast phenotype in a human bone marrow-derived stromal cell-line. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9262. [PMID: 33927256 PMCID: PMC8084937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cell type in the tumor microenvironment. CAFs orchestrate tumor-stromal interactions, and contribute to cancer cell growth, metastasis, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and chemoresistance. However, CAFs have not been successfully targeted for the treatment of cancer. The current study elucidates the significance of glypican-1 (GPC-1), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in regulating the activation of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BSCs) of fibroblast lineage (HS-5). GPC-1 inhibition changed HS-5 cellular and nuclear morphology, and increased cell migration and contractility. GPC-1 inhibition also increased pro-inflammatory signaling and CAF marker expression. GPC-1 induced an activated fibroblast phenotype when HS-5 cells were exposed to prostate cancer cell conditioned media (CCM). Further, treatment of human bone-derived prostate cancer cells (PC-3) with CCM from HS-5 cells exhibiting GPC-1 loss increased prostate cancer cell aggressiveness. Finally, GPC-1 was expressed in mouse tibia bone cells and present during bone loss induced by mouse prostate cancer cells in a murine prostate cancer bone model. These data demonstrate that GPC-1 partially regulates the intrinsic and extrinsic phenotype of human BSCs and transformation into activated fibroblasts, identify novel functions of GPC-1, and suggest that GPC-1 expression in BSCs exerts inhibitory paracrine effects on the prostate cancer cells. This supports the hypothesis that GPC-1 may be a novel pharmacological target for developing anti-CAF therapeutics to control cancer.
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19
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Li X, Nie S, Lv Z, Ma L, Song Y, Hu Z, Hu X, Liu Z, Zhou G, Dai Z, Song T, Liu J, Wang S. Overexpression of Annexin A2 promotes proliferation by forming a Glypican 1/c-Myc positive feedback loop: prognostic significance in human glioma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:261. [PMID: 33712571 PMCID: PMC7954792 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to set up a reliable prediction system for the tumor grade and prognosis in glioma patients, we clarify the complicated crosstalk of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) with Glypican 1 (GPC1) and demonstrate whether combined indexes of ANXA2 and GPC1 could improve the prognostic evaluation for glioma patients. We found that ANXA2-induced glioma cell proliferation in a c-Myc-dependent manner. ANXA2 increased the expression of GPC1 via c-Myc and the upregulated GPC1 further promoted the c-Myc level, forming a positive feedback loop, which eventually led to enhanced proliferation of glioma cells. Both mRNA and protein levels of ANXA2 were upregulated in glioma tissues and coincided with the overexpression of GPC1. Besides, we utilized tissue microarrays (TMAs) and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that glioma patients with both high expression of ANXA2 and GPC1 tended to have higher rate of tumor recurrence and shorter overall survival (OS). In conclusion, the overexpression of ANXA2 promotes proliferation of glioma cells by forming a GPC1/c-Myc positive feedback loop, and ANXA2 together with its downstream target GPC1 could be a potential "combination biomarker" for predicting prognosis of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengdan Nie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyang Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingran Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxi Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongxu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaoya Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Dai
- Department of Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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20
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Maruyama H, Yamaguchi T, Nagamatsu H, Shiina S. AI-Based Radiological Imaging for HCC: Current Status and Future of Ultrasound. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020292. [PMID: 33673229 PMCID: PMC7918339 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer worldwide. Recent international guidelines request an identification of the stage and patient background/condition for an appropriate decision for the management direction. Radiomics is a technology based on the quantitative extraction of image characteristics from radiological imaging modalities. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are the principal axis of the radiomics procedure and may provide various results from large data sets beyond conventional techniques. This review article focused on the application of the radiomics-related diagnosis of HCC using radiological imaging (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound (B-mode, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and elastography)), and discussed the current role, limitation and future of ultrasound. Although the evidence has shown the positive effect of AI-based ultrasound in the prediction of tumor characteristics and malignant potential, posttreatment response and prognosis, there are still a number of issues in the practical management of patients with HCC. It is highly expected that the wide range of applications of AI for ultrasound will support the further improvement of the diagnostic ability of HCC and provide a great benefit to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Maruyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (H.N.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-38133111; Fax: +81-3-56845960
| | - Tadashi Yamaguchi
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Nagamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (H.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuichiro Shiina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (H.N.); (S.S.)
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22
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Meng P, Zhang YF, Zhang W, Chen X, Xu T, Hu S, Liang X, Feng M, Yang X, Ho M. Identification of the atypical cadherin FAT1 as a novel glypican-3 interacting protein in liver cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:40. [PMID: 33420124 PMCID: PMC7794441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is being evaluated as an emerging therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GPC3 has been shown to interact with several extracellular signaling molecules, including Wnt, HGF, and Hedgehog. Here, we reported a cell surface transmembrane protein (FAT1) as a new GPC3 interacting protein. The GPC3 binding region on FAT1 was initially mapped to the C-terminal region (Q14517, residues 3662-4181), which covered a putative receptor tyrosine phosphatase (RTP)-like domain, a Laminin G-like domain, and five EGF-like domains. Fine mapping by ELISA and flow cytometry showed that the last four EGF-like domains (residues 4013-4181) contained a specific GPC3 binding site, whereas the RTP domain (residues 3662-3788) and the downstream Laminin G-2nd EGF-like region (residues 3829-4050) had non-specific GPC3 binding. In support of their interaction, GPC3 and FAT1 behaved concomitantly or at a similar pattern, e.g. having elevated expression in HCC cells, being up-regulated under hypoxia conditions, and being able to regulate the expression of EMT-related genes Snail, Vimentin, and E-Cadherin and promoting HCC cell migration. Taken together, our study provides the initial evidence for the novel mechanism of GPC3 and FAT1 in promoting HCC cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Meng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wangli Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Xinjun Liang
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Hospital of Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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23
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Leite DM, Matias D, Battaglia G. The Role of BAR Proteins and the Glycocalyx in Brain Endothelium Transcytosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2685. [PMID: 33327645 PMCID: PMC7765129 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the brain, endothelial cells lining the blood vessels meticulously coordinate the transport of nutrients, energy metabolites and other macromolecules essential in maintaining an appropriate activity of the brain. While small molecules are pumped across specialised molecular transporters, large macromolecular cargos are shuttled from one side to the other through membrane-bound carriers formed by endocytosis on one side, trafficked to the other side and released by exocytosis. Such a process is collectively known as transcytosis. The brain endothelium is recognised to possess an intricate vesicular endosomal network that mediates the transcellular transport of cargos from blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood. However, mounting evidence suggests that brain endothelial cells (BECs) employ a more direct route via tubular carriers for a fast and efficient transport from the blood to the brain. Here, we compile the mechanism of transcytosis in BECs, in which we highlight intracellular trafficking mediated by tubulation, and emphasise the possible role in transcytosis of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) proteins and glycocalyx (GC)-a layer of sugars covering BECs, in transcytosis. Both BAR proteins and the GC are intrinsically associated with cell membranes and involved in the modulation and shaping of these membranes. Hence, we aim to summarise the machinery involved in transcytosis in BECs and highlight an uncovered role of BAR proteins and the GC at the brain endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Leite
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; (D.M.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of the Physics and Living Systems, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Diana Matias
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; (D.M.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of the Physics and Living Systems, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 06DD, UK
- Cancer Research UK, City of London Centre, London WC1E 06DD, UK
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; (D.M.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of the Physics and Living Systems, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Cancer Research UK, City of London Centre, London WC1E 06DD, UK
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Shih TC, Wang L, Wang HC, Wan YJY. Glypican-3: A molecular marker for the detection and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:168-172. [PMID: 33384879 PMCID: PMC7771890 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with a fairly poor prognosis (5-year survival of less than 50%). Using sorafenib, the only food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drug, HCC cannot be effectively treated; it can only be controlled at most for a couple of months. There is a great need to develop efficacious treatment against this debilitating disease. Glypican-3 (GPC3), a member of the glypican family that attaches to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, is overexpressed in HCC cases and is elevated in the serum of a large proportion of patients with HCC. GPC3 expression contributes to HCC growth and metastasis. Furthermore, several different types of antibodies targeting GPC3 have been developed. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literatures on the GPC3 expression in human HCC, molecular mechanisms of GPC3 regulation and antibodies targeting GPC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Shih
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Chi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. (Y.-J.Y. Wan)
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25
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Wang W, Han N, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Shi L, Filmus J, Li F. Assembling custom side chains on proteoglycans to interrogate their function in living cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5915. [PMID: 33219207 PMCID: PMC7679400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are composed of a core protein and one or more chains of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The highly heterogeneous GAG chains play an irreplaceable role in the functions of PGs. However, the lack of an approach to control the exact structure of GAG chains conjugated to PGs tremendously hinders functional studies of PGs. Herein, by using glypican-3 as a model, we establish an aldehyde tag-based approach to assemble PGs with specific GAG chains on the surface of living cells. We show that the engineered glypican-3 can regulate Wnt and Hedgehog signaling like the wild type. Furthermore, we also present a method for studying the interaction of PGs with their target glycoproteins by combining the assembly of PGs carrying specific GAG chains with metabolic glycan labeling, and most importantly, we obtain evidence of GPC3 directly interacting with Frizzled. In conclusion, this study provides a very useful platform for structural and functional studies of PGs with specific GAG chains. Currently, it is not possible to generate proteoglycans displaying glycosaminoglycan chains with specific structures. Here the authors show that by using an aldehyde tag-based methodology it is possible to insert these specific chains onto proteoglycans expressed on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Naihan Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Police College, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunxue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liran Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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26
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Ravikumar M, Smith RAA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Key Mediators of Stem Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581213. [PMID: 33330458 PMCID: PMC7710810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an evolutionarily ancient subclass of glycoproteins with exquisite structural complexity. They are ubiquitously expressed across tissues and have been found to exert a multitude of effects on cell behavior and the surrounding microenvironment. Evidence has shown that heterogeneity in HSPG composition is crucial to its functions as an essential scaffolding component in the extracellular matrix as well as a vital cell surface signaling co-receptor. Here, we provide an overview of the significance of HSPGs as essential regulators of stem cell function. We discuss the various roles of HSPGs in distinct stem cell types during key physiological events, from development through to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The contribution of aberrant HSPG production to altered stem cell properties and dysregulated cellular homeostasis characteristic of cancer is also reviewed. Finally, we consider approaches to better understand and exploit the multifaceted functions of HSPGs in influencing stem cell characteristics for cell therapy and associated culture expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanasa Ravikumar
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Alexander Alfred Smith
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Clinical Impact of Circulated miR-1291 in Plasma of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis (LC) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Implication on Glypican-3 Expression. J Gastrointest Cancer 2020; 51:234-241. [PMID: 31028536 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver cirrhosis (LC) is considered to be the end stage of chronic hepatopathies which may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Glypican-3 is one of the most promising serum markers for HCC. Abnormal expression of miRNAs may participate in cancer development and progression. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relation between the expression of miR-1291 and GPC3 production as a non-invasive tool to differentiate patients with LC and HCC. METHODS HCV patients (100) were divided into two groups; HCC (I) and LC (II). Fifty hepatitis-free subjects served as the control group (III). Expression of serum GPC3 was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and expression of circulating miR-1291 was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Serum levels of GPC3 were significantly elevated in patients with HCC compared with the LC group. Both groups have increased GPC3 levels in relation to healthy controls. Serum GPC3 levels with a cutoff value of 619.5 pg/ml had a 50% sensitivity and 89.3% specificity while alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) with a cutoff value of 8.5 ng/ml had a higher sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (100%) in the detection of HCC. The primary use of both markers improved the specificity to 100%. miR-1291 was significantly upregulated in HCC and LC patients compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings might indicate that miR-1291 exert oncogenic effects in hepatic carcinogenesis through positive regulation of GPC3 expression. We propose that GPC3 overexpression and its associated oncogenic effects are linked to the upregulation of miR-1291 in HCV patients.
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Rashdan HRM, Abdelmonsef AH, Shehadi IA, Gomha SM, Soliman AMM, Mahmoud HK. Synthesis, Molecular Docking Screening and Anti-Proliferative Potency Evaluation of Some New Imidazo[2,1- b]Thiazole Linked Thiadiazole Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214997. [PMID: 33126630 PMCID: PMC7663531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole scaffolds were reported to possess various pharmaceutical activities. RESULTS The novel compound named methyl-2-(1-(3-methyl-6-(p-tolyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbodithioate 3 acted as a predecessor molecule for the synthesis of new thiadiazole derivatives incorporating imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole moiety. The reaction of 3 with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halide derivatives 4a-j and 7-9 had produced the respective 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives 6a-j and 10-12. The chemical composition of all the newly synthesized derivatives were confirmed by their microanalytical and spectral data (FT-IR, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). All the produced novel compounds were screened for their anti-proliferative efficacy on hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2). In addition, a computational molecular docking study was carried out to determine the ability of the synthesized thiadiazole molecules to interact with active site of the target Glypican-3 protein (GPC-3). Moreover, the physiochemical properties of the synthesized compounds were derived to determine the viability of the compounds as drug candidates for hepatic cancer. CONCLUSION All the tested compounds had exhibited good anti-proliferative efficacy against hepatic cancer cell lines. In addition, the molecular docking results showed strong binding interactions of the synthesized compounds with the target GPC-3 protein with lower energy scores. Thus, such novel compounds may act as promising candidates as drugs against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda R. M. Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ihsan A. Shehadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
| | - Sobhi M. Gomha
- Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University in Almadinah Almonawara, Almadinah Almonawara 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Huda K. Mahmoud
- Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.)
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29
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Cleavage of proteoglycans, plasma proteins and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor in the hemorrhagic process induced by snake venom metalloproteinases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12912. [PMID: 32737331 PMCID: PMC7395112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenoming by viperid snakes results in a complex pattern of tissue damage, including hemorrhage, which in severe cases may lead to permanent sequelae. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are main players in this pathogenesis, acting synergistically upon different mammalian proteomes. Hemorrhagic Factor 3 (HF3), a P-III class SVMP from Bothrops jararaca, induces severe local hemorrhage at pmol doses in a murine model. Our hypothesis is that in a complex scenario of tissue damage, HF3 triggers proteolytic cascades by acting on a partially known substrate repertoire. Here, we focused on the hypothesis that different proteoglycans, plasma proteins, and the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) could be involved in the HF3-induced hemorrhagic process. In surface plasmon resonance assays, various proteoglycans were demonstrated to interact with HF3, and their incubation with HF3 showed degradation or limited proteolysis. Likewise, Western blot analysis showed in vivo degradation of biglycan, decorin, glypican, lumican and syndecan in the HF3-induced hemorrhagic process. Moreover, antithrombin III, complement components C3 and C4, factor II and plasminogen were cleaved in vitro by HF3. Notably, HF3 cleaved PDGFR (alpha and beta) and PDGF in vitro, while both receptor forms were detected as cleaved in vivo in the hemorrhagic process induced by HF3. These findings outline the multifactorial character of SVMP-induced tissue damage, including the transient activation of tissue proteinases, and underscore for the first time that endothelial glycocalyx proteoglycans and PDGFR are targets of SVMPs in the disruption of microvasculature integrity and generation of hemorrhage.
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30
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He C, Jaffar Ali D, Li Y, Zhu Y, Sun B, Xiao Z. Engineering of HN3 increases the tumor targeting specificity of exosomes and upgrade the anti-tumor effect of sorafenib on HuH-7 cells. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9524. [PMID: 33062407 PMCID: PMC7527773 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe, efficient and cancer cell targeted delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 is important to increase the effectiveness of available cancer treatments. Although cancer derived exosomes offer significant advantages, the fact that it carries cancer related/inducing signaling molecules impedes them from being used as a reliable drug delivery vehicle. In this study, we report that normal epithelial cell-derived exosomes engineered to have HN3 (HN3LC9-293exo), target tumor cells as efficiently as that of the cancer cell-derived exosomes (C9HuH-7exo). HN3LC9-293exo were quickly absorbed by the recipient cancer cell in vitro. Anchoring HN3 to the membrane of the exosomes using LAMP2, made HN3LC9-293exo to specifically enter the GPC3+ HuH-7 cancer cells than the GPC3− LO2 cells in a co-culture model. Further, sgIQ 1.1 plasmids were loaded to exosomes and surprisingly, in combination with sorafenib, synergistic anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect of loaded HN3LC9-293exo was more than the loaded C9HuH-7exo. While cancer-derived exosomes might induce the drug resistance and tumor progression, normal HEK-293 cells-derived exosomes with modifications for precise cancer cell targeting like HN3LC9-293exo can act as better, safe and natural delivery systems to improve the efficacy of the cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Doulathunnisa Jaffar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Mossenta M, Busato D, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G. Glucose Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role and Possible Implications in Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1668. [PMID: 32585931 PMCID: PMC7352479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metabolism is redirected to glycolysis to enhance the production of metabolic compounds employed by cancer cells to produce proteins, lipids, and nucleotides in order to maintain a high proliferative rate. This mechanism drives towards uncontrolled growth and causes a further increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could lead to cell death. HCC overcomes the problem generated by ROS increase by increasing the antioxidant machinery, in which key mechanisms involve glutathione, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1α). These mechanisms could represent optimal targets for innovative therapies. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts a key role in HCC pathogenesis and progression. Various metabolic machineries modulate the activity of immune cells in the TME. The deregulated metabolic activity of tumor cells could impair antitumor response. Lactic acid-lactate, derived from the anaerobic glycolytic rate of tumor cells, as well as adenosine, derived from the catabolism of ATP, have an immunosuppressive activity. Metabolic reprogramming of the TME via targeted therapies could enhance the treatment efficacy of anti-cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the metabolic pathways mainly involved in the HCC pathogenesis and progression. The potential targets for HCC treatment involved in these pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mossenta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Busato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
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Andisheh-Tadbir A, Goharian AS, Ranjbar MA. Glypican-3 Expression in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2020; 21:141-146. [PMID: 32582830 PMCID: PMC7280543 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2019.84541.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant neoplasm that affects the structures or tissues of mouth. Early diagnosis of these tumors is important to improve the outcome of treatment. Therefore, using pathological techniques based on molecular markers may be useful for optimal diagnosis and treatment. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is involved in regulation of cell proliferation and morphogenesis and is abundant during embryogenesis and organogenesis but is limited in most of adult tissues. GPC3 overexpression has a role in carcinogenesis. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate GPC3 expression in the non-neoplastic oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this cross-sectional study, 45 patients with OSCC (30 males and 15 females) with a mean age of 52.3 selected from Oral Pathology Department of Shiraz Dental School were enrolled. The control group was consisted of 15 cases of normal oral epithelium. Glypican-3 expression was assessed by using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Non neoplastic tissues were GPC3 negative. Frequency of GPC3 positivity in tumoral tissues was recorded as 73.3% (33 cases) which was significantly higher than non-neoplastic tissues (p< 0.001).The clinicopathologic features of GPC3 expression demonstrated no association with clinicopathologic parameters except tumor size. CONCLUSION GPC3 was over expressed at protein level in oral squamous cell carcinoma, but its potential use for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Andisheh-Tadbir
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Saeed Goharian
- Undergraduate Student, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ranjbar
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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33
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Guo M, Zhang H, Zheng J, Liu Y. Glypican-3: A New Target for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:2008-2021. [PMID: 32127929 PMCID: PMC7052944 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type. The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma is concealed, its progress is rapid, its prognosis is poor, and the mortality rate is high. Therefore, novel molecular targets for hepatocellular carcinoma early diagnosis and development of targeted therapy are critically needed. Glypican-3, a cell-surface glycoproteins in which heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently linked to a protein core, is overexpressed in HCC tissues but not in the healthy adult liver. Thus, Glypican-3 is becoming a promising candidate for liver cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy. Up to now, Glypican-3 has been a reliable immunohistochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis, and soluble Glypican-3 in serum has becoming a promising marker for liquid biopsy. Moreover, various immunotherapies targeting Glypican-3 have been developed, including Glypican-3 vaccines, anti- Glypican-3 immunotoxin and chimeric-antigen-receptor modified cells. In this review, we summarize and analyze the structure and physicochemical properties of Glypican-3 molecules, then review their biological functions and applications in clinical diagnosis, and explore the diagnosis and treatment strategies based on Glypican-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology &Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Pathology ,Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfang Liu
- Department of Pathology ,Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Shimizu Y, Mizuno S, Fujinami N, Suzuki T, Saito K, Konishi M, Takahashi S, Gotohda N, Tada T, Toyoda H, Kumada T, Miura M, Suto K, Yamaji T, Matsuda T, Endo I, Nakatsura T. Plasma and tumoral glypican-3 levels are correlated in patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:334-342. [PMID: 31774932 PMCID: PMC7004540 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cancer antigen expressed in approximately 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and is secreted into the blood. To confirm the effectiveness of GPC3 as a biomarker in HCC, we analyzed the relationship between GPC3 expression levels in cancer cells and in blood in 56 patients with HCC. Preoperative plasma GPC3 levels were determined with an immunoassay, and expression of GPC3 in resected tumors was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Median plasma GPC3 level in all HCC cases was 4.6 pg/mL, and tended to be higher in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC (HCV group) (9.9 pg/mL) than in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC (HBV group) (2.6 pg/mL) or in those without virus infection (None group) (3.0 pg/mL), suggesting that the virus type most likely influences GPC3 secretion. Median percentage of GPC3+ cells in tumors was also higher in the HCV (26.2%) and HBV (11.1%) groups than in the None group (4.2%). In the HCV group, there was a positive correlation between the two parameters (r = 0.66, P < .01). Moreover, receiver operating characteristic analysis predicted >10% GPC3+ cells in a tumor if the cut-off value was 6.8 pg/mL (sensitivity 80%, specificity 100%; area under the curve 0.875, 95% confidence interval 0.726-1) in the HCV group. Plasma concentration of GPC3 could be a predictive marker of tumoral GPC3 expression in patients with HCV-related HCC, suggesting a useful biomarker for immunotherapies targeting GPC3, although larger-scale validations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Shoichi Mizuno
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Norihiro Fujinami
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Toshihiro Suzuki
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
- General Medical Education and Research CenterTeikyo UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Keigo Saito
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Masaru Konishi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Shinichiro Takahashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Naoto Gotohda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Toshifumi Tada
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyOgaki Municipal HospitalOgakiJapan
| | - Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyOgaki Municipal HospitalOgakiJapan
| | - Takashi Kumada
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyOgaki Municipal HospitalOgakiJapan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Central Research LaboratoriesSysmex CorporationHyogoJapan
| | - Kouzou Suto
- Central Research LaboratoriesSysmex CorporationHyogoJapan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention GroupCenter for Public Health SciencesNational Cancer CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Takahisa Matsuda
- Division of Screening TechnologyCenter for Public Health SciencesNational Cancer CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial CenterNational Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
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35
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Siracusano G, Tagliamonte M, Buonaguro L, Lopalco L. Cell Surface Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Bench to Bedside. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010041. [PMID: 31991677 PMCID: PMC7157713 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteins act as the go-between in carrying the information from the extracellular environment to the intracellular signaling proteins. However, these proteins are often deregulated in neoplastic diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. This review discusses several recent studies that have investigated the role of cell surface proteins in the occurrence and progression of HCC, highlighting the possibility to use them as biomarkers of the disease and/or targets for vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siracusano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-022643-4957
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, “Fondazione Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, “Fondazione Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (L.B.)
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
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Liao H, Xiong T, Peng J, Xu L, Liao M, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Yuan K, Zeng Y. Classification and Prognosis Prediction from Histopathological Images of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by a Fully Automated Pipeline Based on Machine Learning. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:2359-2369. [PMID: 31916093 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-08190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop quantitative feature-based models from histopathological images to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from adjacent normal tissue and predict the prognosis of HCC patients after surgical resection. METHODS A fully automated pipeline was constructed using computational approaches to analyze the quantitative features of histopathological slides of HCC patients, in which the features were extracted from the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole-slide images of HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas and tissue microarray images from West China Hospital. The extracted features were used to train the statistical models that classify tissue slides and predict patients' survival outcomes by machine-learning methods. RESULTS A total of 1733 quantitative image features were extracted from each histopathological slide. The diagnostic classifier based on 31 features was able to successfully distinguish HCC from adjacent normal tissues in both the test [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.988] and external validation sets (AUC 0.886). The random-forest prognostic model using 46 features was able to significantly stratify patients in each set into longer- or shorter-term survival groups according to their assigned risk scores. Moreover, the prognostic model we constructed showed comparable predicting accuracy as TNM staging systems in predicting patients' survival at different time points after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that machine-learning models derived from image features can assist clinicians in HCC diagnosis and its prognosis prediction after hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyuan Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajie Peng
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingheng Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenru Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles for Targeted Labelling of Bladder Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120820. [PMID: 31816991 PMCID: PMC6995529 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide. Due to a high risk of recurrence and progression of bladder cancer, every patient needs long-term surveillance, which includes regular cystoscopy, sometimes followed by a biopsy of suspicious lesions or resections of recurring tumours. This study addresses the development of novel biohybrid nanocomplexes representing upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) coupled to antibodies for photoluminescent (PL) detection of bladder cancer cells. Carrying specific antibodies, these nanoconjugates selectively bind to urothelial carcinoma cells and make them visible by emitting visible PL upon excitation with deeply penetrating near-infrared light. UCNP were coated with a silica layer and linked to anti-Glypican-1 antibody MIL38 via silica-specific solid-binding peptide. Conjugates have been shown to specifically attach to urothelial carcinoma cells with high expression of Glypican-1. This result highlights the potential of produced conjugates and conjugation technology for further studies of their application in the tumour detection and fluorescence-guided resection.
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Normal Alpha-Fetoprotein Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Are They Really Normal? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101736. [PMID: 31635078 PMCID: PMC6832124 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was routinely employed as a tumor marker for screening, diagnosis, and treatment follow-up of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, a substantial proportion of HCC patients had normal AFP level even at an advanced disease status. Few studies to date had tried to explore the nature and behavior of this normal AFP HCC (N-HCC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcome of N-HCC after operation. In addition, potential tumor markers for N-HCC were also sought in an attempt to augment diagnostic ability. Methods: between 2005 and 2015, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated with hepatectomy in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou branch were divided into two groups according to their preoperative serum AFP level (<15 ng/mL: NHCC; ≥15 ng/mL: abnormal AFP HCC (A-HCC)). Patient demographic data and clinicopathological variables were collected. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for N-HCC. ELISA and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies were employed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of various tumor markers. Results: a total of 1616 patients (78% male) who underwent liver resection for HCC were included in this study. Of them, 761 patients (47.1%) were N-HCC. N-HCC patients were significantly older with more comorbidities and less hepatitis virus infections. Furthermore, N-HCC had fewer early recurrences (49.6% vs. 60.8%, p < 0.001) and better DFS (44.6 months vs. 23.6 months, p < 0.001) and OS (94.5 months vs. 81.7 months, p < 0.001). Both ELISA and IHC studies demonstrated that glypican-3 (GPC3) would be a promising diagnostic tumor marker for N-HCC. Conclusion: N-HCC patients were significantly older and had less hepatitis virus infections or cirrhosis. Their tumors tended to be smaller, less vascular invaded, and well-differentiated. The carcinogenesis of N-HCC may thus not be identical to that of typical HCC. GPC3 would be a promising tumor marker for diagnosing N-HCC. Further study is warranted to validate our findings.
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The Non-Fibrillar Side of Fibrosis: Contribution of the Basement Membrane, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins to Myocardial Fibrosis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:jcdd6040035. [PMID: 31547598 PMCID: PMC6956278 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd6040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support and a microenvironmentfor soluble extracellular molecules. ECM is comprised of numerous proteins which can be broadly classified as fibrillar (collagen types I and III) and non-fibrillar (basement membrane, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins). The basement membrane provides an interface between the cardiomyocytes and the fibrillar ECM, while proteoglycans sequester soluble growth factors and cytokines. Myocardial fibrosis was originally only linked to accumulation of fibrillar collagens, but is now recognized as the expansion of the ECM including the non-fibrillar ECM proteins. Myocardial fibrosis can be reparative to replace the lost myocardium (e.g., ischemic injury or myocardial infarction), or can be reactive resulting from pathological activity of fibroblasts (e.g., dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). Contribution of fibrillar collagens to fibrosis is well studied, but the role of the non-fibrillar ECM proteins has remained less explored. In this article, we provide an overview of the contribution of the non-fibrillar components of the extracellular space of the heart to highlight the potential significance of these molecules in fibrosis, with direct evidence for some, although not all of these molecules in their direct contribution to fibrosis.
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Kolluri A, Ho M. The Role of Glypican-3 in Regulating Wnt, YAP, and Hedgehog in Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:708. [PMID: 31428581 PMCID: PMC6688162 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell-surface glycoprotein consisting of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains and an inner protein core. It has important functions in cellular signaling including cell growth, embryogenesis, and differentiation. GPC3 has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and a few other cancers, however, the mechanistic role of GPC3 in cancer development remains elusive. Recent breakthroughs including the structural modeling of GPC3 and GPC3-Wnt complexes represent important steps toward deciphering the molecular mechanism of action for GPC3 and how it may regulate cancer signaling and tumor growth. A full understanding of the molecular basis of GPC3-mediated signaling requires elucidation of the dynamics of partner receptors, transducer complexes, and downstream players. Herein, we summarize current insights into the role of GPC3 in regulating cancer development through Wnt and other signaling pathways, including YAP and hedgehog cascades. We also highlight the growing body of work which underlies deciphering how GPC3 is a key player in liver oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kolluri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Wang S, Qiu Y, Bai B. The Expression, Regulation, and Biomarker Potential of Glypican-1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:614. [PMID: 31355137 PMCID: PMC6640540 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-1 (GPC-1) and other glypicans are a family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. These proteins are highly expressed on the cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix, functioning mainly as modulators of growth factor signaling. Some of them are abnormally expressed in cancer, possibly involved in tumorigenesis, and detectable in blood as potential clinical biomarkers. GPC-1 is another glypican member that has been found to be associated with some cancers, and has increasingly interested the cancer field. Here we provide a brief review about GPC-1 in its expression, signaling and potential as a cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yudong Qiu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Shimizu Y, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa T, Endo I, Nakatsura T. Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Glypican-3. Front Oncol 2019; 9:248. [PMID: 31024850 PMCID: PMC6469401 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3), a 65 kD protein consisting of 580 amino acids, is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan bound to the cell membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. This protein is expressed in the liver and the kidney of healthy fetuses but is hardly expressed in adults, except in the placenta. Contrarily, GPC3 is specifically expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ovarian clear cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, hepatoblastoma, nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor), yolk sac tumor, and some pediatric cancers. Although the precise function of GPC3 remains unclear, it has been strongly suggested that it is related to the malignant transformation of HCC. We identified GPC3 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and have been working on the development of cancer immunotherapeutic agents targeting it through clinical trials. In some trials, it was revealed that the GPC3 peptide vaccines we developed using human leukocyte antigen-A24- and A2-restricted GPC3-derived peptides could induce GPC3-specific cytotoxic T cells in most vaccinated patients and thereby improve their prognosis. To further improve the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy targeting GPC3, we are also developing next-generation therapeutic strategies using T cells engineered to express antigen-specific T-cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor. In addition, we have successfully monitored the levels of serum full-length GPC3 protein, which is somehow secreted in the blood. The utility of GPC3 as a biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence and treatment efficacy is now being considered. In this review article, we summarize the results of clinical trials carried out by our team and describe the novel agent targeting the cancer-specific shared antigen, GPC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
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Sabry D, Abdelaleem OO, El Amin Ali AM, Mohammed RA, Abdel-Hameed ND, Hassouna A, Khalifa WA. Anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic potential effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and/or metformin on hepatocellular carcinoma cells: in vitro study. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:2039-2047. [PMID: 30710234 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and metformin single treatment have been tested against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to assess the combination effects of EGCG and metformin on proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2cells and identified new potential molecular targets. The effect of EGCG and metformin against cell proliferation in HepG2 was determined using MTT assay. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was applied to examine the gene expression of cyclin D1, lncRNA-AF085935, caspase-3, survivin and VEGF. The level of protein expression of glypican-3 was assessed by western blot. In HepG2 cells, EGCG and metformin combination treatment exhibited high significant effect against tumor proliferation. It significantly reduced cyclin D1, lncRNA-AF085935, glypican-3 and promoted apoptosis through increasing caspase3 and decreasing survivin compared to control cells. Moreover, EGCG and metformin treated cells showed decreased expression levels of VEGF. Our study provided new insights of the anticarcinogenic effects of EGCG and metformin on HCC through their effects on glypican-3 and lncRNA-AF085935.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma O Abdelaleem
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
| | - Amani M El Amin Ali
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Mohammed
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Nehal D Abdel-Hameed
- Clinical Pathology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira Hassouna
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warda A Khalifa
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Sebha University, Sabha, Libya
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Zhou CY, Dong YP, Sun X, Sui X, Zhu H, Zhao YQ, Zhang YY, Mason C, Zhu Q, Han SX. High levels of serum glypican-1 indicate poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5525-5533. [PMID: 30358133 PMCID: PMC6246926 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) fails to demonstrate the predictive value for early detection pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Glypican‐1 (GPC1+) exosomes may serve as a noninvasive diagnostic tool to detect early stages of PDAC. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the serum GPC1 levels and determine whether serum GPC1 serves as a novel biomarker for PDAC patients. Blood samples were collected from 156 patients with PDAC, 199 non‐cancer controls, and 240 patients with other cancers. Serological levels of GPC1 were examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, a 5‐year follow‐up was monitored to evaluate the correlation between serum GPC1 levels and overall survival in 156 patients with PDAC. The results suggested that levels of serum GPC1 and CA19‐9 were higher in PDAC patients than that of controls (P < 0.05). Serum GPC1 levels in PDAC were different from those in gallbladder carcinoma (P < 0.001), colorectal carcinoma (P < 0.001), gastric carcinoma (P < 0.001), and prostate cancer (P < 0.001), but not hepatocellular carcinoma (P = 0.395) and cholangiocarcinoma (P = 0.724). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that serum CA19‐9 was significantly better than serum GPC1 in distinguishing PDAC patients from the controls (AUC, 95% CI: 0.908, 0.868‐0.947 vs 0.795, 0.749‐0.841, respectively). The serum GPC1 cannot be used as a serum diagnostic biomarker for PDAC patients. The level of serum GPC1 decreased 2 days after surgery (P = 0.001), which were not different from serum GPC1 levels in healthy control (P = 0.381). The overall survival rate was shorter in patients with high levels of serum GPC1 compared to those with low levels of serum GPC1 (log‐rank = 5.16, P = 0.023). Taken together, the results indicate that high levels of serum GPC1 predict poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Serum GPC1 may be a prognosis factor for PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ya Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ping Dong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Sui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Qin Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Clifford Mason
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su-Xia Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Dong L, Zhou H, Zhao M, Gao X, Liu Y, Liu D, Guo W, Hu H, Xie Q, Fan J, Lin J, Wu W. Phosphorothioate-Modified AP613-1 Specifically Targets GPC3 when Used for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Imaging. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:376-386. [PMID: 30347351 PMCID: PMC6198100 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3), the cellular membrane proteoglycan, has been established as a tumor biomarker for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GPC3 is highly expressed in more than 70% HCC tissues detected by antibody-based histopathological systems. Recently, aptamers, a short single-strand DNA or RNA generated from systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), were reported as potential alternatives in tumor-targeted imaging and diagnosis. In this study, a total of 19 GPC3-bound aptamers were successfully screened by capillary electrophoresis (CE)-SELEX technology. After truncated, AP613-1 was confirmed to specifically target GPC3 with a dissociation constant (KD) of 59.85 nM. When modified with a phosphorothioate linkage, APS613-1 targeted GPC3 with a KD of 15.48 nM and could be used as a specific probe in living Huh7 and PLC/PRF/5 imaging, GPC3-positive cell lines, but not in L02 or A549, two GPC3-negative cell lines. More importantly, Alexa Fluor 750-conjugated APS613-1 could be used as a fluorescent probe to subcutaneous HCC imaging in xenograft nude mice. Our results indicated that modified AP613-1, especially APS613-1, was a potential agent in GPC3-positive tumor imaging for HCC early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Dong
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongxin Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Menglong Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinghui Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongli Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongwei Hu
- Shanghai Aijin Biochemical Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Radiology and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Weizhong Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Andisheh-Tadbir A, Ashraf MJ, Gudarzi A, Zare R. Evaluation of Glypican-3 expression in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2018; 9:63-66. [PMID: 30294537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glypican-3 (GPC3) is involved in regulation of cell proliferation and morphogenesis. It is abundant in embryonic tissue, but limited in most adult tissues. GPC3 deletion or mutation can disturb the balance between cell apoptosis and proliferation, which may result in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate the GPC3 expression in salivary gland tumors (SGTs) and the adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. Methods This study reviewed 50 samples of salivary tumors from the archive of Khalili Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, including 17 cases of pleomorphic adenoma (PA), 16 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and 17 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC); as well as a control group of 23 cases of normal salivary gland tissues. GPC3 expression was investigated through immunohistochemistry. Results GPC3 expression was significantly higher in malignant tumors (MEC and ACC) than in PA, and higher in PA than in the normal salivary glands (P < 0.001). The expression intensity was moderate to strong in malignant tumors and weak to moderate in benign tumors. No strong positivity was observed in normal salivary gland tissues (P < 0.001). Nor was any association detected between the GPC3 expression and intensity with the clinicopathologic parameters. Conclusion Although GPC3 overexpression was observed at the protein level in SGTs, and its expression was not related with the clinicopathologic factors, the potential use of GPC3 for diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic purposes requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Andisheh-Tadbir
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Ashraf
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Gudarzi
- School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Razieh Zare
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Townsend MH, Shrestha G, Robison RA, O’Neill KL. The expansion of targetable biomarkers for CAR T cell therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:163. [PMID: 30031396 PMCID: PMC6054736 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are an integral part of cancer management due to their use in risk assessment, screening, differential diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of response to treatment, and monitoring progress of disease. Recently, with the advent of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, a new category of targetable biomarkers has emerged. These biomarkers are associated with the surface of malignant cells and serve as targets for directing cytotoxic T cells. The first biomarker target used for CAR T cell therapy was CD19, a B cell marker expressed highly on malignant B cells. With the success of CD19, the last decade has shown an explosion of new targetable biomarkers on a range of human malignancies. These surface targets have made it possible to provide directed, specific therapy that reduces healthy tissue destruction and preserves the patient's immune system during treatment. As of May 2018, there are over 100 clinical trials underway that target over 25 different surface biomarkers in almost every human tissue. This expansion has led to not only promising results in terms of patient outcome, but has also led to an exponential growth in the investigation of new biomarkers that could potentially be utilized in CAR T cell therapy for treating patients. In this review, we discuss the biomarkers currently under investigation and point out several promising biomarkers in the preclinical stage of development that may be useful as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Gajendra Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Thunder Biotech, Highland, UT USA
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Kim L. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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48
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Wang Y, Liu J, Pan H, Xing J, Wu X, Li Q, Wang Z. A GPC3-targeting Bispecific Antibody, GPC3-S-Fab, with Potent Cytotoxicity. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30059039 DOI: 10.3791/57588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the construction and functional studies of a bispecific antibody (bsAb), GPC3-S-Fab. bsAbs can recognize two different epitopes through their two different arms. bsAbs have been actively studied for their ability to directly recruit immune cells to kill tumor cells. Currently, the majority of bsAbs are produced in the form of recombinant proteins, either as Fc-containing bsAbs or as smaller bsAb derivatives without the Fc region. In this study, GPC3-S-Fab, an antibody fragment (Fab) based bispecific antibody, was designed by linking the Fab of anti-GPC3 antibody GC33 with an anti-CD16 single domain antibody. The GPC3-S-Fab can be expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by two affinity chromatographies. The purified GPC3-S-Fab can specifically bind to and kill GPC3 positive liver cancer cells by recruiting natural killer cells, suggesting a potential application of GPC3-S-Fab in liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Haitao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jieyu Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Xiaoqiong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University;
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University;
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49
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Zhang J, Zhang M, Ma H, Song X, He L, Ye X, Li X. Overexpression of glypican-3 is a predictor of poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: An updated meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11130. [PMID: 29901640 PMCID: PMC6024095 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC3) has been widely recognized in the progression of liver tumors for several years. The relationship between overexpression of GPC3 and the poorer prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was performed by 2 meta-analyses. However, there were also some latest literatures that indicated different conclusions distinctly. It is necessary for us to carry out a meta-analysis by adding the latest data from current studies to explore the correlation between GPC3 and prognostic value in HCC. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis including a total of 14 studies to assess the potential prognostic significance of GPC3 expression for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The expression of GPC3 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fourteen studies with 2364 patients were incorporated in the meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratios (HRs) revealed that the overexpression of GPC3 could forecast a poor OS [n = 2233 in 12 studies, HR = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.07-1.85, Z = 2.42, P = .02] and DFS (n = 1308 in 10 studies, HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13-2.30, Z = 2.63, P = .008) in HCC patients. Subgroup treated by hepatectomy indicated that the pooled HR of OS was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01-2.01, P = .04) and the combined HR of DFS was 1.59 (95% CI: 1.09-2.31, P = .02). The pooled odds ratios (ORs) showed that high GPC3 expression was also extensively associated with worse tumor differentiation, later tumor stage, presence of vascular invasion, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Subgroup analyses for GPC3 on HCC OS based on the studies categorized by regions, follow-up period, and sample size were also conducted. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis indicated that overexpression of GPC3 was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital
| | - Manka Zhang
- Department of Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital
| | - Huimin Ma
- Department of Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Xincheng Song
- Department of Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital
| | - Lingling He
- Department of Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Xiaohui Ye
- Department of Institute of Infectious Disease, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital
- Department of Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University
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50
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Wang S, Chen N, Chen Y, Sun L, Li L, Liu H. Elevated GPC3 level promotes cell proliferation in liver cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:970-976. [PMID: 29963171 PMCID: PMC6019913 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological role of glypican 3 (GPC3), and to identify its mechanism and clinical significance in the carcinogenesis of liver cancer. A total of 114 patients with liver cancer were involved. Their clinical data, hematoxylin and eosin-stained and Antigen Ki-67 protein (Ki-67) and GPC3 immunohistochemically-stained liver cancer tissue sections were analyzed to evaluate the correlation between the liver cancer proliferation, differentiation and GPC3 expression. Fluorescence microscopy, western blotting, MTT and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were performed in HepG2 and HLE cell lines to investigate the potential mechanisms of action. Among the 114 patients with liver cancer enrolled in the present study, 12 exhibited well-differentiated liver cancer, of which 6 (50%) were positive for GPC3. A total of 30 cases exhibited poorly differentiated liver cancer; 26 (87%) of these expressed GPC3 and 11 cases (37%) demonstrated strong positive expression levels. The other 72 liver cancer cases were moderately differentiated; 75% (54/72) of these expressed GPC3 and 12.5% (9/72) exhibited strong positive expression levels. There was a significant association between the levels of GPC3 expression and liver cancer differentiation (χ2=16.306, P=0.008). Ki-67 staining as the criteria of the liver cancer cell proliferation index also indicated a cross correlation between liver cancer proliferation and GPC3 levels. Among the 39 liver cancer samples with a cell proliferation index <5%, only 2.6% (1/39) exhibited strong positive GPC3 staining, but of the 16 cases with a high cell proliferation index >50%, 6 exhibited strong GPC3 staining (37.5%). The difference of cell proliferation indexes between cancer cells were well, moderate and poorly differentiated, and was markedly significant (χ2=26.334, P=0.002), and suggested that liver cancer cell proliferation was positively correlated with GPC3 expression (r=0.316, P=0.001). Consistently, in vitro analysis indicated that GPC3 promoted HepG2 and HLE cell growth, which was more apparent in HepG2 cells. The RT-qPCR results indicated that GPC3 promoted proliferation through the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in HepG2 cells, but not in HLE cells. In the present study, it was demonstrated that patients with liver cancer with higher GPC3 levels exhibited poorer differentiation and higher proliferation levels. In vitro GPC3 may promote liver cancer cell lines proliferation through the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Beijing Precision Medicine and Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You'An Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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