1
|
Gladine C, Fedorova M. The clinical translation of eicosanoids and other oxylipins, although challenging, should be actively pursued. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 21:27-30. [PMID: 34820674 PMCID: PMC8600996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Key Words
- CE, cholesteryl ester
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PL, phospholipid
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- TG, triglyceride
- oxCE, oxidized CE
- oxLDL, oxidized LDL
- oxTG, oxidized TG
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Voisin T, Perner C, Messou MA, Shiers S, Ualiyeva S, Kanaoka Y, Price TJ, Sokol CL, Bankova LG, Austen KF, Chiu IM. The CysLT 2R receptor mediates leukotriene C 4-driven acute and chronic itch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022087118. [PMID: 33753496 PMCID: PMC8020753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022087118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic itch are burdensome manifestations of skin pathologies including allergic skin diseases and atopic dermatitis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), comprising LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, are produced by immune cells during type 2 inflammation. Here, we uncover a role for LTC4 and its signaling through the CysLT receptor 2 (CysLT2R) in itch. Cysltr2 transcript is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons linked to itch in mice. We also detected CYSLTR2 in a broad population of human DRG neurons. Injection of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) or its nonhydrolyzable form NMLTC4, but neither LTD4 nor LTE4, induced dose-dependent itch but not pain behaviors in mice. LTC4-mediated itch differed in bout duration and kinetics from pruritogens histamine, compound 48/80, and chloroquine. NMLTC4-induced itch was abrogated in mice deficient for Cysltr2 or when deficiency was restricted to radioresistant cells. Itch was unaffected in mice deficient for Cysltr1, Trpv1, or mast cells (WSh mice). CysLT2R played a role in itch in the MC903 mouse model of chronic itch and dermatitis, but not in models of dry skin or compound 48/80- or Alternaria-induced itch. In MC903-treated mice, CysLT levels increased in skin over time, and Cysltr2-/- mice showed decreased itch in the chronic phase of inflammation. Collectively, our study reveals that LTC4 acts through CysLT2R as its physiological receptor to induce itch, and CysLT2R contributes to itch in a model of dermatitis. Therefore, targeting CysLT signaling may be a promising approach to treat inflammatory itch.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukotriene C4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pruritus/immunology
- Pruritus/pathology
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin/innervation
- Skin/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Marie-Angele Messou
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080
| | - Saltanat Ualiyeva
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lora G Bankova
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - K Frank Austen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Huang W, Chen L, Xu Q, Ye D, Zhang D. Glucocorticoid Exposure Induces Preeclampsia via DampeningLipoxin A 4, an Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory and Proresolving Mediator. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1131. [PMID: 32848749 PMCID: PMC7399346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE) involves several pathophysiological processes that may be affected by glucocorticoid (GC). We confirmed previously that GC exposure could result in PE, while PE is linked to a deficiency of lipoxin A4 (LXA4), an endogenous dual anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediator. The present study was to investigate whether GC exposure induces PE via dampening LXA4. In the study, cortisol levels of PE women were higher than those of normal pregnancies, LXA4 levels were downregulated in both PE patients and GC-mediated PE rats, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) levels were upregulated in both PE patients and GC- mediated PE rats. Moreover, cortisol levels were negatively correlated to LXA4 levels, while positively correlated to LTB4 levels in PE patients. Mechanically, GC downregulated LXA4 via disturbing its biosynthetic enzymes, including ALOX15, ALOX5B and ALOX5, especially activating ALOX5, the key enzyme for class switching between LXA4 and LTB4. Importantly, replenishing LXA4 could ameliorate PE-related symptoms and placental oxidative stress in PE rat model induced by GC. Moreover, LXA4 could inhibit GC-mediated ALOX5 activation and LTB4 increase, and also suppress 11β-HSD2 expression and corticosterone upregulation. The protective actions of LXA4 might be explained by its roles in antagonizing the adverse effects of GC on trophoblast development. Together, our findings indicate that GC exposure could contribute to PE through dampening LXA4, and GC/LXA4 axis may represent a common pathway through which PE occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojing Liu
- Department of Science and Education, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan First Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Duyun Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongxin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar RB, Purhonen P, Hebert H, Jegerschöld C. Arachidonic acid promotes the binding of 5-lipoxygenase on nanodiscs containing 5-lipoxygenase activating protein in the absence of calcium-ions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228607. [PMID: 32645009 PMCID: PMC7347166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the first steps in inflammation is the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) stored in the cell membranes into leukotrienes. This occurs mainly in leukocytes and depends on the interaction of two proteins: 5-lipoxygenase (5LO), stored away from the nuclear membranes until use and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), a transmembrane, homotrimeric protein, constitutively present in nuclear membrane. We could earlier visualize the binding of 5LO to nanodiscs in the presence of Ca2+-ions by the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on samples negatively stained by sodium phosphotungstate. In the absence of Ca2+-ions 5LO did not bind to the membrane. In the present communication, FLAP reconstituted in the nanodiscs which could be purified if the His-tag was located on the FLAP C-terminus but not the N-terminus. Our aim was to find out if 1) 5LO would bind in a Ca2+-dependent manner also when FLAP is present? 2) Would the substrate (AA) have effects on 5LO binding to FLAP-nanodiscs? TEM was used to assess the complex formation between 5LO and FLAP-nanodiscs along with, sucrose gradient purification, gel-electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. It was found that presence of AA by itself induces complex formation in the absence of added calcium. This finding corroborates that AA is necessary for the complex formation and that a Ca2+-flush is mainly needed for the recruitment of 5LO to the membrane. Our results also showed that the addition of Ca2+-ions promoted binding of 5LO on the FLAP-nanodiscs as was also the case for nanodiscs without FLAP incorporated. In the absence of added substances no 5LO-FLAP complex was formed. Another finding is that the formation of a 5LO-FLAP complex appears to induce fragmentation of 5LO in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasi Purhonen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Structural Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Hebert
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Structural Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jegerschöld
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Structural Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lipoxin A 4 suppresses angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody in preeclampsia via modulating caspase-1. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 32001671 PMCID: PMC6992755 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) remains a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have shown that women with PE develop autoantibody, termed angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA), and key features of the disease result from it. Emerging evidence has indicated that inflammatory cell necrosis, such as pyroptosis, could lead to autoantigen exposure and stimulate autoantibody production. Caspase-1, the central enzyme of inflammasome and key target of pyroptosis, may play roles in AT1R exposure and AT1-AA production. Exploring endogenous regulator that could inhibit AT1-AA production by targeting pyroptosis will be essential for treating PE. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), endogenous dual anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator, may inhibit AT1-AA production via modulating caspase-1. Thus, we explore whether caspase-1 is essential for AT1-AA production and LXA4 inhibits AT1-AA via modulating caspase-1. PE patients and mice developed AT1-AA associated with caspase-1 activation. Caspase-1 deletion leaded to AT1-AA decrease in PE mice. Consistent with these findings, we confirmed caspase-1 activation, trophoblast pyroptosis and AT1R exposure in PE mice and trophoblast model, while caspase-1 deficiency showed decreased trophoblast pyroptosis and AT1R exposure in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, LXA4 could suppress AT1-AA production via regulating caspase-1 as well as enhancing phagocytosis of dead trophoblasts by macrophages. These results suggest that caspase-1 promotes AT1-AA production via inducing trophoblast pyroptosis and AT1R exposure, while LXA4 suppresses AT1-AA production via modulating caspase-1, supporting caspase-1 serving as a therapeutic target for attenuating AT1-AA and LXA4 protecting patients from AT1-AA and PE.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu H, Zeng J, Huang W, Xu Q, Ye D, Sun R, Zhang D. Colorectal Cancer Is Associated with a Deficiency of Lipoxin A 4, an Endogenous Anti-inflammatory Mediator. J Cancer 2019; 10:4719-4730. [PMID: 31528237 PMCID: PMC6746129 DOI: 10.7150/jca.32456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation, due to insufficient production of proresolving anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, can lead to tumorigenesis. Among these mediators, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has potent anti-carcinogenic properties, and may serve as key target for modulating inflammation-associated cancer like colorectal cancer. The purpose of present study was to clarify the roles of LXA4 in colorectal cancer. We investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of LXA4 in colorectal cancer and its relationship with tumor-associated inflammation and immune microenvironment by employing clinical samples and mouse colorectal cancer cell line CT26-bearing tumor model as well as colorectal cancer cells. It was found that colorectal cancer is associated with dysregulation of immune microenvironment and deficiency of LXA4 that could play different roles at different stages of tumor growth: inhibiting early but promoting late tumor growth. Analysis of peripheral immune cells in subcutaneous xenograft mice model disclosed that early LXA4 treatment induced lymphocytes and inhibited neutrophils and monocytes, while late LXA4 treatment induced neutrophils but inhibited lymphocytes. Detailed analysis of tumor microenvironment revealed that early LXA4 treatment could inhibit inflammatory mediators expressions and leukocytes infiltration into tumor. Furthermore, LXA4 could suppress the expressions of p-ERK, p-P38 and NF-κB in subcutaneous xenograft. Additionally, LXA4 could inhibit the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells, and, meanwhile, inhibit the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells stimulated by activated macrophage-conditioned media. These findings suggest that colorectal cancer is associated with a deficiency of LXA4 that could suppress colorectal cancer via modulating tumor-associated inflammation and immune microenvironment as well as inhibiting colorectal cancer cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Duyun Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital; Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rustgi S, Springer A, Kang C, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe C, Reinbothe S, Pollmann S. ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE and HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE, Two Non-Canonical Cytochrome P450s in Arabidopsis thaliana and Their Different Roles in Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3064. [PMID: 31234561 PMCID: PMC6627107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The channeling of metabolites is an essential step of metabolic regulation in all living organisms. Multifunctional enzymes with defined domains for metabolite compartmentalization are rare, but in many cases, larger assemblies forming multimeric protein complexes operate in defined metabolic shunts. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a multimeric complex was discovered that contains a 13-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase (AOS) as well as allene oxide cyclase. All three plant enzymes are localized in chloroplasts, contributing to the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA). JA and its derivatives act as ubiquitous plant defense regulators in responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. AOS belongs to the superfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes and is named CYP74A. Another CYP450 in chloroplasts, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL, CYP74B), competes with AOS for the common substrate. The products of the HPL reaction are green leaf volatiles that are involved in the deterrence of insect pests. Both enzymes represent non-canonical CYP450 family members, as they do not depend on O2 and NADPH-dependent CYP450 reductase activities. AOS and HPL activities are crucial for plants to respond to different biotic foes. In this mini-review, we aim to summarize how plants make use of the LOX2-AOS-AOC2 complex in chloroplasts to boost JA biosynthesis over volatile production and how this situation may change in plant communities during mass ingestion by insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Armin Springer
- Medizinische Biologie und Elektronenmikroskopisches Zentrum (EMZ), Universitätsmedizin Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular Crystallography Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, BP 53, CEDEX, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, BP 53, CEDEX, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Durocher M, Ander BP, Jickling G, Hamade F, Hull H, Knepp B, Liu DZ, Zhan X, Tran A, Cheng X, Ng K, Yee A, Sharp FR, Stamova B. Inflammatory, regulatory, and autophagy co-expression modules and hub genes underlie the peripheral immune response to human intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:56. [PMID: 30836997 PMCID: PMC6399982 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a high morbidity and mortality. The peripheral immune system and cross-talk between peripheral blood and brain have been implicated in the ICH immune response. Thus, we delineated the gene networks associated with human ICH in the peripheral blood transcriptome. We also compared the differentially expressed genes in blood following ICH to a prior human study of perihematomal brain tissue. METHODS We performed peripheral blood whole-transcriptome analysis of ICH and matched vascular risk factor control subjects (n = 66). Gene co-expression network analysis identified groups of co-expressed genes (modules) associated with ICH and their most interconnected genes (hubs). Mixed-effects regression identified differentially expressed genes in ICH compared to controls. RESULTS Of seven ICH-associated modules, six were enriched with cell-specific genes: one neutrophil module, one neutrophil plus monocyte module, one T cell module, one Natural Killer cell module, and two erythroblast modules. The neutrophil/monocyte modules were enriched in inflammatory/immune pathways; the T cell module in T cell receptor signaling genes; and the Natural Killer cell module in genes regulating alternative splicing, epigenetic, and post-translational modifications. One erythroblast module was enriched in autophagy pathways implicated in experimental ICH, and NRF2 signaling implicated in hematoma clearance. Many hub genes or module members, such as IARS, mTOR, S1PR1, LCK, FYN, SKAP1, ITK, AMBRA1, NLRC4, IL6R, IL17RA, GAB2, MXD1, PIK3CD, NUMB, MAPK14, DDX24, EVL, TDP1, ATG3, WDFY3, GSK3B, STAT3, STX3, CSF3R, PIP4K2A, ANXA3, DGAT2, LRP10, FLOT2, ANK1, CR1, SLC4A1, and DYSF, have been implicated in neuroinflammation, cell death, transcriptional regulation, and some as experimental ICH therapeutic targets. Gene-level analysis revealed 1225 genes (FDR p < 0.05, fold-change > |1.2|) have altered expression in ICH in peripheral blood. There was significant overlap of the 1225 genes with dysregulated genes in human perihematomal brain tissue (p = 7 × 10-3). Overlapping genes were enriched for neutrophil-specific genes (p = 6.4 × 10-08) involved in interleukin, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and PPAR signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study delineates key processes underlying ICH pathophysiology, complements experimental ICH findings, and the hub genes significantly expand the list of novel ICH therapeutic targets. The overlap between blood and brain gene responses underscores the importance of examining blood-brain interactions in human ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Durocher
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Bradley P. Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Glen Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Farah Hamade
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Heather Hull
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Bodie Knepp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Da Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Anh Tran
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Xiyuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Kwan Ng
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Alan Yee
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Frank R. Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
- MIND Institute Biosciences Building, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boneschansker L, Jorgensen J, Ellett F, Briscoe DM, Irimia D. Convergent and Divergent Migratory Patterns of Human Neutrophils inside Microfluidic Mazes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1887. [PMID: 29382882 PMCID: PMC5789854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cellular components of the innate immune response and characteristically migrate from the blood towards and throughout tissues. Their migratory process is complex, guided by multiple chemoattractants released from injured tissues and microbes. How neutrophils integrate the various signals in the tissue microenvironment and mount effective responses is not fully understood. Here, we employed microfluidic mazes that replicate features of interstitial spaces and chemoattractant gradients within tissues to analyze the migration patterns of human neutrophils. We find that neutrophils respond to LTB4 and fMLF gradients with highly directional migration patterns and converge towards the source of chemoattractant. We named this directed migration pattern convergent. Moreover, neutrophils respond to gradients of C5a and IL-8 with a low-directionality migration pattern and disperse within mazes. We named this alternative migration pattern divergent. Inhibitors of MAP kinase and PI-3 kinase signaling pathways do not alter either convergent or divergent migration patterns, but reduce the number of responding neutrophils. Overlapping gradients of chemoattractants conserve the convergent and divergent migration patterns corresponding to each chemoattractant and have additive effects on the number of neutrophils migrating. These results suggest that convergent and divergent neutrophil migration-patterns are the result of simultaneous activation of multiple signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Boneschansker
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA.,Transplant Research Program and The Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julianne Jorgensen
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Ellett
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Briscoe
- Transplant Research Program and The Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
ALOX5 exhibits anti-tumor and drug-sensitizing effects in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1853. [PMID: 28500307 PMCID: PMC5431828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a fatal disease with a high rate of relapse and therapeutic failure due to chemotherapy resistance. In analysis of our Affymetrix microarray profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we found that ALOX5 is especially down-regulated in MLL-rearranged AML, via transcription repression mediated by Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Colony forming/replating and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) assays showed that Alox5 exhibited a moderate anti-tumor effect both in vitro and in vivo. Strikingly, leukemic cells with Alox5 overexpression showed a significantly higher sensitivity to the standard chemotherapeutic agents, i.e., doxorubicin (DOX) and cytarabine (Ara-C). The drug-sensitizing role of Alox5 was further confirmed in human and murine MLL-rearranged AML cell models in vitro, as well as in the in vivo MLL-rearranged AML BMT model coupled with treatment of “5 + 3” (i.e. DOX plus Ara-C) regimen. Stat and K-Ras signaling pathways were negatively correlated with Alox5 overexpression in MLL-AF9-leukemic blast cells; inhibition of the above signaling pathways mimicked the drug-sensitizing effect of ALOX5 in AML cells. Collectively, our work shows that ALOX5 plays a moderate anti-tumor role and functions as a drug sensitizer, with a therapeutic potential, in MLL-rearranged AML.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Y, Shan Y, Lu M, DeSouza N, Guo Z, Hoffman R, Liang A, Li S. Alox5 Blockade Eradicates JAK2V617F-Induced Polycythemia Vera in Mice. Cancer Res 2016; 77:164-174. [PMID: 27784744 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms such as polycythemia vera (PV), which are associated with the JAK mutation V617F, remain incurable despite progress in the use of JAK2 inhibitors for treatment of some of these diseases. In this study, we employed mice that undergo JAK2V617F-induced PV as a tool to explore new candidate targets for therapy. Our investigations focused on the lipid metabolic enzyme arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5), which we found to be strongly upregulated by JAK2V617F in hematopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo Notably, genetic deletion of Alox5 or its inhibition in mice with a bioactive small-molecule inhibitor was sufficient to attenuate PV development. This therapeutic effect was associated with induction of a blockade in cell-cycle progression and also with apoptosis in PV cells. Genetic loss exerted an inhibitory effect on PV-initiating cells. Similarly, Alox5 inhibition was sufficient to suppress colony formation in human JAK2V617F-expressing CD34+ cells. Mechanistic investigations showed that Alox5 inhibition reduced AKT activation and decreased β-catenin expression in JAK2V617F-expressing cells. Together, our results define Alox5 as a key genetic effector of JAK2V617F in driving PV, and they identify this enzyme as a candidate therapeutic target to treat this refractory myeloproliferative neoplasm. Cancer Res; 77(1); 164-74. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Yi Shan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Min Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ngoc DeSouza
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Zhiru Guo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald Hoffman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sergeant S, Rahbar E, Chilton FH. Gamma-linolenic acid, Dihommo-gamma linolenic, Eicosanoids and Inflammatory Processes. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 785:77-86. [PMID: 27083549 PMCID: PMC4975646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in human milk and several botanical seed oils and is typically consumed as part of a dietary supplement. While there have been numerous in vitro and in vivo animal models which illustrate that GLA-supplemented diets attenuate inflammatory responses, clinical studies utilizing GLA or GLA in combination with omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs have been much less conclusive. A central premise of this review is that there are critical metabolic and genetic factors that affect the conversion of GLA to dihommo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), which consequently affects the balance of DGLA- and AA- derived metabolites. As a result, these factors impact the clinical effectiveness of GLA or GLA/(n-3) PUFA supplementations in treating inflammatory conditions. Specifically, these factors include: 1) the capacity for different human cells and tissues to convert GLA to DGLA and AA and to metabolize DGLA and AA to bioactive metabolites; 2) the opposing effects of DGLA and AA metabolites on inflammatory processes and diseases; and 3) the impact of genetic variations within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster, in particular, on AA/DGLA ratios and bioactive metabolites. We postulate that these factors influence the heterogeneity of results observed in GLA supplement-based clinical trials and suggest that "one-size fits all" approaches utilizing PUFA-based supplements may no longer be appropriate for the prevention and treatment of complex human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry; Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, One Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Viader A, Ogasawara D, Joslyn CM, Sanchez-Alavez M, Mori S, Nguyen W, Conti B, Cravatt BF. A chemical proteomic atlas of brain serine hydrolases identifies cell type-specific pathways regulating neuroinflammation. eLife 2016; 5:e12345. [PMID: 26779719 PMCID: PMC4737654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic specialization among major brain cell types is central to nervous system function and determined in large part by the cellular distribution of enzymes. Serine hydrolases are a diverse enzyme class that plays fundamental roles in CNS metabolism and signaling. Here, we perform an activity-based proteomic analysis of primary mouse neurons, astrocytes, and microglia to furnish a global portrait of the cellular anatomy of serine hydrolases in the brain. We uncover compelling evidence for the cellular compartmentalization of key chemical transmission pathways, including the functional segregation of endocannabinoid (eCB) biosynthetic enzymes diacylglycerol lipase-alpha (DAGLα) and –beta (DAGLβ) to neurons and microglia, respectively. Disruption of DAGLβ perturbed eCB-eicosanoid crosstalk specifically in microglia and suppressed neuroinflammatory events in vivo independently of broader effects on eCB content. Mapping the cellular distribution of metabolic enzymes thus identifies pathways for regulating specialized inflammatory responses in the brain while avoiding global alterations in CNS function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12345.001 The brain is made up of many types of cells. These include the neurons that transmit messages throughout the nervous system, and microglia, which act as the first line of the brain’s immune defense. The activity of both neurons and microglia can be influenced by molecules called endocannabinoids that bind to proteins on the cells’ surface. For example, endocannabinoids affect how a neuron responds to messages sent to it from a neighbouring neuron, and help microglia to regulate the inflammation of brain tissue. Enzymes called serine hydrolases play important roles in several different signaling processes in the brain, including those involving endocannabinoids. Viader et al. have now studied the activities of these enzymes – including two called DAGLα and DAGLβ – in the mouse brain using a technique called activity-based protein profiling. This revealed that DAGLα plays an important role in controlling how neurons respond to endocannabinoids, while DAGLβ performs the equivalent role in microglia. When Viader et al. shut down DAGLβ activity, this only affected endocannabinoid signaling in microglia. This also had the effect of reducing inflammation in the brain, without affecting how endocannabinoids signal in neurons. These results suggest that inhibitors of DAGLβ could offer a way to suppress inflammation in the brain, which may contribute to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, while preserving the normal pathways that neurons use to communicate with one another. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12345.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Viader
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Christopher M Joslyn
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Simone Mori
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - William Nguyen
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jeong KT, Lee E, Park NY, Kim SG, Park HH, Lee J, Lee YJ, Lee E. Imperatorin Suppresses Degranulation and Eicosanoid Generation in Activated Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:421-7. [PMID: 26336581 PMCID: PMC4556201 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Imperatorin has been known to exert many biological functions including anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of imperatorin on the production of inflammatory mediators in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). Imperatorin inhibited degranulation and the generation of eicosanoids (leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)) in IgE/antigen (Ag)-stimulated BMMC. To elucidate the molecular mechanism involved in this process, we investigated the effect of imperatorin on intracellular signaling in BMMC. Biochemical analyses of the IgE/Ag-mediated signaling pathway demonstrated that imperatorin dramatically attenuated degranulation and the production of 5-lipoxygenase-dependent LTC4 and cyclooxygenase-2-dependent PGD2 through the inhibition of intracellular calcium influx/phospholipase Cγ1, cytosolic phospholipase A2/mitogen-activated protein kinases and/or nuclear factor-κB pathways in BMMC. These results suggest that the effects of imperatorin on inhibition of degranulation and eicosanoid generation through the suppression of multiple steps of IgE/Ag-mediated signaling pathways would be beneficial for the prevention of allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Tae Jeong
- Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 712-210
| | - Eujin Lee
- Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 712-210
| | - Na-Young Park
- Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 712-210
| | - Sun-Gun Kim
- Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 712-210
| | - Hyo-Hyun Park
- Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 712-210
| | - Jiean Lee
- R&D Center, Morechem Co., Ltd, Yongin 446-908
| | - Youn Ju Lee
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Lee
- Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry, Gyeongsan 712-210
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kupsco A, Schlenk D. Oxidative stress, unfolded protein response, and apoptosis in developmental toxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:1-66. [PMID: 26008783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological development requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of cellular and molecular processes. Disruption of these key events can generate developmental toxicity in the form of teratogenesis or mortality. The mechanism behind many developmental toxicants remains unknown. While recent work has focused on the unfolded protein response (UPR), oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of disease, few studies have addressed their relationship in developmental toxicity. Redox regulation, UPR, and apoptosis are essential for physiological development and can be disturbed by a variety of endogenous and exogenous toxicants to generate lethality and diverse malformations. This review examines the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress, UPR, and apoptosis in physiological development as well as in developmental toxicity, focusing on studies and advances in vertebrates model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kupsco
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Diet-gene interactions and PUFA metabolism: a potential contributor to health disparities and human diseases. Nutrients 2014; 6:1993-2022. [PMID: 24853887 PMCID: PMC4042578 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The “modern western” diet (MWD) has increased the onset and progression of chronic human diseases as qualitatively and quantitatively maladaptive dietary components give rise to obesity and destructive gene-diet interactions. There has been a three-fold increase in dietary levels of the omega-6 (n-6) 18 carbon (C18), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), with the addition of cooking oils and processed foods to the MWD. Intense debate has emerged regarding the impact of this increase on human health. Recent studies have uncovered population-related genetic variation in the LCPUFA biosynthetic pathway (especially within the fatty acid desaturase gene (FADS) cluster) that is associated with levels of circulating and tissue PUFAs and several biomarkers and clinical endpoints of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly, populations of African descent have higher frequencies of variants associated with elevated levels of arachidonic acid (ARA), CVD biomarkers and disease endpoints. Additionally, nutrigenomic interactions between dietary n-6 PUFAs and variants in genes that encode for enzymes that mobilize and metabolize ARA to eicosanoids have been identified. These observations raise important questions of whether gene-PUFA interactions are differentially driving the risk of cardiovascular and other diseases in diverse populations, and contributing to health disparities, especially in African American populations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abbenhardt C, Poole EM, Kulmacz RJ, Xiao L, Curtin K, Galbraith RL, Duggan D, Hsu L, Makar KW, Caan BJ, Koepl L, Owen RW, Scherer D, Carlson CS, Potter JD, Slattery ML, Ulrich CM. Phospholipase A2G1B polymorphisms and risk of colorectal neoplasia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2013; 4:140-149. [PMID: 24046806 PMCID: PMC3773565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic phospholipase A2, product of PLA2G1B, catalyzes the release of fatty acids from dietary phospholipids.Diet is the ultimate source of arachidonic acid in cellular phospholipids, precursor of eicosanoid signaling molecules, linked to inflammation, cell proliferation and colorectal carcinogenesis. We evaluated the association of PLA2G1B tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms with colorectal neoplasia risk. A linkage-disequilibrium-based tagSNP algorithm (r(2)=0.90, MAF≥4%) identified three tagSNPs. The SNPs were genotyped on the Illumina platform in three population-based, case-control studies: colon cancer (1424 cases/1780 controls); rectal cancer (583/775); colorectal adenomas (485/578). Evaluating gene-wide associations, principal-component and haplotype analysis were conducted, individual SNPs were evaluated by logistic regression. Two PLA2G1B variants were statistically significantly associated with reduced risk of rectal cancer (rs5637, 3702 G>A Ser98Ser, p-trend=0.03; rs9657930, 1593 C>T, p-trend=0.01); principal component analysis showed that genetic variation in the gene overall was statistically significantly associated with rectal cancer (p=0.02). NSAID users with the rs2070873 variant had a reduced rectal cancer risk (P-inter=0.02). Specific associations were observed with tumor subtypes (TP53/KRAS). The results suggest that genetic polymorphisms in PLA2G1B affect susceptibility to rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Abbenhardt
- National Center for Tumor Diseases/German Cancer Research Center Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg,Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lopez DH, Fiol-deRoque MA, Noguera-Salvà MA, Terés S, Campana F, Piotto S, Castro JA, Mohaibes RJ, Escribá PV, Busquets X. 2-hydroxy arachidonic acid: a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72052. [PMID: 24015204 PMCID: PMC3754997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a family of COX1 and COX2 inhibitors used to reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators. In addition, inflammation often leads to a harmful generation of nitric oxide. Efforts are being done in discovering safer NSAIDs molecules capable of inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and nitric oxide to reduce the side effects associated with long term therapies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The analogue of arachidonic acid (AA), 2-hydroxy-arachidonic acid (2OAA), was designed to inhibit the activities of COX1 and COX2 and it was predicted to have similar binding energies as AA for the catalytic sites of COX1 and COX2. The interaction of AA and 2OAA with COX1 and COX2 was investigated calculating the free energy of binding and the Fukui function. Toxicity was determined in mouse microglial BV-2 cells. COX1 and COX2 (PGH2 production) activities were measured in vitro. COX1 and COX2 expression in human macrophage-like U937 cells were carried out by Western blot, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR analysis. NO production (Griess method) and iNOS (Western blot) were determined in mouse microglial BV-2 cells. The comparative efficacy of 2OAA, ibuprofen and cortisone in lowering TNF-α serum levels was determined in C57BL6/J mice challenged with LPS. We show that the presence of the -OH group reduces the likelihood of 2OAA being subjected to H* abstraction in COX, without altering significantly the free energy of binding. The 2OAA inhibited COX1 and COX2 activities and the expression of COX2 in human U937 derived macrophages challenged with LPS. In addition, 2OAA inhibited iNOS expression and the production of NO in BV-2 microglial cells. Finally, oral administration of 2OAA decreased the plasma TNF-α levels in vivo. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate the potential of 2OAA as a NSAID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Lopez
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria A. Fiol-deRoque
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria A. Noguera-Salvà
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Silvia Terés
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Federica Campana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fischiano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fischiano, Salerno, Italy
| | - José A. Castro
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Raheem J. Mohaibes
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Pablo V. Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vrablik TL, Watts JL. Polyunsaturated fatty acid derived signaling in reproduction and development: insights from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:244-59. [PMID: 23440886 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a diverse range of critical functions in biological systems. PUFAs modulate the biophysical properties of membranes and, along with their derivatives, the eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, form a wide array potent lipid signaling molecules. Much of our early understanding of PUFAs and PUFA-derived signaling stems from work in mammals; however, technological advances have made comprehensive lipid analysis possible in small genetic models such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. These models have a number of advantages, such as simple anatomy and genome-wide genetic screening techniques, which can broaden our understanding of fatty-acid-derived signaling in biological systems. Here we review what is known about PUFAs, eicosanoids, and endocannabinoids in the development and reproduction of C. elegans and D. melanogaster. Fatty acid signaling appears to be fundamental for multicellular organisms, and simple invertebrates often employ functionally similar pathways. In particular, studies in C. elegans and Drosophila are providing insight into the roles of PUFAs and PUFA-derived signaling in early developmental processes, such as meiosis, fertilization, and early embryonic cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Vrablik
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Feed allowance and maternal backfat levels during gestation influence maternal cortisol levels, milk fat composition and offspring growth. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e1. [PMID: 25191557 PMCID: PMC4153285 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The fetal and early postnatal environment can have a long-term influence on offspring growth. Using a pig model, we investigated the effects of maternal body condition (thin or fat) and maternal gestation feeding level (restricted, control or high) on maternal stress, milk composition, litter size, piglet birth weight and pre-weaning growth. A total of sixty-eight thin (backfat depth about 8 mm) and seventy-two fat (backfat depth about 12 mm) gilts were selected at about 22 weeks. This backfat difference was then accentuated nutritionally up to service at about 32 weeks. During gestation, individual gilts from within each group were randomly allocated to a gestation diet at the following feed allowances: 1·8 kg/d (restricted); 2·5 kg/d (control) and 3·5 kg/d (high) until day 90 of gestation. During gestation restricted gilts had higher levels of cortisol than high and control fed animals. Piglets born to fat gilts had higher average daily gain during the lactation period and higher weaning weights at day 28 than piglets born to thin gilts. Gilts on a high feed level had heavier piglets than those provided with restricted and control allocations. Fat gilts had less saturated fat in their milk at day 21 of lactation and higher unsaturated fat levels. No differences were found in the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio in the milk between thin and fat gilts. In conclusion, maternal body condition influenced the daily weight gain of offspring up to weaning (day 28) and milk fat composition. Furthermore, maternal feed level during gestation alters maternal cortisol levels and milk fat composition.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rao CV, Janakiram NB, Mohammed A. Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase Pathways and Colorectal Cancer Prevention. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012; 8:316-324. [PMID: 23293573 PMCID: PMC3535427 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the commonest malignancies in both men and women. In spite of significant progress in screening and in surgical and therapeutic interventions, colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a major public health problem. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting inflammatory pathways may provide protection against the development of CRC. Eicosanoids derived from the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) may contribute to CRC carcinogenesis. Approaches for targeting COX-1 and COX-2 with traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or targeting COX-2 with specific inhibitors are highly successful at the preclinical and clinical levels; however, large-scale clinical applicability of these agents is limited owing to unwanted side effects. Emerging studies suggests that 5-LOX-derived leukotrienes may contribute to colon tumor development and risk of thrombotic events. Thus, developing drugs that target both 5-LOX and COX-2 may provide a safer strategy. In this review, we discuss evidence for the involvement of 5-LOX in colon tumor development and targeting 5-LOX and COX-2 with synthetic and naturally occurring agents for CRC prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Motter AL, Ahern GP. TRPA1 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid sensor in mammals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38439. [PMID: 22723860 PMCID: PMC3378573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids can act as important signaling molecules regulating diverse physiological processes. Our understanding, however, of fatty acid signaling mechanisms and receptor targets remains incomplete. Here we show that Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a cation channel expressed in sensory neurons and gut tissues, functions as a sensor of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in vitro and in vivo. PUFAs, containing at least 18 carbon atoms and three unsaturated bonds, activate TRPA1 to excite primary sensory neurons and enteroendocrine cells. Moreover, behavioral aversion to PUFAs is absent in TRPA1-null mice. Further, sustained or repeated agonism with PUFAs leads to TRPA1 desensitization. PUFAs activate TRPA1 non-covalently and independently of known ligand binding domains located in the N-terminus and 5th transmembrane region. PUFA sensitivity is restricted to mammalian (rodent and human) TRPA1 channels, as the drosophila and zebrafish TRPA1 orthologs do not respond to DHA. We propose that PUFA-sensing by mammalian TRPA1 may regulate pain and gastrointestinal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne L. Motter
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Gerard P. Ahern
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu L, Miao S, Zou LB, Wu P, Hao H, Tang K, Zeng P, Xiong J, Li HH, Wu Q, Cai L, Ye DY. Lipoxin A4 inhibits 5-lipoxygenase translocation and leukotrienes biosynthesis to exert a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:185-200. [PMID: 22661361 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)), a biologically active eicosanoid with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties, was recently found to have neuroprotective effects in brain ischemia. As 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and leukotrienes are generally considered to aggravate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we investigated their effects on LXA(4)-mediated neuroprotection by studying middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/recovery in neonatal rat astrocyte primary cultures. LXA(4) effectively reduced infarct volumes and brain edema, and improved neurological scores in the MCAO/reperfusion experiments; this effect was partially blocked by butoxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (Boc2), a specific antagonist of the LXA(4) receptor (ALXR). Total 5-LOX expression did not change, regardless of treatment, but LXA(4) could inhibit nuclear translocation induced by MCAO or OGD. We also found that LXA(4) inhibits the upregulation of both leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) induced by MCAO or OGD. The phosphorylation of the 38-kDa protein kinase (p38) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was not altered throughout the experiment. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of LXA(4) are probably achieved by anti-inflammatory mechanisms that are partly mediated by ALXR and through an ERK signal transduction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13, Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Patterson E, Wall R, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C. Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated Fatty acids. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:539426. [PMID: 22570770 PMCID: PMC3335257 DOI: 10.1155/2012/539426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (e.g., arachidonic acid (AA)) and omega-3 (n-3) PUFA (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) are precursors to potent lipid mediator signalling molecules, termed "eicosanoids," which have important roles in the regulation of inflammation. In general, eicosanoids derived from n-6 PUFA are proinflammatory while eicosanoids derived from n-3 PUFA are anti-inflammatory. Dietary changes over the past few decades in the intake of n-6 and n-3 PUFA show striking increases in the (n-6) to (n-3) ratio (~15 : 1), which are associated with greater metabolism of the n-6 PUFA compared with n-3 PUFA. Coinciding with this increase in the ratio of (n-6) : (n-3) PUFA are increases in chronic inflammatory diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). By increasing the ratio of (n-3) : (n-6) PUFA in the Western diet, reductions may be achieved in the incidence of these chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Patterson
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, County Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Wall
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, County Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - G. F. Fitzgerald
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, County Cork, Ireland
| | - R. P. Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, County Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - C. Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, County Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Differences in arachidonic acid levels and fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene variants in African Americans and European Americans with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:547-55. [PMID: 21733300 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, increases in dietary n-6 PUFA, such as linoleic acid, have been hypothesised to cause or exacerbate chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study examines an individual's innate capacity to synthesise n-6 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) with respect to the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) locus in Americans of African and European descent with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. Compared with European Americans (EAm), African Americans (AfAm) exhibited markedly higher serum levels of arachidonic acid (AA) (EAm 7·9 (sd 2·1), AfAm 9·8 (sd 1·9) % of total fatty acids; P < 2·29 × 10⁻⁹) and the AA:n-6-precursor fatty acid ratio, which estimates FADS1 activity (EAm 5·4 (sd 2·2), AfAm 6·9 (sd 2·2); P = 1·44 × 10⁻⁵). In all, seven SNP mapping to the FADS locus revealed strong association with AA, EPA and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) in the EAm. Importantly, EAm homozygous for the minor allele (T) had significantly lower AA levels (TT 6·3 (sd 1·0); GG 8·5 (sd 2·1); P = 3·0 × 10⁻⁵) and AA:DGLA ratios (TT 3·4 (sd 0·8), GG 6·5 (sd 2·3); P = 2·2 × 10⁻⁷) but higher DGLA levels (TT 1·9 (sd 0·4), GG 1·4 (sd 0·4); P = 3·3 × 10⁻⁷) compared with those homozygous for the major allele (GG). Allele frequency patterns suggest that the GG genotype at rs174537 (associated with higher circulating levels of AA) is much higher in AfAm (0·81) compared with EAm (0·46). Similarly, marked differences in rs174537 genotypic frequencies were observed in HapMap populations. These data suggest that there are probably important differences in the capacity of different populations to synthesise LC-PUFA. These differences may provide a genetic mechanism contributing to health disparities between populations of African and European descent.
Collapse
|
26
|
Novgorodtseva TP, Karaman YK, Zhukova NV, Lobanova EG, Antonyuk MV, Kantur TA. Composition of fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes and eicosanoids level in patients with metabolic syndrome. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:82. [PMID: 21595891 PMCID: PMC3116500 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances of the fatty acids composition in plasma and red blood cells and eicosanoid synthesis play an important role in the metabolic syndrome (MS) formation. METHODS The observation group included 61 people with metabolic syndrome (30 patients with MS and normal levels of insulin, 31 people with MS and insulin resistance--IR). The parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in blood serum were examined. The composition of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), fatty acid (FA) of red blood cells lipids was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Eicosanoids level in MS patients blood serum was studied by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS In MS patients in the absence of glucose-insulin homeostasis disturbances and in patients with IR the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 n6, 18:3 n3, 22:4 n6) and lower pool of saturated FA (12:0, 14:0, 16: 0, 17:0) in plasma were discovered. A deficit of polyunsaturated FA (18:3 n3, 20:4 n6) with a predominance of on-saturated FA (14:0, 18:0) in erythrocyte membranes was revealed. In MS patients regardless of the carbohydrate metabolism status high levels of leukotriene B4 and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1α in serum were found. The development of IR in MS patients leads to increased synthesis of thromboxane A2. CONCLUSION The results revealed a disturbance in nonesterified fatty acids of plasma lipids and red blood cells, eicosanoid synthesis in MS patients. The breach of the plasma and cell membranes fatty acids compositions, synthesis of vasoactive and proinflammatory eicosanoids is an important pathogenetic part of the MS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana P Novgorodtseva
- Vladivostok Branch of the Far Eastern Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of SB RAMN - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russia
| | - Yulia K Karaman
- Vladivostok Branch of the Far Eastern Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of SB RAMN - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russia
| | - Natalia V Zhukova
- Institute of marine biology of name A.V. Zhirmunskogo of the Far East department the Russian academy of sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Elena G Lobanova
- Vladivostok Branch of the Far Eastern Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of SB RAMN - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russia
| | - Marina V Antonyuk
- Vladivostok Branch of the Far Eastern Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of SB RAMN - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Kantur
- Vladivostok Branch of the Far Eastern Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration of SB RAMN - Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitative Treatment, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moore EE. Claude H. Organ, Jr. memorial lecture: splanchnic hypoperfusion provokes acute lung injury via a 5-lipoxygenase-dependent mechanism. Am J Surg 2011; 200:681-9. [PMID: 21146002 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF) is the net result of a dysfunctional immune response to injury characterized by a hyperactive innate system and a suppressed adaptive system. Acute lung injury (ALI) is the first clinical manifestation of organ failure, followed by renal and hepatic dysfunction. Circulatory shock is integral in the early pathogenesis of MOF, and the gut has been invoked as the motor of MOF. Mesenteric lymph is recognized as the mechanistic link between splanchnic ischemia/reperfusion and distant organ dysfunction, but the specific mediators remain to be defined. Current evidence suggests the lipid fraction of postshock mesenteric lymph is central in the etiology of ALI. Specifically, our recent work suggests that intestinal phospholipase A2 generated arachidonic acid and its subsequent 5-lipoxygenase products are essential in the pathogenesis of ALI. Proteins conveyed via postshock mesenteric lymph also may have an important role. Elucidating these mediators and the timing of their participation in pulmonary inflammation is critical in translating our current knowledge to new therapeutic strategies at the bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jiang Z, Yin X, Jiang Q. Natural forms of vitamin E and 13'-carboxychromanol, a long-chain vitamin E metabolite, inhibit leukotriene generation from stimulated neutrophils by blocking calcium influx and suppressing 5-lipoxygenase activity, respectively. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1173-9. [PMID: 21169551 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes generated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-catalyzed reaction are key regulators of inflammation. In ionophore-stimulated (A23187; 1-2.5 μM) human blood neutrophils or differentiated HL-60 cells, vitamin E forms differentially inhibited leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) with an IC(50) of 5-20 μM for γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol (δT), and γ-tocotrienol, but a much higher IC(50) for α-tocopherol. 13'-Carboxychromanol, a long-chain metabolite of δT, suppressed neutrophil- and HL-60 cell-generated LTB(4) with an IC(50) of 4-7 μM and potently inhibited human recombinant 5-LOX activity with an IC(50) of 0.5-1 μM. In contrast, vitamin E forms had no effect on human 5-LOX activity but impaired ionophore-induced intracellular calcium increase and calcium influx as well as the subsequent signaling including ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 5-LOX translocation from cytosol to the nucleus, a key event for 5-LOX activation. Further investigation showed that δT suppressed cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and/or LTB(4) formation triggered by ionophores, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid but not by fMLP or thapsigargin, whereas 13'-carboxychromanol decreased cellular production of LTB(4) regardless of different stimuli, consistent with its strong inhibition of the 5-LOX activity. These observations suggest that δT does not likely affect fMLP receptor-mediated signaling or store depletion-induced calcium entry. Instead, we found that δT prevented ionophore-caused cytoplasmic membrane disruption, which may account for its blocking of calcium influx. These activities by vitamin E forms and long-chain carboxychromanol provide potential molecular bases for the differential anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E forms in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Jiang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mita R, Beaulieu MJ, Field C, Godbout R. Brain fatty acid-binding protein and omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids: mechanistic insight into malignant glioma cell migration. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37005-15. [PMID: 20834042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.170076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas (MG) are highly infiltrative tumors that consistently recur despite aggressive treatment. Brain fatty acid-binding protein (FABP7), which binds docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), localizes to sites of tumor infiltration and is associated with a poor prognosis in MG. Manipulation of FABP7 expression in MG cell lines affects cell migration, suggesting a role for FABP7 in tumor infiltration and recurrence. Here, we show that DHA inhibits and AA stimulates migration in an FABP7-dependent manner in U87 MG cells. We demonstrate that DHA binds to and sequesters FABP7 to the nucleus, resulting in decreased cell migration. This anti-migratory effect is partially dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a DHA-activated transcription factor. Conversely, AA-bound FABP7 stimulates cell migration by activating cyclooxygenase-2 and reducing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ levels. Our data provide mechanistic insight as to why FABP7 is associated with a poor prognosis in MG and suggest that relative levels of DHA and AA in the tumor environment can make a profound impact on tumor growth properties. We propose that FABP7 and its fatty acid ligands may be key therapeutic targets for controlling the dissemination of MG cells within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mita
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen Y, Peng C, Sullivan C, Li D, Li S. Critical molecular pathways in cancer stem cells of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2010; 24:1545-54. [PMID: 20574455 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of BCR-ABL with kinase inhibitors in the treatment of Philadelphia-positive (Ph(+)) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is highly effective in controlling but not curing the disease. This is largely due to the inability of these kinase inhibitors to kill leukemia stem cells (LSCs) responsible for disease relapse. This stem cell resistance is not associated with the BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations resistant to kinase inhibitors. Development of curative therapies for CML requires the identification of crucial molecular pathways responsible for the survival and self-renewal of LSCs. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of these crucial molecular pathways in LSCs and the available therapeutic strategies for targeting these stem cells in CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sullivan C, Peng C, Chen Y, Li D, Li S. Targeted therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:584-91. [PMID: 20470758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of BCR-ABL with kinase inhibitors has become a well-accepted strategy for targeted therapy of Philadelphia-positive (Ph(+)) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and has been shown to be highly effective in controlling the disease. However, BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors do not efficiently kill leukemic stem cells (LSCs), indicating that this therapeutic strategy does not lead to a cure of CML. Development of curative therapies of CML require the identification of genes/pathways that play critical roles in survival and self-renewal of LSCs. Targeting of these key BCR-ABL downstream genes provides an opportunity to eradicate LSCs, as shown in our work that identifies the Alox5 gene as a key regulator of the function of CML LSCs. Immediate clinical trials are necessary to test the effectiveness of targeting a key BCR-ABL downstream gene in eradicating LSCs in CML patients. In this review, we will discuss current targeted therapies of CML using BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors, with a focus on the importance of developing a targeted therapy of CML through identification of target genes in CML LSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Con Sullivan
- Maine Institute for Human Genetics and Health, 246 Sylvan Road, Bangor, ME 04401, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Synthesis and Evaluation of Benzophenone-N-ethyl Morpholine Ethers as Anti-inflammatory Agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2010; 6:60-5. [PMID: 23675177 PMCID: PMC3614727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of hydroxy benzophenones and benzophenone-N-ethyl morpholine ethers and the results of anti-inflammatory activity in vivo are described. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by IR, (1)H-NMR, mass spectroscopy and the elementary analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds were determined by carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema test in rats. Most of the tested compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and some of them were more active than standard drugs. In addition ulcerogenic and cyclooxygenase activities are also described.
Collapse
|
33
|
Khan M, Singh J, Gilg AG, Uto T, Singh I. Very long-chain fatty acid accumulation causes lipotoxic response via 5-lipoxygenase in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1685-95. [PMID: 20173212 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) is a metabolic disorder in which very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) accumulate due to ALD protein gene defects, ultimately leading to lipotoxicity-induced neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease. Therefore, we examined VLCFA-mediated alterations in the metabolism of lipoxidative enzymes and inflammatory mediators in the cALD brain. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-derived leukotrienes were significantly elevated in all the areas of white matter in the cALD brain. Unlike cyclooxygenase-2 expression, which was moderately high only in the plaque area, expression of 5-LOX and cytosolic phospholipase A2 was prominent in all the areas. This lipoxidative burden in the cALD brain was further shown by reduced levels of glutathione and enhanced expression of heat shock protein-70/manganese superoxide dismutase. These pathological observations were confirmed through in vitro mechanistic investigation. After increasing VLCFA through silencing Abcd1+Abcd2 in mouse primary astrocytes, enhanced expression of 5-LOX was observed, and this increased expression was blocked by treatment with monoenoic fatty acids. These results link the previously observed accumulation of VLCFA in cALD to the 5-LOX enzyme pathway. A similar increase in 5-LOX expression in astrocytes was also detected following treatment with exogenous VLCFA (C26:0). In sum, through 5-LOX activation, VLCFA accumulation causes a lipotoxic response consistent with cALD brain pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Loss of the Alox5 gene impairs leukemia stem cells and prevents chronic myeloid leukemia. Nat Genet 2009; 41:783-92. [PMID: 19503090 PMCID: PMC2887745 DOI: 10.1038/ng.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of cancer stem cells is believed to be essential for curative therapy of cancers, but supporting evidence is limited. Few selective target genes in cancer stem cells have been identified. Here we identify the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) gene (Alox5) as a critical regulator for leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in BCR-ABL-induced chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In the absence of Alox5, BCR-ABL failed to induce CML in mice. This Alox5 deficiency caused impairment of the function of LSCs but not normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through affecting differentiation, cell division, and survival of long-term LSCs (LT-LSCs), consequently causing a depletion of LSCs and a failure of CML development. Treatment of CML mice with a 5-LO inhibitor also impaired the function of LSCs similarly by affecting LT-LSCs, and prolonged survival. These results demonstrate that a specific target gene can be found in cancer stem cells and its inhibition can completely inhibit the function of these stem cells.
Collapse
|
35
|
Flamand N, Luo M, Peters-Golden M, Brock TG. Phosphorylation of serine 271 on 5-lipoxygenase and its role in nuclear export. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:306-313. [PMID: 18978352 PMCID: PMC2610501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) initiates the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators involved in immune diseases and defense. The subcellular localization of 5-LO is regulated, with nuclear import commonly leading to increased leukotriene production. We report here that 5-LO is constitutively phosphorylated on Ser-271 in transfected NIH 3T3 cells. This residue is nested in a classical nuclear export sequence, and phosphorylated Ser-271 5-LO was exclusively found in the nucleus by immunofluorescence and by fractionation techniques. Mutation of Ser-271 to Ala allowed nuclear export of 5-LO that was blocked by the specific nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin b, suggesting that phosphorylation of Ser-271 serves to interfere with exportin-1-mediated nuclear export. Consistent with previous reports that purified 5-LO can be phosphorylated on Ser-271 in vitro by MAPK-activated protein kinase 2, the nuclear export of 5-LO was increased by either treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB 203,580 or co-expression of a kinase-deficient p38 MAPK. Nuclear export of 5-LO can also be induced by KN-93, an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, and the effects of SB 203,580 plus KN-93 are additive. Finally, HeLa cells, which lack nuclear 5-LO, also lack constitutive phosphorylation of Ser-271. Taken together, these results indicate that the phosphorylation of Ser-271 serves to inhibit the nuclear export of 5-LO. This action works in concert with nuclear import, which is regulated by phosphorylation on Ser-523, to determine the subcellular distribution of 5-LO, which in turn regulates leukotriene biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Flamand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Thomas G Brock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Universitá Laval, Quábec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nandakumar M, Tan MW. Gamma-linolenic and stearidonic acids are required for basal immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans through their effects on p38 MAP kinase activity. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000273. [PMID: 19023415 PMCID: PMC2581601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) form a class of essential micronutrients that play a vital role in development, cardiovascular health, and immunity. The influence of lipids on the immune response is both complex and diverse, with multiple studies pointing to the beneficial effects of long-chain fatty acids in immunity. However, the mechanisms through which PUFAs modulate innate immunity and the effects of PUFA deficiencies on innate immune functions remain to be clarified. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Pseudomonas aeruginosa host-pathogen system, we present genetic evidence that a Delta6-desaturase FAT-3, through its two 18-carbon products--gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n6) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n3), but not the 20-carbon PUFAs arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3)--is required for basal innate immunity in vivo. Deficiencies in GLA and SDA result in increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, which is associated with reduced basal expression of a number of immune-specific genes--including spp-1, lys-7, and lys-2--that encode antimicrobial peptides. GLA and SDA are required to maintain basal activity of the p38 MAP kinase pathway, which plays important roles in protecting metazoan animals from infections and oxidative stress. Transcriptional and functional analyses of fat-3-regulated genes revealed that fat-3 is required in the intestine to regulate the expression of infection- and stress-response genes, and that distinct sets of genes are specifically required for immune function and oxidative stress response. Our study thus uncovers a mechanism by which these 18-carbon PUFAs affect basal innate immune function and, consequently, the ability of an organism to defend itself against bacterial infections. The conservation of p38 MAP kinase signaling in both stress and immune responses further encourages exploring the function of GLA and SDA in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumitha Nandakumar
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Placenta growth factor induces 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein to increase leukotriene formation in sickle cell disease. Blood 2008; 113:1129-38. [PMID: 18945963 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-169821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) have increased inflammation, a high incidence of airway hyperreactivity (AH), and increased circulating leukotrienes (LT). We show that expression of 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), key catalytic molecules in the LT pathway, were significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) in patients with SCD, compared with healthy controls. Placenta growth factor (PlGF), elaborated from erythroid cells, activated MNC and THP-1 monocytic cells to induce LT production. PlGF-mediated increased FLAP mRNA expression occurred via activation of phosphoinositide-3 (PI-3) kinase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). HIF-1alpha small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced PlGF-induced FLAP expression. FLAP promoter-driven luciferase constructs demonstrated that PlGF-mediated luciferase induction was abrogated upon mutation of HIF-1alpha response element (HRE), but not the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) site in the FLAP promoter; a finding confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. PlGF also increased HIF-1alpha binding to the HRE in the FLAP promoter. Therefore, it is likely that the intrinsically elevated levels of PlGF in SCD subjects contribute to increased LT, which in turn, mediate both inflammation and AH. Herein, we identify a mechanism of increased LT in SCD and show HIF-1alpha as a hypoxia-independent target of PlGF. These studies provide new avenues to ameliorate these complications.
Collapse
|
38
|
Uz T, Dwivedi Y, Pandey GN, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Manev R, Manev H. 5-Lipoxygenase in the Prefrontal Cortex of Suicide Victims. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 1:1-5. [PMID: 19890443 DOI: 10.2174/1876523800801010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), an enzyme involved in leukotriene synthesis, is expressed in the brain and has been associated with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Recently, it has been suspected that leukotriene receptor antagonists might be associated with suicide. In this work, we investigated the 5-LOX protein in the brain samples from depressed suicide victims and matching controls. We used Western immunoblotting with an antibody against Ser(523)-phosphorylated 5-LOX (p5-LOX) to evaluate protein kinase A-mediated 5-LOX phosphorylation, and in addition, an antibody against the total 5-LOX protein. In the total homogenate of the prefrontal cortex samples, 5-LOX content did not differ in the control and suicide groups but p5-LOX was significantly elevated in the suicide samples. The 5-LOX protein content was reduced in the membrane fraction and increased in the cytosol fraction of suicide victims. We propose that further studies of brain 5-LOX are needed to elucidate the functional implications of the protein alterations observed in our present study, and to further explore a putative role of 5-LOX in depression and suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Uz
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gilbert NC, Niebuhr M, Tsuruta H, Bordelon T, Ridderbusch O, Dassey A, Brash AR, Bartlett SG, Newcomer ME. A covalent linker allows for membrane targeting of an oxylipin biosynthetic complex. Biochemistry 2008; 47:10665-76. [PMID: 18785758 PMCID: PMC2665874 DOI: 10.1021/bi800751p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A naturally occurring bifunctional protein from Plexaura homomalla links sequential catalytic activities in an oxylipin biosynthetic pathway. The C-terminal lipoxygenase (LOX) portion of the molecule catalyzes the transformation of arachidonic acid (AA) to the corresponding 8 R-hydroperoxide, and the N-terminal allene oxide synthase (AOS) domain promotes the conversion of the hydroperoxide intermediate to the product allene oxide (AO). Small-angle X-ray scattering data indicate that in the absence of a covalent linkage the two catalytic domains that transform AA to AO associate to form a complex that recapitulates the structure of the bifunctional protein. The SAXS data also support a model for LOX and AOS domain orientation in the fusion protein inferred from a low-resolution crystal structure. However, results of membrane binding experiments indicate that covalent linkage of the domains is required for Ca (2+)-dependent membrane targeting of the sequential activities, despite the noncovalent domain association. Furthermore, membrane targeting is accompanied by a conformational change as monitored by specific proteolysis of the linker that joins the AOS and LOX domains. Our data are consistent with a model in which Ca (2+)-dependent membrane binding relieves the noncovalent interactions between the AOS and LOX domains and suggests that the C2-like domain of LOX mediates both protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcia E. Newcomer
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, Tel : (225)578-7383, Fax: (225)578-7258, E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid with four double bonds, has multiple actions on living cells. Many of these effects are mediated by an action of AA or its metabolites on ion channels. During the last 10 years, new types of ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) channels and non-SOCE channels have been studied. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the effects of AA on TRP and non-SOCE channels as well as classical ion channels. It aims to distinguish between effects of AA itself and effects of AA metabolites. Lipid mediators are of clinical interest because some of them (for example, leukotrienes) play a role in various diseases, others (such as prostaglandins) are targets for pharmacological therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jatana M, Giri S, Ansari MA, Elango C, Singh AK, Singh I, Khan M. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors protects brain against injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2006; 3:12. [PMID: 16689995 PMCID: PMC1526713 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States of America. Brain ischemia-reperfusion (IR) triggers a complex series of biochemical events including inflammation. Leukotrienes derived from 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) cause inflammation and are thus involved in the pathobiology of stroke injury. Methods To test the neuroprotective efficacy of 5-LOX inhibition in a rat model of focal cerebral IR, ischemic animals were either pre- or post-treated with a potent selective 5-LOX inhibitor, (N- [3-[3-(-fluorophenoxy) phenyl]-1-methyl-2-propenyl]-N-hydroxyurea (BW-B 70C). They were evaluated at 24 h after reperfusion for brain infarction, neurological deficit score, and the expression of 5-LOX. Furthermore, the mechanism and the anti-inflammatory potential of BW-B 70C in the regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Results and discussion Both pre- and post-treatment with BW-B 70C reduced infarctions and improved neurological deficit scores. Immunohistochemical study of brain sections showed IR-mediated increased expression of 5-LOX in the neurons and microglia. BW-B 70C down-regulated 5-LOX and inhibited iNOS expression by preventing NF-κB activation. Two other structurally different 5-LOX inhibitors were also administered post IR: caffeic acid and 2, 3, 5-trimethyl-6- [12-hydroxy-5, 10-dodecadiynyl]-1, 4-benzoquinone (AA-861). As with BW-B 70C, they provided remarkable neuroprotection. Furthermore, in vitro, BW-B 70C inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated nitric oxide production, iNOS induction and NF-κB activation in the BV2 microglial cell line. Treating rat primary microglia with BW-B70C confirmed blockage of LPS-mediated translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB from cytosol to nucleus. Conclusion The study demonstrates the neuroprotective potential of 5-LOX inhibition through down-regulation of NF-κB in a rat model of experimental stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manu Jatana
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mubeen A Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Chinnasamy Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory medicine, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Balestrieri B, Hsu VW, Gilbert H, Leslie CC, Han WK, Bonventre JV, Arm JP. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 translocates to the phagosome after zymosan stimulation of mouse peritoneal macrophages and regulates phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6691-8. [PMID: 16407308 PMCID: PMC1820836 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508314200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that group V secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) amplifies the action of cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2) alpha in regulating eicosanoid biosynthesis by mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with zymosan (Satake, Y., Diaz, B. L., Balestrieri, B., Lam, B. K., Kanaoka, Y., Grusby, M. J., and Arm, J. P. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 16488-16494). To further understand the role of group V sPLA2, we studied its localization in resting mouse peritoneal macrophages before and after stimulation with zymosan and the effect of deletion of the gene encoding group V sPLA2 on phagocytosis of zymosan. We report that group V sPLA2 is present in the Golgi apparatus and recycling endosome in the juxtanuclear region of resting peritoneal macrophages. Upon ingestion of zymosan by mouse peritoneal macrophages, group V sPLA2 is recruited to the phagosome. There it co-localizes with cPLA2alpha, 5-lipoxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, and leukotriene C4 synthase. Using immunostaining for the cysteinyl leukotrienes in carbodiimide-fixed cells, we show, for the first time, that the phagosome is a site of cysteinyl leukotriene formation. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages from group V sPLA2-null mice demonstrated a >50% attenuation in phagocytosis of zymosan particles, which was restored by adenoviral expression of group V sPLA2 but IIA not group sPLA2. These data demonstrate that group V sPLA2 contributes to the innate immune response both through regulation of eicosanoid generation in response to a phagocytic stimulus and also as a component of the phagocytic machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Balestrieri
- From the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Victor W. Hsu
- From the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Huiya Gilbert
- From the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Christina C. Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Won K. Han
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Jonathan P. Arm
- From the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Partners Asthma Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Catalano A, Rodilossi S, Caprari P, Coppola V, Procopio A. 5-Lipoxygenase regulates senescence-like growth arrest by promoting ROS-dependent p53 activation. EMBO J 2004; 24:170-9. [PMID: 15616590 PMCID: PMC544914 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5LO) is involved in the production of leukotrienes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from arachidonic acid. Its strong activation has been associated with several diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration. Here we show that 5LO activity increases during senescence-like growth arrest induced by oncogenic ras or culture history in both human and mouse embryo fibroblasts. Overexpression of 5LO promotes senescence-like growth arrest via a p53/p21-dependent pathway, and this occurs independently of telomerase activity. 5LO stabilizes p53 through phosphorylation at Ser15 and increases expression of the p53-transcriptional target p21. This is achieved by regulating ROS production. Indeed, ROS are increased in 5LO-arrested cells. Antioxidants and a low oxygen environment prevent 5LO-induced growth arrest. Finally, 5LO inhibition reduces the growth arrest induced by oncogenic ras or culture history and these effects are neutralized by the addition of exogenous ROS. These data link the 5LO pathway to oxidative crises of primary fibroblast and suggest that the ability of 5LO to induce senescence-like growth arrest may be important in the pathogenesis of 5LO-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Catalano
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mandal AK, Skoch J, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT, Christmas P, Miller D, Yamin TTD, Xu S, Wisniewski D, Evans JF, Soberman RJ. The membrane organization of leukotriene synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6587-92. [PMID: 15084748 PMCID: PMC404089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308523101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling leading to the formation of leukotriene (LT)C(4) requires the localization of the four key biosynthetic enzymes on the outer nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Whether any macromolecular organization of these proteins exists is unknown. By using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and biochemical analysis, we demonstrate the presence of two distinct multimeric complexes that regulate the formation of LTs in RBL-2H3 cells. One complex consists of multimers of LTC(4) synthase and the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP). The second complex consists of multimers of FLAP. Surprisingly, all LTC(4) synthase was found to be in association with FLAP. The results indicate that the formation of LTC(4) and LTB(4) may be determined by the compartmentalization of biosynthetic enzymes in discrete molecular complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asim K Mandal
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 The Navy Yard, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nathoo N, Barnett GH, Golubic M. The eicosanoid cascade: possible role in gliomas and meningiomas. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:6-13. [PMID: 14693827 PMCID: PMC1770171 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.57.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids constitute a large family of biologically active lipid mediators that are produced by two enzyme classes, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and lipoxygenases (5-LO, 12-LO, and 15-LO). Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to a variety of epithelial malignancies, the two most common types of human brain tumour, gliomas and meningiomas, aberrantly overexpress eicosanoid producing enzymes and release a spectrum of eicosanoids that may promote tumorigenesis and the development of peritumorous brain oedema. Glioma and meningioma cells are killed in vitro and in animal models when exposed to COX-2 and 5-LO inhibitors, and their effectiveness is under investigation in clinical trials for treatment of patients with malignant brain tumours. However, despite research into the role of the eicosanoid cascade in the tumorigenesis of human brain tumours, many important questions remain unanswered. Current and newer agents that specifically target key players of the eicosanoid cascade could change the approach to treating brain tumours, because their benefits may lie in their synergism with conventional cytotoxic treatments and/or with other novel agents targeted against other procarcinogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Nathoo
- Brain Tumour Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Soberman RJ. The expanding network of redox signaling: new observations, complexities, and perspectives. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:571-4. [PMID: 12618508 PMCID: PMC151913 DOI: 10.1172/jci18099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Soberman
- Renal Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|