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Zhu B, Liang L, Hui L, Lu Y. Exploring the role of dermal sheath cells in wound healing and fibrosis. Wound Repair Regen 2024. [PMID: 39129718 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process involving the coordinated interaction of diverse cell types, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components. Despite emerging evidence highlighting their importance, dermal sheath cells remain a largely overlooked aspect of wound healing research. This review explores the multifunctional roles of dermal sheath cells in various phases of wound healing, including modulating inflammation, aiding in proliferation, and contributing to extracellular matrix remodelling. Special attention is devoted to the paracrine effects of dermal sheath cells and their role in fibrosis, highlighting their potential in improving healing outcomes, especially in differentiating between hairy and non-hairy skin sites. By drawing connections between dermal sheath cells activity and wound healing outcomes, this work proposes new insights into the mechanisms of tissue regeneration and repair, marking a step forward in our understanding of wound healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhu
- Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Lu Liang
- Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Lihua Hui
- Burn Research Institute of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, China
| | - Yaojun Lu
- Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, affiliated with Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
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2
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Zhang J, Yang P, Liu Y, Chen Z, Wu J, Feng S, Yi Q. Serum levels of PDGF-CC as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:16. [PMID: 38273388 PMCID: PMC10809580 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that predominantly affects children, and no specific diagnostic biomarkers for KD are available. Platelet-derived growth factor CC (PDGF-CC) is a peptide with angiogenic properties that has been amply demonstrated to play a critical role in the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to investigate the serum expression of PDGF-CC in children with KD and to evaluate the ability of PDGF-CC to diagnose KD. METHODS A total of 96 subjects, including 59 KD patients, 17 febrile controls (FC), and 20 healthy controls (HC), were enrolled. Serum levels of PDGF-CC were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The associations between PDGF-CC and clinical laboratory parameters were investigated by correlation analysis. The diagnostic performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS Serum PDGF-CC levels in the KD group were significantly higher than in the FC and HC groups. Serum PDGF-CC levels in the KD group were positively correlated with white blood cell counts, percentage of neutrophils, IL-2, IL-12p70, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels, and negatively correlated with the percentage of lymphocytes. In the analysis of ROC curves, the area under the curve was 0.796 (95% confidence interval 0.688-0.880; P < 0.0001) for PDGF-CC and increased to 0.900 (95% confidence interval 0.808-0.957; P < 0.0001) in combination with white blood cell counts and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS PDGF-CC is a potential biomarker for KD diagnosis, and the combination with white blood cell counts and C-reactive protein can further improve diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Penghui Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qijian Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Metabolism and Inflammatory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, National Clinical Key Cardiovascular Specialty, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Li J, Hu W, Zhang R, Chen W, Li X, Tang Z. PDGF-C promotes cell proliferation partially via downregulating BOP1. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1942-1949. [PMID: 37615370 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is a member of PDGF/VEGF family, which is well-known for important functions in the vascular system. It is widely reported that PDGF-C is able to modulate cell proliferation. However, it is still not very clear about this cell modulating mechanism at the molecular level. In a screening of factors regulated by PDGF-C protein, we fished out a factor called block of proliferation 1 (BOP1), which is a pivotal regulator of ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the regulation of BOP1 by PDGF-C and its role in modulating cell proliferation. We found that BOP1 was downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in cells treated with PDGF-C-containing conditioned medium. On the other hand, BOP1 was upregulated in PDGF-C deficient mice. Furthermore, we confirmed that overexpression of BOP1 inhibited HEK293A cell proliferation, whereas knockdown of BOP1 promoted cell proliferation. The mitogenic effect of PDGF-C could be attenuated by downregulation of BOP1. Our results demonstrate a clear PDGF-C-BOP1 signaling that modulates cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongshu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Lin W, Zhao XY, Cheng JW, Li LT, Jiang Q, Zhang YX, Han F. Signaling pathways in brain ischemia: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108541. [PMID: 37783348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the brain are narrowed or blocked, inducing damage to brain tissue due to a lack of blood supply. One effective way to reduce brain damage and alleviate symptoms is to reopen blocked blood vessels in a timely manner and reduce neuronal damage. To achieve this, researchers have focused on identifying key cellular signaling pathways that can be targeted with drugs. These pathways include oxidative/nitrosative stress, excitatory amino acids and their receptors, inflammatory signaling molecules, metabolic pathways, ion channels, and other molecular events involved in stroke pathology. However, evidence suggests that solely focusing on protecting neurons may not yield satisfactory clinical results. Instead, researchers should consider the multifactorial and complex mechanisms underlying stroke pathology, including the interactions between different components of the neurovascular unit. Such an approach is more representative of the actual pathological process observed in clinical settings. This review summarizes recent research on the multiple molecular mechanisms and drug targets in ischemic stroke, as well as recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of new strategies based on the biological characteristics of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jia-Wen Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li-Tao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhang
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China; Institute of Brain Science, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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5
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Cao Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Leng P. Research progress on the role of PDGF/PDGFR in type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114983. [PMID: 37290188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are basic proteins stored in the α granules of platelets. PDGFs and their receptors (PDGFRs) are widely expressed in platelets, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, platelets, pericytes, smooth muscle cells and tumor cells. The activation of PDGFR plays a number of critical roles in physiological functions and diseases, including normal embryonic development, cellular differentiation, and responses to tissue damage. In recent years, emerging experimental evidence has shown that activation of the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is involved in the development of diabetes and its complications, such as atherosclerosis, diabetic foot ulcers, diabetic nephropathy, and retinopathy. Research on targeting PDGF/PDGFR as a treatment has also made great progress. In this mini-review, we summarized the role of PDGF in diabetes, as well as the research progress on targeted diabetes therapy, which provides a new strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yijie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yini Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ping Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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6
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He Q, Ma Y, Fang C, Deng Z, Wang F, Qu Y, Yin M, Zhao R, Zhang D, Guo F, Yang Y, Chang J, Guo ZN. Remote ischemic conditioning attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment via reducing PDGF-CC. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106641. [PMID: 36587812 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is associated with increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hemorrhagic transformation. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has demonstrated neuroprotective effects against acute ischemic stroke. However, whether and how RIC regulates rtPA-associated BBB disruption remains unclear. Here, a rodent model of thromboembolic stroke followed by rtPA thrombolysis at different time points was performed with or without RIC. Brain infarction, neurological outcomes, BBB permeability, and intracerebral hemorrhage were assessed. The platelet-derived growth factor CC (PDGF-CC)/PDGFRα pathway in the brain tissue, PDGF-CC levels in the skeletal muscle and peripheral blood were also measured. Furthermore, impact of RIC on serum PDGF-CC levels were measured in healthy subjects and AIS patients. Our results showed that RIC substantially reduced BBB injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and neurological deficits after stroke, even when rtPA was administrated in a delayed therapeutic time window. Mechanistically, RIC significantly decreased PDGFRα activation in ischemic brain tissue and reduced blood PDGF-CC levels, which partially resulted from PDGF-CC reduction in the skeletal muscle of RIC-applied hindlimbs and platelets. Intravenous or intraventricular recombinant PDGF-CC supplementation abolished RIC protective effects on BBB integrity. Moreover, similar changes of PDGF-CC in serum by RIC were also observed in healthy humans and acute ischemic stroke patients. Together, our study demonstrates that RIC can attenuate rtPA-aggravated BBB disruption after ischemic stroke via reducing the PDGF-CC/PDGFRα pathway and thus supports RIC as a potential approach for BBB disruption prevention or treatment following thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Deng
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Meifang Yin
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianhui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Junlei Chang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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Grismaldo A, Sobrevia L, Morales L. Role of platelet-derived growth factor c on endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130188. [PMID: 35691459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of endothelial function is a common feature to all cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the risk factors associated with the development of CVDs is the hyperglycaemia that occurs in patients with metabolic disorders such as Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycaemia causes endothelial dysfunction through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from different cellular sources leading to oxidative stress. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential in the stimulation and maintenance of endothelial functional aspects and, although it can mitigate the impact of ROS, VEGF-mediated signalling is partially inhibited in diabetes mellitus. The search for therapeutic strategies that preserve, protect and improve the functions of the endothelium is of great relevance in the investigation of CVDs associated with hyperglycaemia. Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is a peptide with angiogenic properties, independent of VEGF, that stimulates angiogenesis and revascularization of ischemic tissue. In a diabetic mouse model, PDGF-C stimulates mature endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, and increased neovascularization, and protects blood vessels in a retinal degeneration model activating anti-apoptosis and proliferation signalling pathways in endothelial cells. This review summarizes the information on the damage that high d-glucose causes on endothelial function and the beneficial effects that PDGF-CC could exert in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Grismaldo
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; Medical School (Faculty of Medicine), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Eutra, The Institute for Obesity Research (IOR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey, Nuevo León. Mexico..
| | - Ludis Morales
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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Grismaldo Rodríguez A, Zamudio Rodríguez JA, Mendieta CV, Quijano Gómez S, Sanabria Barrera S, Morales Álvarez L. Effect of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor C on Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Induced by High d-Glucose in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050639. [PMID: 35631465 PMCID: PMC9143891 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is an early marker for cardiovascular diseases. Hyperglycemia induces endothelial dysfunction, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Platelet-derived growth factor C stimulates angiogenesis and revascularization in ischemic tissues of diabetic mice and promotes the migration of progenitors and mature ECs to injury sites; however, the molecular mechanisms of its actions are not described yet. Here, we evaluated the effect of PDGF-C on oxidative stress induced by HG. Human aortic endothelial cells were grown in glucose concentrations ranging from 5 mmol/L to 35 mmol/L for 1 to 24 h. Treatment with 50 ng/mL PDGF-C was done for 1 to 3 h. Cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS were measured by fluorometry, and the expression of antioxidant enzymes was evaluated by Western blot. Nrf2 and Keap1 expression was assessed by real-time PCR. High glucose induced mitochondrial ROS production. PDGF-C diminished the oxidative stress induced by high glucose, increasing SOD2 expression and SOD activity, and modulating the Keap1 expression gene. These results give new evidence about the mitochondrial antioxidant effect that PDGF-C could exert on endothelial cells exposed to high glucose and its considerable role as a therapeutic target in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Grismaldo Rodríguez
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (J.A.Z.R.); (C.V.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.R.); (L.M.Á.); Tel.: +57-3114566976 (A.G.R.); +57-3132107272 (L.M.Á.)
| | - Jairo A. Zamudio Rodríguez
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (J.A.Z.R.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Cindy V. Mendieta
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (J.A.Z.R.); (C.V.M.)
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Sandra Quijano Gómez
- Immunology and Cell Biology Group, Faculty of Sciences, Microbiology Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Sandra Sanabria Barrera
- Traslational Biomedical Research Group, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca 680004, Colombia;
| | - Ludis Morales Álvarez
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (J.A.Z.R.); (C.V.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.R.); (L.M.Á.); Tel.: +57-3114566976 (A.G.R.); +57-3132107272 (L.M.Á.)
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9
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Liu D, Song M, Jing F, Liu B, Yi Q. Diagnostic Value of Immune-Related Genes in Kawasaki Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:763496. [PMID: 34956318 PMCID: PMC8709561 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.763496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that predominantly damages medium- and small-sized vessels, and mainly causes coronary artery lesions (CALs). The diagnostic criterion of KD mainly depends on clinical features, so children could be easily misdiagnosed and could suffer from CALs. Through analysis, a total of 14 immune-related DEGs were obtained, of which IL1B, ADM, PDGFC, and TGFA were identified as diagnostic markers of KD. Compared with the non-KD group, KD patients contained a higher proportion of naive B cells, activated memory CD4 T cells, gamma delta T cells, and neutrophils, while the proportions of memory B cells, CD8 T cells, activated memory CD4 T cells, and activated NK cells were relatively lower. In conclusion, immune-related genes can be used as diagnostic markers of KD, and the difference in immune cells between KD and non-KD might provide new insight into understanding the pathogenesis of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, The Affliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Meixuan Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fengchuan Jing
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, The Affliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qijian Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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10
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Tian Y, Zhan Y, Jiang Q, Lu W, Li X. Expression and function of PDGF-C in development and stem cells. Open Biol 2021; 11:210268. [PMID: 34847773 PMCID: PMC8633783 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is a relatively new member of the PDGF family, discovered nearly 20 years after the finding of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B). PDGF-C is generally expressed in most organs and cell types. Studies from the past 20 years have demonstrated critical roles of PDGF-C in numerous biological, physiological and pathological processes, such as development, angiogenesis, tumour growth, tissue remodelling, wound healing, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, stem/progenitor cell regulation and metabolism. Understanding PDGF-C expression and activities thus will be of great importance to various research disciplines. In this review, however, we mainly discuss the expression and functions of PDGF-C and its receptors in development and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Ophthalmic Department, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Herrera-Vargas AK, García-Rodríguez E, Olea-Flores M, Mendoza-Catalán MA, Flores-Alfaro E, Navarro-Tito N. Pro-angiogenic activity and vasculogenic mimicry in the tumor microenvironment by leptin in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 62:23-41. [PMID: 34736827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The acquired ability to induce the formation of a functional vasculature is a hallmark of cancer. Blood vessels in tumors are formed through various mechanisms, among the most important in cancer biology, angiogenesis, and vasculogenic mimicry have been described. Leptin is one of the main adipokines secreted by adipocytes in normal breast tissue and the tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide information on the relationship between leptin and the development of angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry in different types of cancer. Here, we report that leptin activates different pathways such as JAK-STAT3, MAPK/ERK, PKC, JNK, p38, and PI3K-Akt to induce the expression of various angiogenic factors and vasculogenic mimicry. In vivo models, leptin induces blood vessel formation through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Interestingly, the relationship between leptin and vasculogenic mimicry was more significant in breast cancer. The information obtained suggests that leptin could be playing an essential role in tumor survival and metastasis through the induction of vascular mechanisms such as angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry; thus, leptin-induced pathways could be suggested as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Herrera-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo García-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
| | - Miguel A Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, GRO, 39090, Mexico.
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, GRO 39087, Mexico.
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
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12
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Xiao ST, Kuang CY. Endothelial progenitor cells and coronary artery disease: Current concepts and future research directions. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:8953-8966. [PMID: 34786379 PMCID: PMC8567528 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i30.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular injury is a frequent pathology in coronary artery disease. To repair the vasculature, scientists have found that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have excellent properties associated with angiogenesis. Over time, research on EPCs has made encouraging progress regardless of pathology or clinical technology. This review focuses on the origins and cell markers of EPCs, and the connection between EPCs and coronary artery disease. In addition, we summarized various studies of EPC-capturing stents and EPC infusion therapy, and aim to learn from past technology to predict the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Tong Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, People’s Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Kuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
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13
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Hu W, Zhang R, Chen W, Lin D, Wei K, Li J, Zhang B, Li X, Tang Z. Glycosylation at Asn254 Is Required for the Activation of the PDGF-C Protein. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:665552. [PMID: 34109212 PMCID: PMC8181125 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.665552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is a member of the PDGF/VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) family, which includes proteins that are well known for their mitogenic effects on multiple cell types. Glycosylation is one of the most important forms of posttranslational modification that has a significant impact on secreted and membrane proteins. Glycosylation has many well-characterized roles in facilitating protein processing and contributes to appropriate folding, conformation, distribution, and stability of proteins that are synthesized intracellularly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Although the general process and functions of glycosylation are well documented, there are most likely others yet to be discovered, as the glycosylation of many potential substrates has not been characterized. In this study, we report that the PDGF-C protein is glycosylated at three sites, including Asn25, Asn55, and Asn254. However, we found that mutations at any of these sites do not affect the protein expression or secretion. Similarly, disruption of PDGF-C glycosylation had no impact on its progression through the ER and Golgi apparatus. However, the introduction of a mutation at Asn254 (N254 A) prevents the activation of full-length PDGF-C and its capacity for signaling via the PDGF receptor. Our findings reveal that glycosylation affects PDGF-C activation rather than the protein synthesis or processing. This study characterizes a crucial modification of the PDGF-C protein, and may shed new light on the process and function of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongshu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Hong X, Oh N, Wang K, Neumeyer J, Lee CN, Lin RZ, Piekarski B, Emani S, Greene AK, Friehs I, Del Nido PJ, Melero-Martin JM. Human endothelial colony-forming cells provide trophic support for pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes via distinctively high expression of neuregulin-1. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:327-344. [PMID: 33454888 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The search for a source of endothelial cells (ECs) with translational therapeutic potential remains crucial in regenerative medicine. Human blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) represent a promising source of autologous ECs due to their robust capacity to form vascular networks in vivo and their easy accessibility from peripheral blood. However, whether ECFCs have distinct characteristics with translational value compared to other ECs remains unclear. Here, we show that vascular networks generated with human ECFCs exhibited robust paracrine support for human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs), significantly improving protection against drug-induced cardiac injury and enhancing engraftment at ectopic (subcutaneous) and orthotopic (cardiac) sites. In contrast, iCM support was notably absent in grafts with vessels lined by mature-ECs. This differential trophic ability was due to a unique high constitutive expression of the cardioprotective growth factor neuregulin-1 (NRG1). ECFCs, but not mature-ECs, were capable of actively releasing NRG1, which, in turn, reduced apoptosis and increased the proliferation of iCMs via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Transcriptional silencing of NRG1 abrogated these cardioprotective effects. Our study suggests that ECFCs are uniquely suited to support human iCMs, making these progenitor cells ideal for cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Oh
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Neumeyer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chin Nien Lee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Breanna Piekarski
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sitaram Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arin K Greene
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ingeborg Friehs
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Enders 349, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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15
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Ojo AS, Balogun SA, Williams OT, Ojo OS. Pulmonary Fibrosis in COVID-19 Survivors: Predictive Factors and Risk Reduction Strategies. Pulm Med 2020; 2020:6175964. [PMID: 32850151 PMCID: PMC7439160 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6175964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pulmonary fibrosis can occur in the absence of a clear-cut inciting agent, and without a clinically clear initial acute inflammatory phase, it is more commonly associated with severe lung injury. This may be due to respiratory infections, chronic granulomatous diseases, medications, and connective tissue disorders. Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with permanent pulmonary architectural distortion and irreversible lung dysfunction. Available clinical, radiographic, and autopsy data has indicated that pulmonary fibrosis is central to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) and MERS pathology, and current evidence suggests that pulmonary fibrosis could also complicate infection by SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to explore the current literature on the pathogenesis of lung injury in COVID-19 infection. We evaluate the evidence in support of the putative risk factors for the development of lung fibrosis in the disease and propose risk mitigation strategies. We conclude that, from the available literature, the predictors of pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19 infection are advanced age, illness severity, length of ICU stay and mechanical ventilation, smoking and chronic alcoholism. With no proven effective targeted therapy against pulmonary fibrosis, risk reduction measures should be directed at limiting the severity of the disease and protecting the lungs from other incidental injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola S. Ojo
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Simon A. Balogun
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Oyeronke T. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun S. Ojo
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile Ife, Nigeria
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16
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Zhang L, Miao H, Wang D, Qiu H, Zhu Y, Yao X, Guo Y, Wang Z. Pancreatic extracellular matrix and platelet-rich plasma constructing injectable hydrogel for pancreas tissue engineering. Artif Organs 2020; 44:e532-e551. [PMID: 32671848 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of pancreatic extracellular matrices enriched with insulin-secreting β-cells is a promising tissue engineering approach to treat type 1 diabetes. However, its long-term therapeutic efficacy is restricted by the defensive mechanism of host immune response and the lack of developed vascularization as appropriate after transplantation. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as an autologous platelet concentrate, contains a large number of active factors that are essential for the cell viability, vascularization, and immune regulation. In this study, we have incorporated pancreatic extracellular matrix (PEM) with PRP to develop a three-dimensional (3D) injectable PEM-PRP hydrogel to coculture and transplant rat insulinoma cells (INS-1) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results from this study demonstrated that PEM-PRP hydrogel mimicked the biochemical compositions of native extracellular matrices, and possessed the enhanced elastic modulus and resistance to enzymatic degradation that enabled biomaterials to maintain its volume and slowly degrade. Additionally, PEM-PRP hydrogel could release growth factors in a sustained manner. In vitro, PEM-PRP hydrogel significantly promoted the viability, insulin-secreting function, and insulin gene expression of gel encapsulated INS-1 cells. Moreover, HUVECs encapsulated in PEM-PRP hydrogel were found to constitute many lumen-like structures and exhibited high expression of proangiogenic genes. In vivo transplantation of PEM-PRP hydrogel encapsulated with INS-1 cells and HUVECs improved the viability of INS-1 cells, promoted vascularization, inhibited the host inflammatory response, and reversed hyperglycemia of diabetic rats. Our study suggests that the PEM-PRP hydrogel offers excellent biocompatibility and proangiogenic property, and may serve as an effective biomaterial platform to maintain the long-term survival and function of insulin-secreting β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Dongzhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Xihao Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yibing Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
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17
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Zhang L, Qiu H, Wang D, Miao H, Zhu Y, Guo Q, Guo Y, Wang Z. Enhanced vascularization and biocompatibility of rat pancreatic decellularized scaffolds loaded with platelet-rich plasma. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:313-330. [PMID: 32567485 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220933890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of pancreatic tissue engineering is to create a long-lived substitute organ to treat diabetes. However, the lack of neovascularization and the occurrence of immune response limit the efficacy of tissue-engineered pancreas after in vivo transplantation. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous platelet concentrate containing a large number of growth factors and immunoregulatory factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate rat pancreatic decellularized scaffold (PDS) loaded with PRP for vascularization, host inflammatory response and macrophage polarization in an animal model. The study results indicated that compared to PDS, PRP-loading PDS exhibited the enhanced mechanical properties and released growth factors in a slow and sustained manner to supplement the loss of growth factors during decellularization. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded in PDS and PRP-loading PDS, and cultured in the circular perfusion system. When compared with PDS, PRP-loading PDS significantly promoted the colonization, proliferation and pro-angiogenic genes expression of cells on scaffolds. In vivo, PDS loaded with PRP then re-endothelialized with HUVECs were implanted subcutaneously in rats, which enhanced the angiogenesis of scaffolds, inhibited the host inflammatory response, and induced the polarization dominated by pro-regenerative M2 macrophages that also facilitated tissue vascular regeneration. Thus, the re-endothelialized PRP-loading PDS may represent a promising bioengineered pancreas with sustained vascularization and excellent biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
- Department of General Surgery, Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
- Research center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
| | - Dongzhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
- Research center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
| | - Haiyan Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
- Department of General Surgery, The Sixth People’s Hospital, Nantong, P.R China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
- Research center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
| | - Qingsong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
| | - Yibing Guo
- Research center of Clinical Medical, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R China
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18
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Herkenne S, Ek O, Zamberlan M, Pellattiero A, Chergova M, Chivite I, Novotná E, Rigoni G, Fonseca TB, Samardzic D, Agnellini A, Bean C, Di Benedetto G, Tiso N, Argenton F, Viola A, Soriano ME, Giacomello M, Ziviani E, Sales G, Claret M, Graupera M, Scorrano L. Developmental and Tumor Angiogenesis Requires the Mitochondria-Shaping Protein Opa1. Cell Metab 2020; 31:987-1003.e8. [PMID: 32315597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While endothelial cell (EC) function is influenced by mitochondrial metabolism, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, is unknown. Here we show that the inner mitochondrial membrane mitochondrial fusion protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) is required for angiogenesis. In response to angiogenic stimuli, OPA1 levels rapidly increase to limit nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) signaling, ultimately allowing angiogenic genes expression and angiogenesis. Endothelial Opa1 is indeed required in an NFκB-dependent pathway essential for developmental and tumor angiogenesis, impacting tumor growth and metastatization. A first-in-class small molecule-specific OPA1 inhibitor confirms that EC Opa1 can be pharmacologically targeted to curtail tumor growth. Our data identify Opa1 as a crucial component of physiological and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Herkenne
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Olivier Ek
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Zamberlan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Pellattiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Maya Chergova
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Iñigo Chivite
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliška Novotná
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rigoni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Tiago Branco Fonseca
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Dijana Samardzic
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrielly Agnellini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Camilla Bean
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Padova, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Argenton
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marta Giacomello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Ziviani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sales
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marc Claret
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Graupera
- Vascular Signalling Laboratory, ProCURE and Oncobell Programs, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Gran Via de l'Hospitalet 199, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy.
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19
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Stienen S, Ferreira JP, Kobayashi M, Preud'homme G, Dobre D, Machu JL, Duarte K, Bresso E, Devignes MD, López N, Girerd N, Aakhus S, Ambrosio G, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Fontes-Carvalho R, Fraser AG, van Heerebeek L, Heymans S, de Keulenaer G, Marino P, McDonald K, Mebazaa A, Papp Z, Raddino R, Tschöpe C, Paulus WJ, Zannad F, Rossignol P. Enhanced clinical phenotyping by mechanistic bioprofiling in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from the MEDIA-DHF study (The Metabolic Road to Diastolic Heart Failure). Biomarkers 2020; 25:201-211. [PMID: 32063068 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1727015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome for which clear evidence of effective therapies is lacking. Understanding which factors determine this heterogeneity may be helped by better phenotyping. An unsupervised statistical approach applied to a large set of biomarkers may identify distinct HFpEF phenotypes.Methods: Relevant proteomic biomarkers were analyzed in 392 HFpEF patients included in Metabolic Road to Diastolic HF (MEDIA-DHF). We performed an unsupervised cluster analysis to define distinct phenotypes. Cluster characteristics were explored with logistic regression. The association between clusters and 1-year cardiovascular (CV) death and/or CV hospitalization was studied using Cox regression.Results: Based on 415 biomarkers, we identified 2 distinct clusters. Clinical variables associated with cluster 2 were diabetes, impaired renal function, loop diuretics and/or betablockers. In addition, 17 biomarkers were higher expressed in cluster 2 vs. 1. Patients in cluster 2 vs. those in 1 experienced higher rates of CV death/CV hospitalization (adj. HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.12-3.32, p = 0.017). Complex-network analyses linked these biomarkers to immune system activation, signal transduction cascades, cell interactions and metabolism.Conclusion: Unsupervised machine-learning algorithms applied to a wide range of biomarkers identified 2 HFpEF clusters with different CV phenotypes and outcomes. The identified pathways may provide a basis for future research.Clinical significanceMore insight is obtained in the mechanisms related to poor outcome in HFpEF patients since it was demonstrated that biomarkers associated with the high-risk cluster were related to the immune system, signal transduction cascades, cell interactions and metabolismBiomarkers (and pathways) identified in this study may help select high-risk HFpEF patients which could be helpful for the inclusion/exclusion of patients in future trials.Our findings may be the basis of investigating therapies specifically targeting these pathways and the potential use of corresponding markers potentially identifying patients with distinct mechanistic bioprofiles most likely to respond to the selected mechanistically targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Stienen
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - João Pedro Ferreira
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Masatake Kobayashi
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Gregoire Preud'homme
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Daniela Dobre
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Clinical research and Investigation Unit, Psychotherapeutic Center of Nancy, Laxou, France
| | - Jean-Loup Machu
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Kevin Duarte
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel Bresso
- Equipe CAPSID, LORIA (CNRS, Inria NGE, Université de Lorraine), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Natalia López
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Svend Aakhus
- Department of Cardiology and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,ISB, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Division of Cardiology, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Ricardo Fontes-Carvalho
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit (UnIC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alan G Fraser
- Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Loek van Heerebeek
- Department of Cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts Heart Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gilles de Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Antwerp University, and ZNA Hartcentrum, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paolo Marino
- Clinical Cardiology, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Kenneth McDonald
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, St Michael's Hospital Dun Laoghaire Co. Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Saint Louis and Lariboisière University Hospitals and INSERM UMR-S 942, Paris, France
| | - Zoltàn Papp
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Riccardo Raddino
- Department of Cardiology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, C, Harite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health - Center for Regenerative Therapies (BIH-BCRT), and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK; Berlin partner site), Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter J Paulus
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Faiez Zannad
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre d'Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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20
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Motamer M, Haghjooy Javanmard S, Mortazavi ZS, Bahrani S. Evaluation the effect of testosterone on the number of endothelial progenitor cells and amount of SDF-1α, PDGF, bFGF, and NO. Int J Prev Med 2020; 10:214. [PMID: 31929861 PMCID: PMC6941377 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_79_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease, thanks to the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and nitric oxide (NO) play a role in migration, homing, and differentiation of EPCs into mature endothelial cells. The incidence of cardiovascular disease is higher in men than in women. This fact suggests the influence of sex hormones on incidence of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Twenty-four female wistar rats weighing 160–180 g were randomly divided into four groups (N = 6): 1. sham-treated by sesame oil, 2. ovariectomized (OVX)-treated by sesame oil, 3. OVX-treated by 10 μg/kg/day testosterone, and 4. OVX-treated by 100 μg/kg/day testosterone. After 21 days, the animals were euthanized and blood samples were saved for determination of EPC count and serum levels of SDF-1α, PDGF, bFGF, and NO production. Results: High-dose testosterone induced significant increase in EPC count in OVX rats (P < 0.05). Also 100 μg/kg/day testosterone increased serum level of SDF-1α more than OVX-treated by 10 μg/kg/day testosterone (P < 0.05). But 10 μg/kg/day testosterone increased significantly the serum level of PDGF >100 μg/kg/day testosterone-treated group (P < 0.05). The serum level of bFGF in sham-treated by sesame oil was equal with its concentration in OVX-treated by 100 μg/kg/day testosterone. And the serum concentration of NO production in testosterone-treated groups were significantly less than other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests that testosterone might be effective on cardiovascular disease in females by increasing EPC count through SDF-1α and PDGF mechanisms which are some of the vascular healing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Motamer
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Sadat Mortazavi
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeide Bahrani
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Kaushik K, Das A. Endothelial progenitor cell therapy for chronic wound tissue regeneration. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:1137-1150. [PMID: 31668487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite advancements in wound care, healing of chronic diabetic wounds remains a great challenge for the clinical fraternity because of the intricacies of the healing process. Due to the limitations of existing treatment strategies for chronic wounds, stem/progenitor cell transplantation therapies have been explored as an alternative for tissue regeneration at the wound site. The non-healing phenotype of chronic wounds is directly associated with lack of vascularization. Therefore, endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation is proving to be a promising approach for the treatment of hypo-vascular chronic wounds. With the existing knowledge in EPC biology, significant efforts have been made to enrich EPCs at the chronic wound site, generating EPCs from somatic cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using transcription factors, or from adult stem cells using chemicals/drugs for use in transplantation, as well as modulating the endogenous dysfunctional/compromised EPCs under diabetic conditions. This review mainly focuses on the pre-clinical and clinical approaches undertaken to date with EPC-based translational therapy for chronic diabetic as well as non-diabetic wounds to evaluate their vascularity-mediated regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kaushik
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India.
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22
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Generali M, Casanova EA, Kehl D, Wanner D, Hoerstrup SP, Cinelli P, Weber B. Autologous endothelialized small-caliber vascular grafts engineered from blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:333-343. [PMID: 31344511 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An ideal cell source for human therapeutic and disease modeling applications should be easily accessible and possess unlimited differentiation and expansion potential. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) represent a promising source given their ease of harvest and their pluripotent nature. Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using PBMC-derived hiPSCs for vascular tissue engineering. However, so far, no endothelialization of hiPSC-derived tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) based on fully biodegradable polymers without xenogenic matrix components has been shown. In this study, we have generated hiPSCs from PBMCs and differentiated them into αSMA- and calponin-positive smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as well as endothelial cells (ECs) positive for CD31, vWF and eNOS. Both cell types were co-seeded on PGA-P4HB starter matrices and cultured under static or dynamic conditions to induce tissue formation in vitro. The resulting small diameter vascular grafts showed abundant amounts of extracellular matrix, containing a thin luminal layer of vWF-positive cells and a subendothelial αSMA-positive layer approximating the architecture of native vessels. Our results demonstrate the successful generation of TEVGs based on SMCs and ECs differentiated from PBMC-derived hiPSC combined with a biodegradable polymer. These results pave the way for developing autologous PBMC-derived hiPSC-based vascular constructs for therapeutic applications or disease modeling. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We report for the first time the possibility to employ human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived iPSCs to generate biodegradable polymer-based tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVG), which mimic the native layered architecture of blood vessels. hiPSCs from PBMCs were differentiated into smooth muscle cells as well as endothelial cells. These cells were co-seeded on a biodegradable PGA/P4HB scaffold and cultured in a bioreactor to induce tissue formation in vitro. The resulting small diameter TEVG showed abundant amounts of extracellular matrix, containing a αSMA-positive layer in the interstitium and a thin luminal layer of vWF-positive endothelial cells approximating the architecture of native vessels. Our findings improving the generation of autologous vascular replacements using blood as an easily accessible cell source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Generali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing Practice, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Elisa A Casanova
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Debora Kehl
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing Practice, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Debora Wanner
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing Practice, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simon P Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing Practice, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wyss Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Benedikt Weber
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing Practice, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Applications of Ultrasound to Stimulate Therapeutic Revascularization. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123081. [PMID: 31238531 PMCID: PMC6627741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathological conditions are characterized or caused by the presence of an insufficient or aberrant local vasculature. Thus, therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating the caliber and/or density of the vasculature by controlling angiogenesis and arteriogenesis have been under development for many years. As our understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of these vascular growth processes continues to grow, so too do the available targets for therapeutic intervention. Nonetheless, the tools needed to implement such therapies have often had inherent weaknesses (i.e., invasiveness, expense, poor targeting, and control) that preclude successful outcomes. Approximately 20 years ago, the potential for using ultrasound as a new tool for therapeutically manipulating angiogenesis and arteriogenesis began to emerge. Indeed, the ability of ultrasound, especially when used in combination with contrast agent microbubbles, to mechanically manipulate the microvasculature has opened several doors for exploration. In turn, multiple studies on the influence of ultrasound-mediated bioeffects on vascular growth and the use of ultrasound for the targeted stimulation of blood vessel growth via drug and gene delivery have been performed and published over the years. In this review article, we first discuss the basic principles of therapeutic ultrasound for stimulating angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. We then follow this with a comprehensive cataloging of studies that have used ultrasound for stimulating revascularization to date. Finally, we offer a brief perspective on the future of such approaches, in the context of both further research development and possible clinical translation.
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24
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Abstract
The ability to generate new microvessels in desired numbers and at desired locations has been a long-sought goal in vascular medicine, engineering, and biology. Historically, the need to revascularize ischemic tissues nonsurgically (so-called therapeutic vascularization) served as the main driving force for the development of new methods of vascular growth. More recently, vascularization of engineered tissues and the generation of vascularized microphysiological systems have provided additional targets for these methods, and have required adaptation of therapeutic vascularization to biomaterial scaffolds and to microscale devices. Three complementary strategies have been investigated to engineer microvasculature: angiogenesis (the sprouting of existing vessels), vasculogenesis (the coalescence of adult or progenitor cells into vessels), and microfluidics (the vascularization of scaffolds that possess the open geometry of microvascular networks). Over the past several decades, vascularization techniques have grown tremendously in sophistication, from the crude implantation of arteries into myocardial tunnels by Vineberg in the 1940s, to the current use of micropatterning techniques to control the exact shape and placement of vessels within a scaffold. This review provides a broad historical view of methods to engineer the microvasculature, and offers a common framework for organizing and analyzing the numerous studies in this area of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1155-1212, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Egners A, Rezaei M, Kuzmanov A, Poitz DM, Streichert D, Müller-Reichert T, Wielockx B, Breier G. PHD3 Acts as Tumor Suppressor in Mouse Osteosarcoma and Influences Tumor Vascularization via PDGF-C Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120496. [PMID: 30563292 PMCID: PMC6316346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell proliferation and insufficient blood supply can lead to the development of hypoxic areas in the tumor tissue. The adaptation to the hypoxic environment is mediated by a transcriptional complex called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). HIF protein levels are tightly controlled by oxygen-dependent prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHDs). However, the precise roles of these enzymes in tumor progression and their downstream signaling pathways are not fully characterized. Here, we study PHD3 function in murine experimental osteosarcoma. Unexpectedly, PHD3 silencing in LM8 cells affects neither HIF-1α protein levels, nor the expression of various HIF-1 target genes. Subcutaneous injection of PHD3-silenced tumor cells accelerated tumor progression and was accompanied by dramatic phenotypic changes in the tumor vasculature. Blood vessels in advanced PHD3-silenced tumors were enlarged whereas their density was greatly reduced. Examination of the molecular pathways underlying these alterations revealed that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C signaling is activated in the vasculature of PHD3-deficient tumors. Silencing of PDGF-C depleted tumor growth, increased vessel density and reduced vessel size. Our data show that PHD3 controls tumor growth and vessel architecture in LM8 osteosarcoma by regulating the PDGF-C pathway, and support the hypothesis that different members of the PHD family exert unique functions in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Egners
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Aleksandar Kuzmanov
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - David M Poitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Doreen Streichert
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Georg Breier
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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26
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Lu W, Li X. PDGFs and their receptors in vascular stem/progenitor cells: Functions and therapeutic potential in retinal vasculopathy. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Li H, Zeitelhofer M, Nilsson I, Liu X, Allan L, Gloria B, Perani A, Murone C, Catimel B, Neville AM, Scott FE, Scott AM, Eriksson U. Development of monoclonal anti-PDGF-CC antibodies as tools for investigating human tissue expression and for blocking PDGF-CC induced PDGFRα signalling in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201089. [PMID: 30052660 PMCID: PMC6063412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PDGF-CC is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family that stimulates PDGFRα phosphorylation and thereby activates intracellular signalling events essential for development but also in cancer, fibrosis and neuropathologies involving blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. In order to elucidate the biological and pathological role(s) of PDGF-CC signalling, we have generated high affinity neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing human PDGF-CC. We determined the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the selected clones, and mapped the binding epitope for clone 6B3. Using the monoclonal 6B3, we determined the expression pattern for PDGF-CC in different human primary tumours and control tissues, and explored its ability to neutralize PDGF-CC-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRα. In addition, we showed that PDGF-CC induced disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) was significantly reduced upon intraperitoneal administration of a chimeric anti-PDGF-CC antibody. In summary, we report on high affinity monoclonal antibodies against PDGF-CC that have therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Zeitelhofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xicong Liu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Allan
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Gloria
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angelo Perani
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmel Murone
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A. Munro Neville
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fiona E. Scott
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Scott
- Ludwig institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Austin Branch, Melbourne, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Zheng L, Zhao C, Du Y, Lin X, Jiang Y, Lee C, Tian G, Mi J, Li X, Chen Q, Ye Z, Huang L, Wang S, Ren X, Xing L, Chen W, Huang D, Gao Z, Zhang S, Lu W, Tang Z, Wang B, Ju R, Li X. PDGF-CC underlies resistance to VEGF-A inhibition and combinatorial targeting of both suppresses pathological angiogenesis more efficiently. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77902-77915. [PMID: 27788490 PMCID: PMC5363630 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-VEGF-A therapy has proven to be effective for many neovascular diseases. However, drug resistance to anti-VEGF-A treatment can develop. Also, not all patients with neovascular diseases are responsive to anti-VEGF-A treatment. The mechanisms underlying these important issues remain unclear. In this study, using different model systems, we found that inhibition of VEGF-A directly upregulated PDGF-CC and its receptors in multiple cell types in pathological angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we further revealed that combinatorial targeting of VEGF-A and PDGF-CC suppressed pathological angiogenesis more efficiently than monotherapy. Given the potent angiogenic activity of PDGF-CC, our findings suggest that the development of resistance to anti-VEGF-A treatment may be caused by the compensatory upregulation of PDGF-CC, and combined inhibition of VEGF-A and PDGF-CC may have therapeutic advantages in treating neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xianchai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yida Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Geng Tian
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P. R. China
| | - Jia Mi
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P. R. China
| | - Xianglin Li
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P. R. China
| | - Qishan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Liying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Delong Huang
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053 P. R. China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P. R. China
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Zhongshu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Medical Imaging Institute, Shandong Province Characteristical Key Subject, Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003 P. R. China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xuri Li
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
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29
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Lu W, Li X. Vascular stem/progenitor cells: functions and signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:859-869. [PMID: 28956069 PMCID: PMC11105279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular stem/progenitor cells (VSCs) are an important source of all types of vascular cells needed to build, maintain, repair, and remodel blood vessels. VSCs, therefore, play critical roles in the development, normal physiology, and pathophysiology of numerous diseases. There are four major types of VSCs, including endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs), pericytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). VSCs can be found in bone marrow, circulating blood, vessel walls, and other extravascular tissues. During the past two decades, considerable progress has been achieved in the understanding of the derivation, surface markers, and differentiation of VSCs. Yet, the mechanisms regulating their functions and maintenance under normal and pathological conditions, such as in eye diseases, remain to be further elucidated. Owing to the essential roles of blood vessels in human tissues and organs, understanding the functional properties and the underlying molecular basis of VSCs is of critical importance for both basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisi Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuri Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Folestad E, Kunath A, Wågsäter D. PDGF-C and PDGF-D signaling in vascular diseases and animal models. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:1-11. [PMID: 29410092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family are well known to be involved in different pathological conditions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms induced by the PDGF signaling have been well studied. Nevertheless, there is much more to discover about their functions and some important questions to be answered. This review summarizes the known roles of two of the PDGFs, PDGF-C and PDGF-D, in vascular diseases. There are clear implications for these growth factors in several vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and stroke. The PDGF receptors are broadly expressed in the cardiovascular system in cells such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Altered expression of the receptors and the ligands have been found in various cardiovascular diseases and current studies have shown important implications of PDGF-C and PDGF-D signaling in fibrosis, neovascularization, atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Folestad
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Kunath
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Dick Wågsäter
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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31
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Sil S, Periyasamy P, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Buch S. PDGF/PDGFR axis in the neural systems. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:63-74. [PMID: 29409855 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) are expressed in several cell types including the brain cells such as neuronal progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Emerging evidence shows that PDGF-mediated signaling regulates diverse functions in the central nervous system (CNS) such as neurogenesis, cell survival, synaptogenesis, modulation of ligand-gated ion channels, and development of specific types of neurons. Interestingly, PDGF/PDFGR signaling can elicit paradoxical roles in the CNS, depending on the cell type and the activation stimuli and is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the role of PDGFs/PDGFRs in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain cancer, cerebral ischemia, HIV-1 and drug abuse. Understanding PDGF/PDGFR signaling may lead to novel approaches for the future development of therapeutic strategies for combating CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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32
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Park J, Kim S, Joh J, Remick SC, Miller DM, Yan J, Kanaan Z, Chao JH, Krem MM, Basu SK, Hagiwara S, Kenner L, Moriggl R, Bunting KD, Tse W. MLLT11/AF1q boosts oncogenic STAT3 activity through Src-PDGFR tyrosine kinase signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:43960-43973. [PMID: 27259262 PMCID: PMC5190071 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive STAT3 activation by tyrosine phosphorylation of mutated or amplified tyrosine kinases (pYSTAT3) is critical for cancer initiation, progression, invasion, and motility of carcinoma cells. We showed that AF1q is associated with STAT3 signaling in breast cancer cells. In xenograft models, enhanced AF1q expression activated STAT3 and promoted tumor growth and metastasis in immunodeficient NSG mice. The cytokine secretory phenotype of MDA-MB-231LN breast cancer cells with altered AF1q expression revealed changes in expression of platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-B). AF1q-induced PDGF-B stimulated motility, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231LN cells, and AF1q up-regulated platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling. Further, AF1q-induced PDGFR signaling enhanced STAT3 activity through Src kinase activation, which could be blocked by the Src kinase inhibitor PP1. Moreover, AF1q up-regulated tyrosine kinase signaling through PDGFR signaling, which was blockable by imatinib. In conclusion, we demonstrated that enhanced AF1q expression contributes to persistent and oncogenic pYSTAT3 levels in invasive carcinoma cells by activating Src kinase through activation of the PDGF-B/PDGFR cascade. Therefore, AF1q plays an essential role as a cofactor in PDGF-B-driven STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino Park
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Soojin Kim
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joongho Joh
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Scot C Remick
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Donald M Miller
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zeyad Kanaan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ju-Hsien Chao
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maxwell M Krem
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Soumit K Basu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shotaro Hagiwara
- Division of Hematology, Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals (UPLA), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin D Bunting
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Tse
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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33
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Platelet-derived growth factor-C and -D in the cardiovascular system and diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 62:12-21. [PMID: 28965749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is among the first organs formed during development and is pivotal for the formation and function of the rest of the organs and tissues. Therefore, the function and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system are finely regulated by many important molecules. Extensive studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors are critical regulators of the cardiovascular system. Even though PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family, their critical roles in the cardiovascular system as angiogenic and survival factors have been amply demonstrated. Understanding the functions of PDGF-C and PDGF-D and the signaling pathways involved may provide novel insights into both basic biomedical research and new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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34
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Bianconi V, Sahebkar A, Kovanen P, Bagaglia F, Ricciuti B, Calabrò P, Patti G, Pirro M. Endothelial and cardiac progenitor cells for cardiovascular repair: A controversial paradigm in cell therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:156-168. [PMID: 28827151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into cardiovascular cell lineages and to stimulate tissue regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine manner; thus, they have been extensively studied as candidate cell sources for cardiovascular regeneration. Several preclinical and clinical studies addressing the therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in cardiovascular diseases have been performed. For instance, autologous EPC transplantation and EPC mobilization through pharmacological agents contributed to vascular repair and neovascularization in different animal models of limb ischemia and myocardial infarction. Also, CPC administration and in situ stimulation of resident CPCs have been shown to improve myocardial survival and function in experimental models of ischemic heart disease. However, clinical studies using EPC- and CPC-based therapeutic approaches have produced mixed results. In this regard, intracoronary, intra-myocardial or intramuscular injection of either bone marrow-derived or peripheral blood progenitor cells has improved pathological features of tissue ischemia in humans, despite modest or no clinical benefit has been observed in most cases. Also, the intriguing scientific background surrounding the potential clinical applications of EPC capture stenting is still waiting for a confirmatory proof. Moreover, clinical findings on the efficacy of CPC-based cell therapy in heart diseases are still very preliminary and based on small-size studies. Despite promising evidence, widespread clinical application of both EPCs and CPCs remains delayed due to several unresolved issues. The present review provides a summary of the different applications of EPCs and CPCs for cardiovascular cell therapy and underlies their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Francesco Bagaglia
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Department of Medical Oncology, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Division of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Patti
- Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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35
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Parlato M, Molenda J, Murphy WL. Specific recruitment of circulating angiogenic cells using biomaterials as filters. Acta Biomater 2017; 56:65-79. [PMID: 28373084 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous recruitment of circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) is an emerging strategy to induce angiogenesis within a defect site, and multiple recent strategies have deployed soluble protein releasing biomaterials for this purpose. However, the way in which the design of biomaterials affects CAC recruitment and invasion are poorly understood. Here we used an enhanced-throughput cell invasion assay to systematically examine the effects of biomaterial design on CAC recruitment. The screens co-optimized hydrogel presentation of a stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) gradient, hydrogel degradability, and hydrogel stiffness for maximal CAC invasion. We also examined the specificity of this invasion by assessing dermal fibroblast, mesenchymal stem cell, and lymphocyte invasion individually and in co-culture with CACs to identify hydrogels specific to CAC invasion. These screens suggested a subset of MMP-degradable hydrogels presenting a specific range of SDF-1α gradient slopes that induced specific invasion of CACs, and we posit that the design parameters of this subset of hydrogels may serve as instructive templates for the future design of biomaterials to specifically recruit CACs. We also posit that this design concept may be applied more broadly in that it may be possible to utilize these specific subsets of biomaterials as "filters" to control which types of cell populations invade into and populate the biomaterial. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The recruitment of specific cell types for cell-based therapies in vivo is of great interest to the regenerative medicine community. Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), CD133+ cells derived from the blood stream, are of particular interest for induction of angiogenesis in ischemic tissues, and recent studies utilizing soluble-factor releasing biomaterials to recruit these cells in vivo show great promise. However, these studies are largely "proof of concept" and are not systematic in nature. Thus, little is currently known about how biomaterial design affects the recruitment of CACs. In the present work, we use a high throughput cell invasion screening platform to systematically examine the effects of biomaterial design on circulating angiogenic cell (CAC) recruitment, and we successfully screened 263 conditions at 3 replicates each. Our results identify a particular subset of conditions that robustly recruit CACs. Additionally, we found that these conditions also specifically recruited CACs and excluded the other tested cells types of dermal fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and lymphocytes. This suggests an intriguing new role for biomaterials as "filters" to control the types of cells that invade and populate that biomaterial.
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36
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Ding DC, Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Li H. The Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Ischemic Cerebral and Heart Diseases. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:273-84. [PMID: 17503738 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart and cerebral diseases are complex clinical syndromes. Endothelial dysfunction caused by dysfunctional endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is thought to play a major role in pathophysiology of both types of disease. Healthy EPCs may be able to replace the dysfunctional endothelium through endogenous repair mechanisms. EPC levels are changed in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease and EPCs may play a role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. EPCs are also a marker for preventive and therapeutic interventions. Homing of EPCs to ischemic sites is a mechanism of ischemic tissue repair, and molecules such as stromal-derived factor-1 and integrin may play a role in EPC homing in ischemic disease. Potentiation of the function and numbers of EPCs as well as combining EPCs with other pharmaceutical agents may improve the condition of ischemia patients. However, the precise role of EPCs in ischemic heart and cerebral disease and their therapeutic potential still remain to be explored. Here, we discuss the identification, mobilization, and clinical implications of EPCs in ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Ching Ding
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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37
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Al-Kattan R, Retzepi M, Calciolari E, Donos N. Microarray gene expression during early healing of GBR-treated calvarial critical size defects. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:1248-1257. [PMID: 27616585 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the gene expression and molecular pathways implicated in the regulation of the osseous healing process following guided bone regeneration (GBR). MATERIAL AND METHODS Six 6-month-old Wistar male rats were used. Standardized 5-mm critical size defects were created in the parietal bones of each animal and treated with an extracranial and intracranial ePTFE membrane, according to the GBR principle. Three animals were randomly sacrificed after 7 and 15 days of healing. Total RNA was extracted from each sample and prepared for gene expression analysis. RNA quality and quantity were assessed, followed by hybridization of the cRNA to Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Genome 230 2.0 Arrays. The Affymetrix data were processed, and first-order analysis, quality control and statistical analysis were performed. Biological interpretation was performed via pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. RESULTS Between the 7- and 15-day samples, 538 genes were differently regulated. At day 7, inflammatory and immune responses were clearly upregulated. In addition, GO terms related to angiogenesis and cell cycle regulation were overexpressed. At day 15, a more complex cellular activity and cell metabolism were evident. The bone formation processes were significantly overexpressed, with several genes encoding growth factors, enzyme activity, and extracellular matrix formation found as upregulated. Remarkably, a negative regulation of Wnt signalling pathway was observed at 15 days. DISCUSSION The gene expression profile of the cells participating in osseous formation varied depending on the healing stage. A number of candidate genes that seem differentially expressed during early stages of intramembranous bone regeneration was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Al-Kattan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - E Calciolari
- Department of Periodontology, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK.,Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK
| | - N Donos
- Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK
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38
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Endothelial progenitor cells accelerate the resolution of deep vein thrombosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 83:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Del Amo C, Borau C, Gutiérrez R, Asín J, García-Aznar JM. Quantification of angiogenic sprouting under different growth factors in a microfluidic platform. J Biomech 2016; 49:1340-1346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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40
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PDGFRα plays a crucial role in connective tissue remodeling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17948. [PMID: 26639755 PMCID: PMC4671150 DOI: 10.1038/srep17948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) plays a pivotal role in the remodeling of connective tissues. Emerging data indicate the distinctive role of PDGF receptor-α (PDGFRα) in this process. In the present study, the Pdgfra gene was systemically inactivated in adult mouse (α-KO mouse), and the role of PDGFRα was examined in the subcutaneously implanted sponge matrices. PDGFRα expressed in the fibroblasts of Pdgfra-preserving control mice (Flox mice), was significantly reduced in the sponges in α-KO mice. Neovascularized areas were largely suppressed in the α-KO mice than in the Flox mice, whereas the other parameters related to the blood vessels and endothelial cells were similar. The deposition of collagen and fibronectin and the expression of collagen 1a1 and 3a1 genes were significantly reduced in α-KO mice. There was a significantly decrease in the number and dividing fibroblasts in the α-KO mice, and those of macrophages were similar between the two genotypes. Hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf) gene expression was suppressed in Pdgfra-inactivated fibroblasts and connective tissue. The findings implicate the role of PDGFRα-dependent ECM and HGF production in fibroblasts that promotes the remodeling of connective tissue and suggest that PDGFRα may be a relevant target to regulate connective tissue remodeling.
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41
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Hu J, Wang Y, Jiao J, Liu Z, Zhao C, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Forde K, Wang L, Wang J, Baylink DJ, Zhang XB, Gao S, Yang B, Chen YE, Ma PX. Patient-specific cardiovascular progenitor cells derived from integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells for vascular tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2015; 73:51-9. [PMID: 26398309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) are promising in regenerating a live vascular replacement. However, the vascular cell source is limited, and it is crucial to develop a scaffold that accommodates new type of vascular progenitor cells and facilitates in vivo lineage specification of the cells into functional vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to regenerate vascular tissue. In the present study, integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were established from patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells through episomal vector nucleofection of reprogramming factors. The established hiPSCs were then induced into mesoderm-originated cardiovascular progenitor cells (CVPCs) with a highly efficient directed lineage specification method. The derived CVPCs were demonstrated to be able to differentiate into functional VSMCs. Subcutaneous implantation of CVPCs seeded on macroporous nanofibrous poly(l-lactide) scaffolds led to in vivo VSMC lineage specification and matrix deposition inside the scaffolds. In summary, we established integration-free patient-specific hiPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, derived CVPCs through directed lineage specification, and developed an advanced scaffold for these progenitor cells to further differentiate in vivo into VSMCs and regenerate vascular tissue in a subcutaneous implantation model. This study has established an efficient patient-specific approach towards in vivo regeneration of vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongyu Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhongning Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhanpeng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kaitlynn Forde
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lunchang Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiangang Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospitial, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - David J Baylink
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Shaorong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Boor P, Bábíčková J, Steegh F, Hautvast P, Martin IV, Djudjaj S, Nakagawa T, Ehling J, Gremse F, Bücher E, Eriksson U, van Roeyen CR, Eitner F, Lammers T, Floege J, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Ostendorf T. Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-CC in Capillary Rarefaction in Renal Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Koizumi T, Kaneda H, Yamasaki T, Tamaki T, Kikutani T, Muramatsu T, Sano K, Komiyama N, Nishimura S. Impact of platelet-derived growth factor-BB on ischemic myocardial injury after thrombus aspiration for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2015; 182:109-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Moriya J, Ferrara N. Inhibition of protein kinase C enhances angiogenesis induced by platelet-derived growth factor C in hyperglycemic endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:19. [PMID: 25849290 PMCID: PMC4334399 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases with impaired angiogenesis. We have previously shown that platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) and its receptor, PDGF receptor α (PDGFR-α) were downregulated in ischemic limbs of diabetic mice, although the underlying mechanisms remained elusive. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases and is known to be involved in angiogenesis. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the mechanisms of how PDGF-C/PDGFR-α axis is impaired in diabetes. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) cultured in normoglycemic or hyperglycemic conditions were examined. We also examined the effects of PKC inhibition on the PDGF-C/PDGFR-α axis in endothelial cells exposed to hyperglycemia. Results Hyperglycemia inhibited proliferation and decreased viability of both HUVECs and HMVECs. Hyperglycemic endothelial cells exhibited decreased PDGFR-α expression both at messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels, while there was no significant change in expression of PDGF-C. We also found that expression of PKC-α, one of the PKC isoforms, was increased in hyperglycemic endothelial cells and that inhibition of PKC upregulated PDGFR-α expression in these cells. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt induced by PDGF-C was significantly attenuated in hyperglycemic endothelial cells, whereas inhibition of PKC effectively reversed these inhibitory effects. Moreover, inhibition of PKC also promoted angiogenesis induced by PDGF-C in hyperglycemic endothelial cells, which was not observed in vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)-induced angiogenesis. Conclusions These findings suggest that downregulation of the PDGF-C/PDGFR-α axis is involved in impaired angiogenesis of hyperglycemia through upregulation of PKC. Targeting PKC to restore PDGF-C signaling might be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of vascular complications in diabetes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0180-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kamińska K, Szczylik C, Bielecka ZF, Bartnik E, Porta C, Lian F, Czarnecka AM. The role of the cell-cell interactions in cancer progression. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:283-96. [PMID: 25598217 PMCID: PMC4407603 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of cancer research, scientific investigations are based on analysing differences in the secretome, the proteome, the transcriptome, the expression of cell surface molecules, and the deregulation of signal transduction pathways between neoplastic and normal cells. Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role in carcinogenesis concerning not only stromal cells but also normal cells from target organs and tissue where tumours emerge. The tumour microenvironment (TME) definitively plays an important role in regulating neighbouring cell behaviour. To date, limited attention has been focused upon interactions between cancer cells and normal cells. This review concentrates on the interactions between stromal and healthy cells from the TME in cancer development. In the article, the authors also describe mutations, genes and proteins expression pattern that are involved in tumour development in target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Fons P, Gueguen-Dorbes G, Herault JP, Geronimi F, Tuyaret J, Frédérique D, Schaeffer P, Volle-Challier C, Herbert JM, Bono F. Tumor vasculature is regulated by FGF/FGFR signaling-mediated angiogenesis and bone marrow-derived cell recruitment: this mechanism is inhibited by SSR128129E, the first allosteric antagonist of FGFRs. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:43-51. [PMID: 24760775 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is accompanied by vasculogenesis, which is involved in the differentiation and mobilization of human bone marrow cells. In order to further characterize the role of vasculogenesis in the tumor growth process, the effects of FGF2 on the differentiation of human bone marrow AC133(+) cells (BM-AC133(+)) into vascular precursors were studied in vitro. FGF2, like VEGFA, induced progenitor cell differentiation into cell types with endothelial cell characteristics. SSR128129E, a newly discovered specific FGFR antagonist acting by allosteric interaction with FGFR, abrogated FGF2-induced endothelial cell differentiation, showing that FGFR signaling is essential during this process. To assess the involvement of the FGF/FRGR signaling in vivo, the pre-clinical model of Lewis lung carcinoma (LL2) in mice was used. Subcutaneous injection of LL2 cells into mice induced an increase of circulating EPCs from peripheral blood associated with tumor growth and an increase of intra-tumoral vascular index. Treatment with the FGFR antagonist SSR128129E strongly decreased LL2 tumor growth as well as the intra-tumoral vascular index (41% and 50% decrease vs. vehicle-treated mice respectively, P < 0.01). Interestingly, SSR128129E treatment significantly decreased the number of circulating EPCs from the peripheral blood (53% inhibition vs. vehicle-treated mice, P < 0.01). These results demonstrate for the first time that the blockade of the FGF/FGFR pathway by SSR128129E reduces EPC recruitment during angiogenesis-dependent tumor growth. In this context, circulating EPCs could be a reliable surrogate marker for tumor growth and angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Fons
- Sanofi Recherche and Développement, Toulouse, France
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47
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Vasoprotective effect of PDGF-CC mediated by HMOX1 rescues retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14806-11. [PMID: 25267616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404140111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel degeneration is critically involved in nearly all types of degenerative diseases. Therefore strategies to enhance blood vessel protection and survival are highly needed. In this study, using different animal models and cultured cells, we show that PDGF-CC is a potent vascular protective and survival factor. PDGF-CC deficiency by genetic deletion exacerbated blood vessel regression/degeneration in various animal models. Importantly, treatment with PDGF-CC protein not only increased the survival of retinal blood vessels in a model of oxygen-induced blood vessel regression but also markedly rescued retinal and blood vessel degeneration in a disease model of retinitis pigmentosa. Mechanistically, we revealed that heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) activity is critically required for the vascular protective/survival effect of PDGF-CC, because blockade of HMOX1 completely abolished the protective effect of PDGF-CC in vitro and in vivo. We further found that both PDGF receptors, PDGFR-β and PDGFR-α, are required for the vasoprotective effect of PDGF-CC. Thus our data show that PDGF-CC plays a pivotal role in maintaining blood vessel survival and may be of therapeutic value in treating various types of degenerative diseases.
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Wang Y, Hu J, Jiao J, Liu Z, Zhou Z, Zhao C, Chang LJ, Chen YE, Ma PX, Yang B. Engineering vascular tissue with functional smooth muscle cells derived from human iPS cells and nanofibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8960-9. [PMID: 25085858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) are promising in the replacement of diseased vascular tissues. However, it remains a great challenge to obtain a sufficient number of functional smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in a clinical setting to construct patient-specific TEBVs. In addition, it is critical to develop a scaffold to accommodate these cells and retain their functional phenotype for the regeneration of TEBVs. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were established from primary human aortic fibroblasts, and characterized with the pluripotency markers expression and cells' capabilities to differentiate into all three germ layer cells. A highly efficient method was then developed to induce these human iPSCs into proliferative SMCs. After multiple times of expansion, the expanded SMCs retained the potential to be induced into the functional contractile phenotype of mature SMCs, which was characterized by the contractile response to carbachol treatment, up-regulation of specific collagen genes under transforming growth factor β1 treatment, and up-regulation of specific matrix metalloproteinase genes under cytokine stimulation. We also developed an advanced macroporous and nanofibrous (NF) poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffold with suitable pore size and interpore connectivity to seed these human iPSC-derived SMCs and maintain their differentiated phenotype. Subcutaneous implantation of the SMC-scaffold construct in nude mice demonstrated vascular tissue formation, with robust collagenous matrix deposition inside the scaffold and the maintenance of differentiated SMC phenotype. Taken together, this study established an exciting approach towards the construction of patient-specific TEBVs. We established patient-specific human iPSCs, derived proliferative SMCs for expansion, turned on their mature contractile SMC phenotype, and developed an advanced scaffold for these cells to regenerate vascular tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhongning Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Raz O, Lev DL, Battler A, Lev EI. Pathways mediating the interaction between endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and platelets. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95156. [PMID: 24901498 PMCID: PMC4046960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have an important role in the process of vascular injury repair. Platelets have been shown to mediate EPC recruitment, maturation and differentiation. Yet, the mechanism underlying this interaction is unclear. We, therefore, aimed to examine whether direct contact between platelets and EPCs is essential for the positive platelets-EPC effect, and to investigate the main mediators responsible for the improvement in EPCs function. Methods Human EPCs were isolated from donated buffy coats and cultured in either: 1. EPCs co-incubated with platelets placed in a 1 µm-Boyden chamber. 2. EPCs incubated with or without platelets in the presence or absence of bFGF/PDGF Receptor inhibitor (PDGFRI). After 7 days culture, EPCs ability to form colonies, proliferate and differentiate was examined. Culture supernatants were collected and growth factors levels were evaluated using ELISA. Growth factors mRNA levels in EPCs were evaluated using RT-PCR. Results and Conclusions After 7 days culture, EPCs functional properties were higher following co-incubation with platelets (directly or indirectly), implying that direct contact is not essential for the platelet’s positive effect on EPCs. This effect was reduced by PDGFRI inhibition. Additionally, higher levels of PDGFB in EPCs-platelets supernatant and higher levels of PDGFC mRNA in EPCs co-incubated with platelets were found. In contrast, FGF and other potential mediators that were examined and inhibited did not significantly affect the interaction between platelets and EPCs. Thus, we conclude that PDGF has a central role in the interaction between platelets and EPCs. Further study is required to examine additional aspects of EPC-platelets interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Raz
- Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Jabotinsky St, Petah- Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Dorit L. Lev
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Institute, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Jabotinsky St, Petah- Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Eli I. Lev
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Institute, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Jabotinsky St, Petah- Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Wang Y, Abu-Asab MS, Yu CR, Tang Z, Shen D, Tuo J, Li X, Chan CC. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C inhibits neuroretinal apoptosis in a murine model of focal retinal degeneration. J Transl Med 2014; 94:674-82. [PMID: 24709779 PMCID: PMC4039574 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C is a member of the PDGF family and is critical for neuronal survival in the central nervous system. We studied the possible survival and antiapoptotic effects of PDGF-C on focal retinal lesions in Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) on C57BL/6N [Crb1(rd8)] (DKO rd8) background mice, a model for progressive and focal retinal degeneration. We found no difference in transcript and protein expression of PDGF-C in the retina between DKO rd8 mice and wild type (WT, C57BL/6N). Recombinant PDGF-CC protein (500 ng/eye) was injected intravitreally into the right eye of DKO rd8 mice with phosphate-buffered saline as controls into the left eye. The retinal effects of PDGF-C were assessed by fundoscopy, ocular histopathology, A2E levels, apoptotic molecule analysis, and direct flat mount retinal vascular labeling. We found that the PDGF-CC-treated eyes showed slower progression or attenuation of the focal retinal lesions, lesser photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial degeneration resulting in better-preserved photoreceptor structure. Lower expression of apoptotic molecules was detected in the PDGF-CC-treated eyes than in controls. In addition, no retinal neovascularization was observed after PDGF-CC treatment. Our results demonstrate that PDGF-C potently ameliorates photoreceptor degeneration via the suppression of apoptotic pathways without inducing retinal angiogenesis. The protective effects of PDGF-C suggest a novel alternative approach for potential age-related retinal degeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Mones S. Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhongshu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Defen Shen
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jingsheng Tuo
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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