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Alajoleen RM, Oakland DN, Estaleen R, Shakeri A, Lu R, Appiah M, Sun S, Neumann J, Kawauchi S, Cecere TE, McMillan RP, Reilly CM, Luo XM. Tlr5 deficiency exacerbates lupus-like disease in the MRL/ lpr mouse model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359534. [PMID: 38352866 PMCID: PMC10862078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leaky gut has been linked to autoimmune disorders including lupus. We previously reported upregulation of anti-flagellin antibodies in the blood of lupus patients and lupus-prone mice, which led to our hypothesis that a leaky gut drives lupus through bacterial flagellin-mediated activation of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Methods We created MRL/lpr mice with global Tlr5 deletion through CRISPR/Cas9 and investigated lupus-like disease in these mice. Result Contrary to our hypothesis that the deletion of Tlr5 would attenuate lupus, our results showed exacerbation of lupus with Tlr5 deficiency in female MRL/lpr mice. Remarkably higher levels of proteinuria were observed in Tlr5 -/- MRL/lpr mice suggesting aggravated glomerulonephritis. Histopathological analysis confirmed this result, and Tlr5 deletion significantly increased the deposition of IgG and complement C3 in the glomeruli. In addition, Tlr5 deficiency significantly increased renal infiltration of Th17 and activated cDC1 cells. Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy were also aggravated in Tlr5-/- MRL/lpr mice suggesting impact on lymphoproliferation. In the spleen, significant decreased frequencies of regulatory lymphocytes and increased germinal centers were observed with Tlr5 deletion. Notably, Tlr5 deficiency did not change host metabolism or the existing leaky gut; however, it significantly reshaped the fecal microbiota. Conclusion Global deletion of Tlr5 exacerbates lupus-like disease in MRL/lpr mice. Future studies will elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which Tlr5 deficiency modulates host-microbiota interactions to exacerbate lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan M. Alajoleen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - David N. Oakland
- Graduate Program of Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Rana Estaleen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Aida Shakeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michael Appiah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sha Sun
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Neumann
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ryan P. McMillan
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Wang B, Chen C, Liu X, Zhou S, Xu T, Wu M. The effect of combining PD-1 agonist and low-dose Interleukin-2 on treating systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111005. [PMID: 36969198 PMCID: PMC10030866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease involving multiple organs. It is often called "immortal cancer" due to the difficulties in disease treatment. As the cornerstone of immune regulation, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has been extensively studied in the context of chronic inflammation due to its ability of regulating immune response and immunosuppression. Recently, more and more studies on rheumatic immune related complications have also focused on PD-1 and proposed that the use of PD-1 agonist could inhibit the activation of lymphocytes and alleviate SLE disease activity. In this review, we summarized the role of PD-1 in SLE, implicating its potential application as a biomarker to predict SLE disease activity; we also proposed that the combination of PD-1 agonist and low-dose IL-2 may have better therapeutic efficacy, shining light on a new direction for developing specific treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Ting Xu, ; Min Wu,
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Ting Xu, ; Min Wu,
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3
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Velounias RL, Tull TJ. Human B-cell subset identification and changes in inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:201-216. [PMID: 36617261 PMCID: PMC9985170 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the B-cell subsets found in human blood and their functional significance has advanced greatly in the past decade. This has been aided by the evolution of high dimensional phenotypic tools such as mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing which have revealed heterogeneity in populations that were previously considered homogenous. Despite this, there is still uncertainty and variation between studies as to how B-cell subsets are identified and named. This review will focus on the most commonly encountered subsets of B cells in human blood and will describe gating strategies for their identification by flow and mass cytometry. Important changes to population frequencies and function in common inflammatory and autoimmune diseases will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Velounias
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Tull
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital Campus, London, UK
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4
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FitzPatrick AM. Is Estrogen a Missing Culprit in Thyroid Eye Disease? Sex Steroid Hormone Homeostasis Is Key to Other Fibrogenic Autoimmune Diseases - Why Not This One? Front Immunol 2022; 13:898138. [PMID: 35784325 PMCID: PMC9248759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex bias in autoimmune disease (AID) prevalence is known, but the role of estrogen in disease progression is more complex. Estrogen can even be protective in some AIDs; but in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic sclerosis (SSc), estrogen, its metabolites, and its receptors have been demonstrated to play critical, localized inflammatory roles. Estrogen is instrumental to the fibrosis seen in RA, SLE, SSc and other disease states, including breast cancer and uterine leiomyomas. Fibrotic diseases tend to share a common pattern in which lymphocyte-monocyte interactions generate cytokines which stimulate the deposition of fibrogenic connective tissue. RA, SLE, SSc and thyroid eye disease (TED) have very similar inflammatory and fibrotic patterns-from pathways to tissue type. The thorough investigations that demonstrated estrogen's role in the pathology of RA, SLE, and SSc could, and possibly should, be carried out in TED. One might even expect to find an even greater role for estrogen, and sex steroid homeostasis in TED, given that TED is typically sequalae to Graves' disease (GD), or Hashimoto's disease (HD), and these are endocrine disorders that can create considerable sex steroid hormone dysregulation. This paper highlights the pathophysiology similarities in 4 AIDs, examines the evidence of sex steroid mediated pathology across 3 AIDs and offers a case study and speculation on how this may be germane to TED.
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Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Anti-CD4 Autoantibody Levels in HIV Associate with Neuroinflammation. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0197521. [PMID: 34985329 PMCID: PMC8729763 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01975-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of persistent central nervous system (CNS) inflammation in people with HIV (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) are not fully understood. We have recently shown that plasma anti-CD4 IgGs contribute to poor CD4+ T cell recovery during suppressive ART via antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CD4+ T cells, and that plasma anti-CD4 IgG levels are associated with worse cognitive performance and specific brain area atrophy. However, the role of anti-CD4 IgGs in neuroinflammation remains unclear. In the current study, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 31 ART-naive and 26 treated, virologically suppressed PWH, along with 16 HIV-seronegative controls, were evaluated for CSF levels of anti-CD4 IgG, white blood cell (WBC) counts, soluble biomarkers of neuroinflammation, and neurofilament light chain (NfL). We found that 37% of the PWH exhibited elevated CSF anti-CD4 IgG levels, but few or none of the PWH were observed with elevated CSF anti-CD4 IgM, anti-CD8 IgG, or anti-double-strand DNA IgG. CSF anti-CD4 IgG levels in PWH were directly correlated with neuroinflammation (WBC counts, neopterin, and markers of myeloid cell activation), but not with CSF NfL levels. Using cells from one immune nonresponder to ART, we generated a pathogenic anti-CD4 monoclonal IgG (JF19) presenting with ADCC activity; JF19 induced the production of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages via CD4 binding in vitro. This study demonstrates for the first time that elevated CSF anti-CD4 IgG levels present in a subgroup of PWH which may play a role in neuroinflammation in HIV. IMPORTANCE This study reports that an autoantibody presents in the CNS of HIV patients and that its levels in the CSF correlate with some markers of neuroinflammation.
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6
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Atisha-Fregoso Y, Toz B, Diamond B. Meant to B: B cells as a therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:149095. [PMID: 34128474 PMCID: PMC8203443 DOI: 10.1172/jci149095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They are mediators of inflammation through the production of pathogenic antibodies that augment inflammation and cause direct tissue and cell damage. Multiple therapeutic agents targeting B cells have been successfully used in mouse models of SLE; however, these preclinical studies have led to approval of only one new agent to treat patients with SLE: belimumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B cell-activating factor (BAFF). Integrating the experience acquired from previous clinical trials with the knowledge generated by new studies about mechanisms of B cell contributions to SLE in specific groups of patients is critical to the development of new treatment strategies that will help to improve outcomes in patients with SLE. In particular, a sharper focus on B cell differentiation to plasma cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Bahtiyar Toz
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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7
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Dörner T, Szelinski F, Lino AC, Lipsky PE. Therapeutic implications of the anergic/postactivated status of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. RMD Open 2021; 6:rmdopen-2020-001258. [PMID: 32675278 PMCID: PMC7425190 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by numerous abnormalities in B lineage cells, including increased CD27++ plasmablasts/plasma cells, atypical CD27-IgD- B cells with increased CD95, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)++, CXCR5- and CXCR5+ subsets and anergic CD11c+Tbet+ age-associated B cells. Most findings, together with preclinical lupus models, support the concept of B cell hyperactivity in SLE. However, it remains largely unknown whether these specific B cell subsets have pathogenic consequences and whether they provide relevant therapeutic targets. Recent findings indicate a global distortion of B cell functional capability, in which the entire repertoire of naïve and memory B cells in SLE exhibits an anergic or postactivated (APA) functional phenotype. The APA status of SLE B cells has some similarities to the functional derangement of lupus T cells. APA B cells are characterised by reduced global cytokine production, diminished B cell receptor (BCR) signalling with decreased Syk and Bruton's tyrosine kinase phosphorylation related to repeated in vivo BCR stimulation as well as hyporesponsiveness to toll-like receptor 9 engagement, but intact CD40 signalling. This APA status was related to constitutive co-localisation of CD22 linked to phosphatase SHP-1 and increased overall protein phosphatase activities. Notably, CD40 co-stimulation could revert this APA status and restore BCR signalling, downregulate protein tyrosine phosphatase transcription and promote B cell proliferation and differentiation. The APA status and their potential rescue by bystander help conveyed through CD40 stimulation not only provides insights into possible mechanisms of escape of autoreactive clones from negative selection but also into novel ways to target B cells therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreia C Lino
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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8
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B Cell Aberrance in Lupus: the Ringleader and the Solution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:301-323. [PMID: 33534064 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with high heterogeneity but the common characterization of numerous autoantibodies and systemic inflammation which lead to the damage of multiple organs. Aberrance of B cells plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of SLE via both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent manners. Escape of autoreactive B cells from the central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints, over-activation of B cells and their excessive cytokines release which drive T cells and dendritic cells stimulation, and dysregulated surface molecules, as well as intracellular signal pathways involved in B cell biology, are all contributing to B cell aberrance and participating in the pathogenesis of SLE. Based on that rationale, targeting aberrance of B cells and relevant molecules and pathways is expected to be a promising strategy for lupus control. Multiple approaches targeting B cells through different mechanisms have been attempted, including B-cell depletion via monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-specific molecules, blockade of B-cell survival and activation factors, suppressing T-B crosstalk by interrupting costimulatory molecules and inhibiting intracellular activation signaling cascade by targeting pathway molecules in B cells. Though most attempts ended in failure, the efficacy of B-cell targeting has been encouraged by the FDA approval of belimumab that blocks B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and the recommended use of anti-CD20 as a remedial therapy in refractory lupus. Still, quantities of clinical trials targeting B cells or relevant molecules are ongoing and some of them have displayed promising preliminary results. Additionally, advances in multi-omics studies help deepen our understandings of B cell biology in lupus and may promote the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. The combination of real-world data with basic research achievements may pave the road to conquering lupus.
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9
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Transcriptional Regulation of CD40 Expression by 4 Ribosomal Proteins via a Functional SNP on a Disease-Associated CD40 Locus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121526. [PMID: 33371207 PMCID: PMC7767238 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, using FREP-MS, we identified a protein complex including eight proteins that specifically bind to the functional SNP (fSNP) rs6032664 at a CD40 locus associated with autoimmune diseases. Among these eight proteins, four are ribosomal proteins RPL26, RPL4, RPL8, and RPS9 that normally make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of protein translation. So far, no publication has shown these ribosomal proteins function as transcriptional regulators. In this work, we demonstrate that four ribosomal proteins: RPL26, RPL4, RPL8, and RPS9 are bona fide CD40 transcriptional regulators via binding to rs6032664. In addition, we show that suppression of CD40 expression by RPL26 RNAi knockdown inactivates NF-κB p65 by dephosphorylation via NF-κB signaling pathway in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which further reduces the transcription of disease-associated risk genes such as STAT4, CD86, TRAF1 and ICAM1 as the direct targets of NF-κB p65. Based on these findings, a disease-associated risk gene transcriptional regulation network (TRN) is generated, in which decreased expression of, at least, RPL26 results in the downregulation of risk genes: STAT4, CD86, TRAF1 and ICAM1, as well as the two proinflammatory cytokines: IL1β and IL6 via CD40-induced NF-κB signaling. We believe that further characterization of this disease-associated TRN in the CD40-induced NF-κB signaling by identifying both the upstream and downstream regulators will potentially enable us to identify the best targets for drug development.
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10
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Tang T, Cheng X, Truong B, Sun L, Yang X, Wang H. Molecular basis and therapeutic implications of CD40/CD40L immune checkpoint. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107709. [PMID: 33091428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a soluble form generated by proteolytic cleavage or alternative splicing. CD40 and CD40L are widely expressed in various types of cells, among which B cells and myeloid cells constitutively express high levels of CD40, and T cells and platelets express high levels of CD40L upon activation. CD40L self-assembles into functional trimers which induce CD40 trimerization and downstream signaling. The canonical CD40/CD40L signaling is mediated by recruitment of TRAFs and NF-κB activation, which is supplemented by signal pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAPKs and JAK3/STATs. CD40/CD40L immune checkpoint leads to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells via two-way signaling. CD40/CD40L interaction also participates in regulating thrombosis, tissue inflammation, hematopoiesis and tumor cell fate. Because of its essential role in immune activation, CD40/CD40L interaction has been regarded as an attractive immunotherapy target. In recent years, significant advance has been made in CD40/CD40L-targeted therapy. Various types of agents, including agonistic/antagonistic monoclonal antibodies, cellular vaccines, adenoviral vectors and protein antagonist, have been developed and evaluated in early-stage clinical trials for treating malignancies, autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. In general, these agents have demonstrated favorable safety and some of them show promising clinical efficacy. The mechanisms of benefits include immune cell activation and tumor cell lysis/apoptosis in malignancies, or immune cell inactivation in autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, processing, cellular expression pattern, signaling and effector function of CD40/CD40L checkpoint molecules. In addition, we summarize the progress, targeted diseases and outcomes of current ongoing and completed clinical trials of CD40/CD40L-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Billy Truong
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - LiZhe Sun
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - XiaoFeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
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11
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Zhao R, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Li D, Huang C, Li F. In vivo Screen Identifies Zdhhc2 as a Critical Regulator of Germinal Center B Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1025. [PMID: 32587588 PMCID: PMC7297983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) B cell differentiation is critical for the production of affinity-matured pathogen-specific antibodies, the dysregulation of which may lead to humoral immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. The development of an in vivo screening system for factors regulating GC B cell differentiation has been a challenge. Here we describe a small-scale in vivo screening system with NP-specific B1-8hi cells and a retroviral shRNA library targeting 78 candidate genes to search for B cell-intrinsic factors that specifically regulate GC B cell differentiation. Zdhhc2, a gene encoding palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC2 and highly expressed in GC B cells, is identified as a strong positive regulator of GC B cell differentiation. B1-8hi cells transduced with Zdhhc2-shRNA are severely compromised in differentiating into GC B cells. A further analysis of in vitro differentiated B cells transduced with Zdhhc2-shRNA shows that Zdhhc2 is critical for the proliferation and the survival of B cells stimulated by CD40L, BAFF, and IL-21 and consequently impacts on their differentiation into GC B cells and post-GC B cells. These studies not only identify Zdhhc2 as a novel regulator of GC B cell differentiation but also represent a proof of concept of in vivo screen for regulators of GC B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqing Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Boston Consulting Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fubin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Sharifi A, Vahedi H, Honarvar MR, Amiriani T, Nikniaz Z, Rad EY, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ. Vitamin D decreases CD40L gene expression in ulcerative colitis patients: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2020; 31:99-104. [PMID: 32141817 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.181028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The interaction of CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD40 triggers the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been proposed that vitamin D deficiency might be an important factor, which causes or aggregates the autoimmune situations. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of vitamin D on CD40L gene expression in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety mild-to-moderate UC patients were randomized to receive a single injection of 7.5 mg cholecalciferol or 1 mL normal saline. At baseline and 90 days following the intervention, RNA samples from whole blood were obtained. Fold changes in CD40L mRNA expression were determined for each patient using the 2-ΔΔCq method. The data were analyzed. RESULTS The serum levels of vitamin D and calcium increased only in the vitamin D group (p<0.05). Relative to baseline values, the CD40L gene expression fold change was significantly lower in the vitamin D group compared with the placebo group (median±interquartile range: 0.34±0.30 vs 0.43±1.20, respectively, p=0.016). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that vitamin D administration in mild-to-moderate UC patients led to the downregulation of the CD40L gene, which is an essential part of inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrollah Sharifi
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GOUMS), Gorgan, Iran
| | - Homayoon Vahedi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Honarvar
- Health Management and Social Development Research Center, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Taghi Amiriani
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GOUMS), Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nikniaz
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yousefi Rad
- Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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13
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Fedyk ER, Zhao L, Koch A, Smithson G, Estevam J, Chen G, Lahu G, Roepcke S, Lin J, Mclean L. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anti-CD38 cytolytic antibody TAK-079 in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1314-1325. [PMID: 32045493 PMCID: PMC7319013 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This investigation characterised tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anti-CD38 antibody TAK-079. METHODS A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a single intravenous (i.v.) infusion or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of TAK-079 at escalating doses in healthy subjects (n = 74), who were followed for 92 days postexposure. RESULTS TAK-079 was well tolerated. All adverse events were mild or moderate. There were no withdrawals, infusion, or injection site reactions over the tested i.v. and s.c. doses up to 0.06 and 0.6 mg kg-1 , respectively. At higher doses, transient cytokine level increases, following i.v. administration, coincided with reduction in CD38-expressing cells; clinical symptoms included mild pyrexia, headache, and postural hypotension. Following an i.v. infusion of 0.06 mg kg-1 TAK-079, maximum observed serum concentration (Cmax ) was 100.4 (%CV: 52) ng mL-1 , time to Cmax was the end of infusion and natural killer (NK_ cells were reduced 93.8 (±8.5) % from baseline levels. Following a s.c. injection of 0.6 mg kg-1 TAK-079, Cmax was 23.0 (%CV: 67) ng mL-1 with time to Cmax of 24 (range 7.98-96.02) hours, and plasmablasts were subsequently reduced 93.4 (±8.8) % from predose levels. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgA and IgG levels were reduced by 15-60% and had not returned to baseline levels within 78 days after administration at ≥0.3 mg kg-1 s.c. Reductions in NK cells at 0.6 mg kg-1 s.c. were approximately 2-3 times more durable than at 0.06 mg kg-1 i.v. CONCLUSIONS TAK-079 was well tolerated and s.c. administration elicited more durable reductions in plasmablasts and NK cells. This plasmacytolytic profile could be useful for treating disorders caused by plasma or NK cells, malignant counterparts, and/or pathogenic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Fedyk
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Lin Zhao
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Deerfield, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Grace Chen
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Deerfield, IL, USA
| | - Gezim Lahu
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Roepcke
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Richardson CT, Slack MA, Dhillon G, Marcus CZ, Barnard J, Palanichamy A, Sanz I, Looney RJ, Anolik JH. Failure of B Cell Tolerance in CVID. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2881. [PMID: 31921145 PMCID: PMC6914825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) comprises a group of related disorders defined by defects in B cell function and antibody production. Concurrent autoimmune features are common, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity in CVID are poorly understood. Overlap in some clinical and laboratory features suggests a shared pathogenesis, at least in part, with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One important part of SLE pathogenesis is loss of B cell tolerance, an aspect that warrants further study in CVID. The study of inherently autoreactive 9G4+ B cells has led to a greater understanding of B cell tolerance defects in lupus. Study of these B cells in CVID has yielded conflicting results, largely due to differences in methodological approaches. In this study, we take a comprehensive look at 9G4+ B cells throughout B cell development in CVID patients and compare patients both with and without autoimmune features. Using flow cytometry to examine B cell subpopulations in detail, we show that only those CVID patients with autoimmune features demonstrate significant expansion of 9G4+ B cells, both in naïve and multiple memory populations. Examination of two autoreactive B cell subsets recently characterized in SLE, the activated naïve (aNAV) and double negative 2 (DN2) B cells, reveals an expanded 9G4+ DN2 population to be common among CVID patients. These results reveal that both multiple central and peripheral B cell tolerance defects are related to autoimmunity in CVID. Furthermore, these data suggest that the autoreactive DN2 B cell population, which has not previously been examined in CVID, may play an important role in the development of autoimmunity in patients with CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Richardson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maria A Slack
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Gitika Dhillon
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Z Marcus
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Barnard
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Arumugam Palanichamy
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Richard John Looney
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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15
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Weißenberg SY, Szelinski F, Schrezenmeier E, Stefanski AL, Wiedemann A, Rincon-Arevalo H, Welle A, Jungmann A, Nordström K, Walter J, Imgenberg-Kreuz J, Nordmark G, Rönnblom L, Bachali P, Catalina MD, Grammer AC, Lipsky PE, Lino AC, Dörner T. Identification and Characterization of Post-activated B Cells in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2136. [PMID: 31616406 PMCID: PMC6768969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AID) such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic inflammatory diseases in which abnormalities of B cell function play a central role. Although it is widely accepted that autoimmune B cells are hyperactive in vivo, a full understanding of their functional status in AID has not been delineated. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the functional capabilities of AID B cells and dissect the mechanisms underlying altered B cell function. Upon BCR activation, decreased spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) phosphorylation was noted in AID memory B cells combined with constitutive co-localization of CD22 and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 6 (SHP-1) along with hyporesponsiveness to TLR9 signaling, a Syk-dependent response. Similar BCR hyporesponsiveness was also noted specifically in SLE CD27− B cells together with increased PTP activities and increased transcripts for PTPN2, PTPN11, PTPN22, PTPRC, and PTPRO in SLE B cells. Additional studies revealed that repetitive BCR stimulation of normal B cells can induce BCR hyporesponsiveness and that tissue-resident memory B cells from AID patients also exhibited decreased responsiveness immediately ex vivo, suggesting that the hyporesponsive status can be acquired by repeated exposure to autoantigen(s) in vivo. Functional studies to overcome B cell hyporesponsiveness revealed that CD40 co-stimulation increased BCR signaling, induced proliferation, and downregulated PTP expression (PTPN2, PTPN22, and receptor-type PTPs). The data support the conclusion that hyporesponsiveness of AID and especially SLE B cells results from chronic in vivo stimulation through the BCR without T cell help mediated by CD40–CD154 interaction and is manifested by decreased phosphorylation of BCR-related proximal signaling molecules and increased PTPs. The hyporesponsiveness of AID B cells is similar to a form of functional anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Weißenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana-Luisa Stefanski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hector Rincon-Arevalo
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Anna Welle
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Annemarie Jungmann
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karl Nordström
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Juliana Imgenberg-Kreuz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Amrie C Grammer
- RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Peter E Lipsky
- RILITE Research Institute, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Andreia C Lino
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
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16
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Seth A, Craft J. Spatial and functional heterogeneity of follicular helper T cells in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:1-9. [PMID: 31374450 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells provide signals that promote B cell development, proliferation, and production of affinity matured and appropriately isotype switched antibodies. In addition to their classical locations within B cell follicles and germinal centers therein, B cell helper T cells are also found in extrafollicular spaces - either in secondary lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues. Both follicular and extrafollicular T helper cells drive autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity. Interfering with B cell help provided by T cells can ameliorate autoimmune disease in animal models and human patients. The next frontier in Tfh cell biology will be identification of Tfh cell-specific pathogenic changes in autoimmunity and exploiting them for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Seth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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17
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Suurmond J, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Barlev AN, Calderon SA, Mackay MC, Aranow C, Diamond B. Patterns of ANA+ B cells for SLE patient stratification. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127885. [PMID: 31045579 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a dominant feature of several autoimmune diseases. We previously showed that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased ANA+ IgG plasmablasts/plasma cells (PCs) through aberrant IgG PC differentiation rather than an antigen-specific tolerance defect. Here, we aimed to understand the differentiation pathways resulting in ANA+ IgG PCs in SLE patients. We demonstrate distinct profiles of ANA+ antigen-experienced B cells in SLE patients, characterized by either a high frequency of PCs or a high frequency of IgG+ memory B cells. This classification of SLE patients was unrelated to disease activity and remained stable over time in almost all patients, suggesting minimal influence of disease activity. A similar classification applies to antigen-specific B cell subsets in mice following primary immunization with T-independent and T-dependent antigens as well as in lupus-prone mouse models (MRL/lpr and NZB/W). We further show that, in both lupus-prone mice and SLE patients, the classification correlates with the serum autoantibody profile. In this study, we identified B cell phenotypes that we propose reflect an extrafollicular pathway for PC differentiation or a germinal center pathway, respectively. The classification we propose can be used to stratify patients for longitudinal studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Silvia A Calderon
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan C Mackay
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
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18
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Pivotal role for α V integrins in sustained Tfh support of the germinal center response for long-lived plasma cell generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4462-4470. [PMID: 30770452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809329116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are essential for germinal center (GC) reactions in the lymph node that generate high-affinity, long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Temporal GC analysis suggests B memory cells (Bmem) are generated early, while LLPCs are generated late in the GC reaction. Distinct roles for Tfh at these temporally different stages are not yet clear. Tfh entry into the GC is highly dynamic and the signals that maintain Tfh within the GC for support of late LLPC production are poorly understood. The GC is marked by inflammation-induced presentation of specific ECM components. To determine if T cell recognition of these ECM components played a role in Tfh support of the GC, we immunized mice with a T cell-restricted deletion of the ECM-binding integrin αV (αV-CD4 cKO). T cell integrin αV deletion led to a striking defect in the number and size of the GCs following immunization with OVA protein in complete Freund's adjuvant. The GC defect was not due to integrin αV deficiency impeding Tfh generation or follicle entry or the ability of αV-CD4 cKO Tfh to contact and support B cell activation. Instead, integrin αV was essential for T cell-intrinsic accumulation within the GC. Altered Tfh positioning resulted in lower-affinity antibodies and a dramatic loss of LLPCs. Influenza A infection revealed that αV integrin was not required for Tfh support of Bmem but was essential for Tfh support of LLPCs. We highlight an αV integrin-ECM-guided mechanism of Tfh GC accumulation that selectively impacts GC output of LLPCs but not Bmem.
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19
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Fukushima Y, Minato N, Hattori M. The impact of senescence-associated T cells on immunosenescence and age-related disorders. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:24. [PMID: 30603051 PMCID: PMC6304761 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is age-associated changes in the immunological functions, including diminished acquired immunity against infection, pro-inflammatory traits, and increased risk of autoimmunity. The proportions of memory-phenotype T cells in the peripheral T cell population steadily increase with age, but the relationship between this change and immunosenescent phenotypes remains elusive. Recently, we identified a minor memory-phenotype CD4+ T cell subpopulation that constitutively expressed PD-1 and CD153 as a bona fide age-dependent T cell population; we termed these cells senescence-associated T (SA-T) cells. SA-T cells exhibit characteristic features of cellular senescence, with defective T cell receptor-mediated proliferation and T cell cytokine production. However, upon T cell receptor stimulation, SA-T cells secrete abundant atypical pro-inflammatory cytokines such as osteopontin and chemokines, reminiscent of the SA-secretory phenotype. In addition to aging, SA-T cells accumulate and cause persistent inflammation in tissues following a wide range of insults including immune complex deposition, metabolic stresses, vascular damages, and tumors. In this review, we summarize the recent understanding of immunosenescence with particular focus on SA-T cells and their role in various age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Fukushima
- 1Department of Immunosenescence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- 2DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Masakazu Hattori
- 1Department of Immunosenescence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
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20
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Jacquemin C, Augusto JF, Scherlinger M, Gensous N, Forcade E, Douchet I, Levionnois E, Richez C, Lazaro E, Duffau P, Truchetet ME, Seneschal J, Couzi L, Pellegrin JL, Viallard JF, Schaeverbeke T, Pascual V, Contin-Bordes C, Blanco P. OX40L/OX40 axis impairs follicular and natural Treg function in human SLE. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122167. [PMID: 30568041 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs are impaired in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and contribute to effector T cell activation. However, the mechanisms responsible for the Treg deficiency in SLE remain unclear. We hypothesized that the OX40L/OX40 axis is implicated in Treg and regulatory follicular helper T (Tfr) cell dysfunction in human SLE. OX40L/OX40 axis engagement on Tregs and Tfr cells not only specifically impaired their ability to regulate effector T cell proliferation, but also their ability to suppress T follicular helper (Tfh) cell-dependent B cell activation and immunoglobulin secretion. Antigen-presenting cells from patients with active SLE mediated Treg dysfunction in an OX40L-dependent manner, and OX40L-expressing cells colocalized with Foxp3+ cells in active SLE skin lesions. Engagement of the OX40L/OX40 axis resulted in Foxp3 downregulation in Tregs, and expression in SLE Tregs correlated with the proportion of circulating OX40L-expressing myeloid DCs. These data support that OX40L/OX40 signals are implicated in Treg dysfunction in human SLE. Thus, blocking the OX40L/OX40 axis appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacquemin
- INSERM U1035, Immuno-Dermatology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Marc Scherlinger
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noémie Gensous
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edouard Forcade
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Douchet
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christophe Richez
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Estibaliz Lazaro
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Duffau
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Elise Truchetet
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Seneschal
- INSERM U1035, Immuno-Dermatology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Cécile Contin-Bordes
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Blanco
- CNRS-UMR 5164 Immuno ConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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21
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Cho S, Lee HM, Yu IS, Choi YS, Huang HY, Hashemifar SS, Lin LL, Chen MC, Afanasiev ND, Khan AA, Lin SW, Rudensky AY, Crotty S, Lu LF. Differential cell-intrinsic regulations of germinal center B and T cells by miR-146a and miR-146b. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2757. [PMID: 30013024 PMCID: PMC6048122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between B and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells orchestrate the germinal center (GC) reaction, a hallmark of humoral immunity. Abnormal GC responses could lead to the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and the development of autoimmunity. Here we show that miR-146a controls GC responses by targeting multiple CD40 signaling pathway components in B cells; by contrast, loss of miR-146a in T cells does not alter humoral responses. However, specific deletion of both miR-146a and its paralog, miR-146b, in T cells increases Tfh cell numbers and enhanced GC reactions. Thus, our data reveal differential cell-intrinsic regulations of GC B and Tfh cells by miR-146a and miR-146b. Together, members of the miR-146 family serve as crucial molecular brakes to coordinately control GC reactions to generate protective humoral responses without eliciting unwanted autoimmunity. In the germinal center (GC), B and T cells interact to induce the production of protective antibodies against threats. Here the authors show that microRNA miR-146a modulates CD40 signaling in GC B cells, while both miR-146a and miR-146b synergize to control GC T cell responses, thereby implicating intricate controls of GC response by miR-146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunglim Cho
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hsi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Ling-Li Lin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mei-Chi Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nikita D Afanasiev
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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22
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Soendergaard C, Seidelin JB, Steenholdt C, Nielsen OH. Putative biomarkers of vedolizumab resistance and underlying inflammatory pathways involved in IBD. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2018; 5:e000208. [PMID: 29915667 PMCID: PMC6001911 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2018-000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Characterise the circulating inflammatory cytokine pattern among patients failing consecutive anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) and anti-integrin treatments to identify predictors of response. Methods A retrospective single-centre cohort study of 28 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving anti-integrin therapy (vedolizumab) subsequent to the failure of anti-TNF treatment was conducted. Blood samples were obtained immediately prior to initiation of vedolizumab therapy, and the response to treatment was evaluated after completion of the 14-week induction regimen. Multiplex ELISA was applied to quantify 47 preselected plasma proteins based on their putative involvement in the inflammatory process in IBD. Results Anti-TNF and vedolizumab non-responders (n=20) had significantly higher levels of circulating interleukin (IL)-6 than anti-TNF non-responders with subsequent response to vedolizumab (n=8): median 9.5 pg/mL versus 5.9 pg/mL, p<0.05. Following stratification by diagnosis, patients with Crohn's disease who failed vedolizumab therapy (n=7) had higher soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) than responders (n=4): 153.0 pg/mL versus 45.5 pg/mL, p<0.01; sensitivity 100% (95% CI 59% to 100%), specificity 100% (95% CI 40% to 100%). Osteocalcin was higher among patients with ulcerative colitis responding to vedolizumab (n=4) compared with those not responding (n=13): 4219 pg/mL versus 2823 pg/mL, p=0.01; sensitivity 85% (95% CI 55% to 98%), specificity 100% (95% CI 40% to 100%). Conclusions Patients with IBD failing vedolizumab induction and anti-TNF therapy have persistent IL-6 pathway activity, which could be a potential alternative treatment target. sCD40L, osteocalcin and the IL-6 pathway activity might be predictors for response to vedolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Soendergaard
- Department of Gasteroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- Department of Gasteroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Casper Steenholdt
- Department of Gasteroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gasteroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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23
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Gies V, Schickel JN, Jung S, Joublin A, Glauzy S, Knapp AM, Soley A, Poindron V, Guffroy A, Choi JY, Gottenberg JE, Anolik JH, Martin T, Soulas-Sprauel P, Meffre E, Korganow AS. Impaired TLR9 responses in B cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. JCI Insight 2018. [PMID: 29515028 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a central role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathophysiology but dysregulated pathways leading to a break in B cell tolerance remain unclear. Since Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) favors the elimination of autoreactive B cells in the periphery, we assessed TLR9 function in SLE by analyzing the responses of B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) isolated from healthy donors and patients after stimulation with CpG, a TLR9 agonist. We found that SLE B cells from patients without hydroxychloroquine treatment displayed defective in vitro TLR9 responses, as illustrated by the impaired upregulation of B cell activation molecules and the diminished production of various cytokines including antiinflammatory IL-10. In agreement with CD19 controlling TLR9 responses in B cells, decreased expression of the CD19/CD21 complex on SLE B cells was detected as early as the transitional B cell stage. In contrast, TLR7 function was preserved in SLE B cells, whereas pDCs from SLE patients properly responded to TLR9 stimulation, thereby revealing that impaired TLR9 function in SLE was restricted to B cells. We conclude that abnormal CD19 expression and TLR9 tolerogenic function in SLE B cells may contribute to the break of B cell tolerance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gies
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sophie Jung
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Reference Center for Oral Rare Diseases (O-Rares), "Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, University Hospital - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélie Joublin
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Knapp
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Soley
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Poindron
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Guffroy
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Rheumatology, National Reference Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thierry Martin
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Soulas-Sprauel
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,UFR Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- CNRS UPR 3572 "Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry"/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France.,UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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24
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Wu SF, Chang CB, Hsu JM, Lu MC, Lai NS, Li C, Tung CH. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits CD154 expression in CD4 + T lymphocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus through NFAT, but not STAT5, signaling. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:183. [PMID: 28793932 PMCID: PMC5550984 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of membranous CD154 in T lymphocytes has been found previously in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Because hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used frequently in the treatment of lupus, we sought to identify the effects of HCQ on CD154 and a possibly regulatory mechanism. Methods CD4+ T cells were isolated from the blood of lupus patients. After stimulation with ionomycin or IL-15 and various concentrations of HCQ, expression of membranous CD154 and NFAT and STAT5 signaling were assessed. Results HCQ treatment had significant dose-dependent suppressive effects on membranous CD154 expression in ionomycin-activated T cells from lupus patients. Furthermore, HCQ inhibited intracellular sustained calcium storage release, and attenuated the nuclear translocation of NFATc2 and the expression of NFATc1. However, CD154 expressed through IL-15-mediated STAT5 signaling was not inhibited by HCQ treatment. Conclusions HCQ inhibited NFAT signaling in activated T cells and blocked the expression of membranous CD154, but not STAT5 signaling. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into SLE in HCQ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Wu
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, No.168, University Rd, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62247, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, No.168, University Rd, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62247, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Mei Hsu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Dalin, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Dalin, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Sheng Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Dalin, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Chin Li
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, No.168, University Rd, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62247, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsueh Tung
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung-Cheng University, No.168, University Rd, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62247, Taiwan. .,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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25
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Mbongue JC, Nieves HA, Torrez TW, Langridge WHR. The Role of Dendritic Cell Maturation in the Induction of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:327. [PMID: 28396662 PMCID: PMC5366789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the dominant class of antigen-presenting cells in humans and are largely responsible for the initiation and guidance of innate and adaptive immune responses involved in maintenance of immunological homeostasis. Immature dendritic cells (iDCs) phagocytize pathogens and toxic proteins and in endosomal vesicles degrade them into small fragments for presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II receptor molecules to naïve cognate T cells (Th0). In addition to their role in stimulation of immunity, DCs are involved in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance toward self-antigens. During activation, the iDCs become mature. Maturation begins when the DCs cease taking up antigens and begin to migrate from their location in peripheral tissues to adjacent lymph nodes or the spleen where during their continued maturation the DCs present stored antigens on surface MHCII receptor molecules to naive Th0 cells. During antigen presentation, the DCs upregulate the biosynthesis of costimulatory receptor molecules CD86, CD80, CD83, and CD40 on their plasma membrane. These activated DC receptor molecules bind cognate CD28 receptors presented on the Th0 cell membrane, which triggers DC secretion of IL-12 or IL-10 cytokines resulting in T cell differentiation into pro- or anti-inflammatory T cell subsets. Although basic concepts involved in the process of iDC activation and guidance of Th0 cell differentiation have been previously documented, they are poorly defined. In this review, we detail what is known about the process of DC maturation and its role in the induction of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques C Mbongue
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA , USA
| | - Hector A Nieves
- Ponce Health Sciences University School of Medicine , Ponce , Puerto Rico
| | - Timothy W Torrez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA , USA
| | - William H R Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA , USA
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26
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Beyond pan-B-cell-directed therapy - new avenues and insights into the pathogenesis of SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:645-657. [PMID: 27733759 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New insights into the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases have been obtained not only from preclinical studies, but also from clinical trials of pan-B-cell-directed therapy. Overall, the results of these clinical trials suggest that more-specific approaches focusing on pathogenic B-cell functions, and perhaps sparing or even enhancing regulatory B-cell activity, might be attractive alternatives. Importantly, pathogenic B-cell subpopulations function within a network of cellular interactions, many of which might require additional interventions to restore immunologic balance and suppress autoimmune disease. Thus, approaches that simultaneously target innate immune cells as well as multiple nodes of T-cell and B-cell interactions might hold the promise of improved therapeutic efficacy. Interfering with B-cell intracellular signalling pathways, altering their intracellular metabolic pathways and perturbing transcription factors are additional options. This Review critically analyses these approaches, examines the role of cytokines and other functions of B-lineage cells separate from antibody secretion, and provides insights into the potential next generation of therapies targeting B-lineage cells.
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27
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Jeon YH, Choi YS. Follicular Helper T (Tfh) Cells in Autoimmune Diseases and Allograft Rejection. Immune Netw 2016; 16:219-32. [PMID: 27574501 PMCID: PMC5002448 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.4.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of high affinity antibodies for antigens is a critical component for the immune system to fight off infectious pathogens. However, it could be detrimental to our body when the antigens that B cells recognize are of self-origin. Follicular helper T, or Tfh, cells are required for the generation of germinal center reactions, where high affinity antibody-producing B cells and memory B cells predominantly develop. As such, Tfh cells are considered as targets to prevent B cells from producing high affinity antibodies against self-antigens, when high affinity autoantibodies are responsible for immunopathologies in autoimmune disorders. This review article provides an overview of current understanding of Tfh cells and discusses it in the context of animal models of autoimmune diseases and allograft rejections for generation of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hui Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Transplant Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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28
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Follicular Helper T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Why Should They Be Considered as Interesting Therapeutic Targets? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5767106. [PMID: 27635407 PMCID: PMC5011227 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5767106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by B cell hyperactivity leading to the production of autoantibodies, some of which having a deleterious effect. Reducing autoantibody production thus represents a way of controlling lupus pathogenesis, and a better understanding of the molecular and cellular factors involved in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells could allow identifying new therapeutic targets. Follicular helper T cells (TFH) represent a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B cells. They are required for the formation of germinal centers and the generation of long-lived serological memory and, as such, are suspected to play a central role in SLE. Recent advances in the field of TFH biology have allowed the identification of important molecular factors involved in TFH differentiation, regulation, and function. Interestingly, some of these TFH-related molecules have been described to be dysregulated in lupus patients. In the present review, we give an overview of the aberrant expression and/or function of such key players in lupus, and we highlight their potential as therapeutic targets.
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29
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Nakayamada S, Tanaka Y. BAFF- and APRIL-targeted therapy in systemic autoimmune diseases. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:6. [PMID: 29259679 PMCID: PMC5725651 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a pivotal role in autoimmunity not only by producing pathogenic autoantibodies but also by modulating immune responses via the production of cytokines and chemokines. The B cell-activating factor/a proliferation-inducing ligand (BAFF/APRIL) system promotes B cell survival and differentiation and thus plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Currently, BAFF and APRIL inhibitors are in clinical trials for systemic lupus erythematosus with significant efficacy. However, several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the BAFF/APRIL blockade which showed considerable variability in the response to B cell-targeted therapy. This may indicate substantial heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, objective markers that can predict the effect of BAFF/APRIL-blocking agents could be valuable to the precision medicine linked clinically and to cost-effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakayamada
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555 Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555 Japan
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30
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Mesquita D, Cruvinel WM, Resende LS, Mesquita FV, Silva NP, Câmara NOS, Andrade LEC. Follicular helper T cell in immunity and autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5209. [PMID: 27096200 PMCID: PMC4843212 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The traditional concept that effector T helper (Th) responses are mediated by Th1/Th2 cell subtypes has been broadened by the recent demonstration of two new effector T helper cells, the IL-17 producing cells (Th17) and the follicular helper T cells (Tfh). These new subsets have many features in common, such as the ability to produce IL-21 and to express the IL-23 receptor (IL23R), the inducible co-stimulatory molecule ICOS, and the transcription factor c-Maf, all of them essential for expansion and establishment of the final pool of both subsets. Tfh cells differ from Th17 by their ability to home to B cell areas in secondary lymphoid tissue through interactions mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and its ligand CXCL13. These CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells are considered an effector T cell type specialized in B cell help, with a transcriptional profile distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells. The role of Tfh cells and its primary product, IL-21, on B-cell activation and differentiation is essential for humoral immunity against infectious agents. However, when deregulated, Tfh cells could represent an important mechanism contributing to exacerbated humoral response and autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the importance of Tfh cells by focusing on their biology and differentiation processes in the context of normal immune response to infectious microorganisms and their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mesquita
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - W M Cruvinel
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L S Resende
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F V Mesquita
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N P Silva
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N O S Câmara
- Divisão de Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L E C Andrade
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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31
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Wu H, Chen Y, Liu H, Xu LL, Teuscher P, Wang S, Lu S, Dent AL. Follicular regulatory T cells repress cytokine production by follicular helper T cells and optimize IgG responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1152-61. [PMID: 26887860 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide crucial help to germinal center B (GCB) cells for proper antibody production, and a specialized subset of regulatory T cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, modulate this process. However, Tfr-cell function in the GC is not well understood. Here, we define Tfr cells as a CD4(+) Foxp3(+) CXCR5(hi) PD-1(hi) CD25(low) TIGIT(high) T-cell population. Furthermore, we have used a novel mouse model ("Bcl6FC") to delete the Bcl6 gene in Foxp3(+) T cells and thus specifically deplete Tfr cells. Following immunization, Bcl6FC mice develop normal Tfh- and GCB-cell populations. However, Bcl6FC mice produce altered antigen-specific antibody responses, with reduced titers of IgG and significantly increased IgA. Bcl6FC mice also developed IgG antibodies with significantly decreased avidity to antigen in an HIV-1 gp120 "prime-boost" vaccine model. In an autoimmune lupus model, we observed strongly elevated anti-DNA IgA titers in Bcl6FC mice. Additionally, Tfh cells from Bcl6FC mice consistently produce higher levels of Interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-21. Loss of Tfr cells therefore leads to highly abnormal Tfh-cell and GCB-cell responses. Overall, our study has uncovered unique regulatory roles for Tfr cells in the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paula Teuscher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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32
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Senhaji N, Kojok K, Darif Y, Fadainia C, Zaid Y. The Contribution of CD40/CD40L Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Update. Front Immunol 2015; 6:529. [PMID: 26528290 PMCID: PMC4607859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and multifactorial disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The exact etiology of IBD remains complex and unclear involving an inadequately defined relationship between microbial insult, genetic predisposition, altered intestinal barrier permeability, oxidative stress components and abnormal immune responses. The role of the co-stimulatory system made up of cluster of differentiation 40 protein (CD40) and its ligand (CD40L) in the response of the immune system to pathogens is now widely accepted. The implication of CD40/CD40L axis in immune system disorders due to its important role as signal transduction pathway among immune cells is well documented. Several studies have suggested that CD40/CD40L interactions regulate oxidative stress; this can affect various signaling pathways leading to IBD development. Hence, CD40/CD40L signaling pathway may become a new target for IBD treatment. This review will cover the general contribution of the CD40/CD40L dyad in the development of IBD in order to facilitate future approaches aiming to elucidate the immunological mechanisms that control gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezha Senhaji
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Medical School, Hassan II University , Casablanca , Morocco
| | - Kevin Kojok
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Youssef Darif
- Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University , Casablanca , Morocco
| | - Christophe Fadainia
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Younes Zaid
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, QC , Canada
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33
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Shock A, Burkly L, Wakefield I, Peters C, Garber E, Ferrant J, Taylor FR, Su L, Hsu YM, Hutto D, Amirkhosravi A, Meyer T, Francis J, Malcolm S, Robinson M, Brown D, Shaw S, Foulkes R, Lawson A, Harari O, Bourne T, Maloney A, Weir N. CDP7657, an anti-CD40L antibody lacking an Fc domain, inhibits CD40L-dependent immune responses without thrombotic complications: an in vivo study. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:234. [PMID: 26335795 PMCID: PMC4558773 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD40 ligand (CD40L) blockade has demonstrated efficacy in experimental autoimmune models. However, clinical trials of hu5c8, an anti-human CD40L IgG1 antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were halted due to an increased incidence of thrombotic events. This study evaluated CDP7657, a high affinity PEGylated monovalent Fab' anti-CD40L antibody fragment, to assess whether an Fc-deficient molecule retains efficacy while avoiding the increased risk of thrombotic events observed with hu5c8. METHODS The potency and cross-reactivity of CDP7657 was assessed in in vitro assays employing human and non-human primate leukocytes, and the capacity of different antibody formats to activate platelets in vitro was assessed using aggregometry and dense granule release assays. Given the important role CD40L plays in regulating humoral immunity, in vivo efficacy was assessed by investigating the capacity of Cynomolgus monkeys to generate immune responses to the tetanus toxoid antigen while the potential to induce thrombotic events in vivo was evaluated after repeat dosing of antibodies to Rhesus monkeys. A PEGylated anti-mouse CD40L was generated to assess efficacy in the New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W) mouse model of SLE. RESULTS CDP7657 dose-dependently inhibited antigen-specific immune responses to tetanus toxoid in Cynomolgus monkeys, and in contrast to hu5c8, there was no evidence of pulmonary thrombovasculopathy in Rhesus monkeys. Aglycosyl hu5c8, which lacks Fc receptor binding function, also failed to induce thrombotic events in Rhesus monkeys. In vitro experiments confirmed that antibody constructs lacking an Fc, including CDP7657, did not induce human or monkey platelet activation. A PEGylated monovalent Fab' anti-mouse CD40L antibody also inhibited disease activity in the NZB/W mouse model of SLE after administration using a therapeutic dosing regimen where mice received antibodies only after they had displayed severe proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate for the first time that anti-CD40L antibodies lacking a functional Fc region do not induce thrombotic events in Rhesus monkeys and fail to activate platelets in vitro but, nevertheless retain pharmacological activity and support the investigation of CDP7657 as a potential therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/prevention & control
- Macaca fascicularis
- Macaca mulatta
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- Tetanus Toxoid/immunology
- Thrombosis/chemically induced
- Thrombosis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Shock
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
| | - Linda Burkly
- Biogen Idec, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Ian Wakefield
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
| | | | - Ellen Garber
- Biogen Idec, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Janine Ferrant
- Biogen Idec, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | - Lihe Su
- Biogen Idec, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Present Address: Ab Biosciences Inc., Allston, MA, USA.
| | - Yen-Ming Hsu
- Biogen Idec, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Present Address: Ab Biosciences Inc., Allston, MA, USA.
| | - David Hutto
- Biogen Idec, Inc., 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Present Address: Charles River, Wilmington, MA, USA.
| | | | - Todd Meyer
- Center for Thrombosis Research, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA.
| | - John Francis
- Center for Thrombosis Research, Florida Hospital, Orlando, USA.
| | - Sarah Malcolm
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
| | | | - Derek Brown
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
- Present Address: Cheylard Biosciences, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Stevan Shaw
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
| | - Roland Foulkes
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
- Present Address: Hammel Ltd, Buckinghamshire, UK.
| | | | - Olivier Harari
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
| | - Timothy Bourne
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
| | - Alison Maloney
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
| | - Neil Weir
- UCB Pharma, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EN, UK.
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Association of CD40 polymorphisms and haplotype with risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2015; 36:45-52. [PMID: 26289938 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease that is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Current evidence shows that the CD40-CD40L system plays a crucial role in the development, progression and outcome of SLE. CD40, which stimulates lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, is an important immunomodulator and is expressed in the thyroid follicular cells as well as antigen-presenting cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether CD40 gene polymorphism confers susceptibility to SLE and its impact on CD40 expression in Chinese. We analyzed four single nucleotide polymorphisms of CD40 gene rs1883832C/T, rs13040307C/T, rs752118C/T, and rs3765459G/A in 205 patients with SLE and 220 age- and sex-matched controls, using Snapshot SNP genotyping assays and DNA sequencing method. Soluble CD40 (sCD40) levels were measured by ELISA. There were significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of CD40 gene rs1883832 C/T polymorphism between the group of patients with SLE and the control group (P < 0.05). sCD40 levels were increased in patients with SLE compared with controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, genotypes carrying the CD40 rs1883832 T variant allele were associated with increased CD40 levels compared with the homozygous wild-type genotype in patients with SLE. The rs1883832 C/T polymorphism of CD40 and its sCD40 levels were associated with SLE in the Chinese population. These data suggest that CD40 gene may play an essential role in the development of SLE.
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35
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Ballesteros-Tato A. Beyond regulatory T cells: the potential role for IL-2 to deplete T-follicular helper cells and treat autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1207-20. [PMID: 25496335 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose IL-2 administration suppresses unwanted immune responses in mice and humans, thus evidencing the potential of IL-2 to treat autoimmune disorders. Increased Tregs activity is one of the potential mechanisms by which low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy induces immunosuppression. In addition, recent data indicate that IL-2 may contribute to prevent unwanted self-reactive responses by preventing the developing of T-follicular helper cells, a CD4(+) T-cell subset that expands in autoimmune disease patients and promotes long-term effector B-cell responses. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of low-dose IL-2 administration, focusing on the role of this cytokine in promoting Treg-mediated suppression and preventing self-reactive T-follicular helper cell responses.
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36
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Roles of B Cell-Intrinsic TLR Signals in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13084-105. [PMID: 26068236 PMCID: PMC4490487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of pattern recognition receptors. TLR signals are involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Mouse and human B cells constitutively express most TLRs. Many B cell subpopulations are highly responsive to certain TLR ligation, including B-1 B cells, transitional B cells, marginal zone B cells, germinal center B cell and memory B cells. The B cell-intrinsic TLR signals play critical roles during lupus process. In this review, roles of B cell-intrinsic TLR2, 4, 7, 8 and 9 signals are discussed during lupus pathogenesis in both mouse model and patients. Moreover, mechanisms underlying TLR ligation-triggered B cell activation and signaling pathways are highlighted.
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37
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miRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9557-72. [PMID: 25927578 PMCID: PMC4463604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were first discovered as regulatory RNAs that controlled the timing of the larval development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Since then, nearly 30,000 mature miRNA products have been found in many species, including plants, warms, flies and mammals. Currently, miRNAs are well established as endogenous small (~22 nt) noncoding RNAs, which have functions in regulating mRNA stability and translation. Owing to intensive investigations during the last decade, miRNAs were found to play essential roles in regulating many physiological and pathological processes. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by elevated autoantibodies against nuclear antigens and excessive inflammatory responses affecting multiple organs. Although efforts were taken and theories were produced to elucidate the pathogenesis of SLE, we still lack sufficient knowledge about the disease for developing effective therapies for lupus patients. Recent advances indicate that miRNAs are involved in the development of SLE, which gives us new insights into the pathogenesis of SLE and might lead to the finding of new therapeutic targets. Here, we will review recent discoveries about how miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE and how it can promote the development of new therapy.
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38
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Choi JY, Ho JHE, Pasoto SG, Bunin V, Kim S, Carrasco S, Borba EF, Gonçalves CR, Costa PR, Kallas EG, Bonfa E, Craft J. Circulating follicular helper-like T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:988-99. [PMID: 25581113 PMCID: PMC4450082 DOI: 10.1002/art.39020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess circulating follicular helper T (Tfh)-like CD4+ T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and determine their relationship to disease activity. METHODS Blood samples from patients with SLE, as well as blood samples from patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and healthy individuals as controls, were analyzed. In all samples, circulating Tfh-like cells were enumerated by flow cytometry, using, as markers, expression of CXCR5, inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS), and programmed death 1 (PD-1) protein, as well as secretion of interleukin-21 (IL-21). The frequency of circulating Tfh-like cells was compared to that of circulating plasmablasts (CD19+IgD-CD38+). In addition, the possible association of circulating Tfh-like cells with the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) was evaluated. RESULTS The subset of circulating Tfh-like T cells, identified as CXCR5(high) ICOS(high) PD-1(high) , was expanded in the blood of SLE patients compared to controls. Circulating Tfh-like cells were found to produce IL-21 and had lower expression of CCR7 as compared to that in circulating CXCR5(high) central memory T cells, thereby enabling their distinction. Expression of PD-1, but not ICOS or CXCR5, was significantly elevated in circulating Tfh-like cells from SLE patients compared to controls. PD-1 expression among CXCR5(high) circulating Tfh-like cells correlated with the SLEDAI, frequency of circulating plasmablasts, and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody positivity, but not with disease duration or past organ injury; rather, this cell profile appeared to be a reflection of current active disease. CONCLUSION Circulating Tfh-like cells are associated with disease activity in SLE, suggesting that their presence indicates abnormal homeostasis of T cell-B cell collaboration, with a causal relationship that is central to disease pathogenesis. These findings also suggest that circulating Tfh-like cells provide a surrogate for aberrant germinal center activity in SLE, and that their PD-1 expression offers a tool for measuring disease activity and monitoring the response to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - John Hsi-en Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Sandra G Pasoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Bunin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Sangtaek Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Solange Carrasco
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Borba
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celio R Gonçalves
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila R Costa
- Division of Immunology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Division of Immunology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Bonfa
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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39
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Self DNA from lymphocytes that have undergone activation-induced cell death enhances murine B cell proliferation and antibody production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109095. [PMID: 25296026 PMCID: PMC4189923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by prominent autoinflammatory tissue damage associated with impaired removal of dying cells and DNA. Self DNA-containing immune complexes are able to activate both innate and adaptive immune responses and play an important role in the maintenance and exacerbation of autoimmunity in SLE. In this study, we used DNA from lymphocytes that have undergone activation-induced cell death (ALD-DNA) and analyzed its role on the activation and differentiation of B cells from normal BALB/c mice as well as lupus-prone MRL+/+ and MRL/lpr mice. We found that ALD-DNA directly increased the expression of costimulatory molecules and the survival of naïve B cells in vitro. Although ALD-DNA alone had little effect on the proliferation of naïve B cells, it enhanced LPS-activated B cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ALD-DNA increased plasma cell numbers and IgG production in LPS-stimulated cultures of naïve B cells, in part via enhancing IL-6 production. Importantly, B cells from lupus mice were hyperresponsive to ALD-DNA and/or LPS relative to normal control B cells in terminal plasma cell differentiation, as evidenced by increases in CD138+ cell numbers, IgM production, and mRNA levels of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) and the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Furthermore, ALD-DNA enhanced CD40-activated naïve B cell proliferation. Collectively, these data indicate that self DNA can serve as a DAMP (damage-associated molecular pattern) that cooperates with signals from both innate and adaptive immunity to promote polyclonal B cell activation, a common characteristic of autoimmune diseases.
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40
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Yusuf I, Stern J, McCaughtry TM, Gallagher S, Sun H, Gao C, Tedder T, Carlesso G, Carter L, Herbst R, Wang Y. Germinal center B cell depletion diminishes CD4+ follicular T helper cells in autoimmune mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102791. [PMID: 25101629 PMCID: PMC4125140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous support from follicular CD4+ T helper (Tfh) cells drives germinal center (GC) responses, which last for several weeks to produce high affinity memory B cells and plasma cells. In autoimmune Sle1 and NZB/W F1 mice, elevated numbers of Tfh cells persist, promoting the expansion of self-reactive B cells. Expansion of circulating Tfh like cells have also been described in several autoimmune diseases. Although, the signals required for Tfh differentiation have now been well described, the mechanisms that sustain the maintenance of fully differentiated Tfh are less understood. Recent data demonstrate a role for GC B cells for Tfh maintenance after protein immunization. Methods and Finding Given the pathogenic role Tfh play in autoimmune disease, we explored whether B cells are required for maintenance of autoreactive Tfh. Our data suggest that the number of mature autoreactive Tfh cells is controlled by GC B cells. Depletion of B cells in Sle1 autoimmune mice leads to a dramatic reduction in Tfh cells. In NZB/W F1 autoimmune mice, similar to the SRBC immunization model, GC B cells support the maintenance of mature Tfh, which is dependent mainly on ICOS. The CD28-associated pathway is dispensable for Tfh maintenance in SRBC immunized mice, but is required in the spontaneous NZB/W F1 model. Conclusion These data suggest that mature Tfh cells require signals from GC B cells to sustain their optimal numbers and function in both autoimmune and immunization models. Thus, immunotherapies targeting B cells in autoimmune disease may affect pathogenic Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isharat Yusuf
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica Stern
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tom M McCaughtry
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra Gallagher
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Changshou Gao
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gianluca Carlesso
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Carter
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
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Mesquita D, Cruvinel WM, Araujo JAP, Salmazi KC, Kallas EG, Andrade LEC. Imbalanced expression of functional surface molecules in regulatory and effector T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:662-9. [PMID: 25098715 PMCID: PMC4165293 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (TREG) cells play an important role in maintaining immune tolerance and
avoiding autoimmunity. We analyzed the expression of membrane molecules in TREG and
effector T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TREG and effector T cells
were analyzed for the expression of CTLA-4, PD1, CD28, CD95, GITR, HLA-DR, OX40,
CD40L, and CD45RO in 26 patients with active disease, 31 with inactive disease, and
26 healthy controls. TREG cells were defined as
CD25+/highCD127Ø/lowFoxP3+, and effector T cells
were defined as CD25+CD127+FoxP3Ø. The ratio of TREG
to effector T cells expressing GITR, PD1, HLA-DR, OX40, CD40L, and CD45RO was
determined in the three groups. The frequency of TREG cells was similar in patients
with SLE and controls. However, SLE patients had a decreased frequency of
CTLA-4+TREG and CD28+TREG cells and an increased frequency
of CD40L+TREG cells. There was a decrease in the TREG/effector-T ratio for
GITR+, HLA-DR+, OX40+, and CD45RO+
cells, and an increased ratio of TREG/effector-T CD40L+ cells in patients
with SLE. In addition, CD40L+TREG cell frequency correlated with the SLE
disease activity index (P=0.0163). In conclusion, our findings showed several
abnormalities in the expression of functionally critical surface molecules in TREG
and effector T cells in SLE that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of this
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mesquita
- Disciplina de Reumatologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - W M Cruvinel
- Disciplina de Reumatologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J A P Araujo
- Disciplina de Reumatologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - K C Salmazi
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E G Kallas
- Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L E C Andrade
- Disciplina de Reumatologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Ceeraz S, Nowak EC, Burns CM, Noelle RJ. Immune checkpoint receptors in regulating immune reactivity in rheumatic disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:469. [PMID: 25606596 PMCID: PMC4289356 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint regulators are critical modulators of the immune system, allowing the initiation of a productive immune response and preventing the onset of autoimmunity. Co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoint receptors are required for full T-cell activation and effector functions such as the production of cytokines. In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, impaired tolerance leads to the development of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjogren's syndrome. Targeting the pathways of the inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules CD152 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) and CD279 (programmed death-1) in cancer shows robust anti-tumor responses and tumor regression. This observation suggests that, in autoimmune diseases, the converse strategy of engaging these molecules may alleviate inflammation owing to the success of abatacept (CD152-Ig) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. We review the preclinical and clinical developments in targeting immune checkpoint regulators in rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ceeraz
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Elizabeth C Nowak
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Christopher M Burns
- />Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- />Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
- />Medical Research Council Centre of Transplantation, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, SE1 9RT UK
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43
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Sang A, Zheng YY, Morel L. Contributions of B cells to lupus pathogenesis. Mol Immunol 2013; 62:329-38. [PMID: 24332482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies. This review summarizes first the results obtained in the mouse that have revealed how B cell tolerance is breached in SLE. We then review the B cell subsets, in addition to the autoAb producing cells, which contribute to SLE pathogenesis, focusing on marginal zone B cells, B-1 cells and regulatory B cells. Finally, we review the interactions between B cells and other immune cells that have been implicated in SLE, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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44
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Tellier J, Nutt SL. The unique features of follicular T cell subsets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4771-84. [PMID: 23852544 PMCID: PMC11113495 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is critical for humoral immunity, but also contributes adversely to a variety of autoimmune diseases. While the major protective function of GCs is mediated by plasma cells and memory B cells, follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a specialized T cell subset that provides essential help to the antigen-specific B cells in the form of membrane-bound ligands and secreted factors such as IL-21. Recent studies have revealed that TFH cells are capable of considerable functional diversity as well as possessing the ability to form memory cells. The molecular basis of this plasticity and heterogeneity is only now emerging. It has also become apparent that several other populations of follicular T cells exist, including natural killer T cells and regulatory T cells. In this review we will discuss the function of follicular T cells and interaction of these populations within the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tellier
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia,
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Wang JH, New JS, Xie S, Yang P, Wu Q, Li J, Luo B, Ding Y, Druey KM, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Extension of the germinal center stage of B cell development promotes autoantibodies in BXD2 mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2013; 65:2703-12. [PMID: 23818250 PMCID: PMC3979745 DOI: 10.1002/art.38059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins inhibit chemokine signaling by desensitizing G protein-coupled receptor signals. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms by which RGS13 promotes the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies in germinal centers (GCs), using BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice. METHODS Confocal and light microscopy imaging techniques were used to determine the location of cells that express RGS13 and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the mouse spleen, and the number of plasmablasts. The levels of GC and plasma cell program transcripts in GC B cells were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Differential interleukin-17 (IL-17)-mediated expression of RGS13 in GC versus non-GC B cells was analyzed using A20 and 70Z/3 B cells. RESULTS In the spleens of BXD2 mice, RGS13 was mainly expressed by GC B cells and was stimulated by IL-17 but not IL-21. IL-17 up-regulated RGS13 in A20 GC cells but not 70Z/3 non-GC B cells. BXD2- Rgs13-/- mice exhibited smaller GCs and lower AID levels, suggesting lower somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. However, GC B cells from BXD2- Rgs13-/- mice showed increased levels of IgMbright plasmablasts, up-regulation of the genes encoding plasma program, including interferon regulatory factor 4, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1, and X-box binding protein 1 and the p-CREB target genes Fosb and Obf1, and down-regulation of the GC program genes Aid, Pax5, and Bach2 compared to BXD2 mice. BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice had lower titers of IgG autoantibodies and IgG deposits in the glomeruli, suggesting reduced autoantibody pathogenicity. CONCLUSION RGS13 deficiency is associated with a reduction in GC program genes and the exit of fewer pathogenic IgM plasmablasts in BXD2 mice. Our findings indicate that prolonged GC program, mediated by up-regulation of RGS13, enhances AID expression and enables the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies in autoreactive GCs.
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Li Q, Liu Z, Dang E, Jin L, He Z, Yang L, Shi X, Wang G. Follicular helper T Cells (Tfh) and IL-21 involvement in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68145. [PMID: 23861861 PMCID: PMC3702561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) is characterized by the T cell-dependent production of autoantibodies. Recent studies have indicated that follicular T helper cells (Tfh), the key modulator of B cell activation and autoantibody production, are critical in the development of several autoimmune diseases. Tfh cells perform their functions via IL-21, their hallmark cytokine. In the present study, the frequencies of Tfh cells were investigated in the peripheral blood samples of BP patients to evaluate whether Tfh cells involve in this clinical entity. Significantly higher Tfh cell counts were observed in the peripheral blood of BP patients than those in healthy controls (median: 11.25% vs. 4.95%, respectively; P<0.001). Additionally, the serum IL-21 levels in BP patients were higher than those of the healthy controls (median: 103.98 pg/mL vs 46.77 pg/mL, respectively; P<0.001). The frequencies of Tfh cells and IL-21 levels were both positively correlated with anti-BP180-NC16A autoantibody titers (R = 0.712, P<0.01 and R = 0.578, P = 0.030, respectively). After effective therapy, the frequencies of Tfh cells as well as the serum IL-21 levels in BP patients decreased along with clinical improvement. Most importantly, Tfh depleted CD4(+) T cells and anti-IL-21 neutralization antibody could inhibit the T cell-induced B cell activation and secretion of BP autoantibody in vitro. Those results suggest that Tfh cells play an important role in autoantibody production and are involved in the pathogenesis of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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Li G, Diogo D, Wu D, Spoonamore J, Dancik V, Franke L, Kurreeman F, Rossin EJ, Duclos G, Hartland C, Zhou X, Li K, Liu J, De Jager PL, Siminovitch KA, Zhernakova A, Raychaudhuri S, Bowes J, Eyre S, Padyukov L, Gregersen PK, Worthington J, Gupta N, Clemons PA, Stahl E, Tolliday N, Plenge RM. Human genetics in rheumatoid arthritis guides a high-throughput drug screen of the CD40 signaling pathway. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003487. [PMID: 23696745 PMCID: PMC3656093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetic and non-genetic studies in mouse and human implicate the CD40 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there are no approved drugs that inhibit CD40 signaling for clinical care in RA or any other disease. Here, we sought to understand the biological consequences of a CD40 risk variant in RA discovered by a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) and to perform a high-throughput drug screen for modulators of CD40 signaling based on human genetic findings. First, we fine-map the CD40 risk locus in 7,222 seropositive RA patients and 15,870 controls, together with deep sequencing of CD40 coding exons in 500 RA cases and 650 controls, to identify a single SNP that explains the entire signal of association (rs4810485, P = 1.4×10−9). Second, we demonstrate that subjects homozygous for the RA risk allele have ∼33% more CD40 on the surface of primary human CD19+ B lymphocytes than subjects homozygous for the non-risk allele (P = 10−9), a finding corroborated by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 1,469 healthy control individuals. Third, we use retroviral shRNA infection to perturb the amount of CD40 on the surface of a human B lymphocyte cell line (BL2) and observe a direct correlation between amount of CD40 protein and phosphorylation of RelA (p65), a subunit of the NF-κB transcription factor. Finally, we develop a high-throughput NF-κB luciferase reporter assay in BL2 cells activated with trimerized CD40 ligand (tCD40L) and conduct an HTS of 1,982 chemical compounds and FDA–approved drugs. After a series of counter-screens and testing in primary human CD19+ B cells, we identify 2 novel chemical inhibitors not previously implicated in inflammation or CD40-mediated NF-κB signaling. Our study demonstrates proof-of-concept that human genetics can be used to guide the development of phenotype-based, high-throughput small-molecule screens to identify potential novel therapies in complex traits such as RA. A current challenge in human genetics is to follow-up “hits” from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to guide drug discovery for complex traits. Previously, we identified a common variant in the CD40 locus as associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we fine-map the CD40 signal of association through a combination of dense genotyping and exonic sequencing in large patient collections. Further, we demonstrate that the RA risk allele is a gain-of-function allele that increases the amount of CD40 on the surface of primary human B lymphocyte cells from healthy control individuals. Based on these observations, we develop a high-throughput assay to recapitulate the biology of the RA risk allele in a system suitable for a small molecule drug screen. After a series of primary screens and counter screens, we identify small molecules that inhibit CD40-mediated NF-kB signaling in human B cells. While this is only the first step towards a more comprehensive effort to identify CD40-specific inhibitors that may be used to treat RA, our study demonstrates a successful strategy to progress from a GWAS to a drug screen for complex traits such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dorothée Diogo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Di Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jim Spoonamore
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vlado Dancik
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fina Kurreeman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Rossin
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Health Sciences and Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Grant Duclos
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cathy Hartland
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xuezhong Zhou
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Kejie Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Siminovitch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute and Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Bowes
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Musculoskeletal Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Eyre
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Musculoskeletal Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore–Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Musculoskeletal Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Namrata Gupta
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eli Stahl
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicola Tolliday
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Plenge
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sokolova EA, Malkova NA, Korobko DS, Rozhdestvenskii AS, Kakulya AV, Khanokh EV, Delov RA, Platonov FA, Popova TY, Aref' eva EG, Zagorskaya NN, Alifirova VM, Titova MA, Smagina IV, El' chaninova SA, Popovtseva AV, Puzyrev VP, Kulakova OG, Tsareva EY, Favorova OO, Shchur SG, Lashch NY, Popova NF, Popova EV, Gusev EI, Boyko AN, Aulchenko YS, Filipenko ML. Association of SNPs of CD40 gene with multiple sclerosis in Russians. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61032. [PMID: 23613777 PMCID: PMC3632563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious, incurable neurological disease. In 2009, the ANZgene studies detected the suggestive association of located upstream of CD40 gene in chromosome 20q13 (p = 1.3×10(-7)). Identification of the causal variant(s) in the CD40 locus leads to a better understanding of the mechanism underlying the development of autoimmune pathologies. We determined the genotypes of rs6074022, rs1883832, rs1535045, and rs11086996 in patients with MS (n = 1684) and in the control group (n = 879). Two SNPs were significantly associated with MS: rs6074022 (additive model C allele OR = 1.27, 95% CI = [1.12-1.45], p = 3×10(-4)) and rs1883832 (additive model T allele OR = 1.20, 95% CI = [1.05-1.38], p = 7×10(-3)). In the meta-analysis of our results and the results of four previous studies, we obtain the association p-value of 2.34×10(-12), which confirmed the association between MS and rs6074022 at a genome-wide significant level. Next, we demonstrated that the model including rs6074022 only sufficiently described the association. From our analysis, we can speculate that the association between rs1883832 and MS was induced by LD, whereas rs6074022 was a marker in stronger LD with the functional variant or was the functional variant itself. Our results indicated that the functional variants were located in the upstream region of the gene CD40 and were in higher LD with rs6074022 than LD with rs1883832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Alekseevna Sokolova
- Pharmacogenomics Group, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Yang M, Rui K, Wang S, Lu L. Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:122-32. [PMID: 23292280 PMCID: PMC4003045 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are generally considered to be positive regulators of the immune response because of their capability to produce antibodies, including autoantibodies. The production of antibodies facilitates optimal CD4(+) T-cell activation because B cells serve as antigen-presenting cells and exert other modulatory functions in immune responses. However, certain B cells can also negatively regulate the immune response by producing regulatory cytokines and directly interacting with pathogenic T cells via cell-to-cell contact. These types of B cells are defined as regulatory B (Breg) cells. The regulatory function of Breg cells has been demonstrated in mouse models of inflammation, cancer, transplantation, and particularly in autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on the recent advances that lead to the understanding of the development and function of Breg cells and the implications of B cells in human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Regulation of humoral immunity by complement. Immunity 2012; 37:199-207. [PMID: 22921118 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system of innate immunity is important in regulating humoral immunity largely through the complement receptor CR2, which forms a coreceptor on B cells during antigen-induced activation. However, CR2 also retains antigens on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Display of antigen on FDCs is critical for clonal selection and affinity maturation of activated B cells. This review will discuss the role of complement in adaptive immunity in general with a focus on the interplay between CR2-associated antigen on B cells with CR2 expressed on FDCs. This latter interaction provides an opportunity for memory B cells to sample antigen over prolonged periods. The cocrystal structure of CR2 with its ligand C3d provides insight into how the complement system regulates access of antigen by B cells with implications for therapeutic manipulations to modulate aberrant B cell responses in the case of autoimmunity.
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