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Zhang Y, Wu Z, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Huang Q, Zhang M, Li S, Wang D, Li N, Chi Y, Liu Y. Mesenteric Lymphatic B Cells Migrate to the Intestine and Aggravate DSS-Induced Colitis via the CXCR5-CXCL13 Axis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:322. [PMID: 38785804 PMCID: PMC11117591 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still unknown. Mesenteric lymphatics (MLs), which are closely related to the intestine in both anatomy and physiology, have been suggested to be involved in IBD. In the present study, we aim to investigate the effects of ML immune cells on IBD and explore the potential associated mechanisms. Acute colitis was induced in rats using dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS). Mesenteric lymphangiogenesis, ML stenosis, and dilation were observed, with an increased proportion of MLB cells in DSS-induced colitis rats. The adoptive transfer of B cells isolated from ML (MLB) was employed to investigate their effects on colitis. MLB cells derived from DSS-induced colitis rats exhibited a higher propensity to migrate to the intestine. The proportion of colonic T cells was altered, along with the aggravated colitis induced by the adoptive transfer of MLB cells derived from DSS-induced colitis rats. RNA sequencing revealed increased Cxcr5 expression in MLB cells from colitis rats, while real-time PCR indicated an upregulation of its ligand Cxcl13 in the colon of colitis rats. These findings suggest that MLB cells may migrate to the intestine and aggravate colitis. In summary, colonic T cells respond to MLB cells from colitis rats, and MLB cells aggravate DSS-induced colitis via the CXCR5-CXCL13 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qinghe Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Yaming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Xiamen University Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen 361001, China;
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China;
| | - Menglei Zhang
- Department of Animal Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (M.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuolei Li
- Department of Animal Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (M.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Na Li
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Yujing Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (D.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
- Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Frede A, Czarnewski P, Monasterio G, Tripathi KP, Bejarano DA, Ramirez Flores RO, Sorini C, Larsson L, Luo X, Geerlings L, Novella-Rausell C, Zagami C, Kuiper R, Morales RA, Castillo F, Hunt M, Mariano LL, Hu YOO, Engblom C, Lennon-Duménil AM, Mittenzwei R, Westendorf AM, Hövelmeyer N, Lundeberg J, Saez-Rodriguez J, Schlitzer A, Das S, Villablanca EJ. B cell expansion hinders the stroma-epithelium regenerative cross talk during mucosal healing. Immunity 2022; 55:2336-2351.e12. [PMID: 36462502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic promotion of intestinal regeneration holds great promise, but defining the cellular mechanisms that influence tissue regeneration remains an unmet challenge. To gain insight into the process of mucosal healing, we longitudinally examined the immune cell composition during intestinal damage and regeneration. B cells were the dominant cell type in the healing colon, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed expansion of an IFN-induced B cell subset during experimental mucosal healing that predominantly located in damaged areas and associated with colitis severity. B cell depletion accelerated recovery upon injury, decreased epithelial ulceration, and enhanced gene expression programs associated with tissue remodeling. scRNA-seq from the epithelial and stromal compartments combined with spatial transcriptomics and multiplex immunostaining showed that B cells decreased interactions between stromal and epithelial cells during mucosal healing. Activated B cells disrupted the epithelial-stromal cross talk required for organoid survival. Thus, B cell expansion during injury impairs epithelial-stromal cell interactions required for mucosal healing, with implications for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Frede
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar P Tripathi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David A Bejarano
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Chiara Sorini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Larsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Luo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Geerlings
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudio Novella-Rausell
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Zagami
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raoul Kuiper
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Aquatic Biosecurity Research, Elisabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway; Core Facility for Morphologic Phenotype Analysis, Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Hunt
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yue O O Hu
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Engblom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Romy Mittenzwei
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Srustidhar Das
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wei W, Mu S, Han Y, Chen Y, Kuang Z, Wu X, Luo Y, Tong C, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Song Z. Gpr174 Knockout Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis via Regulating the Immune Function of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841254. [PMID: 35669778 PMCID: PMC9164256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of the immune system would disturb the intestinal homeostasis and lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dendritic cells (DCs) help maintain intestinal homeostasis and immediately respond to pathogens or injuries once the mucosa barriers are destroyed during IBD. G protein-coupled receptors(GPR)174 is an essential regulator of immunity that is widely expressed in most immune cells, including DCs. However, the role of GPR174 in regulating the immune function of DC in colitis has not been investigated. Methods Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was administered to establish the mice colitis model. Data of weight, length of colon, disease activity index (DAI), and macroscopic scores were collected. The flow cytometry was used to detect the infiltrations of T cells and DCs, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD80, CD86, CD40, and major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II). And T cells proliferataion was measured by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). The expression of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin -4 (IL-4)) and GPR174 mRNA were measured by Elisa, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunofluorescence. RNA of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was extracted for sequencing. Adoptive transfer of BMDCs was administrated intravenously. Results Gpr174-/- mice exposed to 3% DSS showed significant alleviation characterized by reduced loss of weight, more minor colon damage, and better DAI and macroscopic scores. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) decreased, while anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) increased compared with WT mice. In vitro, Gpr174-/- BMDCs showed less maturity, with a declined expression of MHC-II, CD80, CD86 and reduced TNF-α, higher IL-10 after LPS stimulation. Gpr174-/- BMDCs were less capable of activating OT-II naïve CD4+ T cells than WT BMDCs and induced more Th0 cells to differentiate into Treg while less into Th1. Furthermore, the transcriptome sequencing analysis exhibited that Gpr174 participated in TNF-α (NF-κB) signaling, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and Th1/Th2 cell differentiation pathways. Adoptive transfer of Gpr174-/- BMDCs to WT mice ameliorated DSS-induced colitis. Conclusion Our study indicated that GPR174 was involved in the pathogenesis of IBD by regulating the maturation of the dendritic cells to maintain immune homeostasis. TNF-α (NF-κB) signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and Th1/Th2 cell differentiation pathways may be the target pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sucheng Mu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongshu Kuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyue Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Tong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenju Song, ; Yilin Yang, ; Yiqun Zhang,
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenju Song, ; Yilin Yang, ; Yiqun Zhang,
| | - Zhenju Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenju Song, ; Yilin Yang, ; Yiqun Zhang,
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4
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Chen M, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Wan Q, Xu M, Chen X. Anti-CD20 therapy ameliorates β cell function and rebalances Th17/Treg cells in NOD mice. Endocrine 2022; 76:44-52. [PMID: 35067899 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-CD20 therapy delays type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) progression in both nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and new-onset patients. The mechanism is not completely defined. This study aimed to investigate the effects of anti-CD20 therapy on T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in NOD mice. The role of B cell depletion in T1DM development was also examined. METHODS NOD mice were randomly divided into two groups. The mice in the experimental group were treated with an anti-CD20 antibody, while the control mice were treated with an isotype-matched control antibody. After treatment, islet morphology and inflammation, Th17 and Treg cell frequencies in the pancreas and spleen, serum cytokine and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody levels, interleukin (IL)-17A levels in the pancreas and spleen, insulin expression in islet cells and islet β cell function were measured. RESULTS Decreased blood glucose and increased insulin secretion were found in the exprimental group compared with the CON group. A lower islet inflammation score was also found in the experimental group. Decreased Th17 cell and IL-17A levels and augmented Treg cell levels were found in the spleen and pancreas after anti-CD20 treatment. The serum levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF), IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23 and anti-GAD autoantibodies were decreased in the experimental group, while higher serum levels of IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were found. CONCLUSION Anti-CD20 therapy might have some beneficial effects that improve β cell function by relieving islet inflammation through regulation of Th17/Treg cells and the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianhui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Wan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, China.
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Harnessing murine models of Crohn's disease ileitis to advance concepts of pathophysiology and treatment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:10-26. [PMID: 34316007 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are both characterized by chronic inflammation and severe dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. These two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represent distinct clinical disorders with diverse driving mechanisms; however, this divergence is not reflected in currently approved therapeutics that commonly target general proinflammatory pathways. A compelling need therefore remains to understand factors that differentiate the topology and the distinct clinical manifestations of CD versus UC, in order to develop more effective and specialized therapies. Animal models provide valuable platforms for studying IBD heterogeneity and deciphering disease-specific mechanisms. Both the established and the newly developed ileitis mouse models are characterized by various disease initiating mechanisms and diverse phenotypic outcomes that reflect the complexity of human CD-ileitis. Microbial dysbiosis, destruction of epithelial barrier integrity, immune cell deregulation, as well as the recently described genome instability and stromal cell activation have all been proposed as the triggering factors for the development of ileitis-associated pathology. In this review, we aim to critically evaluate the mechanistic underpinnings of murine models of CD-ileitis, discuss their phenotypic similarities to human disease, and envisage their further exploitation for the development of novel targeted and personalized therapeutics.
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Role of B-Cell Activating Factor (BAFF) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010045. [PMID: 35054212 PMCID: PMC8774757 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As early commencement of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment has been shown to substantially improve outcomes, it is of utmost importance to make a timely diagnosis of this disease. Despite undisputed sensitivity of fecal calprotectin, the most widely accepted IBD biomarker, in discriminating between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and IBD, as well as recognized role in monitoring disease activity and response to therapy, perhaps the biggest setback of calprotectin use in IBD is lack of specificity. Therefore, an additional biomarker in IBD is warranted. B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, recently emerged as a viable candidate for this role. So far, overproduction of BAFF has been observed in various autoimmune diseases, most notably in systemic lupus erythematosus, where BAFF-inhibitor belimumab was approved for treatment. As BAFF levels were also shown to correlate with indices of IBD, in this review we aimed to summarize the current evidence with respect to the role of BAFF in diagnosis and assessing the activity of IBD, as well as putative therapeutic implications that may arise from exploring of this relation.
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Fornelos N, Franzosa EA, Bishai J, Annand JW, Oka A, Lloyd-Price J, Arthur TD, Garner A, Avila-Pacheco J, Haiser HJ, Tolonen AC, Porter JA, Clish CB, Sartor RB, Huttenhower C, Vlamakis H, Xavier RJ. Growth effects of N-acylethanolamines on gut bacteria reflect altered bacterial abundances in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:486-497. [PMID: 31959971 PMCID: PMC7047597 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with alterations in gut microbial abundances and lumenal metabolite concentrations, but the effects of specific metabolites on the gut microbiota in health and disease remain largely unknown. Here, we analysed the influences of metabolites that are differentially abundant in IBD on the growth and physiology of gut bacteria that are also differentially abundant in IBD. We found that N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), a class of endogenously produced signalling lipids elevated in the stool of IBD patients and a T-cell transfer model of colitis, stimulated growth of species over-represented in IBD and inhibited that of species depleted in IBD in vitro. Using metagenomic sequencing, we recapitulated the effects of NAEs in complex microbial communities ex vivo, with Proteobacteria blooming and Bacteroidetes declining in the presence of NAEs. Metatranscriptomic analysis of the same communities identified components of the respiratory chain as important for the metabolism of NAEs, and this was verified using a mutant deficient for respiratory complex I. In this study, we identified NAEs as a class of metabolites that are elevated in IBD and have the potential to shift gut microbiota towards an IBD-like composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Bishai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John W Annand
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akihiko Oka
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason Lloyd-Price
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ashley Garner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Henry J Haiser
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Porter
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Walrath T, Malizia RA, Zhu X, Sharp SP, D'Souza SS, Lopez-Soler R, Parr B, Kartchner B, Lee EC, Stain SC, Iwakura Y, O'Connor W. IFN-γ and IL-17A regulate intestinal crypt production of CXCL10 in the healthy and inflamed colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G479-G489. [PMID: 31790273 PMCID: PMC7099492 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00208.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During intestinal inflammation, immature cells within the intestinal crypt are called upon to replenish lost epithelial cell populations, promote tissue regeneration, and restore barrier integrity. Inflammatory mediators including TH1/TH17-associated cytokines influence tissue health and regenerative processes, yet how these cytokines directly influence the colon crypt epithelium and whether the crypt remains responsive to these cytokines during active damage and repair, remain unclear. Here, using laser-capture microdissection and primary colon organoid culture, we show that the cytokine milieu regulates the ability of the colonic crypt epithelium to participate in proinflammatory signaling. IFN-γ induces the TH1-recruiting, proinflammatory chemokine CXCL10/IP10 in primary murine intestinal crypt epithelium. CXCL10 was also induced in colonic organoids derived from mice with active, experimentally induced colitis, suggesting that the crypt can actively secrete CXCL10 in select cytokine environments during colitis. Colon expression of cxcl10 further increased during infectious and noninfectious colitis in Il17a-/- mice, demonstrating that IL-17A exerts a negative effect on CXCL10 in vivo. Furthermore, IL-17A directly antagonized CXCL10 production in ex vivo organoid cultures derived from healthy murine colons. Interestingly, direct antagonism of CXCL10 was not observed in organoids derived from colitic mouse colons bearing active lesions. These data, highlighting the complex interplay between the cytokine milieu and crypt epithelia, demonstrate proinflammatory chemokines can be induced within the colonic crypt and suggest the crypt remains responsive to cytokine modulation during inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Upon damage, the intestinal epithelium regenerates to restore barrier function. Here we observe that the local colonic cytokine milieu controls the production of procolitic chemokines within the crypt base and colon crypts remain responsive to cytokines during inflammation. IFN-γ promotes, while IL-17 antagonizes, CXCL10 production in healthy colonic crypts, while responses to cytokines differ in inflamed colon epithelium. These data reveal novel insight into colon crypt responses and inflammation-relevant alterations in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walrath
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | | | - Xinjun Zhu
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Stephen P. Sharp
- 2Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Shanti S. D'Souza
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | | | - Brian Parr
- 4Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Brittany Kartchner
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Edward C. Lee
- 2Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Steven C. Stain
- 2Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- 5Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - William O'Connor
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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10
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Lin S, Haque A, Raeman R, Guo L, He P, Denning TL, El-Rayes B, Moolenaar WH, Yun CC. Autotaxin determines colitis severity in mice and is secreted by B cells in the colon. FASEB J 2019; 33:3623-3635. [PMID: 30481488 PMCID: PMC6404565 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801415rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX or ENPP2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that produces lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic lipid mediator acting on specific GPCRs. ATX and LPA have been implicated in key (patho)physiologic processes, including embryonic development, lymphocyte homing, inflammation, and cancer progression. Using LPA receptor knockout mice, we previously uncovered a role for LPA signaling in promoting colitis and colorectal cancer. Here, we examined the role of ATX in experimental colitis through inducible deletion of Enpp2 in adult mice. ATX expression was increased upon induction of colitis, whereas ATX deletion reduced the severity of inflammation in both acute and chronic colitis, accompanied by transient weight loss. ATX expression in lymphocytes was strongly reduced in Rag1-/- and μMT mice, suggesting B cells as a major ATX-producing source, which was validated by immunofluorescence and biochemical analyses. ATX secretion by B cells from control, but not Enpp2 knockout, mice led to ERK activation in colorectal cancer cells and promoted T cell migration. We conclude that ATX deletion suppresses experimental colitis and that B cells are a major source of ATX in the colon. Our study suggests that pharmacological inhibition of ATX could be a therapeutic strategy in colitis.-Lin, S., Haque, A., Raeman, R., Guo, L., He, P., Denning, T. L., El-Rayes, B., Moolenaar, W. H., Yun, C. C. Autotaxin determines colitis severity in mice and is secreted by B cells in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Lin
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Abedul Haque
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Reben Raeman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leilei Guo
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peijian He
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy L. Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
| | - Wouter H. Moolenaar
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; and
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11
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Bhatia D, Sinha A, Hari P, Sopory S, Saini S, Puraswani M, Saini H, Mitra DK, Bagga A. Rituximab modulates T- and B-lymphocyte subsets and urinary CD80 excretion in patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:520-526. [PMID: 29983411 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B lymphocytes, effectively sustains remission in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). We studied its effects on lymphocyte subsets and urinary CD80 excretion (uCD80) in patients with SDNS. METHODS Blood and urine samples were collected from 18 SDNS patients before rituximab, and after 1 month and 1 year or at first relapse. T and B lymphocytes and uCD80 were determined by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Treatment was associated with reduction in counts of Th17, Th2, and memory T cells, and increased T-regulatory (Treg) cells. The Th17/Treg ratio declined from baseline (median 0.6) to 1 month (0.2, P = 0.006) and increased during relapse (0.3, P = 0.016). Ratios of Th1/Th2 cells at baseline, 1 month after rituximab, and during relapse were 7.7, 14.0 (P = 0.0102), and 8.7, respectively. uCD80 decreased 1 month following rituximab (45.5 vs. 23.0 ng/g creatinine; P = 0.0039). B lymphocytes recovered earlier in relapsers (60.0 vs.183.0 days; P < 0.001). Memory B cells were higher during relapse than remission (29.7 vs.18.0 cells/µL; P = 0.029). CONCLUSION Rituximab-induced sustained remission and B-cell depletion was associated with reduced numbers of Th17 and Th2 lymphocytes, and increased Treg cells; these changes reversed during relapses. Recovery of B cells and memory B cells predicted the occurrence of a relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhatia
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sinha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Hari
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailaja Sopory
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Saini
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Puraswani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshi Saini
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra K Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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12
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Ellis JS, Braley-Mullen H. Mechanisms by Which B Cells and Regulatory T Cells Influence Development of Murine Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6020013. [PMID: 28134752 PMCID: PMC5332917 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments with B cell-deficient (B−/−) mice indicate that a number of autoimmune diseases require B cells in addition to T cells for their development. Using B−/− Non-obese diabetic (NOD) and NOD.H-2h4 mice, we demonstrated that development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), Sjogren’s syndrome and diabetes do not develop in B−/− mice, whereas all three diseases develop in B cell-positive wild-type (WT) mice. B cells are required early in life, since reconstitution of adult mice with B cells or autoantibodies did not restore their ability to develop disease. B cells function as important antigen presenting cells (APC) to initiate activation of autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells. If B cells are absent or greatly reduced in number, other APC will present the antigen, such that Treg are preferentially activated and effector T cells are not activated. In these situations, B−/− or B cell-depleted mice develop the autoimmune disease when T regulatory cells (Treg) are transiently depleted. This review focuses on how B cells influence Treg activation and function, and briefly considers factors that influence the effectiveness of B cell depletion for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Ellis
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Helen Braley-Mullen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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13
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Inflammatory bowel disease: exploring gut pathophysiology for novel therapeutic targets. Transl Res 2016; 176:38-68. [PMID: 27220087 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the 2 major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which are influenced by a complex interplay of immunological and genetic elements, though the precise etiology still remains unknown. With IBD developing into a globally prevailing disease, there is a need to explore new targets and a thorough understanding of the pathophysiological differences between the healthy and diseased gut could unearth new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we provide an overview of the major aspects of IBD pathogenesis and thereafter present a comprehensive analysis of the gut pathophysiology leading to a discussion on some of the most promising targets and biologic therapies currently being explored. These include various gut proteins (CXCL-10, GATA-3, NKG2D, CD98, microRNAs), immune cells recruited to the gut (mast cells, eosinophils, toll-like receptors 2, 4), dysregulated proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, -13, -18, -21), and commensal microbiota (probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation). We also evaluate some of the emerging nonconventional therapies being explored in IBD treatment focusing on the latest developments in stem cell research, oral targeting of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, novel anti-inflammatory signaling pathway targeting, adenosine deaminase inhibition, and the beneficial effects of antioxidant and nutraceutical therapies. In addition, we highlight the growth of biologics and their targets in IBD by providing information on the preclinical and clinical development of over 60 biopharmaceuticals representing the state of the art in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease drug development.
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14
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B Cell-Activating Factor as a New Potential Marker in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2608-18. [PMID: 27056038 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cell-activating factor (BAFF) has been proposed to be a regulator of B cell and T cell immune responses and be associated with inflammatory processes in autoimmunity and B cell malignancies. No study has reported the role of BAFF in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate expression and concentrations of BAFF in IBD and determine its value to discriminate patients with IBD. METHODS Seventy-eight ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, 37 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, 12 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and 44 healthy controls were recruited. We examined serum and faecal BAFF levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intestinal BAFF expression was analysed in biopsies obtained from IBD patients. Intestinal mucosa localization of BAFF was conducted by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The median (25th-75th percentile) serum BAFF concentration (pg/ml) was 1430 (1105-1624) in CD patients, 1472 (1018-1772) in UC patients and 977 (482-1345) in healthy controls. Serum BAFF was 64 % sensitive and 93 % specific for identifying active IBD from healthy controls. The BAFF expression was significantly increased in biopsy specimens from IBD patients. Fecal BAFF concentration was 369 (326-493) pg/ml in CD patients, 542 (358-1758) pg/ml in UC patients, 294 (287-299) pg/ml in IBS patients and 295 (284-309) pg/ml in healthy controls. Fecal BAFF was 90 % sensitive and 96 % specific for identifying active IBD from healthy controls and IBS patients. CONCLUSION The novel association between BAFF and IBD seems to identify that BAFF might regulate the inflammatory process in these diseases and it appears to be a potential marker of IBD.
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15
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Timmermans WMC, van Laar JAM, van der Houwen TB, Kamphuis LSJ, Bartol SJW, Lam KH, Ouwendijk RJ, Sparrow MP, Gibson PR, van Hagen PM, van Zelm MC. B-Cell Dysregulation in Crohn's Disease Is Partially Restored with Infliximab Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160103. [PMID: 27468085 PMCID: PMC4965034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell depletion can improve a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, but does not appear beneficial for patients with Crohn's disease. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the involvement of B cells in Crohn's disease, we here performed an 'in depth' analysis of intestinal and blood B-cells in this chronic inflammatory disease. METHODS Patients with Crohn's disease were recruited to study B-cell infiltrates in intestinal biopsies (n = 5), serum immunoglobulin levels and the phenotype and molecular characteristics of blood B-cell subsets (n = 21). The effects of infliximab treatment were studied in 9 patients. RESULTS Granulomatous tissue showed infiltrates of B lymphocytes rather than Ig-secreting plasma cells. Circulating transitional B cells and CD21low B cells were elevated. IgM memory B cells were reduced and natural effector cells showed decreased replication histories and somatic hypermutation (SHM) levels. In contrast, IgG and IgA memory B cells were normally present and their Ig gene transcripts carried increased SHM levels. The numbers of transitional and natural effector cells were normal in patients who responded clinically well to infliximab. CONCLUSIONS B cells in patients with Crohn's disease showed signs of chronic stimulation with localization to granulomatous tissue and increased molecular maturation of IgA and IgG. Therapy with TNFα-blockers restored the defect in IgM memory B-cell generation and normalized transitional B-cell levels, making these subsets candidate markers for treatment monitoring. Together, these results suggest a chronic, aberrant B-cell response in patients with Crohn's disease, which could be targeted with new therapeutics that specifically regulate B-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina M. C. Timmermans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. van Laar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim B. van der Houwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke S. J. Kamphuis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - King H. Lam
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Ouwendijk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ikazia Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miles P. Sparrow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter R. Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P. Martin van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Caballero-Franco C, Guma M, Choo MK, Sano Y, Enzler T, Karin M, Mizoguchi A, Park JM. Epithelial Control of Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Formation through p38α-Dependent Restraint of NF-κB Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2368-76. [PMID: 26792803 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase p38α mediates cellular responses to environmental and endogenous cues that direct tissue homeostasis and immune responses. Studies of mice lacking p38α in several different cell types have demonstrated that p38α signaling is essential to maintaining the proliferation-differentiation balance in developing and steady-state tissues. The mechanisms underlying these roles involve cell-autonomous control of signaling and gene expression by p38α. In this study, we show that p38α regulates gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) formation in a noncell-autonomous manner. From an investigation of mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of the p38α gene, we find that p38α serves to limit NF-κB signaling and thereby attenuate GALT-promoting chemokine expression in the intestinal epithelium. Loss of this regulation results in GALT hyperplasia and, in some animals, mucosa-associated B cell lymphoma. These anomalies occur independently of luminal microbial stimuli and are most likely driven by direct epithelial-lymphoid interactions. Our study illustrates a novel p38α-dependent mechanism preventing excessive generation of epithelial-derived signals that drive lymphoid tissue overgrowth and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Caballero-Franco
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Yasuyo Sano
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Thomas Enzler
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jin Mo Park
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129;
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17
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Omenetti S, Brogi M, Goodman WA, Croniger CM, Eid S, Huang AY, Laffi G, Roskams T, Cominelli F, Pinzani M, Pizarro TT. Dysregulated intrahepatic CD4 + T-cell activation drives liver inflammation in ileitis-prone SAMP1/YitFc mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1. [PMID: 26213712 PMCID: PMC4511857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver inflammation is a common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, whether liver involvement is a consequence of a primary intestinal defect or results from alternative pathogenic processes remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to determine the potential pathogenic mechanism(s) of concomitant liver inflammation in an established murine model of IBD. METHODS Liver inflammation and immune cell subsets were characterized in ileitis-prone SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) and AKR/J (AKR) control mice, lymphocyte-depleted SAMP (SAMPxRag-1-/-), and immunodeficient SCID recipient mice receiving SAMP or AKR donor CD4+ T-cells. Proliferation and suppressive capacity of CD4+ T-effector (Teff) and T-regulatory (Treg) cells from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and livers of SAMP and AKR mice were measured. RESULTS Surprisingly, prominent inflammation was detected in 4-wk-old SAMP livers, prior to histologic evidence of ileitis, while both disease phenotypes were absent in age-matched AKRs. SAMP liver disease was characterized by abundant infiltration of lymphocytes, required for hepatic inflammation to occur, a Th1-skewed environment, and phenotypically-activated CD4+ T-cells. SAMP intrahepatic CD4+ T-cells also had the ability to induce liver and ileal inflammation when adoptively transferred into SCID recipients, whereas GALT-derived CD4+ T-cells produced milder ileitis, but not liver inflammation. Interestingly, SAMP intrahepatic CD4+ Teff cells showed increased proliferation compared to both SAMP GALT- and AKR liver-derived CD4+ Teff cells, while SAMP intrahepatic Tregs were decreased among CD4+ T-cells and impaired in in vitro suppressive function compared to AKR. CONCLUSIONS Activated intrahepatic CD4+ T-cells induce liver inflammation and contribute to experimental ileitis via locally-impaired hepatic immunosuppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Omenetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,“DENOThe” Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Brogi
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,“DENOThe” Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Wendy A. Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Colleen M. Croniger
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Saada Eid
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Giacomo Laffi
- “DENOThe” Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Roskams
- Department of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,“DENOThe” Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- “DENOThe” Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,“DENOThe” Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Theresa T. Pizarro, PhD, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, WRB 5534, Cleveland, Ohio 44106. fax: (216) 368-0494.
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18
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Ellis JS, Braley-Mullen H. Regulatory T cells in B-cell-deficient and wild-type mice differ functionally and in expression of cell surface markers. Immunology 2015; 144:598-610. [PMID: 25318356 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD.H-2h4 mice develop spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) with chronic inflammation of thyroids by T and B cells. B-cell deficient (B(-/-) ) mice are resistant to SAT but develop SAT if regulatory T (Treg) cells are transiently depleted. We established a transfer model using splenocytes from CD28(-/-) B(-/-) mice (effector cells and antigen-presenting cells) cultured with or without sorted Treg cells from Foxp3-GFP wild-type (WT) or B(-/-) mice. After transfer to mice lacking T cells, mice given Treg cells from B(-/-) mice had significantly lower SAT severity scores than mice given Treg cells from WT mice, indicating that Treg cells in B(-/-) mice are more effective suppressors of SAT than Treg cells in WT mice. Treg cells from B(-/-) mice differ from WT Treg cells in expression of CD27, tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) II p75, and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). After transient depletion using anti-CD25 or diphtheria toxin, the repopulating Treg cells in B(-/-) mice lack suppressor function, and expression of CD27, GITR and p75 is like that of WT Treg cells. If B(-/-) Treg cells develop with B cells in bone marrow chimeras, their phenotype is like that of WT Treg cells. Addition of B cells to cultures of B(-/-) Treg and T effector cells abrogates their suppressive function and their phenotype is like that of WT Treg cells. These results establish for the first time that Treg cells in WT and B(-/-) mice differ both functionally and in expression of particular cell surface markers. Both properties are altered after transient depletion and repopulation of B(-/-) Treg cells, and by the presence of B cells during Treg cell development or during interaction with effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Ellis
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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19
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Chan J, Mehta S, Bharrhan S, Chen Y, Achkar JM, Casadevall A, Flynn J. The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:588-600. [PMID: 25458990 PMCID: PMC4314354 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major public health burden. It is generally thought that while B cell- and antibody-mediated immunity plays an important role in host defense against extracellular pathogens, the primary control of intracellular microbes derives from cellular immune mechanisms. Studies on the immune regulatory mechanisms during infection with M. tuberculosis, a facultative intracellular organism, has established the importance of cell-mediated immunity in host defense during tuberculous infection. Emerging evidence suggest a role for B cell and humoral immunity in the control of intracellular pathogens, including obligatory species, through interactions with the cell-mediated immune compartment. Recent studies have shown that B cells and antibodies can significantly impact on the development of immune responses to the tubercle bacillus. In this review, we present experimental evidence supporting the notion that the importance of humoral and cellular immunity in host defense may not be entirely determined by the niche of the pathogen. A comprehensive approach that examines both humoral and cellular immunity could lead to better understanding of the immune response to M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Simren Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sushma Bharrhan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - JoAnne Flynn
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Goodman WA, Garg RR, Reuter BK, Mattioli B, Rissman EF, Pizarro TT. Loss of estrogen-mediated immunoprotection underlies female gender bias in experimental Crohn's-like ileitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1255-65. [PMID: 24621993 PMCID: PMC4139459 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and severity of Crohn's disease (CD) are increased in female patients. Using SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mice, a spontaneous model of chronic intestinal inflammation that displays histologic and pathogenic similarities to human CD, we investigated the potential mechanism(s) contributing to sex differences observed in CD. Similar to gender differences observed in CD patients, SAMP female (SAMP-F) mice displayed an earlier onset and more severe ileitis compared with SAMP male (SAMP-M) mice. Furthermore, T-regulatory cells (Tregs) from gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of SAMP-F mice were reduced in frequency and impaired in their in vitro and in vivo suppressive functions compared with that of SAMP-M mice. Given the interaction between sex hormones and Treg function, we investigated the possible role of estrogen (E2) in SAMP ileitis. SAMP-M mice responded to exogenous E2 administration by expanding Treg frequency and reducing ileal inflammation, whereas SAMP-F mice were resistant. Conventional T cells and Tregs responded differentially to estrogen signaling, leading to distinct immunoprotective effects mediated by distinct estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms. These mechanisms were impaired in T cells from SAMP-F mice. Thus, hormone signaling influences the expansion and function of GALT Tregs in an ER-dependent manner and contributes to gender-based differences in experimental CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rekha R. Garg
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian K. Reuter
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2X8
| | - Benedetta Mattioli
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Emilie F. Rissman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Thurner L, Stöger E, Fadle N, Klemm P, Regitz E, Kemele M, Bette B, Held G, Dauer M, Lammert F, Preuss KD, Zimmer V, Pfreundschuh M. Proinflammatory progranulin antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1733-42. [PMID: 24591016 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we identified neutralizing autoantibodies against progranulin (PGRN) in a wide spectrum of rheumatic diseases including cases with enteropathic spondylarthritis. PGRN is a secreted protein with strong anti-inflammatory effects, believed to be mediated by the direct inhibition of TNF receptors 1&2. Given the central role of TNF-α as proinflammatory cytokine, a neutralizing antibody directed against its physiologic antagonist PGRN might entertain a proinflammatory environment. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible occurrence of PGRN-antibodies (PGRN-Abs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and to investigate a possible pathogenic effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera samples of 141 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and of 71 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were tested for PGRN-Abs by ELISA. PGRN plasma levels were detected by ELISA. Proinflammatory effects of progranulin-antibodies were analyzed by TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity assays using HT29 cells and by examination of possible effects of PGRN and of PGRN-antibodies on TNF-α-induced downmodulation of FOXP3 expression in CD4(+)CD25(hi) Tregs. RESULTS PGRN-Abs were found in sera of 23/141 (16.31%) patients with CD, and 15/71 (21.13%) patients with UC. PGRN-Abs were more frequent than anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCAs) in UC, but less frequent than anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) in CD. PGRN-Abs belonged mostly to IgG1 (71.1%) and IgA (26.3%). They occurred in relevant titres and had significant neutralizing effects on PGRN plasma levels. Cytotoxicity assays comparing PGRN-antibody-positive sera with negative sera from matched patients with IBD showed a proinflammatory effect of PGRN-Abs on HT29 cells. Moreover, PGRN-antibodies led to an increase of TNF-α-induced downmodulation of FOXP3 in CD4(+)CD25(hi) Tregs. CONCLUSION The results suggest that PGRN-Abs occur frequently in CD and UC, and have a proinflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Thurner
- José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg/Saar, Germany,
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22
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Sanz I. Rationale for B cell targeting in SLE. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:365-75. [PMID: 24763533 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
B cells are central pathogenic players in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple other autoimmune diseases through antibody production as well as antibody independent function. At the same time, B cells are known to play important regulatory functions that may protect against autoimmune manifestations. Yet, the functional role of different B cell populations and their contribution to disease remain to be understood. The advent of agents that specifically target B cells, in particular anti-CD20 and ant-BLyS antibodies, have demonstrated the efficacy of this approach for the treatment of human autoimmunity. The analysis of patients treated with these and other B cell agents provides a unique opportunity to understand the correlates of clinical response and the significance of different B cell subsets. Here, we discuss this information and how it could be used to better understand SLE and improve the rational design of B cell-directed therapies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Human Immunology, 247 Whitehead Research Bldg. 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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23
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Role of regulatory B cells in chronic intestinal inflammation: association with pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:315-28. [PMID: 24390063 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000437983.14544.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) producing interleukin (IL)-10 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases remains unknown. We investigated IL-10 production in B cells from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and immunoregulatory functions of Bregs in experimental colitis mouse models. CpG DNA-induced IL-10 production in peripheral blood B cells isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and control subjects was examined. CD19 and CD1d were used for evaluating possible cell surface markers of Bregs. Colitis models of severe combined immunodeficiency mice were established by adoptive transfer of whole CD4 T cells or regulatory T cell (Treg)-depleted T cells (CD4CD25) isolated from SAMP1/Yit mice and the function of Bregs in intestinal inflammation was elucidated by evaluating the effects of cotransfer of whole or Breg-depleted B cells. CpG DNA-induced IL-10 production was significantly decreased in B cells from patients with Crohn's disease (CD), as compared with those from healthy controls, whereas Bregs were found to be enriched in a population of CD19 and CD1d B cells isolated from both human and mouse samples. The severity of intestinal inflammation was significantly increased in the Breg-depleted mice, with similar results also found in adoptive transfer colitis model mice even after Treg depletion. Our findings show that Bregs, characterized by the cell surface markers CD19 and CD1d, significantly reduced experimental colitis regardless of the presence or absence of Tregs. These results suggest that a deficiency or decrease of Bregs function exacerbates intestinal inflammation, which may be associated with the pathogenesis of CD.
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24
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Valatas V, Vakas M, Kolios G. The value of experimental models of colitis in predicting efficacy of biological therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G763-85. [PMID: 23989010 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00004.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, biological therapies have an increasing share in the modern therapeutics of various diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Animal models of IBD have often been used to identify the targets of biological therapies, to test their relevance to disease pathogenesis, to assess their therapeutic efficacy in vivo, and to check for drug toxicity. In the field of inflammatory diseases the majority of biologics under development have failed to reach the clinic. This review examines the ability of preclinical data from animal models of IBD to predict success or failure of biologics in human IBD. Specifically, it describes the murine models of IBD, the mechanism of disease induction, the phenotype of the disease, its relevance to human IBD, and the specific immunological features of disease pathogenesis in each model and mainly compares the results of the phase II and III trials of biologics in IBD with preclinical data obtained from studies in animal models. Finally, it examines the possible reasons for low success in translation from bench to bedside and offers some suggestions to improve translation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Valatas
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Univ. Hospital of Heraklion, PO Box 1352, Voutes, Heraklion, GR-71100, Crete, Greece.
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25
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Feldman AG, Tucker RM, Fenner EK, Pelanda R, Mack CL. B cell deficient mice are protected from biliary obstruction in the rotavirus-induced mouse model of biliary atresia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73644. [PMID: 23991203 PMCID: PMC3749125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A leading theory regarding the pathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA) is that bile duct injury is initiated by a virus infection, followed by an autoimmune response targeting bile ducts. In experimental models of autoimmune diseases, B cells have been shown to play an important role. The aim of this study was to determine the role of B cells in the development of biliary obstruction in the Rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-induced mouse model of BA. Wild-type (WT) and B cell-deficient (Ig-α(-/-)) mice received RRV shortly after birth. Ig-α(-/-) RRV-infected mice had significantly increased disease-free survival rate compared to WT RRV-infected BA mice (76.8% vs. 17.5%). In stark contrast to the RRV-infected BA mice, the RRV-infected Ig-α(-/-) mice did not have hyperbilirubinemia or bile duct obstruction. The RRV-infected Ig-α(-/-) mice had significantly less liver inflammation and Th1 cytokine production compared to RRV-infected WT mice. In addition, Ig-α(-/-) mice had significantly increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs) at baseline and after RRV infection compared to WT mice. However, depletion of Tregs in Ig-α(-/-) mice did not induce biliary obstruction, indicating that the expanded Tregs in the Ig-α(-/-) mice were not the sole reason for protection from disease. Conclusion : B cell deficient Ig-α(-/-) mice are protected from biliary obstruction in the RRV-induced mouse model of BA, indicating a primary role of B cells in mediating disease pathology. The mechanism of protection may involve lack of B cell antigen presentation, which impairs T-cell activation and Th1 inflammation. Immune modulators that inhibit B cell function may be a new strategy for treatment of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Feldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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26
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Zhang B, Hu M, Zhang P, Cao H, Wang Y, Wang Z, Su T. BAFF promotes regulatory T-cell apoptosis and blocks cytokine production by activating B cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:433-9. [PMID: 23681290 PMCID: PMC3854395 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic and slowly progressive cholestatic
liver disease of autoimmune etiology. A number of questions regarding its
etiology are unclear. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a
critical role in self-tolerance and, for unknown reasons, their relative number
is reduced in PBC patients. B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a key survival
factor during B-cell maturation and its concentration is increased in peripheral
blood of PBC patients. It has been reported that activated B cells inhibit Treg
cell proliferation and there are no BAFF receptors on Tregs. Therefore, we
speculated that excessive BAFF may result in Treg reduction via B cells. To
prove our hypothesis, we isolated Tregs and B cells from PBC and healthy donors.
BAFF and IgM concentrations were then analyzed by ELISA and CD40, CD80, CD86,
IL-10, and TGF-β expression in B cells and Tregs were measured by flow
cytometry. BAFF up-regulated CD40, CD80, CD86, and IgM expression in B cells.
However, BAFF had no direct effect on Treg cell apoptosis and cytokine
secretion. Nonetheless, we observed that BAFF-activated B cells could induce
Treg cell apoptosis and reduce IL-10 and TGF-β expression. We also showed
that BAFF-activated CD4+ T cells had no effect on Treg apoptosis.
Furthermore, we verified that bezafibrate, a hypolipidemic drug, can inhibit
BAFF-induced Treg cell apoptosis. In conclusion, BAFF promotes Treg cell
apoptosis and inhibits cytokine production by activating B cells in PBC
patients. The results of this study suggest that inhibition of BAFF activation
is a strategy for PBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Wuxi Infectious Diseases Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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27
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Ando Y, Yang GX, Kenny TP, Kawata K, Zhang W, Huang W, Leung PSC, Lian ZX, Okazaki K, Ansari AA, He XS, Invernizzi P, Ridgway WM, Lu Q, Gershwin ME. Overexpression of microRNA-21 is associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in dominant-negative TGF-β receptor type II mouse. J Autoimmun 2013; 41:111-9. [PMID: 23395552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dominant-negative TGF-β receptor II (dnTGF-βRII) mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune cholangitis resembling human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Interestingly, the dominant-negative TGF-β receptor is expressed by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and leads to greatly reduced (but not absent) TGF-β signaling resulting in T cell intrinsic cell mediated autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms of the T cell dysregulation remain unclear. Recently it has been shown that TGF-β signaling is intimately involved with miRNA biogenesis and control. Herein we show that lack of T cell TGF-β signaling leads to down regulation of T cell miRNAs but up-regulation of the key inflammatory miRNA 21. Furthermore, the expression of miR-21 from hepatic effector CD8(+) T cells is significantly higher than in the same subsets isolated from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of the dnTGF-βRII mice. Previous studies indicate that miR-21 increases the synthesis of IFN-γ and IL-17A by T cells and suppresses apoptosis via programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4). Data presented herein demonstrate that transfecting w.t. B6 T cell subsets with miR-21 resulted in up-regulation of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ, thus partly replicating the dnTGF-βRII T cell phenotype. In conclusion, these data suggest miR-21 plays a critical role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in dnTGF-βRII mice, which could be a contributing factor for the development of the organ-specific autoimmune cholangitis and colitis in this murine model of human PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Ando
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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28
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Kozakiewicz L, Phuah J, Flynn J, Chan J. The role of B cells and humoral immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:225-50. [PMID: 23468112 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious threat to public health, causing 2 million deaths annually world-wide. The control of TB has been hindered by the requirement of long duration of treatment involving multiple chemotherapeutic agents, the increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the HIV-infected population, and the development of multi-drug resistant and extensively resistant strains of tubercle bacilli. An efficacious and cost-efficient way to control TB is the development of effective anti-TB vaccines. This measure requires thorough understanding of the immune response to M. tuberculosis. While the role of cell-mediated immunity in the development of protective immune response to the tubercle bacillus has been well established, the role of B cells in this process is not clearly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that B cells and humoral immunity can modulate the immune response to various intracellular pathogens, including M. tuberculosis. These lymphocytes form conspicuous aggregates in the lungs of tuberculous humans, non-human primates, and mice, which display features of germinal center B cells. In murine TB, it has been shown that B cells can regulate the level of granulomatous reaction, cytokine production, and the T cell response. This chapter discusses the potential mechanisms by which specific functions of B cells and humoral immunity can shape the immune response to intracellular pathogens in general, and to M. tuberculosis in particular. Knowledge of the B cell-mediated immune response to M. tuberculosis may lead to the design of novel strategies, including the development of effective vaccines, to better control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Kozakiewicz
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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29
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Ernst PB, Erickson LD, Loo WM, Scott KG, Wiznerowicz EB, Brown CC, Torres-Velez FJ, Alam MS, Black SG, McDuffie M, Feldman SH, Wallace JL, McKnight GW, Padol IT, Hunt RH, Tung KS. Spontaneous autoimmune gastritis and hypochlorhydria are manifest in the ileitis-prone SAMP1/YitFcs mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G105-15. [PMID: 21921286 PMCID: PMC3345967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00194.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SAMP1/YitFcs mice serve as a model of Crohn's disease, and we have used them to assess gastritis. Gastritis was compared in SAMP1/YitFcs, AKR, and C57BL/6 mice by histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Gastric acid secretion was measured in ligated stomachs, while anti-parietal cell antibodies were assayed by immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. SAMP1/YitFcs mice display a corpus-dominant, chronic gastritis with multifocal aggregates of mononuclear cells consisting of T and B lymphocytes. Relatively few aggregates were observed elsewhere in the stomach. The infiltrates in the oxyntic mucosa were associated with the loss of parietal cell mass. AKR mice, the founder strain of the SAMP1/YitFcs, also have gastritis, although they do not develop ileitis. Genetic studies using SAMP1/YitFcs-C57BL/6 congenic mice showed that the genetic regions regulating ileitis had comparable effects on gastritis. The majority of the cells in the aggregates expressed the T cell marker CD3 or the B cell marker B220. Adoptive transfer of SAMP1/YitFcs CD4(+) T helper cells, with or without B cells, into immunodeficient recipients induced a pangastritis and duodenitis. SAMP1/YitFcs and AKR mice manifest hypochlorhydria and anti-parietal cell antibodies. These data suggest that common genetic factors controlling gastroenteric disease in SAMP1/YitFcs mice regulate distinct pathogenic mechanisms causing inflammation in separate sites within the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - K. G. Scott
- 6Department of Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba;
| | | | - C. C. Brown
- 7Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
| | - F. J. Torres-Velez
- 8Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda; and
| | - M. S. Alam
- 9Immunobiology Branch, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | | | | | - S. H. Feldman
- 5Center for Comparative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
| | - J. L. Wallace
- 10Department of Medicine and The Farncombe Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
| | - G. W. McKnight
- 10Department of Medicine and The Farncombe Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
| | - I. T. Padol
- 10Department of Medicine and The Farncombe Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
| | - R. H. Hunt
- 10Department of Medicine and The Farncombe Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
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Mizoguchi A. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:263-320. [PMID: 22137435 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory condition that is medicated by genetic, immune, and environmental factors. At least 66 different kinds of animal models have been established to study IBD, which are classified primarily into chemically induced, cell-transfer, congenial mutant, and genetically engineered models. These IBD models have provided significant contributions to not only dissect the mechanism but also develop novel therapeutic strategies for IBD. In addition, recent advances on genetically engineered techniques such as cell-specific and inducible knockout as well as knockin mouse systems have brought novel concepts on IBD pathogenesis to the fore. Further, mouse models, which lack some IBD susceptibility genes, have suggested more complicated mechanism of IBD than previously predicted. This chapter summarizes the distinct feature of each murine IBD model and discusses the previous and current lessons from the IBD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Pathology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Thomas S, Baumgart DC. Targeting leukocyte migration and adhesion in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 20:1-18. [PMID: 22205271 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-011-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Current biologic therapies are limited to blocking tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, some patients are primary non-responders, experience a loss of response, intolerance or side effects defining the urgent unmet need for novel treatments. The rapid recruitment and inappropriate retention of leukocytes is a hallmark of chronic inflammation and a potentially promising therapeutic target. We discuss the immunological mechanisms of leukocyte homing and adhesion in the gut mucosa. The interaction of lymphocytes (CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, T(REG), T(H)1, T(H)17, B-cells), monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes with endothelial and epithelial cells through integrins [α4β7 (LPAM-1), α(E)β₇ (HML1 Human Mucosal Lymphocyte Antigen 1), α₄β₁ (VLA-4), α(L)β₇, (LFA-1)] and their ligands immunoglobulin superfamily cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) (MAdCAM-1 Mucosal Addressin Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1, ICAM-1 Intercellular Cell Adhesion Molecule, VCAM-1 Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule), fibronectin as well as chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR3, CX3CR1) and chemokines [CCL5, CCL25 (TECK Thymus Expressed Chemokine), CCL28, CX3CL1, CXCL10, CXCL12] in the process of gut homing is critically reviewed and summarized in scientific cartoons. Moreover, we discuss the clinical trial results of approved and investigational antibodies and small molecules including natalizumab (anti-α₄ Tysabri®, Antegren®), AJM300 (anti-α4), etrolizumab (anti-β7, rhuMAb-Beta7), vedolizumab (anti-α4β7, LDP-02, MLN-02, MLN0002), PF-00547659 (anti-MAdCAM), Alicaforsen (anti-ICAM-1), and CCX282-B (anti-CCR9, GSK-1605786, Traficet-EN™) and their risks such as PML reported for natalizumab. Hopefully, the newer gut specific drug designs discussed in this article will have an impact on both efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Thomas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charité Medical Center, Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Pizarro TT, Pastorelli L, Bamias G, Garg RR, Reuter BK, Mercado JR, Chieppa M, Arseneau KO, Ley K, Cominelli F. SAMP1/YitFc mouse strain: a spontaneous model of Crohn's disease-like ileitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2566-84. [PMID: 21557393 PMCID: PMC3154989 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SAMP1/YitFc mouse strain represents a model of Crohn's disease (CD)-like ileitis that is ideal for investigating the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation. Different from the vast majority of animal models of colitis, the ileal-specific phenotype characteristic of SAMP1/YitFc mice occurs spontaneously, without genetic, chemical, or immunological manipulation. In addition, SAMP1/YitFc mice possess remarkable similarities to the human condition with regard to disease location, histologic features, incidence of extraintestinal manifestations, and response to conventional therapies. SAMP1/YitFc mice also display a well-defined time course of a predisease state and phases of acute and chronic ileitis. As such, the SAMP1/YitFc model is particularly suitable for elucidating pathways that precede the clinical phenotype that may lead to preventive, and therefore more efficacious, intervention with the natural course of disease, or alternatively, for the development of therapeutic strategies directed against chronic, established ileitis. In this review we summarize important contributions made by our group and others that uncover potential mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CD using this unique murine model of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa T Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Hamel KM, Cao Y, Ashaye S, Wang Y, Dunn R, Kehry MR, Glant TT, Finnegan A. B cell depletion enhances T regulatory cell activity essential in the suppression of arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4900-6. [PMID: 21948985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of B cell-depletion therapy in rheumatoid arthritis has driven interest in understanding the mechanism. Because the decrease in autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis does not necessarily correlate with clinical outcome, other mechanisms may be operative. We previously reported that in proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA), B cell-depletion inhibits autoreactive T cell responses. Recent studies in B cell-depletion therapy also indicate a role for B cells in suppressing regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that B cells inhibited both the expansion and function of T regulatory (Treg) cells in PGIA. Using an anti-CD20 mAb, we depleted B cells from mice with PGIA and assessed the Treg cell population. Compared to control Ab-treated mice, Treg cell percentages were elevated in B cell-depleted mice, with a higher proportion of CD4(+) T cells expressing Foxp3 and CD25. On a per-cell basis, CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from B cell-depleted mice expressed increased amounts of Foxp3 and were significantly more suppressive than those from control Ab-treated mice. The depletion of Treg cells with an anti-CD25 mAb concurrent with B cell-depletion therapy restored the severity of PGIA to levels equal to untreated mice. Although titers of autoantibodies did not recover to untreated levels, CD4(+) T cell recall responses to the immunizing Ag returned as measured by T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Thus, B cells have the capacity to regulate inflammatory responses by enhancing effector T cells along with suppressing Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Hamel
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Villablanca EJ, Cassani B, von Andrian UH, Mora JR. Blocking lymphocyte localization to the gastrointestinal mucosa as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1776-84. [PMID: 21530744 PMCID: PMC3102304 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte migration (homing) to specific tissues has an important role during protective and pathological immune responses, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Lymphocytes use integrin α4β7 and the chemokine receptor CCR9 to localize to the gastrointestinal mucosa; their respective ligands, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and CCL25, are displayed on endothelial cells in intestinal postcapillary venules. Although gastrointestinal-homing receptors are required for lymphocyte migration to the intestine in the noninflamed steady state, their role during inflammation is a matter of debate. Reagents designed to block interactions between these receptors and their ligands have had variable degrees of success in animal models of inflammatory bowel diseases and patients. We discuss the mechanisms involved in lymphocyte localization to the intestinal mucosa and how they can be applied to therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J. Villablanca
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Barbara Cassani
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - J. Rodrigo Mora
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Mishima Y, Ishihara S, Aziz MM, Oka A, Kusunoki R, Otani A, Tada Y, Li YY, Moriyama I, Oshima N, Yuki T, Amano Y, Matsumoto S, Kinoshita Y. Decreased production of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β in Toll-like receptor-activated intestinal B cells in SAMP1/Yit mice. Immunology 2010; 131:473-87. [PMID: 20561083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique subset of B cells expressing interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays an essential role in preventing inflammation and autoimmunity. We investigated the presence of this cell subset in intestines and its role in the pathogenesis of ileitis using SAMP1/Yit and age-matched control AKR/J mice. Mononuclear cells were isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the expressions of B220, CD1d, CD5, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR9 in isolated cells were analysed. Purified B cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CpG-DNA, then IL-10 and TGF-β(1) expressions were examined by enzyme immunoassay and flow cytometry. Production of IL-1β by TLR-mediated macrophages co-cultured with or without purified MLN B cells from SAMP1/Yit and AKR/J mice was evaluated. In addition, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in intestinal T cells co-cultured with MLN B cells were also assessed in SAMP1/Yit and AKR/J strains. The production levels of IL-10 and TGF-β(1) stimulated by LPS and CpG-DNA were significantly lower in B cells separated from MLNs from the SAMP1/Yit strain. B cells expressing IL-10 and TGF-β(1) were mainly located in a population characterized by the cell surface marker CD1d(+) . Interleukin-1β production by TLR-activated macrophages co-cultured with MLN B cells from SAMP1/Yit mice was significantly higher than that of those from AKR/J mice. Interestingly, IFN-γ production by T cells was noted only when they were co-cultured with SAMP1/Yit but not the AKR/J B cells. These results are the first to show that disorders of regulatory B-cell function under innate immune activation may cause disease pathogenesis in a murine model of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mishima
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University School of Medicine, Shimane University Hospital, Shimane, Japan
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Ostanin DV, Brown CM, Gray L, Bharwani S, Grisham MB. Evaluation of the immunoregulatory activity of intraepithelial lymphocytes in a mouse model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Int Immunol 2010; 22:927-39. [PMID: 21071622 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) represent the first line of lymphocyte defense against the intestinal bacteria. Although previous studies have demonstrated a protective role of IELs in the development of colitis, the data supporting a regulatory role for IELs are limited. The objective of this study was to examine the suppressive activity of IELs in vitro and in vivo using a mouse model of chronic small and large bowel inflammation. Adoptive transfer of CD8α(+) IELs isolated from small intestines of wild-type (WT) mice into TCR βxδ-deficient (TCR βxδ(-/-)) recipients did not prevent or delay the onset of the disease induced by WT CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells. On the contrary, we observed a more rapid onset of wasting and clinical signs of intestinal inflammation when compared with animals injected with CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells alone. Histopathological scores of small and large bowel did not differ significantly between the two groups. Transfer of IELs alone did not produce any pathological changes. Real-time PCR analysis of intestinal tissues showed up-regulation of message for T(h)1- and macrophage-derived cytokines in colon and small bowel. Using Foxp3-GFP reporter mice, we were unable to detect any Foxp3(+) cells within the CD8α(+) IELs but did find a small population of Foxp3(+)CD4(+) IELs in the small and large bowel. Using in vitro suppression assay, we found that neither TCRαβ(+)CD8αα(+), TCRαβ(+)CD8αβ(+) nor TCRγδ(+)CD8αα(+) IELs were capable of suppressing CD4(+) T-cell proliferation. Taken together, our data do not support an immunoregulatory role for CD8α(+) IELs in a mouse model of small and large bowel inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Ostanin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, PO Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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Gorfu G, Rivera-Nieves J, Hoang S, Abbott DW, Arbenz-Smith K, Azar DW, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F, McDuffie M, Ley K. Beta7 integrin deficiency suppresses B cell homing and attenuates chronic ileitis in SAMP1/YitFc mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5561-8. [PMID: 20926792 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte recruitment to intestinal tissues depends on β(7) integrins. In this study, we studied disease severity and lymphocyte recruitment into the small intestine in SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop chronic ileitis with similarity to human Crohn's disease. To assess the role of β(7) integrins in chronic ileitis, we generated SAMP1/YitFc lacking β(7) integrins (SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-)) using a congenic strain developed via marker-assisted selection. We analyzed ileal inflammation in SAMP1/YitFc and SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice by histopathology and the distribution of T and B lymphocytes in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) by flow cytometry. Short-term (18 h) adoptive transfer experiments were used to study the in vivo homing capacity of T and B lymphocytes. In both young (<20 wk) and old (20-50 wk) SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice, ileitis was reduced by 30-50% compared with SAMP1/YitFc mice. SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice showed a dramatic 67% reduction in the size of their MLNs, which was caused by a 85% reduction in lymphocyte numbers and reduced short-term B cell homing. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a highly significant decrease in the percentage of B cells in MLNs of SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) mice. Cotransfer of SAMP1/YitFc MLN B cells but not SAMP1/YitFc Itgb7(-/-) MLN B cells along with CD4(+) T cells resulted in exacerbated ileitis severity in SCID mice. Our findings suggest that β(7) integrins play an essential role in spontaneous chronic ileitis in vivo by promoting homing of disease-exacerbating B cells to MLNs and other intestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezahegn Gorfu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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McNamee EN, Wermers JD, Masterson JC, Collins CB, Lebsack MD, Fillon S, Robinson ZD, Grenawalt J, Lee JJ, Jedlicka P, Furuta GT, Rivera-Nieves J. Novel model of TH2-polarized chronic ileitis: the SAMP1 mouse. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:743-52. [PMID: 19856411 PMCID: PMC3786705 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SAMP1/Yit mice develop spontaneous, segmental, transmural ileitis recapitulating many features of Crohn's disease (CD). The ileitic phenotype may have arisen during crosses of SAMP1 mice selected for the presence of skin lesions. We hereby describe that the original SAMP1 strain similarly develops ileitis. Our aim was to characterize the histopathological and immunological features of this model and assess its responsiveness to standard inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. METHODS The time course of histopathological features of ileitis was assessed. Immune compartments were characterized by flow cytometry. Ileal cytokine profiles and transcription factors were determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Finally, response to corticosteroid therapy and its effect on immune compartments and cellularity was evaluated. RESULTS Histological features and time course of disease were conserved, compared to those reported in SAMP1/Yit strains, with similar expansion of CD19+, CD4+, and CD8+ effector (CD44(high) CD62L(low)), and central memory lymphocytes (CD44(high)CD62L(high)). However, different from SAMP1/YitFc mice, analysis of ileal cytokine profiles revealed initial T(H)1 polarization followed by T(H)2-polarized profile accompanied by prominent eosinophilia during late disease. Lastly, corticosteroids attenuated ileitis, resulting in decreased lymphocyte subsets and cellularity of compartments. CONCLUSIONS Here we report that the ileitic phenotype of SAMP1-related strains was already present in the original SAMP1 strain. By contrast, the cytokine profile within the terminal ilea of SAMP1 is distinct from the mixed T(H)1/T(H)2 profile of SAMP1/YitFc mice during late disease, as it shows predominant T(H)2 polarization. Dissemination of these strains may advance our understanding of CD pathogenesis, which in 60% of patients involves the terminal ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin N. McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
| | - Joshua D. Wermers
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
| | - Joanne C. Masterson
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Disease Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Colm B. Collins
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
| | - Matthew D.P. Lebsack
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
| | - Sophie Fillon
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Disease Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Zachary D. Robinson
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Disease Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Joanna Grenawalt
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Disease Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - James J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Disease Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
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Muñoz M, Heimesaat MM, Danker K, Struck D, Lohmann U, Plickert R, Bereswill S, Fischer A, Dunay IR, Wolk K, Loddenkemper C, Krell HW, Libert C, Lund LR, Frey O, Hölscher C, Iwakura Y, Ghilardi N, Ouyang W, Kamradt T, Sabat R, Liesenfeld O. Interleukin (IL)-23 mediates Toxoplasma gondii-induced immunopathology in the gut via matrixmetalloproteinase-2 and IL-22 but independent of IL-17. J Exp Med 2009; 206:3047-59. [PMID: 19995958 PMCID: PMC2806449 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii leads to the development of small intestinal inflammation dependent on Th1 cytokines. The role of Th17 cells in ileitis is unknown. We report interleukin (IL)-23-mediated gelatinase A (matrixmetalloproteinase [MMP]-2) up-regulation in the ileum of infected mice. MMP-2 deficiency as well as therapeutic or prophylactic selective gelatinase blockage protected mice from the development of T. gondii-induced immunopathology. Moreover, IL-23-dependent up-regulation of IL-22 was essential for the development of ileitis, whereas IL-17 was down-regulated and dispensable. CD4(+) T cells were the main source of IL-22 in the small intestinal lamina propria. Thus, IL-23 regulates small intestinal inflammation via IL-22 but independent of IL-17. Gelatinases may be useful targets for treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba Muñoz
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Danker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Mitte, Charité Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Struck
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Lohmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Plickert
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildikò Rita Dunay
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Mitte, Charité Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Loddenkemper
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claude Libert
- Molecular Mouse Genetics, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leif R. Lund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver Frey
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Molecular Biology Department and Immunology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Molecular Biology Department and Immunology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Mitte, Charité Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Abe Y, Urakami H, Ostanin D, Zibari G, Hayashida T, Kitagawa Y, Grisham MB. Induction of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T-cells by donor blood transfusion is required for tolerance to rat liver allografts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7840. [PMID: 19956764 PMCID: PMC2776304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) prior to solid organ transplantation has been shown to induce long-term allograft survival in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy. Although the mechanisms underlying DST-induced allograft tolerance are not well defined, there is evidence to suggest DST induces one or more populations of antigen-specific regulatory cells that suppress allograft rejection. However, neither the identity nor the regulatory properties of these tolerogenic lymphocytes have been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to define the kinetics, phenotype and suppressive function of the regulatory cells induced by DST alone or in combination with liver allograft transplantation (LTx). Methodology/Principal Findings Tolerance to Dark Agouti (DA; RT1a) rat liver allografts was induced by injection (iv) of 1 ml of heparinized DA blood to naïve Lewis (LEW; RT1l) rats once per week for 4 weeks prior to LTx. We found that preoperative DST alone generates CD4+ T-cells that when transferred into naïve LEW recipients are capable of suppressing DA liver allograft rejection and promoting long-term survival of the graft and recipient. However, these DST-generated T-cells did not express the regulatory T-cell (Treg) transcription factor Foxp3 nor did they suppress alloantigen (DA)-induced activation of LEW T-cells in vitro suggesting that these lymphocytes are not fully functional regulatory Tregs. We did observe that DST+LTx (but not DST alone) induced the time-dependent formation of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs that potently suppressed alloantigen-induced activation of naïve LEW T-cells in vitro and liver allograft rejection in vivo. Finally, we present data demonstrating that virtually all of the Foxp3-expressing Tregs reside within the CD4+CD45RC− population whereas in which approximately 50% of these Tregs express CD25. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that preoperative DST, in the absence of liver allograft transplantation, induces the formation of CD4+ T-cells that are not themselves Tregs but give rise directly or indirectly to fully functional CD4+CD45RC−Foxp3+Tregs when transferred into MHC mismatched recipients prior to LTx. These Tregs possess potent suppressive activity and are capable of suppressing acute liver allograft rejection. Understanding the mechanisms by which preoperative DST induces the generation of tolerogenic Tregs in the presence of alloantigens may lead to the development of novel antigen-specific immunological therapies for the treatment of solid organ rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Abe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hidejiro Urakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Ostanin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gazi Zibari
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tetsu Hayashida
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Noronha AM, Liang Y, Hetzel JT, Hasturk H, Kantarci A, Stucchi A, Zhang Y, Nikolajczyk BS, Farraye FA, Ganley-Leal LM. Hyperactivated B cells in human inflammatory bowel disease. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1007-16. [PMID: 19589946 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0309203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IBD is characterized by a chronic, dysregulated immune response to intestinal bacteria. Past work has focused on the role of T cells and myeloid cells in mediating chronic gastrointestinal and systemic inflammation. Here, we show that circulating and tissue B cells from CD patients demonstrate elevated basal levels of activation. CD patient B cells express surface TLR2, spontaneously secrete high levels of IL-8, and contain increased ex vivo levels of phosphorylated signaling proteins. CD clinical activity correlates directly with B cell expression of IL-8 and TLR2, suggesting a positive relationship between these B cell inflammatory mediators and disease pathogenesis. In contrast, B cells from UC patients express TLR2 but generally do not demonstrate spontaneous IL-8 secretion; however, significant IL-8 production is inducible via TLR2 stimulation. Furthermore, UC clinical activity correlates inversely with levels of circulating TLR2+ B cells, which is opposite to the association observed in CD. In conclusion, TLR2+ B cells are associated with clinical measures of disease activity and differentially associated with CD- and UC-specific patterns of inflammatory mediators, suggesting a formerly unappreciated role of B cells in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansu Mammen Noronha
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Mariño E, Villanueva J, Walters S, Liuwantara D, Mackay F, Grey ST. CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells control autoimmunity in the absence of B-cells. Diabetes 2009; 58:1568-77. [PMID: 19336675 PMCID: PMC2699852 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor ligand family members B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) can exert powerful effects on B-cell activation and development, type 1 T-helper cell (Th1) immune responses, and autoimmunity. We examined the effect of blocking BAFF and APRIL on the development of autoimmune diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Female NOD mice were administered B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-Fc from 9 to 15 weeks of age. Diabetes incidence, islet pathology, and T- and B-cell populations were examined. RESULTS BCMA-Fc treatment reduced the severity of insulitis and prevented diabetes development in NOD mice. BCMA-Fc-treated mice showed reduced follicular, marginal-zone, and T2MZ B-cells. B-cell reduction was accompanied by decreased frequencies of pathogenic CD4(+)CD40(+) T-cells and reduced Th1 cytokines IL-7, IL-15, and IL-17. Thus, T-cell activation was blunted with reduced B-cells. However, BCMA-Fc-treated mice still harbored detectable diabetogenic T-cells, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms contributed to diabetes prevention. Indeed, BCMA-Fc-treated mice accumulated increased CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) with age. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells were essential for maintaining euglycemia because their depletion abrogated BCMA-Fc-mediated protection. BCMA-Fc did not directly affect Treg homeostasis given that CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T-cells did not express TACI or BR3 receptors and that CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T-cell frequencies were equivalent in wild-type, BAFF(-/-), TACI(-/-), BCMA(-/-), and BR3(-/-) mice. Rather, B-cell depletion resulted in CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell-mediated protection from diabetes because anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody treatment precipitated diabetes in both diabetes-resistant NOD.microMT(-/-) and BCMA-Fc-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS BAFF/APRIL blockade prevents diabetes. BCMA-Fc reduces B-cells, subsequently blunting autoimmune activity and allowing endogenous regulatory mechanisms to preserve a prehyperglycemic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Mariño
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeanette Villanueva
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacey Walters
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - David Liuwantara
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Shane T. Grey
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Corresponding author: Shane T. Grey,
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Yang GY, Taboada S, Liao J. Inflammatory bowel disease: a model of chronic inflammation-induced cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 511:193-233. [PMID: 19347299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-447-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of human cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a typical longstanding inflammatory disease of the colon with increased risk for the development of colorectal carcinoma. Several molecular events involved in chronic inflammatory process may contribute to multistage progression of human cancer development, including the overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, overproduction/activation of key arachidonic acid metabolites and cytokines/growth factors, and immunity system dysfunction. Multiple animal models of IBD have been established, and in general, these models can be mainly categorized into chemically induced, genetically engineered (transgenic or gene knock-out), spontaneous, and adoptive transferring animal models. This chapter mainly focuses on (1) epidemiologic and molecular evidence on IBD and risk of colorectal cancer, (2) molecular pathogenesis of IBD-induced carcinogenesis, and (3) modeling of IBD-induced carcinogenesis in rodents and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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45
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Maglione PJ, Chan J. How B cells shape the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:676-86. [PMID: 19283721 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extensive work illustrating the importance of cellular immune mechanisms for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has largely relegated B-cell biology to an afterthought within the tuberculosis (TB) field. However, recent studies have illustrated that B lymphocytes, through a variety of interactions with the cellular immune response, play previously underappreciated roles in shaping host defense against non-viral intracellular pathogens, including M. tuberculosis. Work in our laboratory has recently shown that, by considering these lymphocytes more broadly within their variety of interactions with cellular immunity, B cells have a significant impact on the outcome of airborne challenge with M. tuberculosis as well as the resultant inflammatory response. In this review, we advocate for a revised view of TB immunology in which roles of cellular and humoral immunity are not mutually exclusive. In the context of our current understanding of host defense against non-viral intracellular infections, we review recent data supporting a more significant role of B cells during M. tuberculosis infection than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
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46
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Anolik JH, Looney RJ, Lund FE, Randall TD, Sanz I. Insights into the heterogeneity of human B cells: diverse functions, roles in autoimmunity, and use as therapeutic targets. Immunol Res 2009; 45:144-58. [PMID: 19350211 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells are critical players in the orchestration of properly regulated immune responses, providing protection against infectious agents without inflicting autoinflammatory damage. A balanced B cell compartment is also essential to create protective immunity in response to vaccines. This difficult compromise is achieved through the finely regulated participation of multiple B cell populations with different antibody-dependent and independent functions. Both types of functions allow B cells to powerfully modulate other components of the innate and adaptive immune system. For the most part, however, the necessary division of labor among different B cell populations is poorly understood. B cell dysfunction has been implicated in multiple autoimmune conditions. The physiological importance and complexity of B cell functions has been brought to the fore in recent years by the success of rituximab-based B cell depletion therapy (BCDT) in multiple autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS) which are conventionally viewed as T-cell mediated conditions. Given the widespread utilization of BCDT in malignant and autoimmune diseases and the key role of B cells in both protective immunity and pathogenic autoimmunity, a better understanding of B cell functions is of the essence and a focus of the research in our division. We are investigating these issues through a variety of approaches, including the study of the phenotype and function of human B cell populations in health, their perturbation in autoimmune disease states, the effects of targeted biologic therapies, and the study of relevant murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Work from multiple groups continues to provide additional evidence for the powerful and highly diverse roles, both protective and pathogenic, that B cells play in autoimmune diseases. Similarly, it has become abundantly clear that antibody-independent functions may account for the opposing influences that B cells exercise over other arms of the immune response and ultimately over autoimmunity itself. Finally, it is becoming apparent that the clinical impact of B-cell depletion therapy may be, to a large extent, determined by the functional balance between different B-cell subsets that may be generated by this therapeutic intervention. In this review, we postulate that our perspective of B-cell tolerance and our experimental approach to its understanding are fundamentally changed by this view of B cells. Accordingly, we first discuss current knowledge of B-cell tolerance conventionally defined as the censoring of autoantibody-producing B cells (with an emphasis on human B cells). Therefore, we discuss a different model that contemplates B cells not only as targets of tolerance but also as mediators of tolerance. This model is based on the notion that the onset of clinical autoimmune disease may require a B-cell gain-of-pathogenic function (or a B-cell loss-of-regulatory-function) and that accordingly, disease remission may depend on the restoration of the physiological balance between B-cell pathogenic and protective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Manjarrez-Orduño
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Lee J, Kim MS, Kim EY, Park HJ, Chang CY, Park KS, Jung DY, Kwon CH, Joh JW, Kim SJ. Mycophenolate mofetil promotes down-regulation of expanded B cells and production of TNF-α in an experimental murine model of colitis. Cytokine 2008; 44:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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49
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Abstract
B cells are well-known mediators of humoral immunity and serve as costimulators in the generation of T cell-mediated responses. In several mouse models, however, it was observed that B cells can also down-regulate immune reactions, suggesting a dual role for B cells. Due to this discrepancy and so far limited data, we directly tested the effects of primary human B cells on activated CD4(+) T helper cells in vitro. We found that under optimal costimulation large, activated CD25(+) B cells but not small CD25(-) B cells induced temporary T-cell anergy, determined by cell division arrest and down-regulation of cytokine production. In addition, large CD25(+) B cells directly induced CD95-independent apoptosis in a subpopulation of activated T cells. Suppression required direct B-T-cell contact and was not transferable from T to T cell, excluding potential involvement of regulatory T cells. Moreover, inhibitory effects involved an IL-2-dependent mechanism, since decreasing concentrations of IL-2 led to a shift from inhibitory toward costimulatory effects triggered by B cells. We conclude that activated CD25(+) B cells are able to costimulate or down-regulate T-cell responses, depending on activation status and environmental conditions that might also influence their pathophysiological impact.
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50
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B-cell clonal diversification and gut-lymph node trafficking in ulcerative colitis revealed using lineage tree analysis. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2600-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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