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Grayck MR, McCarthy WC, Solar M, Balasubramaniyan N, Zheng L, Orlicky DJ, Wright CJ. Implications of neonatal absence of innate immune mediated NFκB/AP1 signaling in the murine liver. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1791-1802. [PMID: 38396130 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental immaturity of the innate immune system helps explains the increased risk of infection in the neonatal period. Importantly, innate immune signaling pathways such as p65/NFκB and c-Jun/AP1 are responsible for the prevention of hepatocyte apoptosis in adult animals, yet whether developmental immaturity of these pathways increases the risk of hepatic injury in the neonatal period is unknown. METHODS Using a murine model of endotoxemia (LPS 5 mg/kg IP x 1) in neonatal (P3) and adult mice, we evaluated histologic evidence of hepatic injury and apoptosis, presence of p65/NFκB and c-Jun/AP1 activation and associated transcriptional regulation of apoptotic genes. RESULTS We demonstrate that in contrast to adults, endotoxemic neonatal (P3) mice exhibit a significant increase in hepatic apoptosis. This is associated with absent hepatic p65/NFκB signaling and impaired expression of anti-apoptotic target genes. Hepatic c-Jun/AP1 activity was attenuated in endotoxemic P3 mice, with resulting upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that developmental absence of innate immune p65/NFκB and c-Jun/AP1 signaling, and target gene expression is associated with apoptotic injury in neonatal mice. More work is needed to determine if this contributes to long-term hepatic dysfunction, and whether immunomodulatory approaches can prevent this injury. IMPACT Various aspects of developmental immaturity of the innate immune system may help explain the increased risk of infection in the neonatal period. In adult models of inflammation and infection, innate immune signaling pathways such as p65/NFκB and c-Jun/AP1 are responsible for a protective, pro-inflammatory transcriptome and regulation of apoptosis. We demonstrate that in contrast to adults, endotoxemic neonatal (P3) mice exhibit a significant increase in hepatic apoptosis associated with absent hepatic p65/NFκB signaling and c-Jun/AP1 activity. We believe that these results may explain in part hepatic dysfunction with neonatal sepsis, and that there may be unrecognized developmental and long-term hepatic implications of early life exposure to systemic inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Grayck
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William C McCarthy
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mack Solar
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Natarajan Balasubramaniyan
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Dept of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Kim HM, Kwon MH, Lee ES, Ha KB, Chung CH. DA-6034 ameliorates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in high fat diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2024; 41:103-112. [PMID: 38486464 DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2023.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an increase in hepatic triglyceride content and increased inflammatory macrophage infiltration through the C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 pathway in the liver. DA-6034 (7-carboxymethyloxy-3',4',5-trimethoxy flavone), is a synthetic derivative of eupatilin that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in inflammatory bowel disease. However, the effect of DA-6034 on the inflammatory response in NAFLD is not well elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of DA-6034 on hepatic steatosis and inflammation. METHODS Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following four groups: (1) regular diet (RD), (2) RD with DA-6034, (3) high fat diet (HFD), and (4) HFD with DA-6034. All mice were sacrificed 12 weeks after the start of the experiment. The effects of DA-6034 on macrophages were assessed using RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS DA-6034 not only reduced hepatic triglyceride levels and lipid accumulation but also macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines in HFD-fed mice. According to fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, DA-6034 reduced the CD8+ T cell fraction in the liver of HFD-fed mice. DA-6034 also reduced CCR5 expression and the migration of liver macrophages in HFD-fed mice and inhibited CCR2 ligand and CCR4 ligand, which stimulated the migration of macrophages. CONCLUSION Overall, DA-6034 attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in obesity by regulating CCR5 expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- The East Coast Research Institute of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Eun Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyung Bong Ha
- Department of Clinical Research, Vaccine Center for Assisting Safety & Technology, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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3
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Mohammed OS, Attia HG, Mohamed BMSA, Elbaset MA, Fayed HM. Current investigations for liver fibrosis treatment: between repurposing the FDA-approved drugs and the other emerging approaches. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2023; 26:11808. [PMID: 38022905 PMCID: PMC10662312 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2023.11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term liver injuries lead to hepatic fibrosis, often progressing into cirrhosis, liver failure, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is currently no effective therapy available for liver fibrosis. Thus, continuous investigations for anti-fibrotic therapy are ongoing. The main theme of anti-fibrotic investigation during recent years is the rationale-based selection of treatment molecules according to the current understanding of the pathology of the disease. The research efforts are mainly toward repurposing current FDA-approved drugs targeting etiological molecular factors involved in developing liver fibrosis. In parallel, investigations also focus on experimental small molecules with evidence to hinder or reverse the fibrosis. Natural compounds, immunological, and genetic approaches have shown significant encouraging effects. This review summarizes the efficacy and safety of current under-investigation antifibrosis medications targeting various molecular targets, as well as the properties of antifibrosis medications, mainly in phase II and III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omima S. Mohammed
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany G. Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassim M. S. A. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marawan A. Elbaset
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Fayed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Udomsinprasert W. Interleukin-1 family cytokines in liver cell death: a new therapeutic target for liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1125-1143. [PMID: 37975716 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cell death represents a basic biological process regulating the progression of liver diseases via distinct mechanisms. Accumulating evidence has uncovered participation of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines in liver cell death. Upon activation of cell death induced by hepatotoxic stimuli, IL1 family cytokines released by hepatic dead cells stimulate recruitment of immune cells, which in turn influence inflammation and subsequent liver injury, thus highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in liver diseases. Enhancing our comprehension of mechanisms underlying IL1 family cytokine signaling in cell death responses could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing liver cell death-related liver pathologies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the recent findings reported in preclinical and clinical studies on mechanisms of liver cell death, alongside participation of IL1 family members consisting of IL1α, ILβ, IL18, and IL33 in liver cell death and their significant implications in liver diseases. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of new and innovative therapeutic approaches for liver diseases will need close cooperation between fundamental and clinical scientists to better understand the multi-step processes behind IL1 family cytokines' contributions to liver cell death.
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5
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Li H, Niu X, Zhang D, Qu MH, Yang K. The role of the canonical nf-κb signaling pathway in the development of acute liver failure. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36578157 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a clinical emergency with a high mortality rate, the treatment of acute liver failure has been paid attention to by society. At present, liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for acute liver failure, but there is still an insufficient supply of liver sources and a poor prognosis. In view of the current therapeutic development of this disease, more researchers have turned their attention to the research of drugs related to the NF-κB pathway. The NF-κB canonical pathway has been proven to play a role in a variety of diseases, regulating inflammation, apoptosis, and other physiological processes. More and more evidence shows that the NF-κB canonical pathway regulates the pathogenesis of acute liver failure. In this review, we will summarize the regulation process of the NF-κB canonical pathway on acute liver failure, and develop a new way to treat acute liver failure by targeting the components of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Li
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Niu
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dajin Zhang
- Translational Medical Center, Weifang Second People's Hospital, Weifang Respiratory Disease Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Mei-Hua Qu
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kunning Yang
- Translational Medical Center, Weifang Second People's Hospital, Weifang Respiratory Disease Hospital, Weifang, China
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6
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Vijayan N, Perumal MK. A critical review on anti-fibrotic phytochemicals targeting activated hepatic stellate cells. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14438. [PMID: 36209494 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major health concern occurring worldwide. It arises due to prolonged wound healing response of various insults like viral, autoimmune, cholestatic, drug-induced, and metabolic diseases. Currently, there is no clinically approved drug for liver fibrosis treatment. Hepatic stellate cells are the principal liver cells that are activated during liver fibrosis, and targeting these activated cells is an ideal therapeutic strategy. Numerous phytochemicals have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo treating experimental liver fibrosis; however, none of them have been clinically approved for therapeutic use. This review mainly focuses on such hepatoprotective phytochemicals reported inhibiting major signaling pathways that are dysregulated in activated hepatic stellate cells. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Liver fibrosis is a global health concern and there is no FDA approved drug to treat liver fibrosis. Although notable pharmacological agents like pentoxifylline, gliotoxin, imatinibmesylate, Gleevec, and so on are reported to exhibit anti-fibrotic effect, the major concern is their side effect. Hence, phytochemicals are promising candidates that could be employed against liver fibrosis. In this review, the anti-fibrotic potential of phytochemicals targeting activated HSCs are summarized. Understanding these phytochemicals will further help in the development of agents that are more effective against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivya Vijayan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Madan Kumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Pretzsch E, Nieß H, Khaled NB, Bösch F, Guba M, Werner J, Angele M, Chaudry IH. Molecular Mechanisms of Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury and Regeneration in the Liver-Shock and Surgery-Associated Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12942. [PMID: 36361725 PMCID: PMC9657004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a major challenge during liver surgery, liver preservation for transplantation, and can cause hemorrhagic shock with severe hypoxemia and trauma. The reduction of blood supply with a concomitant deficit in oxygen delivery initiates various molecular mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune response, alterations in gene transcription, induction of cell death programs, and changes in metabolic state and vascular function. Hepatic IRI is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and is associated with an increased risk for tumor growth and recurrence after oncologic surgery for primary and secondary hepatobiliary malignancies. Therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat hepatic IRI have been investigated in animal models but, for the most part, have failed to provide a protective effect in a clinical setting. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic IRI and regeneration, as well as its clinical implications. A better understanding of this complex and highly dynamic process may allow for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches and optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pretzsch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Nieß
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Najib Ben Khaled
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Bösch
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Guba
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Irshad H. Chaudry
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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8
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Nakatake R, Schulz M, Kalvelage C, Benstoem C, Tolba RH. Effects of iNOS in Hepatic Warm Ischaemia and Reperfusion Models in Mice and Rats: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911916. [PMID: 36233220 PMCID: PMC9569681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm ischaemia is usually induced by the Pringle manoeuver (PM) during hepatectomy. Currently, there is no widely accepted standard protocol to minimise ischaemia-related injury, so reducing ischaemia-reperfusion damage is an active area of research. This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as an early inflammatory response to hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) in mouse- and rat-liver models. A systematic search of studies was performed within three databases. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to qualitative and quantitative synthesis of results. We performed a meta-analysis of studies grouped by different HIRI models and ischaemia times. Additionally, we investigated a possible correlation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) regulation with iNOS expression. Of 124 included studies, 49 were eligible for the meta-analysis, revealing that iNOS was upregulated in almost all HIRIs. We were able to show an increase of iNOS regardless of ischemia or reperfusion time. Additionally, we found no direct associations of eNOS or NO with iNOS. A sex gap of primarily male experimental animals used was observed, leading to a higher risk of outcomes not being translatable to humans of all sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richi Nakatake
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Mareike Schulz
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Kalvelage
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carina Benstoem
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - René H. Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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IKKα plays a major role in canonical NF-kB signalling in colorectal cells. Biochem J 2022; 479:305-325. [PMID: 35029639 PMCID: PMC8883499 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ) has long been viewed as the dominant IKK in the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway, with IKKα being more important in non-canonical NF-κB activation. Here we have investigated the role of IKKα and IKKβ in canonical NF-κB activation in colorectal cells using CRISPR–Cas9 knock-out cell lines, siRNA and selective IKKβ inhibitors. IKKα and IKKβ were redundant for IκBα phosphorylation and turnover since loss of IKKα or IKKβ alone had little (SW620 cells) or no (HCT116 cells) effect. However, in HCT116 cells IKKα was the dominant IKK required for basal phosphorylation of p65 at S536, stimulated phosphorylation of p65 at S468, nuclear translocation of p65 and the NF-κB-dependent transcriptional response to both TNFα and IL-1α. In these cells, IKKβ was far less efficient at compensating for the loss of IKKα than IKKα was able to compensate for the loss of IKKβ. This was confirmed when siRNA was used to knock-down the non-targeted kinase in single KO cells. Critically, the selective IKKβ inhibitor BIX02514 confirmed these observations in WT cells and similar results were seen in SW620 cells. Notably, whilst IKKα loss strongly inhibited TNFα-dependent p65 nuclear translocation, IKKα and IKKβ contributed equally to c-Rel nuclear translocation indicating that different NF-κB subunits exhibit different dependencies on these IKKs. These results demonstrate a major role for IKKα in canonical NF-κB signalling in colorectal cells and may be relevant to efforts to design IKK inhibitors, which have focused largely on IKKβ to date.
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10
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Chen Z, Lin R, Zhuo H, Xu F, Liu X. Intravenous immunoglobulin is effective in alleviating hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: a rat model study. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:341-349. [PMID: 34727292 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) is an important factor affecting the prognosis of patients undergoing liver surgery. This study aimed to explore the value of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in hepatic I/R and its mechanism in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty eight adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into six groups randomly: (1-2) treated with normal saline (NS) without ischemia or reperfusion; (3-4) treated with NS + 30 min ischemia; (5-6) treated with IVIG + 30 min ischemia. Rats of group 1/3/5 were euthanized at 12 h after operation (sham + NS + 12 h, I/R + NS + 12 h, I/R + IVIG + 12 h group) while group 2/4/6 were euthanized at 24 h (sham + NS + 24 h, I/R + NS + 24 h, I/R + IVIG + 24 h group). Interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were quantified as well as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Hepatic pathological changes were observed while nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), Inhibitory Subunit of NF Kappa B Alpha (IKB-alpha) and cleaved caspase-3 were detected. CONCLUSION ALT, AST, IL-6, TNF-alpha, NF-κB p65 and cleaved caspase-3 were increased by I/R whereas IL-10 and IKB-alpha were decreased. However, IVIG pretreatment reduced ALT, AST, IL-6, TNF-alpha, NF-κB p65 and cleaved caspase-3, but increased IL-10 and IKB-alpha. IVIG treatment attenuates the infiltration of inflammatory cell and cell apoptosis which were observed in I/R groups. IVIG may alleviate hepatic I/R in rats by inhibiting the classical NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing IL-6, TNF-alpha, promoting IL-10, and inhibiting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Chen
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Runzhui Lin
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hua Zhuo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Fengjie Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xingmu Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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11
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How Machine Perfusion Ameliorates Hepatic Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147523. [PMID: 34299142 PMCID: PMC8307386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing disparity between the number of patients listed for transplantation and the number of suitable organs has led to the increasing use of extended criteria donors (ECDs). ECDs are at increased risk of developing ischaemia reperfusion injury and greater risk of post-transplant complications. Ischaemia reperfusion injury is a major complication of organ transplantation defined as the inflammatory changes seen following the disruption and restoration of blood flow to an organ—it is a multifactorial process with the potential to cause both local and systemic organ failure. The utilisation of machine perfusion under normothermic (37 degrees Celsius) and hypothermic (4–10 degrees Celsius) has proven to be a significant advancement in organ preservation and restoration. One of the key benefits is its ability to optimise suboptimal organs for successful transplantation. This review is focused on examining ischaemia reperfusion injury and how machine perfusion ameliorates the graft’s response to this.
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12
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Odagiri N, Matsubara T, Sato-Matsubara M, Fujii H, Enomoto M, Kawada N. Anti-fibrotic treatments for chronic liver diseases: The present and the future. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 27:413-424. [PMID: 33317250 PMCID: PMC8273638 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis reflects tissue scarring in the liver due to the accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix in response to chronically persistent liver injury. Hepatocyte cell death can trigger capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stimulation of immune cells including macrophages and Kupffer cells, and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), resulting in progression of liver fibrosis. Liver cirrhosis is the terminal state of liver fibrosis and is associated with severe complications, such as liver failure, portal hypertension, and liver cancer. Nevertheless, effective therapy for cirrhosis has not yet been established, and liver transplantation is the only radical treatment for severe cases. Studies investigating HSC activation and regulation of collagen production in the liver have made breakthroughs in recent decades that have advanced the knowledge regarding liver fibrosis pathophysiology. In this review, we summarize molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and discuss the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Odagiri
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misako Sato-Matsubara
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Endowed Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Zhou Z, Qi J, Lim CW, Kim JW, Kim B. Dual TBK1/IKKε inhibitor amlexanox mitigates palmitic acid-induced hepatotoxicity and lipoapoptosis in vitro. Toxicology 2020; 444:152579. [PMID: 32905826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The common causes of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Metabolic disorders and lipotoxic hepatocyte damage are hallmarks of NAFLD. Even though amlexanox, a dual inhibitor of TRAF associated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε), has been reported to effectively improve obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions in mice models, its molecular mechanism has not been fully investigated. This study was designed to investigate the effects of amlexanox on in vitro nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model induced by treatment of palmitic acid (PA, 0.4 mM), using a trans-well co-culture system of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells (KCs). Stimulation with PA significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of TBK1 and IKKε in both hepatocytes and KCs, suggesting a potential role of TBK1/IKKε in PA-induced NASH progression. Treatment of amlexanox (50 μM) showed significantly reduced phosphorylation of TBK1 and IKKε and hepatotoxicity as confirmed by decreased levels of lactate dehydrogenase released from hepatocytes. Furthermore, PA-induced inflammation and lipotoxic cell death in hepatocytes were significantly reversed by amlexanox treatment. Intriguingly, amlexanox inhibited the activation of KCs and induced polarization of KCs towards M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, amlexanox treatment decreased the phosphorylation of interferon regulator factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-κB in PA-treated hepatocytes. However, decreased phosphorylation of NF-κB, not IRF3, was found in PA-treated KCs upon amlexanox treatment. Taken together, our findings show that treatment of amlexanox attenuated the severity of PA-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and lipoapoptosis by the inhibition of TBK1/IKKε-NF-κB and/or IRF3 pathway in hepatocytes and KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiong Zhou
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Qi
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Li M, Zhao H, Wu J, Wang L, Wang J, Lv K, Liu S, Wang M, Guan W, Liu J, Ho CT, Li S. Nobiletin Protects against Acute Liver Injury via Targeting c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK)-Induced Apoptosis of Hepatocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7112-7120. [PMID: 32538091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver injury resulting from several factors such as medication, food toxins, and herbal supplementation often leads to a severe health condition and makes treatment difficult; thereby, the prevention of acute liver injury remains a critical issue and is of great importance. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of nobiletin (NOB) on a mouse model of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute liver injury. We observed that NOB (10 mg/kg) pretreatment of ConA-treated mice significantly lowered the levels of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), decreased the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and suppressed the release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Pathological data suggested that pretreatment with NOB ameliorated ConA-induced liver damage by promoting proliferation and alleviating apoptosis of hepatocytes. Furthermore, significant suppression of the c-Jun-activating kinase (JNK) signal was also observed in NOB-pretreated liver tissues compared with that of ConA treatment only. In addition, an in vitro mechanism study confirmed that the addition of NOB protected hepatocytes via inhibition of JNK activation, manifesting that alleviation of JNK-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes is correlated with NOB protection in acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ke Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Shuangqing Liu
- Department of Laboratory Test, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Wenqiang Guan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jianfu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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15
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de Gregorio E, Colell A, Morales A, Marí M. Relevance of SIRT1-NF-κB Axis as Therapeutic Target to Ameliorate Inflammation in Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3858. [PMID: 32485811 PMCID: PMC7312021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response in pursuit of homeostasis reestablishment triggered by harmful conditions or stimuli, such as an infection or tissue damage. Liver diseases cause approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide and hepatic inflammation is a common factor to all of them, being the main driver of hepatic tissue damage and causing progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The metabolic sensor SIRT1, a class III histone deacetylase with strong expression in metabolic tissues such as the liver, and transcription factor NF-κB, a master regulator of inflammatory response, show an antagonistic relationship in controlling inflammation. For this reason, SIRT1 targeting is emerging as a potential strategy to improve different metabolic and/or inflammatory pathologies. In this review, we explore diverse upstream regulators and some natural/synthetic activators of SIRT1 as possible therapeutic treatment for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
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16
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Buchwald JE, Xu J, Bozorgzadeh A, Martins PN. Therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion: An overview. World J Transplant 2020; 10:1-14. [PMID: 32110510 PMCID: PMC7031625 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the use of extended criteria donors has increased the pool of available livers for transplant, it has also introduced the need to develop improved methods of protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), as these "marginal" organs are particularly vulnerable to IRI during the process of procurement, preservation, surgery, and post-transplantation. In this review, we explore the current basic science research investigating therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion aimed at mitigating the effects of IRI in the liver transplantation process. These various categories of therapeutics are utilized during the perfusion process and include invoking the RNA interference pathway, utilizing defatting cocktails, and administering classes of agents such as vasodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, human liver stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and δ-opioid agonists in order to reduce the damage of IRI. Ex vivo machine perfusion is an attractive alternative to static cold storage due to its ability to continuously perfuse the organ, effectively deliver substrates and oxygen required for cellular metabolism, therapeutically administer pharmacological or cytoprotective agents, and continuously monitor organ viability during perfusion. The use of administered therapeutics during machine liver perfusion has demonstrated promising results in basic science studies. While novel therapeutic approaches to combat IRI are being developed through basic science research, their use in clinical medicine and treatment in patients for liver transplantation has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna E Buchwald
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Jing Xu
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Adel Bozorgzadeh
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Paulo N Martins
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
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17
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Jiang X, He M, Bai J, Chan CB, Wong AOL. Signal Transduction for TNFα-Induced Type II SOCS Expression and Its Functional Implication in Growth Hormone Resistance in Carp Hepatocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 32082258 PMCID: PMC7003395 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, local production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibits growth hormone (GH)-induced IGF-I expression at tissue level and contributes to GH resistance caused by sepsis/endotoxemia and inflammation. Although the loss of GH responsiveness can be mediated by a parallel rise in SOCS expression, the signaling mechanisms for TNFα-induced SOCS expression at the hepatic level have not been characterized and the comparative aspects of the phenomenon, especially in lower vertebrates, are still unknown. Recently, type II SOCS, including SOCS1-3 and CISH, have been cloned in grass carp and shown to act as the feedback repressors for GH signaling via JAK2/STAT5 pathway. To shed light on the mechanisms for TNFα-induced GH resistance in fish model, grass carp TNFα was cloned and confirmed to be a single-copy gene expressed in various tissues including the liver. In carp hepatocytes, incubation with the endotoxin LPS induced TNFα expression with parallel rises in SOCS1-3 and CISH mRNA levels. Similar to LPS, TNFα treatment could block GH-induced IGF-I/-II mRNA expression and elevate SOCS1, SOCS3, and CISH transcript levels. However, TNFα was not effective in altering SOCS2 expression. In parallel experiment, LPS blockade of IGF-I/-II signals caused by GH could be partially reverted by TNFα receptor antagonism. At hepatocyte level, TNFα induction also triggered rapid phosphorylation of IκBα, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, MKK3/6, P38MAPK, Akt, JAK2, and STAT1,3,5, and TNFα-induced SOCS1, SOCS3, and CISH mRNA expression could be negated by inhibiting the IKK/NFκB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and JAK/STAT cascades. Our findings, as a whole, suggest that local production of TNFα may interfere with IGF-I/-II induction by GH in the carp liver by up-regulation of SOCS1, SOCS3, and CISH via IKK/NFκB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and JAK/STAT-dependent mechanisms, which may contribute to GH resistance induced by endotoxin in carp species.
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18
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Kim Y, Allen E, Baird LA, Symer EM, Korkmaz FT, Na E, Odom CV, Jones MR, Mizgerd JP, Traber KE, Quinton LJ. NF-κB RelA Is Required for Hepatoprotection during Pneumonia and Sepsis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00132-19. [PMID: 31160364 PMCID: PMC6652780 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00132-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia and sepsis are distinct but integrally linked public health concerns. The hepatic acute-phase response (APR), which is largely dependent on transcription factors NF-κB RelA and STAT3, is a hallmark of these pathologies and other injurious conditions. Inactivation of the APR can promote liver injury, a frequently observed organ dysfunction during sepsis. However, whether or how the acute-phase changes promote liver tissue resilience during infections is unclear. To determine the hepatoprotective role of the hepatic APR, we utilized mice bearing hepatocyte-specific deletions of either RelA or STAT3. Mice were challenged intratracheally (i.t.), intravenously (i.v.), or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or alpha-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) to induce pneumonia, sepsis, or NKT cell activation. Liver injury was observed in RelA-null (hepRelAΔ/Δ) mice but not STAT3-null (hepSTAT3Δ/Δ) mice during pneumonia. The absence of RelA resulted in hepatotoxicity across several models of pneumonia, sepsis, and NKT cell activation. Injury was associated with increased levels of activated caspase-3 and -8 and substantial alteration of the hepatic transcriptome. Hepatotoxicity in the absence of RelA could be reversed by neutralization of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). These results indicate the requirement of RelA-dependent inducible hepatoprotection during pneumonia and sepsis. Further, the results demonstrate that RelA-dependent gene programs are critical for maintaining liver homeostasis against TNF-α-driven immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kim
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eri Allen
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lillia A Baird
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise M Symer
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Filiz T Korkmaz
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elim Na
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine V Odom
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katrina E Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee J Quinton
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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An NF-kappaB- and IKK-Independent Function of NEMO Prevents Hepatocarcinogenesis by Suppressing Compensatory Liver Regeneration. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070999. [PMID: 31319593 PMCID: PMC6678501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The I-κB-Kinase (IKK) complex represents a central signaling nexus in the TNF-dependent activation of the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway. However, recent studies suggested that the distinct IKK subunits (IKKα, IKKβ, and NEMO) might withhold additional NF-κB-independent functions in inflammation and cancer. Here, we generated mice lacking all three IKK subunits in liver parenchymal cells (LPC) (IKKα/β/NEMOLPC-KO) and compared their phenotype with mice lacking both catalytic subunits (IKKα/βLPC-KO), allowing to functionally dissect putative I-κB-Kinase-independent functions of the regulatory subunit NEMO. We show that the additional deletion of NEMO rescues IKKα/βLPC-KO mice from lethal cholestasis and biliary ductopenia by triggering LPC apoptosis and inducing a strong compensatory proliferation of LPC including cholangiocytes. Beyond this beneficial effect, we show that increased hepatocyte cell-death and compensatory proliferation inhibit the activation of LPC-necroptosis but trigger spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in IKKα/β/NEMOLPC-KO mice. Collectively, our data show that free NEMO molecules unbound to the catalytic IKK subunits control LPC programmed cell death pathways and proliferation, cholestasis and hepatocarcinogenesis independently of an IKK-related function. These findings support the idea of different functional levels at which NEMO controls inflammation and cancer in the liver.
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20
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Mussbacher M, Salzmann M, Brostjan C, Hoesel B, Schoergenhofer C, Datler H, Hohensinner P, Basílio J, Petzelbauer P, Assinger A, Schmid JA. Cell Type-Specific Roles of NF-κB Linking Inflammation and Thrombosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:85. [PMID: 30778349 PMCID: PMC6369217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is a central mediator of inflammation with multiple links to thrombotic processes. In this review, we focus on the role of NF-κB signaling in cell types within the vasculature and the circulation that are involved in thrombo-inflammatory processes. All these cells express NF-κB, which mediates important functions in cellular interactions, cell survival and differentiation, as well as expression of cytokines, chemokines, and coagulation factors. Even platelets, as anucleated cells, contain NF-κB family members and their corresponding signaling molecules, which are involved in platelet activation, as well as secondary feedback circuits. The response of endothelial cells to inflammation and NF-κB activation is characterized by the induction of adhesion molecules promoting binding and transmigration of leukocytes, while simultaneously increasing their thrombogenic potential. Paracrine signaling from endothelial cells activates NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells and causes a phenotypic switch to a “synthetic” state associated with a decrease in contractile proteins. Monocytes react to inflammatory situations with enforced expression of tissue factor and after differentiation to macrophages with altered polarization. Neutrophils respond with an extension of their life span—and upon full activation they can expel their DNA thereby forming so-called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which exert antibacterial functions, but also induce a strong coagulatory response. This may cause formation of microthrombi that are important for the immobilization of pathogens, a process designated as immunothrombosis. However, deregulation of the complex cellular links between inflammation and thrombosis by unrestrained NET formation or the loss of the endothelial layer due to mechanical rupture or erosion can result in rapid activation and aggregation of platelets and the manifestation of thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Sepsis is an important example of such a disorder caused by a dysregulated host response to infection finally leading to severe coagulopathies. NF-κB is critically involved in these pathophysiological processes as it induces both inflammatory and thrombotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mussbacher
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bastian Hoesel
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hannes Datler
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Hohensinner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Basílio
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Skin and Endothelial Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Schmid
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Zhang LN, Gong WD, Luo J, Yu YJ, Qi SH, Yue ZY. Exogenous ghrelin ameliorates acute lung injury by modulating the nuclear factor κB inhibitor kinase/nuclear factor κB inhibitor/nuclear factor κB pathway after hemorrhagic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:95-102. [PMID: 30690345 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ghrelin, a peptide produced in the stomach, attenuates acute lung injury (ALI) in various animal models, and that some of these effects are associated with inhibition of the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway. This study investigated whether ghrelin exerts beneficial effects on hemorrhagic shock (HS)-induced ALI by modulating nuclear factor κB inhibitor kinase/nuclear factor κB inhibitor/nuclear factor κB (IKK/IκBα/NF-κB) pathway activity. HS was induced in male SD rats by withdrawing blood to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg for 1 h; rats then received ghrelin (10 nmol/kg) or vehicle intravenously and were resuscitated with the shed blood and an equal volume of Ringer lactate solution followed by observation for 2 h. After resuscitation, samples were collected and analyzed for lung histopathology, wet to dry weight ratio (W/D), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, neutrophil infiltration, plasma inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and cytoplasmic phosphorylated IKKβ, IκBα, phosphorylated IκBα and nuclear NF-κB expression. Compared to those in the two sham groups, lung injury, W/D, BALF protein, neutrophil infiltration, plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and IKK/IκBα/NF-κB pathway activation were significantly increased in HS rats. After ghrelin administration, all parameters analyzed were decreased compared to those without ghrelin in HS rats. Moreover, ghrelin alleviated the decreased MAP after resuscitation compared to that in HS rats. Exogenous ghrelin attenuates the inflammatory response and acute lung injury after HS. These beneficial effects appear to be mediated through inhibition of IKK/IκBα/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei-Dong Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Juan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yong-Jing Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Si-Hua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zi-Yong Yue
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
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22
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Adak M, Das D, Niyogi S, Nagalakshmi C, Ray D, Chakrabarti P. Inflammasome activation in Kupffer cells confers a protective response in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through pigment epithelium-derived factor expression. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800190. [PMID: 29897812 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular death or ballooning distinguishes the transition of simple steatosis to irreversible nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the molecular mechanism of hepatocellular apoptosis in NASH is largely unclear, and discovery of endogenous mediators that could prevent or inhibit cell death is thereby critical in intercepting NASH progression. Here, we identified pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a secreted, moonlighting hepatokine as 1 hepatoprotective agent in mice with diet-induced NASH. Hepatic PEDF expression is induced by IL-1β, which is derived from inflammasome activation in liver-resident Kupffer cells, an effect that is negatively regulated by TNF-α and predominantly secreted by monocyte-derived, recruited, hepatic macrophages. Mechanistically, reciprocal and opposing roles for IL-1β and TNF-α in PEDF expression are mediated by differential activation of NF-κB. Although augmented TNF-α production leads to temporal reduction of PEDF expression in NASH, PEDF conversely abrogates TNF-α-mediated hepatocyte death by modulating the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Thus, our study highlights PEDF as a functionally important hepatokine in NASH progression by linking inflammasome activation and hepatocellular death.-Adak, M., Das, D., Niyogi, S., Nagalakshmi, C., Ray, D., Chakrabarti, P. Inflammasome activation in Kupffer cells confers a protective response in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through pigment epithelium-derived factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Adak
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Debajyoti Das
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sougata Niyogi
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Challa Nagalakshmi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipika Ray
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Partha Chakrabarti
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Al-Saeedi M, Steinebrunner N, Kudsi H, Halama N, Mogler C, Büchler MW, Krammer PH, Schemmer P, Müller M. Neutralization of CD95 ligand protects the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury and prevents acute liver failure. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:132. [PMID: 29374146 PMCID: PMC5833836 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common pathological process in liver surgery and transplantation, and has considerable impact on the patient outcome and survival. Death receptors are important mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury, notably the signaling pathways of the death receptor CD95 (Apo-1/Fas) and its corresponding ligand CD95L. This study investigates, for the first time, whether the inhibition of CD95L protects the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Warm ischemia was induced in the median and left liver lobes of C57BL/6 mice for 45 min. CD95Fc, a specific inhibitor of CD95L, was applied prior to ischemia. Hepatic injury was assessed via consecutive measurements of liver serum enzymes, histopathological assessment of apoptosis and necrosis and caspase assays at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after reperfusion. Serum levels of liver enzymes, as well as characteristic histopathological changes and caspase assays indicated pronounced features of apoptotic and necrotic liver damage 12 and 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Animals treated with the CD95L-blocker CD95Fc, exhibited a significant reduction in the level of serum liver enzymes and showed both decreased histopathological signs of parenchymal damage and decreased caspase activation. This study demonstrates that inhibition of CD95L with the CD95L-blocker CD95Fc, is effective in protecting mice from liver failure due to ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver. CD95Fc could therefore emerge as a new pharmacological therapy for liver resection, transplantation surgery and acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Saeedi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Steinebrunner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Intoxications, and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassan Kudsi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Department of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Song Q, Guo R, Wei W, Lv L, Song Z, Feng R, Li S, Sun C. Histidine-alleviated hepatocellular death in response to 4-hydroxynonenal contributes to the protection against high-fat diet-induced liver injury. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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25
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Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major complication of liver surgery, including liver resection, liver transplantation, and trauma surgery. Much has been learned about the inflammatory injury response induced by I/R, including the cascade of proinflammatory mediators and recruitment of activated leukocytes. In this review, we discuss the complex network of events that culminate in liver injury after I/R, including cellular, protein, and molecular mechanisms. In addition, we address the known endogenous regulatory mediators that function to maintain homeostasis and resolve injury. Finally, we cover more recent insights into how the liver repairs and regenerates after I/R injury, a setting in which physical mass remains unchanged, but functional liver mass is greatly reduced. In this regard, we focus on recent work highlighting a novel role of CXC chemokines as important regulators of hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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26
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Roy S, Bantel H, Wandrer F, Schneider AT, Gautheron J, Vucur M, Tacke F, Trautwein C, Luedde T, Roderburg C. miR-1224 inhibits cell proliferation in acute liver failure by targeting the antiapoptotic gene Nfib. J Hepatol 2017. [PMID: 28645739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patient outcome in acute liver failure (ALF) is crucially determined by the appropriate balance between cell death and compensatory cell proliferation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) - small non-coding RNAs that function as guide molecules in RNA silencing - have evolved as crucial mediators of nearly all developmental and pathological processes, including the physiology and pathology of the liver. We investigated the role of miR-1224 during ALF. METHODS We measured miR-1224 in livers of mice in various acute liver disease murine models and in, patients with ALF, using quantitative real-time PCR. We studied the regulation of miR-1224 in AML12 cells and primary hepatocytes upon H2O2 stimulation. Cell proliferation and cell death were analysed by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase nick end labelling stainings, respectively. RESULTS We found that miR-1224 was up-regulated in hepatocytes upon ischaemia-reperfusion in vivo and in vitro. This was accompanied by impaired proliferation and elevated apoptosis. This function of miR-1224 was mediated by repressing the anti-apoptotic gene Nfib in hepatocytes. Strikingly, miR-1224 was also up-regulated in human livers and the serum of patients with ALF and indicated an unfavourable prognosis with an excellent prognostic value compared to other known serum markers in this clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS miR-1224 is a previously unrecognised regulator of proliferation after ALF in hepatocytes and represents a novel and specific biomarker of liver injury with prognostic value in ALF. Thus, miR-1224 may represent a target for novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in the context of ALF and warrants further testing as a biomarker in prospective trials. Lay summary: In acute liver failure, miR-1224 expression is modulated by oxidative stress. This leads to a decrease in hepatocyte cell proliferation and increase in apoptosis. Increased serum levels of miR-1224 could be a useful diagnostic marker in patients with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Roy
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Wandrer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Theres Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jeremie Gautheron
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kim T, Wahyudi LD, Gonzalez FJ, Kim JH. Nuclear Receptor PPARα Agonist Wy-14,643 Ameliorates Hepatic Cell Death in Hepatic IKKβ-Deficient Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:504-510. [PMID: 28190320 PMCID: PMC5590794 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase beta (IKKβ) plays a critical role in cell proliferation and inflammation in various cells by activating NF-κB signaling. However, the interrelationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and IKKβ in cell proliferation is not clear. In this study, we investigated the possible role of PPARα in the hepatic cell death in the absence of IKKβ gene using liver-specific Ikkb-null (IkkbF/F-AlbCre) mice. To examine the function of PPARα activation in hepatic cell death, wild-type (IkkbF/F) and IkkbF/F-AlbCre mice were treated with PPARα agonist Wy-14,643 (0.1% w/w chow diet) for two weeks. As a result of Wy-14,643 treatment, apoptotic markers including caspase-3 cleavage, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and TUNEL-positive staining were significantly decreased in the IkkbF/F-AlbCre mice. Surprisingly, Wy-14,643 increased the phosphorylation of p65 and STAT3 in both Ikkb and IkkbF/F-AlbCre mice. Furthermore, BrdU-positive cells were significantly increased in both groups after treatment with Wy-14,643. Our results suggested that IKKβ-derived hepatic apoptosis could be altered by PPARα activation in conjunction with activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyeong Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lilik Duwi Wahyudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of miRNAs has been described in tissue and serum from patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. However, only little information on the role of miR-223 in the pathophysiology of acute liver failure (ALF) and liver cirrhosis is available. METHODS We analysed cell and tissue specific expression levels as well as serum concentrations of miR-223 in mouse models of acute (hepatic ischaemia and reperfusion, single CCl4 injection) and chronic (repetitive CCl4 injection, bile duct ligation (BDL)) liver diseases. Results were validated in patients and correlated with clinical data. The specific hepatic role of miR-223 was analysed by using miR-223-/- mice in these models. RESULTS miR-223 expression was significantly dysregulated in livers from mice after induction of acute liver injury and liver fibrosis as well as in liver samples from patients with ALF or liver cirrhosis. In acute and chronic models, hepatic miR-223 up-regulation was restricted to hepatocytes and correlated with degree of liver injury and hepatic cell death. Moreover, elevated miR-223 expression was reflected by significantly higher serum levels of miR-223 during acute liver injury. However, functional in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed no differences in the degree of liver cell death and liver fibrosis as miR-223-/- mice behaved identical with wild-type (wt) mice in all tested models. CONCLUSION miR-223 represents a promising diagnostic marker in a panel of serum markers of liver injury. Together with previously published data, our results highlight that the role of miR-223 in the pathophysiology of the liver is complex and needs further analysis.
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29
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Abstract
Liver ischemia reperfusion activates innate immune system to drive the full development of inflammatory hepatocellular injury. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulate myeloid and dendritic cells via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate the immune response. Complex intracellular signaling network transduces inflammatory signaling to regulate both innate immune cell activation and parenchymal cell death. Recent studies have revealed that DAMPs may trigger not only proinflammatory but also immune regulatory responses by activating different PRRs or distinctive intracellular signaling pathways or in special cell populations. Additionally, tissue injury milieu activates PRR-independent receptors which also regulate inflammatory disease processes. Thus, the innate immune mechanism of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury involves diverse molecular and cellular interactions, subjected to both endogenous and exogenous regulation in different cells. A better understanding of these complicated regulatory pathways/network is imperative for us in designing safe and effective therapeutic strategy to ameliorate liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients.
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30
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Li Z, Zhang J, Mulholland M, Zhang W. mTOR activation protects liver from ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury through NF-κB pathway. FASEB J 2017; 31:3018-3026. [PMID: 28356345 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601278r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis renders liver more vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), which commonly occurs in transplantation, trauma, and liver resection. The underlying mechanism is not fully characterized. We aimed to clarify the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) in normal and steatotic liver using Alb-TSC1-/- (AT) and Alb-mTOR-/- (Am) transgenic mice. Steatotic liver induced by high-fat diet was more vulnerable to IRI. Activation of hepatic mTOR in AT mice decreased lipid accumulation attenuated HIRI as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, circulating levels of alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, and inflammatory mediators such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, and IL-6 and hepatic cleaved caspase 3 in mice fed either a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet. The effects of mTOR activation on hepatic cleaved caspase 3 were reversed by rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR signaling. Inhibition of hepatic mTOR in Am mice increased hepatic lipid deposition and HIRI. The increment in hepatic susceptibility to IRI was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with IKKβ inhibitor. Further, suppression of mTOR facilitated nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. In conclusion, our study suggests that mTOR activity in hepatocytes decreases hepatic vulnerability to injury through a mechanism dependent on NF-κB proinflammatory cytokine signaling pathway in both normal and steatotic liver.-Li, Z., Zhang, J., Mulholland, M., Zhang, W. mTOR activation protects liver from ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury through NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Mulholland
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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31
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Choi JH, Park SH, Jung JK, Cho WJ, Ahn B, Yun CY, Choi YP, Yeo JH, Lee H, Hong JT, Han SB, Kim Y. Caffeic Acid Cyclohexylamide Rescues Lethal Inflammation in Septic Mice through Inhibition of IκB Kinase in Innate Immune Process. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41180. [PMID: 28145460 PMCID: PMC5286524 DOI: 10.1038/srep41180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) or Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with small molecule inhibitor rescues the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in sepsis due to infection with Gram-negative bacteria but not other microbes. Herein, we provided IκB kinase β (IKKβ) in innate immune process as a molecular target of caffeic acid cyclohexylamide (CGA-JK3) in the treatment of polymicrobial TLR agonists-induced lethal inflammation. CGA-JK3 ameliorated E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, MD-2/TLR4 agonist)-induced endotoxic shock, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-challenged septic shock or LPS plus D-galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in C57BL/6J mice. As a molecular basis, CGA-JK3 inhibited IKKβ-catalyzed kinase activity in a competitive mechanism with respect to ATP, displaced fluorescent ATP probe from the complex with IKKβ, and docked at the ATP-binding active site on the crystal structure of human IKKβ. Furthermore, CGA-JK3 inhibited IKKβ-catalyzed IκB phosphorylation, which is an axis leading to IκB degradation in the activating pathway of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), in macrophages stimulated with TLR (1/2, 2/6, 4, 5, 7, 9) agonists from Gram-positive/negative bacteria and viruses. CGA-JK3 consequently interrupted IKKβ-inducible NF-κB activation and NF-κB-regulated expression of TNF-α, IL-1α or HMGB-1 gene, thereby improving TLRs-associated redundant inflammatory responses in endotoxemia, polymicrobial sepsis and ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Sun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Won-Jea Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Cheong-Yong Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Jong Hun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Heesoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
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Roy S, Benz F, Alder J, Bantel H, Janssen J, Vucur M, Gautheron J, Schneider A, Schüller F, Loosen S, Luedde M, Koch A, Tacke F, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Roderburg C. Down-regulation of miR-192-5p protects from oxidative stress-induced acute liver injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1197-1207. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
miR-192-5p has gained increasing relevance in various diseases, however, its function in acute liver injury is currently unknown. We analysed miR-192-5p serum levels and hepatic miR-192-5p expression in mice after hepatic ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) as well as in toxic liver injury. On a functional level, miRNA levels were analysed in the different hepatic cell-compartments and in the context of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent liver cell death. We detected increased serum levels of miR-192-5p after hepatic I/R- and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. miR-192-5p levels correlated with the degree of liver damage and the presence of hepatic cell death detected by TUNEL stainings (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick-end labelling stainings). Moreover, expression of miR-192-5p was increased in a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of in vitro hepatocyte injury, supporting that the passive release of miR-192-5p represents a surrogate for hepatocyte death in liver injury. In critically ill patients, miR-192-5p levels were elevated selectively in patients with liver injury and closely correlated with the presence of hepatic injury. In contrast with up-regulated miR-192-5p in the serum, we detected a down-regulation of miR-192-5p in both injured mouse and human livers. Deregulation of miR-192-5p in livers was dependent on stimulation with TNF. Functional experiments confirmed a protective effect of down-regulation of miR-192-5p in hepatocytes, suggesting a role of miR-192-5p in limiting liver injury. Finally, we identified Zeb2, an important regulator of cell death, as a potential target gene mediating the function of miR-192-5p. Our data suggest that miR-192-5p is involved in the regulation of liver cell death during acute liver injury and might represent a potent marker of hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Roy
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Benz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Alder
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joern Janssen
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jeremie Gautheron
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Schüller
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Loosen
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Luedde
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University of Aachen (RWTH), Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Hong FF, Wang YF, Liu H, Yang MW, Yang SL. V-PYRRO/NO downregulates mRNA expression levels of leukotriene C4 synthase during hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats via inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB activation pathway. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:112-116. [PMID: 26870346 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism underlying the effects of a selective liver nitric oxide (NO) donor, O2-vinyl1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PYRRO/NO), on the gene expression of leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S) during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: Sham (control), I/R and V-PYRRO/NO + I/R groups. The liver was subjected to 1 h of partial hepatic ischemia followed by 5 h of reperfusion, saline or V-PYRRO/NO (1.06 µmol/kg/h) administered intravenously. The mRNA expression levels of LTC4S in rat liver tissue were examined by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method, the protein expression levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, p50 and IκBα in liver cell lysates and nuclear extracts were detected by western blot analysis. Hepatic mRNA expression of LTC4S was lower in V-PYRRO/NO + I/R group compared to the I/R group. In addition, the protein expression levels of NF-κB p65 and p50 in the nucleus extract were lower in the V-PYRRO/NO + I/R group when compared with the I/R group. However, the IκBα protein in the 3 groups was not changed. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that the I/R liver exhibited strong cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for NF-κB p65; however, the V-PYRRO/NO + I/R group liver presented slight cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. In conclusion, V-PYRRO/NO may downregulate LTC4S mRNA expression by inhibiting NF-κB activation independent of IκBα during hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Fang Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China; Department of Medical Experimental Teaching, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Wen Yang
- Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou 344000, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Long Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Ali SO, Darwish HA, Ismail NA. Curcumin, Silybin Phytosome(®) and α-R-Lipoic Acid Mitigate Chronic Hepatitis in Rat by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokines Production. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:369-80. [PMID: 26457982 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis is recognized as a worldwide health problem that gradually progresses towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the large number of experiments using animal models for allergic hepatitis, it is still difficult to produce a picture of chronic hepatitis. Therefore, this study was conducted to introduce an animal model approximating to the mechanism of chronicity in human hepatitis. The study also aimed to examine the hepatoprotective effects of curcumin, silybin phytosome(®) and α-R-lipoic acid against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced chronic hepatitis in rat model. TAA was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 200 mg/kg three times weekly for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, a group of rats was killed to assess the development of chronic hepatitis in comparison with their respective control group. TAA administration was then discontinued, and the remaining animals were subsequently allocated into four groups. Group 1 was left untreated, whereas groups 2-4 were allowed to receive daily oral doses of curcumin, silybin phytosome(®) or α-R-lipoic acid, respectively, for 7 weeks. Increases in hepatic levels of malondialdehyde associated with TAA administration were inhibited in groups receiving supplements. Furthermore, glutathione depletion, collagen deposition, macrophage activation and nuclear factor κappa-B expression as well as tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels were significantly decreased in response to supplements administration. Serological analysis of liver function and liver histopathological examination reinforced the results. The above evidence collectively indicates that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin, silybin phytosome(®) and α-R-lipoic acid may confer therapeutic efficacy against chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa O Ali
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nabila A Ismail
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Hepatocyte death, inflammation, and liver fibrosis are the hallmarks of chronic liver disease. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is an inflammatory cytokine involved in liver inflammation and sustained liver inflammation leads to liver fibrosis. TNFα exerts inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, the role of TNFα signaling in liver fibrosis is not fully understood. This review highlights the recent findings demonstrating the molecular mechanisms of TNFα and its downstream signaling in liver fibrosis. During the progression of liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cells play a pivotal role in a dynamic process of production of extracellular matrix proteins and modulation of immune response. Hepatic stellate cells transdifferentiate into activated myofibroblasts in response to damaged hepatocyte-derived mediators and immune cell-derived cytokines/chemokines. Here, we will discuss the role of TNFα in hepatic stellate cell survival and activation and the crosstalk between hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes or other immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells in the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Mee Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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LUBAC Formation Is Impaired in the Livers of Mice with MCD-Dependent Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:125380. [PMID: 26170532 PMCID: PMC4478366 DOI: 10.1155/2015/125380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disorder characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation followed by the inflammation-induced death of hepatocytes and fibrosis. In this process, oxidative stress contributes to the induction of several inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α andIL-1β in macrophages, while, in hepatocytes, NF-κB reportedly induces the expressions of cell survival genes for protection from apoptosis. Recently, it was reported that the new ubiquitin ligase complex termed linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), composed of SHARPIN (SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein), HOIL-1L (longer isoform of heme-oxidized iron-regulatory protein 2 ubiquitin ligase-1), and HOIP (HOIL-1L interacting protein), forms linear ubiquitin on NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and thereby induces NF-κB pathway activation. In this study, we demonstrated the formation of LUBAC to be impaired in the livers of NASH rodent models produced by methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet feeding, first by either gel filtration or Blue Native-PAGE, with subsequent confirmation by western blotting. The reduction of LUBAC is likely to be attributable to markedly reduced expression of SHARPIN, one of its components. Thus, impaired LUBAC formation, which would result in insufficient NF-κB activation, may be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced apoptotic response of hepatocytes in MCD diet-induced NASH livers.
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Roderburg C, Benz F, Vargas Cardenas D, Koch A, Janssen J, Vucur M, Gautheron J, Schneider AT, Koppe C, Kreggenwinkel K, Zimmermann HW, Luedde M, Trautwein C, Tacke F, Luedde T. Elevated miR-122 serum levels are an independent marker of liver injury in inflammatory diseases. Liver Int 2015; 35:1172-84. [PMID: 25039534 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Serum concentrations of miR-122 were proposed as a marker for various inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms driving alterations in miR-122 serum levels are unknown. METHODS We analysed miR-122 serum levels and hepatic miR-122 expression in mice after hepatic ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. These data were compared with data from mice after caecal pole ligation and puncture (CLP) procedure. To translate these data into the human, we analysed miR-122 serum concentrations in a cohort of 223 patients with critical illness and 57 patients with cirrhosis. RESULTS We detected strongly elevated levels of miR-122 in mice after hepatic I/R injury. miR-122-concentrations correlated with the degree of liver damage according to AST/ALT and were associated with the presence of hepatic cell death detected by TUNEL staining. miR-122 levels were elevated in the cellular supernatants in an in vitro model of hepatocyte injury, supporting the hypothesis that the passive release of miR-122 represents a surrogate for hepatocyte death in liver injury. Moreover, miR-122 levels were almost normal in patients with cirrhosis without ongoing liver damage, but were elevated when liver injury was present. In contrast to previous assumptions, miR-122-concentrations were independent of the presence of infection/sepsis in mice or human patients. miR-122 levels did not correlate with disease severity or mortality in critically ill patients. In contrast, serum miR-122 levels strictly correlated with the presence of hepatic injury in these patients. CONCLUSION In mice and humans, miR-122 levels represent an independent and potent marker of ongoing liver injury and hepatic cell death regardless of the underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Haematopoietic cell-derived Jnk1 is crucial for chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis in an experimental model of liver injury. J Hepatol 2015; 62:140-9. [PMID: 25173965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic liver injury triggers complications such as liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which are associated with alterations in distinct signalling pathways. Of particular interest is the interaction between mechanisms controlled by IKKγ/NEMO, the regulatory IKK subunit, and Jnk activation for directing cell death and survival. In the present study, we aimed to define the relevance of Jnk in hepatocyte-specific NEMO knockout mice (NEMO(Δhepa)), a genetic model of chronic inflammatory liver injury. METHODS We generated Jnk1(-/-)/NEMO(Δhepa) and Jnk2(-/-)/NEMO(Δhepa) mice by crossing NEMO(Δhepa) mice with Jnk1 and Jnk2 global deficient animals, respectively, and examined the progression of chronic liver disease. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Jnk during acute liver injury, evaluated the role of Jnk1 in bone marrow-derived cells, and analysed the expression of NEMO and p-JNK in human diseased-livers. RESULTS Deletion of Jnk1 significantly aggravated the progression of liver disease, exacerbating apoptosis, compensatory proliferation and carcinogenesis in NEMO(Δhepa) mice. Conversely, Jnk2(-/-)/NEMO(Δhepa) displayed hepatic inflammation. By using bone marrow transfer, we observed that Jnk1 in haematopoietic cells had an impact on the progression of chronic liver disease in NEMO(Δhepa) livers. These findings are of clinical relevance since NEMO expression was downregulated in hepatocytes of patients with HCC whereas NEMO and p-JNK were expressed in a large amount of infiltrating cells. CONCLUSIONS A synergistic function of Jnk1 in haematopoietic cells and hepatocytes might be relevant for the development of chronic liver injury. These results elucidate the complex function of Jnk in chronic inflammatory liver disease.
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Deng C, Lipstein M, Rodriguez R, Serrano XOJ, McIntosh C, Tsai WY, Wasmuth AS, Jaken S, O'Connor OA. The novel IKK2 inhibitor LY2409881 potently synergizes with histone deacetylase inhibitors in preclinical models of lymphoma through the downregulation of NF-κB. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:134-45. [PMID: 25355930 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the pharmacologic activity of a novel inhibitor of IκB kinase β (IKK2), LY2409881, in preclinical models of B- and T-cell lymphoma, as a single agent and in combination with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The in vitro activity of LY2409881 was determined using an ATP-based growth inhibition assay and flow cytometric assay of apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines. The in vivo activity of LY2409881 was determined using SCID-beige xenograft mouse model. The mechanism of action was determined using immunoblotting, immuofluorescence, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Synergy of LY2409881 with other drugs active in lymphoma was determined by calculating relative risk ratio (RRR) and combination index (CI). RESULTS LY2409881 inhibited constitutively activated NF-κB, and caused concentration- and time-dependent growth inhibition and apoptosis in lymphoma cells. In models of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the cytotoxicity of LY2409881 correlated with the overall activation status of NF-κB, but not simply in a pattern predicted by the cell-of-origin classification of these cell lines. LY2409881 was safe to mice at three dose levels, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, all of which caused significant inhibition of tumor growth. LY2409881 suppressed the activity of the NF-κB subunit p65 in lymphoma cells treated by the HDAC inhibitor romidepsin, underlying a potential mechanism of the marked synergy observed of these two drugs. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data strongly suggest that targeting the NF-κB pathway in combination with romidepsin could represent a novel and potent regimen for the treatment of B- and T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Deng
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Mark Lipstein
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard Rodriguez
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xavier O Jirau Serrano
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Christine McIntosh
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Wei-Yann Tsai
- Department of Statistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew S Wasmuth
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Susan Jaken
- Division of Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Owen A O'Connor
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Luedde T, Kaplowitz N, Schwabe RF. Cell death and cell death responses in liver disease: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:765-783.e4. [PMID: 25046161 PMCID: PMC4531834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular death is present in almost all types of human liver disease and is used as a sensitive parameter for the detection of acute and chronic liver disease of viral, toxic, metabolic, or autoimmune origin. Clinical data and animal models suggest that hepatocyte death is the key trigger of liver disease progression, manifested by the subsequent development of inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Modes of hepatocellular death differ substantially between liver diseases. Different modes of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis trigger specific cell death responses and promote progression of liver disease through distinct mechanisms. In this review, we first discuss molecular mechanisms by which different modes of cell death, damage-associated molecular patterns, and specific cell death responses contribute to the development of liver disease. We then review the clinical relevance of cell death, focusing on biomarkers; the contribution of cell death to drug-induced, viral, and fatty liver disease and liver cancer; and evidence for cell death pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
USA
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine; Institute of Human Nutrition,
Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr.
Tom Luedde, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medicine III, Division of GI-
and Hepatobiliary Oncology University Hospital RWTH Aachen.
Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen; Germany or
Dr. Robert F. Schwabe Columbia University Department of Medicine; Institute of
Human Nutrition Russ Berrie Pavilion, Room 415 1150 St. Nicholas Ave New York,
NY 10032; USA
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Bae UJ, Yang JD, Ka SO, Koo JH, Woo SJ, Lee YR, Yu HC, Cho BH, Zhao HY, Ryu JH, Lee SM, Jeon R, Park BH. SPA0355 attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury in mice. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e109. [PMID: 25104735 PMCID: PMC4150932 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to oxidative stress and acute inflammatory responses that cause liver damage and have a considerable impact on the postoperative outcome. Much research has been performed to develop possible protective techniques. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of SPA0355, a synthetic thiourea analog, in an animal model of hepatic I/R injury. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent normothermic partial liver ischemia for 45 min followed by varying periods of reperfusion. The animals were divided into three groups: sham operated, I/R and SPA0355 pretreated. Pretreatment with SPA0355 protected against hepatic I/R injury, as indicated by the decreased levels of serum aminotransferase and reduced parenchymal necrosis and apoptosis. Liver synthetic function was also restored by SPA0355 as reflected by the prolonged prothrombin time. To gain insight into the mechanism involved in this protection, we measured the activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which revealed that SPA0355 suppressed the nuclear translocation and DNA binding of NF-κB subunits. Concomitantly, the expression of NF-κB target genes such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS was significantly downregulated. Lastly, the liver antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione were upregulated by SPA0355 treatment, which correlated with the reduction in serum malondialdehyde. Our results suggest that SPA0355 pretreatment prior to I/R injury could be an effective method to reduce liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jin Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Do Yang
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-O Ka
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Hyun Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ji Woo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rae Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chul Yu
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik Hwan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Yuan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Raok Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Baeck C, Tacke F. Balance of inflammatory pathways and interplay of immune cells in the liver during homeostasis and injury. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:67-81. [PMID: 26417243 PMCID: PMC4464465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple potentially harmful stimuli challenge the liver, the chief metabolic and detoxifying organ of the human body. Due to its central anatomical location, continuous blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract through the hepatic sinusoids allows the metabolically active hepatocytes, the non-parenchymal cells and the various immune cell populations residing and patrolling in the liver to interact with antigens and microbiological components coming from the intestine. Cytokines are key mediators within the complex interplay of intrahepatic immune cells and hepatocytes, because they can activate effector functions of immune cells as well as hepatocytic intracellular signaling pathways controlling cellular homeostasis. Kupffer cells and liver-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages are primary sources of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The liver is also enriched in natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, which fulfill functions in pathogen defense, T cell recruitment and modulation of fibrogenic responses. TNF can activate specific intracellular pathways in hepatocytes that influence cell fate in different manners, e.g. pro-apoptotic signals via the caspase cascade, but also survival pathways, namely the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway. NF-kappaB regulates important functions in liver physiology and pathology. The exact dissection of the contribution of recruited and resident immune cells, their soluble cytokine and chemokine mediators and the intracellular hepatocytic response in liver homeostasis and injury could potentially identify novel targets for the treatment of acute and chronic liver disease, liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Baeck
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Frank Tacke, Department of Medicine III, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Pauwelstraße 30; Phone: + 49-241-80-35848, Fax: + 49 -241-80-82455, E-mail:
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IKK2 inhibition attenuates laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87530. [PMID: 24489934 PMCID: PMC3905033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is aberrant angiogenesis associated with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Inflammation has been suggested as a risk factor for AMD. The IKK2/NF-κB pathway plays a key role in the inflammatory response through regulation of the transcription of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and angiogenic factors. We investigated the functional role of IKK2 in development of the laser-induced CNV using either Ikk2 conditional knockout mice or an IKK2 inhibitor. The retinal neuronal tissue and RPE deletion of IKK2 was generated by breeding Ikk2−/flox mice with Nestin-Cre mice. Deletion of Ikk2 in the retina caused no obvious defect in retinal development or function, but resulted in a significant reduction in laser-induced CNV. In addition, intravitreal or retrobulbar injection of an IKK2 specific chemical inhibitor, TPCA-1, also showed similar inhibition of CNV. Furthermore, in vitro inhibition of IKK2 in ARPE-19 cells significantly reduced heat shock-induced expression of NFKBIA, IL1B, CCL2, VEGFA, PDGFA, HIF1A, and MMP-2, suggesting that IKK2 may regulate multiple molecular pathways involved in laser-induced CNV. The in vivo laser-induced expression of VEGFA, and HIF1A in RPE and choroidal tissue was also blocked by TPCA-1 treatment. Thus, IKK2/NF-κB signaling appears responsible for production of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors in laser-induced CNV, suggesting that this intracellular pathway may serve as an important therapeutic target for aberrant angiogenesis in exudative AMD.
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Hanaoka J, Shimada M, Utsunomiya T, Morine Y, Imura S, Ikemoto T, Mori H, Sugimoto K, Saito Y, Yamada S, Asanoma M. Beneficial effects of enteral nutrition containing with hydrolyzed whey peptide on warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat liver. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:114-21. [PMID: 23578099 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study examined the efficacy of enteral nutrition containing hydrolyzed whey peptide (HWP) on warm ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat liver. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 min of warm hepatic ischemia followed by immediate p.o. intake of enteral nutrition with WHP (HWP group) or 20% glucose solution (control group) (0.025 mL/g). The animals were killed at 6 or 12 h after reperfusion. The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase alt (ALT) levels were measured. The necrotic areas were assessed histologically. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 activation were assessed to evaluate apoptosis. The expressions of hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in the liver tissue were assessed by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Significant reductions in the serum AST and ALT levels were seen in the HWP group compared with the control group at both 6 and 12 h after reperfusion. The necrotic areas and numbers of TUNEL positive cells were significantly decreased in the HWP group at 6 and 12 h after reperfusion. The caspase-3/7 activities were significantly decreased in HWP group at 6 and 12 h after reperfusion. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the HWP group at 12 h after reperfusion. NF-κB mRNA expression was significantly increased in the HWP group at 6 and 12 h after reperfusion. CONCLUSION Enteral nutrition containing HWP ameliorated the hepatic warm I/R injury possibly through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions and the induction of NF-κB in the rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hanaoka
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Chen Z, Jia S, Li D, Cai J, Tu J, Geng B, Guan Y, Cui Q, Yang J. Silencing of long noncoding RNA AK139328 attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse livers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80817. [PMID: 24312245 PMCID: PMC3842297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing evidences had suggested that long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here we determined the LncRNA expression profile using microarray technology in mouse livers after ischemia/reperfusion treatment. Seventy one LncRNAs were upregulated, and 27 LncRNAs were downregulated in ischemia/reperfusion-treated mouse livers. Eleven of the most significantly deregulated LncRNAs were further validated by quantitative PCR assays. Among the upregulated LncRNAs confirmed by quantitative PCR assays, AK139328 exhibited the highest expression level in normal mouse livers. siRNA-mediated knockdown of hepatic AK139328 decreased plasma aminotransferase activities, and reduced necrosis area in the livers with a decrease in caspase-3 activation after ischemia/reperfusion treatment. In ischemia/reperfusion liver, knockdown of AK139328 increased survival signaling proteins including phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (pGSK3) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (peNOS). Furthermore, knockdown of AK139328 also reduced macrophage infitration and inhibited NF-κB activity and inflammatory cytokines expression. In conclusion, these findings revealed that deregulated LncRNAs are involved in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. Silencing of AK139328 ameliorated ischemia/reperfusion injury in the liver with the activation of Akt signaling pathway and inhibition of NF-κB activity. LncRNA AK139328 might be a novel target for diagnosis and treatment of liver surgery or transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Tu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QC); (JY)
| | - Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QC); (JY)
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Gultekin FA, Cakmak GK, Turkcu UO, Yurdakan G, Demir FEO, Comert M. Effects of Ozone Oxidative Preconditioning on Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy in Rats. J INVEST SURG 2013; 26:242-52. [DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2012.750698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ayca Gultekin
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Guldeniz Karadeniz Cakmak
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | | | - Gamze Yurdakan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - F. Ebru Ofluoglu Demir
- Ahmet Erdogan Vocational School of Health Services, Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Comert
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Antioxidant Stress and Anti-Inflammation of PPARα on Warm Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:738785. [PMID: 23213319 PMCID: PMC3503442 DOI: 10.1155/2012/738785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a serious clinical problem. Minimizing the adverse effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver surgery or trauma is an urgent need. It has been proved that besides the effect of regulating the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, PPARα also undertakes the task of organ protection. In this paper, related literature has been summarized and we come to the conclusion that administration of PPARα agonists can strengthen the antioxidant and anti-inflammation defense system by the upregulation of the expression of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of NF-κB activity. This may provide a potential clinical treatment for hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Ringelhan M, Schmid RM, Geisler F. The NF-κB subunit RelA/p65 is dispensable for successful liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46469. [PMID: 23049704 PMCID: PMC3462179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor NF-κB consisting of the subunits RelA/p65 and p50 is known to be quickly activated after partial hepatectomy (PH), the functional relevance of which is still a matter of debate. Current concepts suggest that activation of NF-κB is especially critical in non-parenchymal cells to produce cytokines (TNF, IL-6) to adequately prime hepatocytes to proliferate after PH, while NF-κB within hepatocytes mainly bears cytoprotective functions. METHODS To study the role of the NF-κB pathway in different liver cell compartments, we generated conditional knockout mice in which the transactivating NF-κB subunit RelA/p65 can be inactivated specifically in hepatocytes (Rela(F/F)AlbCre) or both in hepatocytes plus non-parenchymal cells including Kupffer cells (Rela(F/F)MxCre). 2/3 and 80% PH were performed in controls (Rela(F/F)) and conditional knockout mice (Rela(F/F)AlbCre and Rela(F/F)MxCre) and analyzed for regeneration. RESULTS Hepatocyte-specific deletion of RelA/p65 in Rela(F/F)AlbCre mice resulted in an accelerated cell cycle progression without altering liver mass regeneration after 2/3 PH. Surprisingly, hepatocyte apoptosis or liver damage were not enhanced in Rela(F/F)AlbCre mice, even when performing 80% PH. The additional inactivation of RelA/p65 in non-parenchymal cells in Rela(F/F)MxCre mice reversed the small proliferative advantage observed after hepatocyte-specific deletion of RelA/p65 so that Rela(F/F)MxCre mice displayed normal cell cycle progression, DNA-synthesis and liver mass regeneration. CONCLUSION The NF-κB subunit RelA/p65 fulfills opposite functions in different liver cell compartments in liver regeneration after PH. However, the effects observed after conditional deletion of RelA/p65 are small and do not alter liver mass regeneration after PH. We therefore do not consider RelA/p65-containing canonical NF-κB signalling to be essential for successful liver regeneration after PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringelhan
- 2nd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- 2nd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Geisler
- 2nd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sunami Y, Leithäuser F, Gul S, Fiedler K, Güldiken N, Espenlaub S, Holzmann KH, Hipp N, Sindrilaru A, Luedde T, Baumann B, Wissel S, Kreppel F, Schneider M, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Kochanek S, Strnad P, Wirth T. Hepatic activation of IKK/NFκB signaling induces liver fibrosis via macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation. Hepatology 2012; 56:1117-28. [PMID: 22407857 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver damage in humans is induced by various insults including alcohol abuse, hepatitis B/C virus infection, autoimmune or metabolic disorders and, when persistent, leads to development of liver fibrosis. Because the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) system is activated in response to several of these stresses, we hypothesized that NF-κB activation in hepatocytes may contribute to fibrosis development. To activate the NF-κB signaling pathway in a time- and cell-type-specific manner in the liver, we crossed transgenic mice carrying the tetracycline-responsive transactivator under the control of the liver activator protein promotor with transgenic mice carrying a constitutively active form of the Ikbkb gene (IKK2 protein [CAIKK2]). Double-transgenic mice displayed doxycycline-regulated CAIKK2 expression in hepatocytes. Removal of doxycycline at birth led to activation of NF-κB signaling, moderate liver damage, recruitment of inflammatory cells, hepatocyte proliferation, and ultimately to spontaneous liver fibrosis development. Microarray analysis revealed prominent up-regulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors and this induction was rapidly reversed after switching off the CAIKK2 expression. Turning off the transgene expression for 3 weeks reversed stellate cell activation but did not diminish liver fibrosis. The elimination of macrophages by clodronate-liposomes attenuated NF-κB-induced liver fibrosis in a liver-injury-independent manner. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that hepatic activation of IKK/NF-κB is sufficient to induce liver fibrosis by way of macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation. Therefore, agents controlling the hepatic NF-κB system represent attractive therapeutic tools to prevent fibrosis development in multiple chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sunami
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Zimmerman M, Tak E, Kaplan M, Mandell MS, Eltzschig HK, Grenz A. Use of a hanging-weight system for liver ischemia in mice. J Vis Exp 2012:e2550. [PMID: 22895458 PMCID: PMC3486745 DOI: 10.3791/2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury due to ischemia can occur during several clinical procedures e.g. liver transplantation, hepatic tumor resection or trauma repair and can result in liver failure which has a high mortality rate1-2. Therefore murine studies of hepatic ischemia have become an important field of research by providing the opportunity to utilize pharmacological and genetic studies3-9. Specifically, conditional mice with tissue specific deletion of a gene (cre, flox system) provide insights into the role of proteins in particular tissues10-13 . Because of the technical difficulty associated with manually clamping the portal triad in mice, we performed a systematic evaluation using a hanging-weight system for portal triad occlusion which has been previously described3. By using a hanging-weight system we place a suture around the left branch of the portal triad without causing any damage to the hepatic lobes, since also the finest clamps available can cause hepatic tissue damage because of the close location of liver tissue to the vessels. Furthermore, the right branch of the hepatic triad is still perfused thus no intestinal congestion occurs with this technique as blood flow to the right hepatic lobes is preserved. Furthermore, the portal triad is only manipulated once throughout the entire surgical procedure. As a result, procedures like pre-conditioning, with short times of ischemia and reperfusion, can be easily performed. Systematic evaluation of this model by performing different ischemia and reperfusion times revealed a close correlation of hepatic ischemia time with liver damage as measured by alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase serum levels3,9. Taken together, these studies confirm highly reproducible liver injury when using the hanging-weight system for hepatic ischemia and intermittent reperfusion. Thus, this technique might be useful for other investigators interested in liver ischemia studies in mice. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed step-by-step description of this technique.
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