1
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Megino-Luque C, Sisó P, Mota-Martorell N, Navaridas R, de la Rosa I, Urdanibia I, Albertí-Valls M, Santacana M, Pinyol M, Bonifaci N, Macià A, Llobet-Navas D, Gatius S, Matias-Guiu X, Eritja N. ARID1A-deficient cells require HDAC6 for progression of endometrial carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2235-2259. [PMID: 35167193 PMCID: PMC9168762 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AT‐rich interactive domain‐containing protein 1A (ARID1A) loss‐of‐function mutation accompanied by a loss of ARID1A protein expression is frequently observed in endometrial carcinomas. However, the molecular mechanisms linking these genetic changes to the altered pathways regulating tumour initiation, maintenance and/or progression remain poorly understood. Thus, the main aim of this study was to analyse the role of ARID1A loss of function in endometrial tumorigenesis. Here, using different endometrial in vitro and in vivo models, such as tumoral cell lines, 3D primary cultures and metastatic or genetically modified mouse models, we show that altered expression of ARID1A is not enough to initiate endometrial tumorigenesis. However, in an established endometrial cancer context, ARID1A loss of function accelerates tumoral progression and metastasis through the disruption of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint and ATM/ATR‐mediated DNA damage checkpoints, increases epithelial cell proliferation rates and induces epithelial mesenchymal transition through the activation of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Next, we demonstrated that the inhibition of HDAC6 function, using the HDAC6‐specific inhibitor ACY1215 or by transfection with HDAC6 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), can reverse the migratory and invasive phenotype of ARID1A‐knockdown cells. Further, we also show that inhibition of HDAC6 activity causes an apoptotic vulnerability to etoposide treatments in ARID1A‐deficient cells. In summary, the findings exposed in this work indicate that the inhibition of HDAC6 activity is a potential therapeutic strategy for patients suffering from ARID1A‐mutant endometrial cancer diagnosed in advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Megino-Luque
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pol Sisó
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Natalia Mota-Martorell
- Metabolic Physiopathology Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Raúl Navaridas
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Inés de la Rosa
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Izaskun Urdanibia
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manel Albertí-Valls
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Scientific and Technical Service of Immunohistochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Miquel Pinyol
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Núria Bonifaci
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Macià
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - David Llobet-Navas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology-Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Gran via De l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Gatius
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Av. Gran via de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Eritja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Oncologic Pathology Group, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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2
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Chen YK, Tan YY, Yao M, Lin HC, Tsai MH, Li YY, Hsu YJ, Huang TT, Chang CW, Cheng CM, Chuang CY. Bisphenol A-induced DNA damages promote to lymphoma progression in human lymphoblastoid cells through aberrant CTNNB1 signaling pathway. iScience 2021; 24:102888. [PMID: 34401669 PMCID: PMC8350018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develop from the immune system, and one of the main risk factors is associated with exposure to environmental chemicals. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common chemical used in the manufacture of materials in polycarbonate and epoxy plastic products and can interfere with the immune system. BPA is considered to possibly induce lymphoma development by affecting the immune system, but its potential mechanisms have not been well established. This study performed a gene-network analysis of microarray data sets in human lymphoma tissues as well as in human cells with BPA exposure to explore module genes and construct the potential pathway for lymphomagenesis in response to BPA. This study provided evidence that BPA exposure resulted in disrupted cell cycle and DNA damage by activating CTNNB1, the initiator of the aberrant constructed CTNNB1-NFKB1-AR-IGF1-TWIST1 pathway, which may potentially lead to lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Kai Chen
- Department of Hematology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Yan Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Min Yao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Hsun Tsai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jen Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Tao Huang
- Biomedical Platform and Incubation Service Division, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, 302, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- Biomedical Platform and Incubation Service Division, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, 302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Cheng
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 310, Taiwan
- Mike & Clement TECH Co., Ltd., Changhua Country, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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3
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Mollaei M, Hassan ZM, Khorshidi F, Langroudi L. Chemotherapeutic drugs: Cell death- and resistance-related signaling pathways. Are they really as smart as the tumor cells? Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101056. [PMID: 33684837 PMCID: PMC7938256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells or control their progression all over the patient's body, while radiation- and surgery-based treatments perform in a particular site. Based on their mechanisms of action, they are classified into different groups, including alkylating substrates, antimetabolite agents, anti-tumor antibiotics, inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II, mitotic inhibitors, and finally, corticosteroids. Although chemotherapeutic drugs have brought about more life expectancy, two major and severe complications during chemotherapy are chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Therefore, we aimed to review the underlying intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell death and resistance in different chemotherapeutic drug families to clarify the shortcomings in the conventional single chemotherapy applications. Moreover, we have summarized the current combination chemotherapy applications, including numerous combined-, and encapsulated-combined-chemotherapeutic drugs. We further discussed the possibilities and applications of precision medicine, machine learning, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in promoting cancer immunotherapies. Finally, some of the recent clinical trials concerning the application of immunotherapies and combination chemotherapies were included as well, in order to provide a practical perspective toward the future of therapies in cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Khorshidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Langroudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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4
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Yoshioka KI, Matsuno Y. Genomic destabilization and its associated mutagenesis increase with senescence-associated phenotype expression. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:515-522. [PMID: 33222327 PMCID: PMC7893996 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer develops through multiple rounds of clonal evolution of cells with abrogated defense systems. Such clonal evolution is triggered by genomic destabilization with associated mutagenesis. However, what increases the risk of genomic destabilization remains unclear. Genomic instability is usually the result of erroneous repair of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB); paradoxically, however, most cancers develop with genomic instability but lack mutations in DNA repair systems. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge regarding a cellular state that increases the risk of genomic destabilization, in which cells exhibit phenotypes often observed during senescence. In addition, we explore the pathways that lead to genomic destabilization and its associated mutagenesis, which ultimately result in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Genome Stability Maintenance, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuno
- Laboratory of Genome Stability Maintenance, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Sharma N, Speed MC, Allen CP, Maranon DG, Williamson E, Singh S, Hromas R, Nickoloff JA. Distinct roles of structure-specific endonucleases EEPD1 and Metnase in replication stress responses. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa008. [PMID: 32743552 PMCID: PMC7380491 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate DNA replication and segregation are critical for maintaining genome integrity and suppressing cancer. Metnase and EEPD1 are DNA damage response (DDR) proteins frequently dysregulated in cancer and implicated in cancer etiology and tumor response to genotoxic chemo- and radiotherapy. Here, we examine the DDR in human cell lines with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of Metnase or EEPD1. The knockout cell lines exhibit slightly slower growth rates, significant hypersensitivity to replication stress, increased genome instability and distinct alterations in DDR signaling. Metnase and EEPD1 are structure-specific nucleases. EEPD1 is recruited to and cleaves stalled forks to initiate fork restart by homologous recombination. Here, we demonstrate that Metnase is also recruited to stalled forks where it appears to dimethylate histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36me2), raising the possibility that H3K36me2 promotes DDR factor recruitment or limits nucleosome eviction to protect forks from nucleolytic attack. We show that stalled forks are cleaved normally in the absence of Metnase, an important and novel result because a prior study indicated that Metnase nuclease is important for timely fork restart. A double knockout was as sensitive to etoposide as either single knockout, suggesting a degree of epistasis between Metnase and EEPD1. We propose that EEPD1 initiates fork restart by cleaving stalled forks, and that Metnase may promote fork restart by processing homologous recombination intermediates and/or inducing H3K36me2 to recruit DDR factors. By accelerating fork restart, Metnase and EEPD1 reduce the chance that stalled replication forks will adopt toxic or genome-destabilizing structures, preventing genome instability and cancer. Metnase and EEPD1 are overexpressed in some cancers and thus may also promote resistance to genotoxic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Michael C Speed
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Christopher P Allen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1601, USA
| | - David G Maranon
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
| | - Elizabeth Williamson
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas HealthScience Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sudha Singh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas HealthScience Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas HealthScience Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1618, USA
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6
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Kou F, Sun H, Wu L, Li B, Zhang B, Wang X, Yang L. TOP2A Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells' Malignant Progression and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:2496-2508. [PMID: 32201520 PMCID: PMC7066024 DOI: 10.7150/jca.41415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Topoisomerase IIA (TOP2A) gene encodes DNA topoisomerase enzyme and has been reported that TOP2A is broadly expressed in many types of cancers. Our study aims to investigate the prognostic effect of TOP2A on lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and the potential molecular mechanism of TOP2A to tumorigenesis. Methods: Bioinformatical analysis, real-time PCR and Western blot were applied to explore the expression level of TOP2A. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the effect of TOP2A on patients' prognosis. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability were examined by colony-formation, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay, respectively. Results: We firstly investigated differentially expressed genes in lung adenocarcinoma and normal tissues of GEO (tumor = 666, normal = 184) and TCGA (tumor = 517, normal = 59) and these data showed that TOP2A is broadly expressed in LUAD and the expression level of TOP2A is associated with poor prognosis, which indicated that TOP2A is an upregulated prognostic related gene in LUAD. Then we identified that the expression level of TOP2A was upregulated in both surgically removed lung cancer tissues and lung cancer cell lines. Knockdown of TOP2A in A549 and GLC82 cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Inhibition of TOP2A reduced the expression levels of CCNB1 and CCNB2, which indicated that TOP2A targeting CCNB1 and CCNB2 promotes GLC82 and A549 cells proliferation and metastasis. Conclusions: Our study revealed an important role of TOP2A in LUAD, and may provide a potential prognostic indicator and target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Kou
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Houfang Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Baihui Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Bailu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuezhou Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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7
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Waterman DP, Zhou F, Li K, Lee CS, Tsabar M, Eapen VV, Mazzella A, Haber JE. Live cell monitoring of double strand breaks in S. cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008001. [PMID: 30822309 PMCID: PMC6415866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used two different live-cell fluorescent protein markers to monitor the formation and localization of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in budding yeast. Using GFP derivatives of the Rad51 recombination protein or the Ddc2 checkpoint protein, we find that cells with three site-specific DSBs, on different chromosomes, usually display 2 or 3 foci that may coalesce and dissociate. This motion is independent of Rad52 and microtubules. Rad51-GFP, by itself, is unable to repair DSBs by homologous recombination in mitotic cells, but is able to form foci and allow repair when heterozygous with a wild type Rad51 protein. The kinetics of formation and disappearance of a Rad51-GFP focus parallels the completion of site-specific DSB repair. However, Rad51-GFP is proficient during meiosis when homozygous, similar to rad51 “site II” mutants that can bind single-stranded DNA but not complete strand exchange. Rad52-RFP and Rad51-GFP co-localize to the same DSB, but a significant minority of foci have Rad51-GFP without visible Rad52-RFP. We conclude that co-localization of foci in cells with 3 DSBs does not represent formation of a homologous recombination “repair center,” as the same distribution of Ddc2-GFP foci was found in the absence of the Rad52 protein. Double strand breaks (DSBs) pose the greatest threat to the fidelity of an organism’s genome. While much work has been done on the mechanisms of DSB repair, the arrangement and interaction of multiple DSBs within a single cell remain unclear. Using two live-cell fluorescent DSB markers, we show that cells with 3 site-specific DSBs usually form 2 or 3 foci that can may coalesce into fewer foci but also dissociate. The aggregation and mobility of DSBs into a single focus does not depend on the Rad52 recombination protein that is required for various mechanisms of homologous recombination, suggesting that merging of DSBs does not reflect formation of a homologous recombination repair center.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Waterman
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felix Zhou
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin Li
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Tsabar
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vinay V. Eapen
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison Mazzella
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James E. Haber
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Sun J, Shi L, Kinomura A, Fukuto A, Horikoshi Y, Oma Y, Harata M, Ikura M, Ikura T, Kanaar R, Tashiro S. Distinct roles of ATM and ATR in the regulation of ARP8 phosphorylation to prevent chromosome translocations. eLife 2018; 7:32222. [PMID: 29759113 PMCID: PMC5953535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are hallmarks of various types of cancers and leukemias. However, the molecular mechanisms of chromosome translocations remain largely unknown. The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein, a DNA damage signaling regulator, facilitates DNA repair to prevent chromosome abnormalities. Previously, we showed that ATM deficiency led to the 11q23 chromosome translocation, the most frequent chromosome abnormalities in secondary leukemia. Here, we show that ARP8, a subunit of the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex, is phosphorylated after etoposide treatment. The etoposide-induced phosphorylation of ARP8 is regulated by ATM and ATR, and attenuates its interaction with INO80. The ATM-regulated phosphorylation of ARP8 reduces the excessive loading of INO80 and RAD51 onto the breakpoint cluster region. These findings suggest that the phosphorylation of ARP8, regulated by ATM, plays an important role in maintaining the fidelity of DNA repair to prevent the etoposide-induced 11q23 abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Aiko Kinomura
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Fukuto
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasunori Horikoshi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukako Oma
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masae Ikura
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory Network, Department of Mutagenesis, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikura
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory Network, Department of Mutagenesis, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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9
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Zhang T, Zhang S, Yang F, Wang L, Zhu S, Qiu B, Li S, Deng Z. Efficacy Comparison of Six Chemotherapeutic Combinations for Osteosarcoma and Ewing's Sarcoma Treatment: A Network Meta‐Analysis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:250-259. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010China
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryGuizhou Province Osteological HospitalGuiyang 550002GuizhouChina
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryGuizhou Province Osteological HospitalGuiyang 550002GuizhouChina
| | - Feifei Yang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryGuizhou Province Osteological HospitalGuiyang 550002GuizhouChina
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryGuizhou Province Osteological HospitalGuiyang 550002GuizhouChina
| | - Sigang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryGuizhou Province Osteological HospitalGuiyang 550002GuizhouChina
| | - Bing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryGuizhou Province Osteological HospitalGuiyang 550002GuizhouChina
| | - Shunhua Li
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryGuizhou Province Osteological HospitalGuiyang 550002GuizhouChina
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Department of Orthopedic SurgerySecond Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010China
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10
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Castaño J, Herrero AB, Bursen A, González F, Marschalek R, Gutiérrez NC, Menendez P. Expression of MLL-AF4 or AF4-MLL fusions does not impact the efficiency of DNA damage repair. Oncotarget 2016; 7:30440-52. [PMID: 27119507 PMCID: PMC5058691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent rearrangement of the human MLL gene fuses MLL to AF4 resulting in high-risk infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). MLL fusions are also hallmark oncogenic events in secondary acute myeloid leukemia. They are a direct consequence of mis-repaired DNA double strand breaks (DNA-DSBs) due to defects in the DNA damage response associated with exposure to topoisomerase-II poisons such as etoposide. It has been suggested that MLL fusions render cells susceptible to additional chromosomal damage upon exposure to etoposide. Conversely, the genome-wide mutational landscape in MLL-rearranged infant B-ALL has been reported silent. Thus, whether MLL fusions compromise the recognition and/or repair of DNA damage remains unanswered. Here, the fusion proteins MLL-AF4 (MA4) and AF4-MLL (A4M) were CRISPR/Cas9-genome edited in the AAVS1 locus of HEK293 cells as a model to study MLL fusion-mediated DNA-DSB formation/repair. Repair kinetics of etoposide- and ionizing radiation-induced DSBs was identical in WT, MA4- and A4M-expressing cells, as revealed by flow cytometry, by immunoblot for γH2AX and by comet assay. Accordingly, no differences were observed between WT, MA4- and A4M-expressing cells in the presence of master proteins involved in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ; i.e.KU86, KU70), alternative-NHEJ (Alt-NHEJ; i.e.LigIIIa, WRN and PARP1), and homologous recombination (HR, i.e.RAD51). Moreover, functional assays revealed identical NHEJ and HR efficiency irrespective of the genotype. Treatment with etoposide consistently induced cell cycle arrest in S/G2/M independent of MA4/A4M expression, revealing a proper activation of the DNA damage checkpoints. Collectively, expression of MA4 or A4M does neither influence DNA signaling nor DNA-DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B. Herrero
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Aldeheid Bursen
- Institute Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Norma C. Gutiérrez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Pham LM, Carvalho L, Schaus S, Kolaczyk ED. Perturbation Detection Through Modeling of Gene Expression on a Latent Biological Pathway Network: A Bayesian hierarchical approach. J Am Stat Assoc 2016; 111:73-92. [PMID: 27647944 DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2015.1110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular response to a perturbation is the result of a dynamic system of biological variables linked in a complex network. A major challenge in drug and disease studies is identifying the key factors of a biological network that are essential in determining the cell's fate. Here our goal is the identification of perturbed pathways from high-throughput gene expression data. We develop a three-level hierarchical model, where (i) the first level captures the relationship between gene expression and biological pathways using confirmatory factor analysis, (ii) the second level models the behavior within an underlying network of pathways induced by an unknown perturbation using a conditional autoregressive model, and (iii) the third level is a spike-and-slab prior on the perturbations. We then identify perturbations through posterior-based variable selection. We illustrate our approach using gene transcription drug perturbation profiles from the DREAM7 drug sensitivity predication challenge data set. Our proposed method identified regulatory pathways that are known to play a causative role and that were not readily resolved using gene set enrichment analysis or exploratory factor models. Simulation results are presented assessing the performance of this model relative to a network-free variant and its robustness to inaccuracies in biological databases.
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12
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Arun R, Dhivya S, Abraham SK, Premkumar K. Low-dose chemotherapeutic drugs induce reactive oxygen species and initiate apoptosis-mediated genomic instability. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:547-556. [PMID: 30090369 PMCID: PMC6062221 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged cancer cell survival, acquiring drug resistance, and secondary cancer development despite chemotherapy are the major challenges during cancer treatment, whose underlying mechanism still remains elusive. In this study, low-doses of chemotherapeutic drugs (LDCD) - doxorubicin (DOX), etoposide (ETOP), and busulfan (BUS) were used to ascertain the effect of residual concentrations of drugs on breast cancer cells. Our results showed that exposure to LDCD caused significant induction of ROS, early signs of apoptosis and accumulation of cells in S and G2-M phases of the cell cycle in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Under drug-free recovery conditions, a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells and an increase in the number of colonies formed were observed. Analysis of the molecular mechanism showed lower expression of cleaved products of caspase 3, 9, PARP and occurrence of DNA strand breaks in recovered cells compared to LDCD-treated cells, suggesting incomplete cell death activation and survival of cells with genomic damage after therapeutic insult. Thus, LDCD induces defective apoptosis in cancer cells allowing a small population of cells to escape from cell cycle check points and survive with accumulated genetic damage that could eventually result in secondary cancers that warrants further studies for better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renganathan Arun
- Cancer Genetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , Tamilnadu , India . ; ; Tel: +91-8056589893
| | - Sridaran Dhivya
- Cancer Genetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , Tamilnadu , India . ; ; Tel: +91-8056589893
| | - Suresh K Abraham
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Kumpati Premkumar
- Cancer Genetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory , Department of Biomedical Science , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli 620024 , Tamilnadu , India . ; ; Tel: +91-8056589893
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13
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Dysregulation of the DNA Damage Response and KMT2A Rearrangement in Fetal Liver Hematopoietic Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144540. [PMID: 26657054 PMCID: PMC4686171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoposide, a topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) inhibitor, is associated with the development of KMT2A (MLL)-rearranged infant leukemia. An epidemiological study suggested that in utero exposure to TOP2 inhibitors may be involved in generation of KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement. The present study examined the mechanism underlying the development of KMT2A (MLL)-rearranged infant leukemia in response to in utero exposure to etoposide in a mouse model. Fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells were more susceptible to etoposide than maternal bone marrow mononuclear cells. Etoposide-induced Kmt2a breakage was detected in fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells using a newly developed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Assessment of etoposide-induced chromosomal translocation by next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified several chimeric fusion messenger RNAs that were generated by etoposide treatment. However, Kmt2a (Mll)-rearranged fusion mRNA was detected in Atm-knockout mice, which are defective in the DNA damage response, but not in wild-type mice. The present findings suggest that in utero exposure to TOP2 inhibitors induces Kmt2a rearrangement when the DNA damage response is defective.
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14
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Żabka A, Winnicki K, Polit JT, Maszewski J. The effects of anti-DNA topoisomerase II drugs, etoposide and ellipticine, are modified in root meristem cells of Allium cepa by MG132, an inhibitor of 26S proteasomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:72-82. [PMID: 26233708 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase II (Topo II), a highly specialized nuclear enzyme, resolves various entanglement problems concerning DNA that arise during chromatin remodeling, transcription, S-phase replication, meiotic recombination, chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis. The genotoxic effects of two Topo II inhibitors known as potent anti-cancer drugs, etoposide (ETO) and ellipticine (EPC), were assayed in root apical meristem cells of Allium cepa. Despite various types of molecular interactions between these drugs and DNA-Topo II complexes at the chromatin level, which have a profound negative impact on the genome integrity (production of double-strand breaks, chromosomal bridges and constrictions, lagging fragments of chromosomes and their uneven segregation to daughter cell nuclei), most of the elicited changes were apparently similar, regarding both their intensity and time characteristics. No essential changes between ETO- and EPC-treated onion roots were noticed in the frequency of G1-, S-, G2-and M-phase cells, nuclear morphology, chromosome structures, tubulin-microtubule systems, extended distribution of mitosis-specific phosphorylation sites of histone H3, and the induction of apoptosis-like programmed cell death (AL-PCD). However, the important difference between the effects induced by the ETO and EPC concerns their catalytic activities in the presence of MG132 (proteasome inhibitor engaged in Topo II-mediated formation of cleavage complexes) and relates to the time-variable changes in chromosomal aberrations and AL-PCD rates. This result implies that proteasome-dependent mechanisms may contribute to the course of physiological effects generated by DNA lesions under conditions that affect the ability of plant cells to resolve topological problems that associated with the nuclear metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Justyna Teresa Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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15
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Montecucco A, Zanetta F, Biamonti G. Molecular mechanisms of etoposide. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:95-108. [PMID: 26600742 PMCID: PMC4652635 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide derives from podophyllotoxin, a toxin found in the American Mayapple. It was first synthesized in 1966 and approved for cancer therapy in 1983 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Hande, 1998[25]). Starting from 1980s several studies demonstrated that etoposide targets DNA topoisomerase II activities thus leading to the production of DNA breaks and eliciting a response that affects several aspects of cell metabolisms. In this review we will focus on molecular mechanisms that account for the biological effect of etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Zanetta
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, Pavia ; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia, Italy
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16
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Canonical non-homologous end joining in mitosis induces genome instability and is suppressed by M-phase-specific phosphorylation of XRCC4. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004563. [PMID: 25166505 PMCID: PMC4148217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be repaired by one of two major pathways-non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR)-depending on whether cells are in G1 or S/G2 phase, respectively. However, the mechanisms of DSB repair during M phase remain largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that transient treatment of M-phase cells with the chemotherapeutic topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide induced DSBs that were often associated with anaphase bridge formation and genome instability such as dicentric chromosomes. Although most of the DSBs were carried over into the next G1 phase, some were repaired during M phase. Both NHEJ and HR, in particular NHEJ, promoted anaphase-bridge formation, suggesting that these repair pathways can induce genome instability during M phase. On the other hand, C-terminal-binding protein interacting protein (CtIP) suppressed anaphase bridge formation, implying that CtIP function prevents genome instability during mitosis. We also observed M-phase-specific phosphorylation of XRCC4, a regulatory subunit of the ligase IV complex specialized for NHEJ. This phosphorylation required cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity as well as polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). A phosphorylation-defective XRCC4 mutant showed more efficient M-phase DSB repair accompanied with an increase in anaphase bridge formation. These results suggest that phosphorylation of XRCC4 suppresses DSB repair by modulating ligase IV function to prevent genome instability during M phase. Taken together, our results indicate that XRCC4 is required not only for the promotion of NHEJ during interphase but also for its M-phase-specific suppression of DSB repair.
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17
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TACC3 deregulates the DNA damage response and confers sensitivity to radiation and PARP inhibition. Oncogene 2014; 34:1667-78. [PMID: 24769898 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3), an important factor in the centrosome-microtubule system, has been linked to a variety of human cancer types. We have recently reported on the oncogenic potential of TACC3; however, the molecular mechanisms by which TACC3 mediates oncogenic function remain to be elucidated. In this study, we show that high levels of TACC3 lead to the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and disrupt the normal cellular response to DNA damage, at least in part, by negatively regulating the expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the subsequent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling cascade. Cells expressing high levels of TACC3 display defective checkpoints and DSB-mediated homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair systems, leading to genomic instability. Importantly, high levels of TACC3 confer cellular sensitization to radiation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Overall, our findings provide critical information regarding the mechanisms by which TACC3 contributes to genomic instability, potentially leading to cancer development, and suggest a novel prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer types expressing high levels of TACC3.
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18
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Genotoxic anti-cancer agents and their relationship to DNA damage, mitosis, and checkpoint adaptation in proliferating cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3403-31. [PMID: 24573252 PMCID: PMC3975345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When a human cell detects damaged DNA, it initiates the DNA damage response (DDR) that permits it to repair the damage and avoid transmitting it to daughter cells. Despite this response, changes to the genome occur and some cells, such as proliferating cancer cells, are prone to genome instability. The cellular processes that lead to genomic changes after a genotoxic event are not well understood. Our research focuses on the relationship between genotoxic cancer drugs and checkpoint adaptation, which is the process of mitosis with damaged DNA. We examine the types of DNA damage induced by widely used cancer drugs and describe their effects upon proliferating cancer cells. There is evidence that cell death caused by genotoxic cancer drugs in some cases includes exiting a DNA damage cell cycle arrest and entry into mitosis. Furthermore, some cells are able to survive this process at a time when the genome is most susceptible to change or rearrangement. Checkpoint adaptation is poorly characterised in human cells; we predict that increasing our understanding of this pathway may help to understand genomic instability in cancer cells and provide insight into methods to improve the efficacy of current cancer therapies.
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19
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Tamaichi H, Sato M, Porter ACG, Shimizu T, Mizutani S, Takagi M. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent regulation of topoisomerase II alpha expression and sensitivity to topoisomerase II inhibitor. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:178-84. [PMID: 23163762 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) has a crucial role in proper chromosome condensation and segregation. Here we report the interaction of TOP2A with ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and its phosphorylation in an ATM-dependent manner after DNA damage. In vitro kinase assay and site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that serine 1512 is the target of phosphorylation through ATM. Serine 1512 to Alanine mutation of TOP2A showed increased stability of the protein, retaining TOP2A activity at least with regard to cell survival activity. Ataxia telangiectasia-derived cell lines showed high levels of TOP2A that were associated with hypersensitivity to the TOP2 inhibitor etoposide. These findings suggest that ATM-dependent TOP2A modification is required for proper regulation of TOP2 stability and subsequently of the sensitivity to TOP2 inhibitor. In a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a patient who developed MLL rearrangement, positive infant leukemia, defective ATM expression, and increased TOP2A expression were shown. It was intriguing that hypersensitivity to TOP2 inhibitor and susceptibility to MLL gene rearrangement were shown by low-dose etoposide exposure in this cell line. Thus, our findings have clinically important implications for the pathogenesis of infantile acute leukemia as well as treatment-associated secondary leukemia following exposure to TOP2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tamaichi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Kubara P, Kernéis-Golsteyn S, Studény A, Lanser B, Meijer L, Golsteyn R. Human cells enter mitosis with damaged DNA after treatment with pharmacological concentrations of genotoxic agents. Biochem J 2012; 446:373-81. [PMID: 22686412 PMCID: PMC3430003 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we report that mitosis is a key step in the cellular response to genotoxic agents in human cells. Cells with damaged DNA recruit γH2AX (phosphorylated histone H2AX), phosphorylate Chk1 (checkpoint kinase 1) and arrest in the G2-phase of the cell cycle. Strikingly, nearly all cells escape the DNA damage checkpoint and become rounded, by a mechanism that correlates with Chk1 dephosphorylation. The rounded cells are alive and in mitosis as measured by low phospho-Tyr(15) Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), high Cdk activity, active Plk1 (Polo-like kinase 1) and high phospho-histone H3 signals. This phenomenon is independent of the type of DNA damage, but is dependent on pharmacologically relevant doses of genotoxicity. Entry into mitosis is likely to be caused by checkpoint adaptation, and the HT-29 cell-based model provides a powerful experimental system in which to explore its molecular basis. We propose that mitosis with damaged DNA is a biologically significant event because it may cause genomic rearrangement in cells that survive genotoxic damage.
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Key Words
- camptothecin
- checkpoint adaptation
- checkpoint kinase 1 (chk1)
- cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1)
- mitosis
- mitotic catastrophe
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- chk1, checkpoint kinase 1
- cpt, camptothecin
- dapi, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- gst, glutathione transferase
- γh2ax, phosphorylated histone h2ax
- idc, interphasic and dna-damaged cell
- mdc, mitotic and dna-damaged cell
- mtt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium bromide
- plk1, polo-like kinase 1
- pp1a, protein phosphatase 1α
- tbst, tris-buffered saline with tween 20
- tdc, total and dna-damaged cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Kubara
- *Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, 4401 University Drive, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
| | - Sophie Kernéis-Golsteyn
- *Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, 4401 University Drive, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
| | - Aurélie Studény
- †Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | - Brittany B. Lanser
- *Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, 4401 University Drive, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ‡CNRS, Station Biologique, 29 Place Georges Tessier, Roscoff, 29682, France
| | - Roy M. Golsteyn
- *Cancer Cell Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, 4401 University Drive, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
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21
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Aneugenic effects of the genistein glycosidic derivative substituted at C7 with the unsaturated disaccharide. Cell Biol Toxicol 2012; 28:331-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-012-9227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Ukawala M, Chaudhari K, Rajyaguru T, Manjappa A, Murthy R, Gude R. Laminin receptor-targeted etoposide loaded polymeric micelles: a novel approach for the effective treatment of tumor metastasis. J Drug Target 2011; 20:55-66. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.610799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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A screening of a library of T7 phage-displayed peptide identifies E2F-4 as an etoposide-binding protein. Molecules 2011; 16:4278-94. [PMID: 21610657 PMCID: PMC6263361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16054278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is an anti-tumor compound that targets topoisomerase II (top II). In this study, we have identified an alternative binding protein of etoposide by screening a library of T7 phage-displayed peptides. After four rounds of selection using a biotinylated etoposide derivative immobilized on a streptavidin-coated plate, T7 phage particles that display a 16-mer peptide NSSASSRGNSSSNSVY (ETBP16) or a 10-mer NSLRKYSKLK (ETBP10) were enriched with the ratio of 40 or 11 out of the 69 clones, respectively. Binding of etoposide to these peptides was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, which showed ETBP16 and ETBP10 to have a kinetic constant of 4.85 × 10−5 M or 6.45 × 10−5 M, respectively. ETBP16 displays similarity with the ser-rich domain in E2F-4, a transcription factor in cell cycle-regulated genes, suggesting that etoposide might interact with E2F-4 via this domain. SPR analysis confirmed the specific binding of etoposide to recombinant E2F-4 is in the order of 10−5 M. Furthermore, etoposide was shown to inhibit luciferase reporter gene expression mediated by the heterodimeric E2F-4/DP complex. Taken together, our results suggest that etoposide directly binds to E2F-4 and inhibits subsequent gene transcription mediated by heterodimeric E2F-4/DP complexes in the nucleus.
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25
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Sun J, Oma Y, Harata M, Kono K, Shima H, Kinomura A, Ikura T, Suzuki H, Mizutani S, Kanaar R, Tashiro S. ATM modulates the loading of recombination proteins onto a chromosomal translocation breakpoint hotspot. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13554. [PMID: 21048951 PMCID: PMC2965082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome translocations induced by DNA damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation and certain chemotherapies, alter genetic information resulting in malignant transformation. Abrogation or loss of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein, a DNA damage signaling regulator, increases the incidence of chromosome translocations. However, how ATM protects cells from chromosome translocations is still unclear. Chromosome translocations involving the MLL gene on 11q23 are the most frequent chromosome abnormalities in secondary leukemias associated with chemotherapy employing etoposide, a topoisomerase II poison. Here we show that ATM deficiency results in the excessive binding of the DNA recombination protein RAD51 at the translocation breakpoint hotspot of 11q23 chromosome translocation after etoposide exposure. Binding of Replication protein A (RPA) and the chromatin remodeler INO80, which facilitate RAD51 loading on damaged DNA, to the hotspot were also increased by ATM deficiency. Thus, in addition to activating DNA damage signaling, ATM may avert chromosome translocations by preventing excessive loading of recombinational repair proteins onto translocation breakpoint hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology, RIRBM, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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RAP80 Acts Independently of BRCA1 in Repair of Topoisomerase II Poison-Induced DNA Damage. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8467-74. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ichijima Y, Yoshioka KI, Yoshioka Y, Shinohe K, Fujimori H, Unno J, Takagi M, Goto H, Inagaki M, Mizutani S, Teraoka H. DNA lesions induced by replication stress trigger mitotic aberration and tetraploidy development. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8821. [PMID: 20098673 PMCID: PMC2809090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumorigenesis, cells acquire immortality in association with the
development of genomic instability. However, it is still elusive how genomic
instability spontaneously generates during the process of tumorigenesis. Here,
we show that precancerous DNA lesions induced by oncogene acceleration, which
induce situations identical to the initial stages of cancer development, trigger
tetraploidy/aneuploidy generation in association with mitotic aberration.
Although oncogene acceleration primarily induces DNA replication stress and the
resulting lesions in the S phase, these lesions are carried over into the M
phase and cause cytokinesis failure and genomic instability. Unlike directly
induced DNA double-strand breaks, DNA replication stress-associated lesions are
cryptogenic and pass through cell-cycle checkpoints due to limited and
ineffective activation of checkpoint factors. Furthermore, since damaged M-phase
cells still progress in mitotic steps, these cells result in chromosomal
mis-segregation, cytokinesis failure and the resulting tetraploidy generation.
Thus, our results reveal a process of genomic instability generation triggered
by precancerous DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ichijima
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshioka
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshiko Yoshioka
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Shinohe
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujimori
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Junya Unno
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya,
Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya,
Japan
| | - Shuki Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and
Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Teraoka
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia is a very aggressive blood cancer that predominantly occurs in pediatric patients. In contrast to other types of childhood acute leukemias, mixed lineage leukemia presents with a dismal prognosis and despite the availability of advanced treatment methods cure rates have stagnated over the last years. Mixed lineage leukemia is characterized by the presence of MLL fusion proteins that are the result of chromosomal translocations affecting the MLL gene at 11q23. These events juxtapose the amino-terminus of the histone methyltransferase MLL with a variety of different fusion partners that destroy normal histone methyltransferase function of MLL and replace it by heterologous functions contributed by the fusion partner. The resulting chimeras are transcriptional regulators that take control of targets normally controlled by MLL with the clustered HOX homeobox genes as prominent examples. Recent studies suggested that MLL fusion partners activate transcription by two different mechanisms. Some of these proteins are themselves chromatin modifiers that introduce histone acetylation whereas other fusion partners can recruit histone methyltransferases. In particular, histone H3 specific methylation at lysine 79 catalyzed by DOT1L has been recognized as a hallmark of chromatin activated by MLL fusion proteins. Interestingly, several frequent MLL fusion partners seem to coordinate DOT1L activity with a protein complex that stimulates the elongation phase of transcription by phosphorylating the carboxy-terminal repeat domain of RNA polymerase II. The discovery of these novel enzymatic activities that are essentially involved in MLL fusion protein function presents potential new targets for a rational drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Slany
- Department of Genetics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Katsuki Y, Nakada S, Yokoyama T, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Nagasawa M, Mizutani S. Caffeine yields aneuploidy through asymmetrical cell division caused by misalignment of chromosomes. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1539-45. [PMID: 18754864 PMCID: PMC11159767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy has been implicated as an important step leading to various neoplasias. Although genetic factors that block aneuploidy have been the subject of intense interest, the impact of pharmacological and environmental substances on the development of aneuploidy has not been studied. Here, we show that caffeine induces aneuploidy through asymmetrical cell division. Mitotic exits of HeLa, U2OS, and primary fibroblast cells were significantly delayed by 10 mmol/L caffeine. Most caffeine-treated mitotic cells showed misalignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plates, and were arrested at prometaphase. Mitoticarrest deficient 2 (MAD2) depletion rescued the caffeine-induced delay of mitotic exit, indicating that caffeine-induced prolongation of mitosis was caused by activation of a MAD2-dependent spindle checkpoint. Enumeration of centromeres by fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that cell division in the presence of caffeine was not symmetrical and resulted in aneuploid cell production. Most of these cells survived and underwent DNA synthesis. Our findings reveal a novel pharmacological effect of a high concentration of caffeine on genomic stability in dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Katsuki
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate Medical School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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31
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Horibe S, Takagi M, Unno J, Nagasawa M, Morio T, Arai A, Miura O, Ohta M, Kitagawa M, Mizutani S. DNA damage check points prevent leukemic transformation in myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 2007; 21:2195-8. [PMID: 17495965 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Yao Q, Weigel B, Kersey J. Synergism between etoposide and 17-AAG in leukemia cells: critical roles for Hsp90, FLT3, topoisomerase II, Chk1, and Rad51. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1591-600. [PMID: 17332306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA-damaging agents, such as etoposide, while clinically useful in leukemia therapy, are limited by DNA repair pathways that are not well understood. 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an inhibitor of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in FLT3(+) leukemia cells. In this study, we evaluated the effects of etoposide and 17-AAG in leukemia cells and the roles of Hsp90, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), Rad51, and topoisomerase II in this inhibition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The single and combined effects of 17-AAG and etoposide and the mechanism of these effects were evaluated. FLT3 and the DNA repair-related proteins, Chk1 and Rad51, were studied in small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced cell growth inhibition experiments in human leukemia cells with wild-type or mutated FLT3. RESULTS We found that etoposide and the Hsp90/FLT3 inhibitor 17-AAG, had synergistic inhibitory effects on FLT3(+) MLL-fusion gene leukemia cells. Cells with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) FLT3 (Molm13 and MV4;11) were more sensitive to etoposide/17-AAG than leukemias with wild-type FLT3 (HPB-Null and RS4;11). A critical role for FLT3 was shown in experiments with FLT3 ligand and siRNA targeted to FLT3. An important role for topoisomerase II and the DNA repair-related proteins, Chk1 and Rad51, in the synergistic effects was suggested from the results. CONCLUSIONS The repair of potentially lethal DNA damage by etoposide in leukemia cells is dependent on intact and functioning FLT3 especially leukemias with ITD-FLT3. These data suggest a rational therapeutic strategy for FLT3(+) leukemias that combines etoposide or other DNA-damaging agents with Hsp90/FLT3 inhibitors such as 17-AAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota MMC 806, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S, Janssen J, Maas LM, Godschalk RWL, Nijhuis JG, van Schooten FJ. Dietary flavonoids induce MLL translocations in primary human CD34+ cells. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:1703-9. [PMID: 17468513 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities leading to infant leukemias already occur during fetal development and often involve rearrangements of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. These rearrangements resemble the aberrations observed in therapy-related leukemias following treatment with topoisomerase II (topoII)-inhibiting agents such as etoposide. Since flavonoids are potent topoII inhibitors, we examined the role of three widely consumed dietary flavonoids (quercetin, genistein and kaempferol) on the development of MLL rearrangements in primary human CD34(+) cells. Using the neutral Comet assay, we demonstrated a dose-dependent double-strand break (DSB) formation after exposure to flavonoids. An incorrect repair of these DSBs resulted in chromosomal translocations that co-localized with those identified in infant leukemias. Most of these translocations were formed by microhomology-mediated end joining. Moreover, in all but one translocation, SINE/Alu or LINE/L1 repetitive elements were present in at least one side of the breakpoint junction. Beside MLL translocations, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated monosomy or trisomy of MLL in 8-10% of the quercetin-exposed CD34(+) cells. Our study demonstrates that biologically relevant concentrations of flavonoids can induce MLL abnormalities in primary hematopoietic progenitor cells. This is particularly alarming knowing that the differences in metabolism and excretion rate between mother and fetus can lead to a higher flavonoid concentration on the fetal side. Therefore, it is important to raise public awareness and set guidelines for marketing flavonoid supplements to reduce the risk of infant leukemias.
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Wang L, Roy SK, Eastmond DA. Differential cell cycle-specificity for chromosomal damage induced by merbarone and etoposide in V79 cells. Mutat Res 2006; 616:70-82. [PMID: 17174356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Merbarone, a topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitor which, in contrast to etoposide, does not stabilize topo II-DNA cleavable complexes, was previously shown to be a potent clastogen in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the possible mechanisms, we compared the cell cycle-specificity of the clastogenic effects of merbarone and etoposide in V79 cells. Using flow cytometry and BrdU labeling techniques, etoposide was shown to cause a rapid and persistent G2 delay while merbarone was shown to cause a prolonged S-phase followed by a G2 delay. To identify the stages which are susceptible to DNA damage, we performed the micronucleus (MN) assay with synchronized cells or utilized a combination of BrdU pulse labeling and the cytokinesis-blocked MN assay with non-synchronized cells. Treatment of M phase cells with either agent did not result in increased MN formation. Etoposide but not merbarone caused a significant increase in MN when cells were treated during G2 phase. When treated during S-phase, both chemicals induced highly significant increases in MN. However, the relative proportion of MN induced by merbarone was substantially higher than that induced by etoposide. Both chemicals also caused significant increases in MN in cells that were treated during G1 phase. To confirm the observations in the MN assay, first division metaphases were evaluated in the chromosome aberration assay. The chromosomes of cells treated with merbarone and etoposide showed increased frequencies of both chromatid- and chromosome-type of aberrations. Our findings indicate that while etoposide causes DNA damage more evenly throughout the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, an outcome which may be closely associated with topo II-mediated DNA strand cleavage, merbarone induces DNA breakage primarily during S-phase, an effect which is likely due to the stalling of replication forks by inhibition of topo II activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, 2109 Biological Sciences Building, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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35
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Sung PA, Libura J, Richardson C. Etoposide and illegitimate DNA double-strand break repair in the generation of MLL translocations: new insights and new questions. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:1109-18. [PMID: 16809075 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Faithful repair of chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) is central to genome integrity and the suppression of genome rearrangements including translocations that are a hallmark of leukemia, lymphoma, and soft-tissue sarcomas [B. Elliott, M. Jasin, Double-strand breaks and translocations in cancer, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59 (2002) 373-385; D.C. van Gent, J.H. Hoeijmakers, R. Kanaar, Chromosomal stability and the DNA double-stranded break connection, Nat. Rev. Genet. 2 (2001) 196-206]. Chemotherapy agents that target the essential cellular enzyme topoisomerase II (topo II) are known promoters of DSBs and are associated with therapy-related leukemias. There is a clear clinical association between previous exposure to etoposide and therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) characterized by chromosomal rearrangements involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene on chromosome band 11q23 [C.A. Felix, Leukemias related to treatment with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36 (2001) 525-535]. Most MLL rearrangements initiate within a well-characterized 8.3 kb region that contains both putative topo II cleavage recognition sequences and repetitive elements leading to the logical hypothesis that MLL is particularly susceptible to aberrant cleavage and homology-mediated fusion to repetitive elements located on novel chromosome partners. In this review, we will discuss the findings and implications of recent attempts to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Sung
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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