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Li Y, Xu C, Qian X, Wang G, Han C, Hua H, Dong M, Chen J, Yu H, Zhang R, Feng X, Yang Z, Pan Y. Myeloid PTEN loss affects the therapeutic response by promoting stress granule assembly and impairing phagocytosis by macrophages in breast cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:344. [PMID: 39080255 PMCID: PMC11289284 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) has become the most common type of cancer in women. Improving the therapeutic response remains a challenge. Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a classic tumour suppressor with emerging new functions discovered in recent years, and myeloid PTEN loss has been reported to impair antitumour immunity. In this study, we revealed a novel mechanism by which myeloid PTEN potentially affects antitumour immunity in BRCA. We detected accelerated stress granule (SG) assembly under oxidative stress in PTEN-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) through the EGR1-promoted upregulation of TIAL1 transcription. PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) pathway activation also promoted SG formation. ATP consumption during SG assembly in BMDMs impaired the phagocytic ability of 4T1 cells, potentially contributing to the disruption of antitumour immunity. In a BRCA neoadjuvant cohort, we observed a poorer response in myeloid PTENlow patients with G3BP1 aggregating as SGs in CD68+ cells, a finding that was consistent with the observation in our study that PTEN-deficient macrophages tended to more readily assemble SGs with impaired phagocytosis. Our results revealed the unconventional impact of SGs on BMDMs and might provide new perspectives on drug resistance and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of BRCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Xiaojun Qian
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Chaoqiang Han
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Menghao Dong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Rutong Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Xiaoxi Feng
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhenye Yang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Yueyin Pan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
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2
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Rokade S, Damani AM, Oft M, Emmerich J. IL-2 based cancer immunotherapies: an evolving paradigm. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1433989. [PMID: 39114660 PMCID: PMC11303236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1433989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Discovered over 4 decades ago in the supernatants of activated T cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses. It is required for effector T cell expansion and differentiation as well as for peripheral tolerance induced by regulatory T cells. High-dose IL-2 treatment was the first FDA-approved immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, achieving single agent complete and durable responses, albeit only in a small proportion of patients. The therapeutic potential of wild type IL-2 is clinically limited by its short half-life and severe vascular toxicity. Moreover, the activation of regulatory T cells and the terminal differentiation of effector T cells on IL-2 pose additional restrictions. To overcome the toxicity of IL-2 in order to realize its full potential for patients, several novel engineering strategies are being developed and IL-2 based immunotherapy for cancer has emerged as a burgeoning field of clinical and experimental research. In addition, combination of IL-2 with PD-1/L1 pathway blockade shows vastly improved anti-tumor efficacy over either monotherapy in preclinical tumor models. In this review we discuss the biological characteristics of IL-2 and its receptors, as well as its efficacy and treatment limiting toxicities in cancer patients. We also explore the efforts aimed at developing novel and safer IL-2 therapies to harness the full therapeutic potential of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Rokade
- Development Department, Synthekine, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jan Emmerich
- Development Department, Synthekine, Menlo Park, CA, United States
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3
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Shouse AN, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Interleukin-2 signaling in the regulation of T cell biology in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2024; 57:414-428. [PMID: 38479359 PMCID: PMC11126276 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a critical cytokine for T cell peripheral tolerance and immunity. Here, we review how IL-2 interaction with the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) supports the development and homeostasis of regulatory T cells and contributes to the differentiation of helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells. A critical element for each T cell population is the expression of CD25 (Il2rα), which heightens the receptor affinity for IL-2. Signaling through the high-affinity IL-2R also reinvigorates CD8+ exhausted T (Tex) cells in response to checkpoint blockade. We consider the molecular underpinnings reflecting how IL-2R signaling impacts these various T cell subsets and the implications for enhancing IL-2-dependent immunotherapy of autoimmunity, other inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acacia N Shouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kathryn M LaPorte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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4
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Lykhopiy V, Malviya V, Humblet-Baron S, Schlenner SM. "IL-2 immunotherapy for targeting regulatory T cells in autoimmunity". Genes Immun 2023; 24:248-262. [PMID: 37741949 PMCID: PMC10575774 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are indispensable for immune homoeostasis and for the prevention of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signalling is critical in all aspects of Treg biology. Consequences of defective IL-2 signalling are insufficient numbers or dysfunction of Treg and hence autoimmune disorders in human and mouse. The restoration and maintenance of immune homoeostasis remain central therapeutic aims in the field of autoimmunity. Historically, broadly immunosuppressive drugs with serious side-effects have been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or prevention of organ-transplant rejection. More recently, ex vivo expanded or in vivo stimulated Treg have been shown to induce effective tolerance in clinical trials supporting the clinical benefit of targeting natural immunosuppressive mechanisms. Given the central role of exogenous IL-2 in Treg homoeostasis, a new and promising focus in drug development are IL-2-based approaches for in vivo targeted expansion of Treg or for enhancement of their suppressive activity. In this review, we summarise the role of IL-2 in Treg biology and consequences of dysfunctional IL-2 signalling pathways. We then examine evidence of efficacy of IL-2-based biological drugs targeting Treg with specific focus on therapeutic candidates in clinical trials and discuss their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lykhopiy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- argenx BV, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanshika Malviya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Harris F, Berdugo YA, Tree T. IL-2-based approaches to Treg enhancement. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:149-163. [PMID: 36399073 PMCID: PMC10019135 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is heavily dependent on the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which act to suppress the activation of many immune cell types including autoreactive conventional T cells. A body of evidence has shown that Tregs are intrinsically defective in many common autoimmune diseases, and gene polymorphisms which increase the susceptibility of autoimmune disease development have implicated the interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling pathway as a key dysregulated mechanism. IL-2 is essential for Treg function and survival, and Tregs are highly sensitive to low levels of this cytokine in their environment. This review will revisit the rationale behind using low-dose IL-2 as a therapy to treat autoimmune diseases and evaluate the outcomes of trials to date. Furthermore, novel engineered IL-2 therapies with increased Treg specificity have shown promise in pre-clinical studies and human clinical trials for some agents have begun. Future studies will determine whether low-dose IL-2 or engineered IL-2 therapies can change the course of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Harris
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Yoana Arroyo Berdugo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, UK
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6
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IL-36 cytokines imprint a colitogenic phenotype on CD4 + T helper cells. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:491-503. [PMID: 35177818 PMCID: PMC9038530 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IL-36 cytokines are emerging as potent orchestrators of intestinal inflammation and are being implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the mechanisms through which these cytokines mediate these effects remain to be fully uncovered. Here, we report specifically elevated expression of IL-36α, and not IL-36β or IL-36γ in the serum of newly diagnosed, treatment naïve, paediatric IBD patients and identify T cells as primary cellular mediators of IL-36 responses in the inflamed gut. IL-36R expression on CD4+ T cells was found to promote intestinal pathology in a murine model of colitis. Consistent with these effects, IL-36R can act as a potent instructor of CD4+ T cell differentiation in vivo, enhancing Th1 responses, while inhibiting the generation of Tregs. In addition, loss of IL-36 responsiveness significantly reduced the migration of pathogenic CD4+ T cells towards intestinal tissues and IL-36 was found to act, uniquely among IL-1 family members, to induce the expression of gut homing receptors in proinflammatory murine and human CD4+ T cells. These data reveal an important role for IL-36 cytokines in driving the colitogenic potential of CD4+ T cells and identify a new mechanism through which they may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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7
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Abstract
Failure of regulatory T (Treg) cells to properly control immune responses leads invariably to autoimmunity and organ damage. Decreased numbers or impaired function of Treg cells, especially in the context of inflammation, has been documented in many human autoimmune diseases. Restoration of Treg cell fitness and/or expansion of their numbers using low-dose natural IL-2, the main cytokine driving Treg cell survival and function, has demonstrated clinical efficacy in early clinical trials. Genetically modified IL-2 with an extended half-life and increased selectivity for Treg cells is now in clinical development. Administration of IL-2 combined with therapies targeting other pathways involved in the expression of autoimmune diseases should further enhance its therapeutic potential. Ongoing clinical efforts that capitalize on the early clinical success of IL-2 treatment should bring the use of this cytokine to the forefront of biological treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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8
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Zhang S, Dai Q, Zhang B, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen D, Zong N, Wang H, Ding J, Gao Q, Wen Y. Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation in combination with PI3K inhibitor reversed hyperglycemia in later-stage streptozotocin-induced diabetes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1642. [PMID: 34988151 PMCID: PMC8667114 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multiple factor autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated immune destruction of islet β cells. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) has been a novel strategy for patients with new-onset T1D, but not for those with a later diagnosis. Disturbance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) likely contributes to poor response after transplantation in later-stage T1D. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt signaling maintains Tregs’ homeostasis. Methods We built a later-stage streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D mouse model. Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (syn-BMT) was performed 20 days after the onset of diabetes in combination with BKM120 (a PI3K inhibitor). Meanwhile, another group of STZ-diabetic mice were transplanted with bone marrow cells cocultured with BKM120 in vitro for 24 h. Fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were recorded during the entire experimental observation after syn-BMT. Samples were collected 126 days after syn-BMT. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect the effect of PI3K inhibitor combined with syn-BMT on morphology of the T1D pancreas. CD4+CD25− T cells and CD4+CD25+ T cells were sorted by magnetic cell sorting (MACS), then fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to detect the effect of PI3K inhibitor on modulating immune disorder and restoring the function of Treg cells. Results Our investigation showed syn-BMT in combination with BKM120 effectively maintained normoglycemia in later-stage T1D. The disease remission effects may be induced by the rebalance of Th17/Tregs dysregulation and restoration of Tregs’ immunosuppressive function by BKM120 after syn-BMT. Conclusions These results may reveal important connections for PI3K/Akt inhibition and Tregs’ homeostasis in T1D after transplantation. AHSCT combining immunoregulatory strategies such as PI3K inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach in later-stage T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Dai
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixue Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongyue Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Zong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Wen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Lee JK, Koo SY, Nam HM, Lee JB, Ko J, Kim KM, Park EJ, Kim TJ, Lee H, Go H, Lee CW. Ssu72 is a T-cell receptor-responsive modifier that is indispensable for regulatory T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1395-1411. [PMID: 33850312 PMCID: PMC8166877 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic balance between effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial for adaptive immunity; however, epigenetic programs that inhibit phosphorylation to regulate Treg development, peripheral expression, and suppressive activity are elusive. Here, we found that the Ssu72 phosphatase is activated by various T-cell receptor signaling pathways, including the T-cell receptor and IL-2R pathways, and localizes at the cell membrane. Deletion of Ssu72 in T cells disrupts CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Tregs in the periphery via the production of high levels of the effector cytokines IL-2 and IFNγ, which induce CD4+ T-cell activation and differentiation into effector cell lineages. We also found a close correlation between downregulation of Ssu72 and severe defects in mucosal tolerance in patients. Interestingly, Ssu72 forms a complex with PLCγ1, which is an essential effector molecule for T-cell receptor signaling as well as Treg development and function. Ssu72 deficiency impairs PLCγ1 downstream signaling and results in failure of Foxp3 induction. Thus, our studies show that the Ssu72-mediated cytokine response coordinates the differentiation and function of Treg cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kwan Lee
- Research Institute, Curogen Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young Koo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Nam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- MOGAM Institute for Biomedical Research, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Jee-Boong Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Ko
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Research Institute, Curogen Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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10
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Werlen G, Jain R, Jacinto E. MTOR Signaling and Metabolism in Early T Cell Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050728. [PMID: 34068092 PMCID: PMC8152735 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls cell fate and responses via its functions in regulating metabolism. Its role in controlling immunity was unraveled by early studies on the immunosuppressive properties of rapamycin. Recent studies have provided insights on how metabolic reprogramming and mTOR signaling impact peripheral T cell activation and fate. The contribution of mTOR and metabolism during early T-cell development in the thymus is also emerging and is the subject of this review. Two major T lineages with distinct immune functions and peripheral homing organs diverge during early thymic development; the αβ- and γδ-T cells, which are defined by their respective TCR subunits. Thymic T-regulatory cells, which have immunosuppressive functions, also develop in the thymus from positively selected αβ-T cells. Here, we review recent findings on how the two mTOR protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and the signaling molecules involved in the mTOR pathway are involved in thymocyte differentiation. We discuss emerging views on how metabolic remodeling impacts early T cell development and how this can be mediated via mTOR signaling.
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11
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Recruitment and Expansion of Tregs Cells in the Tumor Environment-How to Target Them? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081850. [PMID: 33924428 PMCID: PMC8069615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune response against cancer is generated by effector T cells, among them cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that destroy cancer cells and helper CD4+ T cells that mediate and support the immune response. This antitumor function of T cells is tightly regulated by a particular subset of CD4+ T cells, named regulatory T cells (Tregs), through different mechanisms. Even if the complete inhibition of Tregs would be extremely harmful due to their tolerogenic role in impeding autoimmune diseases in the periphery, the targeted blockade of their accumulation at tumor sites or their targeted depletion represent a major therapeutic challenge. This review focuses on the mechanisms favoring Treg recruitment, expansion and stabilization in the tumor microenvironment and the therapeutic strategies developed to block these mechanisms. Abstract Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in a large majority of solid tumors and are mainly associated with a poor prognosis, as their major function is to inhibit the antitumor immune response contributing to immunosuppression. In this review, we will investigate the mechanisms involved in the recruitment, amplification and stability of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will also review the strategies currently developed to inhibit Tregs’ deleterious impact in the TME by either inhibiting their recruitment, blocking their expansion, favoring their plastic transformation into other CD4+ T-cell subsets, blocking their suppressive function or depleting them specifically in the TME to avoid severe deleterious effects associated with Treg neutralization/depletion in the periphery and normal tissues.
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12
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Fan X, Kraynak J, Knisely JPS, Formenti SC, Shen WH. PTEN as a Guardian of the Genome: Pathways and Targets. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036194. [PMID: 31932469 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic information is only possible with the structural and functional integrity of the genome. PTEN has been recognized as a guardian of the genome since the identification of its noncanonical localization and function in the nucleus. Yet, the role of PTEN in guarding the genome relies on integration of diverse mechanisms elicited by its canonical activity in antagonizing PI3K as well as emerging noncanonical functions. In the nucleus, PTEN maintains the structural integrity of chromosomes and the architecture of heterochromatin by physically interacting with chromosomal and nucleosomal components. PTEN also controls the functional integrity of key genetic transmission machineries by promoting proper assembly of the replisome and mitotic spindles. Deregulation of PTEN signaling impairs genome integrity, leading to spontaneous replication/mitotic stress and subsequent stress tolerance. Identification of novel targets of PTEN signaling and illumination of the interplay of diverse PTEN pathways in genome maintenance will help us better understand mechanisms underlying tumor evolution and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kraynak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan P S Knisely
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Wen H Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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13
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Abstract
The maintenance of organismal homeostasis requires partitioning and transport of biochemical molecules between organ systems, their composite cells, and subcellular organelles. Although transcriptional programming undeniably defines the functional state of cells and tissues, underlying biochemical networks are intricately intertwined with transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation. Studies of the metabolic regulation of immunity have elegantly illustrated this phenomenon. The cells of the immune system interface with a diverse set of environmental conditions. Circulating immune cells perfuse peripheral organs in the blood and lymph, patrolling for pathogen invasion. Resident immune cells remain in tissues and play more newly appreciated roles in tissue homeostasis and immunity. Each of these cell populations interacts with unique and dynamic tissue environments, which vary greatly in biochemical composition. Furthermore, the effector response of immune cells to a diverse set of activating cues requires unique cellular adaptations to supply the requisite biochemical landscape. In this review, we examine the role of spatial partitioning of metabolic processes in immune function. We focus on studies of lymphocyte metabolism, with reference to the greater immunometabolism literature when appropriate to illustrate this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Shyer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Will Bailis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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PTEN Function at the Interface between Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Response to Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155337. [PMID: 32727102 PMCID: PMC7432882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that rewiring the host immune system in favor of an antitumor microenvironment achieves remarkable clinical efficacy in the treatment of many hematological and solid cancer patients. Nevertheless, despite the promising development of many new and interesting therapeutic strategies, many of these still fail from a clinical point of view, probably due to the lack of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. In that respect, several data shed new light on the role of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in affecting the composition and function of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as resistance/sensitivity to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on PTEN functions in different TME compartments (immune and stromal cells) and how they can modulate sensitivity/resistance to different immunological manipulations and ultimately influence clinical response to cancer immunotherapy.
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15
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Liu L, Wang Q, Qiu Z, Kang Y, Liu J, Ning S, Yin Y, Pang D, Xu S. Noncoding RNAs: the shot callers in tumor immune escape. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:102. [PMID: 32561709 PMCID: PMC7305134 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, designed to exploit the functions of the host immune system against tumors, has shown considerable potential against several malignancies. However, the utility of immunotherapy is heavily limited due to the low response rate and various side effects in the clinical setting. Immune escape of tumor cells may be a critical reason for such low response rates. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified as key regulatory factors in tumors and the immune system. Consequently, ncRNAs show promise as targets to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in tumors. However, the relationship between ncRNAs and tumor immune escape (TIE) has not yet been comprehensively summarized. In this review, we provide a detailed account of the current knowledge on ncRNAs associated with TIE and their potential roles in tumor growth and survival mechanisms. This review bridges the gap between ncRNAs and TIE and broadens our understanding of their relationship, providing new insights and strategies to improve immunotherapy response rates by specifically targeting the ncRNAs involved in TIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhilin Qiu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yujuan Kang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jiena Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shipeng Ning
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanling Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China. .,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China.
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16
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Wang L, Wang Z, Han R, Samanta A, Ge G, Levin LS, Levine MH, Hancock WW. Donor bone-marrow CXCR4+ Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells are essential for costimulation blockade-induced long-term survival of murine limb transplants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9292. [PMID: 32518311 PMCID: PMC7283338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) allows tissue replacement after devastating loss but is currently limited in application and may be more widely performed if maintenance immunosuppression was not essential for graft acceptance. We tested whether peri-transplant costimulation blockade could prolong VCA survival and required donor bone-marrow cells, given that bone-marrow might promote graft immunogenicity or graft-versus-host disease. Peritransplant CD154 mAb/rapamycin (RPM) induced long-term orthotopic hindlimb VCA survival (BALB/c->C57BL/6), as did CTLA4Ig/RPM. Surprisingly, success of either protocol required a bone-marrow-associated, radiation-sensitive cell population, since long-bone removal or pre-transplant donor irradiation prevented long-term engraftment. Rejection also occurred if Rag1−/− donors were used, or if donors were treated with a CXCR4 inhibitor to mobilize donor BM cells pre-transplant. Donor bone-marrow contained a large population of Foxp3+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells, and donor Foxp3+ Treg depletion, by diphtheria toxin administration to DEREG donor mice whose Foxp3+ Treg cells expressed diphtheria toxin receptor, restored rejection with either protocol. Rejection also occurred if CXCR4 was deleted from donor Tregs pre-transplant. Hence, long-term VCA survival is possible across a full MHC disparity using peritransplant costimulation blockade-based approaches, but unexpectedly, the efficacy of costimulation blockade requires the presence of a radiation-sensitive, CXCR4+ Foxp3+ Treg population resident within donor BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rongxiang Han
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arabinda Samanta
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guanghui Ge
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - L Scott Levin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew H Levine
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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17
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Zeng X, Li J, Kang LN, Xi MR, Liao GD. Potential clinical value of interleukin-31 and interleukin-33 with their receptors expression as diagnostic and predictive factors in endometrial cancer: a case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:1324-1332. [PMID: 32661468 PMCID: PMC7344009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the potential role of interleukin-31 and interleukin-33 in diagnosis and prognosis from endometrial cancer. Methods: Tissue samples and clinical data were collected from 260 patients with endometrial cancer and 150 control patients with benign uterine diseases. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA testing quantified the expressions of interleukin-31 and interleukin-33 and their receptors. After surgery, all patients were followed up for an average of 56.3 months. Surgical effects were evaluated based on the patients' symptoms and signs. A two-sided P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: IL-31, IL-33 and their receptors were significantly accumulated with the progression of endometrial cancer, in comparison to the controls. Moreover, the expressions were correlated with clinical characteristics, including tumor stage, differentiation, and associated with patients' disease-free survival. Conclusions: Limited data was available between the expressions of IL-31 and IL-33 and the receptors in patients with endometrial cancer. Our study findings suggested that the expressions of IL-31 and IL-33 might become possible biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zeng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Le-Ni Kang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengdu 610041, China
- National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Rong Xi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengdu 610041, China
| | - Guang-Dong Liao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationChengdu 610041, China
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18
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Huang H, Long L, Zhou P, Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR signaling at the crossroads of environmental signals and T-cell fate decisions. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:15-38. [PMID: 32212344 PMCID: PMC8101438 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) forms the distinct protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate downstream signaling events and various cellular processes. T cells rely on mTOR activity for their development and to establish their homeostasis and functional fitness. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the upstream signaling and downstream targets of mTOR. We also provide an updated overview of the roles of mTOR in T-cell development, homeostasis, activation, and effector-cell fate decisions, as well as its important impacts on the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells. Moreover, we summarize the emerging roles of mTOR in T-cell exhaustion and transdifferentiation. A better understanding of the contribution of mTOR to T-cell fate decisions will ultimately aid in the therapeutic targeting of mTOR in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Huang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lingyun Long
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Peipei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Nicole M. Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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19
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Saravia J, Raynor JL, Chapman NM, Lim SA, Chi H. Signaling networks in immunometabolism. Cell Res 2020; 30:328-342. [PMID: 32203134 PMCID: PMC7118125 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is essential for pathogen and tumor eradication, but may also trigger uncontrolled or pathological inflammation. T cell receptor, co-stimulatory and cytokine signals coordinately dictate specific signaling networks that trigger the activation and functional programming of T cells. In addition, cellular metabolism promotes T cell responses and is dynamically regulated through the interplay of serine/threonine kinases, immunological cues and nutrient signaling networks. In this review, we summarize the upstream regulators and signaling effectors of key serine/threonine kinase-mediated signaling networks, including PI3K–AGC kinases, mTOR and LKB1–AMPK pathways that regulate metabolism, especially in T cells. We also provide our perspectives about the pending questions and clinical applicability of immunometabolic signaling. Understanding the regulators and effectors of immunometabolic signaling networks may uncover therapeutic targets to modulate metabolic programming and T cell responses in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Saravia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jana L Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Seon Ah Lim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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20
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Shi H, Chi H. Metabolic Control of Treg Cell Stability, Plasticity, and Tissue-Specific Heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2716. [PMID: 31921097 PMCID: PMC6917616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for peripheral immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity and tissue damage. Treg cells are inherently defined by the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which enforces lineage development and immune suppressive function of these cells. Under various conditions as observed in autoimmunity, cancer and non-lymphoid tissues, a proportion of Treg cells respond to specific environmental signals and display altered stability, plasticity and tissue-specific heterogeneity, which further shape their context-dependent suppressive functions. Recent studies have revealed that metabolic programs play pivotal roles in controlling these processes in Treg cells, thereby considerably expanding our understanding of Treg cell biology. Here we summarize these recent advances that highlight how cell-extrinsic factors, such as nutrients, vitamins and metabolites, and cell-intrinsic metabolic programs, orchestrate Treg cell stability, plasticity, and tissue-specific heterogeneity. Understanding metabolic regulation of Treg cells should provide new insight into immune homeostasis and disease, with important therapeutic implications for autoimmunity, cancer, and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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21
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Kempkes RWM, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM, He X. Metabolic Pathways Involved in Regulatory T Cell Functionality. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2839. [PMID: 31849995 PMCID: PMC6902900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are well-known for their immune regulatory potential and are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. The rationale of Treg-based immunotherapy for treating autoimmunity and transplant rejection is to tip the immune balance of effector T cell-mediated immune activation and Treg-mediated immune inhibition in favor of Treg cells, either through endogenous Treg expansion strategies or adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded Treg. Compelling evidence indicates that Treg show properties of phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, which has caused considerable debate in the field regarding their correct use. Consequently, for further optimization of Treg-based immunotherapy, it is vital to further our understanding of Treg proliferative, migratory, and suppressive behavior. It is increasingly appreciated that the functional profile of immune cells is highly dependent on their metabolic state. Although the metabolic profiles of effector T cells are progressively understood, little is known on Treg in this respect. The objective of this review is to outline the current knowledge of human Treg metabolic profiles associated with the regulation of Treg functionality. As such information on human Treg is still limited, where information was lacking, we included insightful findings from mouse studies. To assess the available evidence on metabolic pathways involved in Treg functionality, PubMed, and Embase were searched for articles in English indexed before April 28th, 2019 using “regulatory T lymphocyte,” “cell metabolism,” “cell proliferation,” “migration,” “suppressor function,” and related search terms. Removal of duplicates and search of the references was performed manually. We discerned that while glycolysis fuels the biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs necessary for proliferation and migration of human Treg, suppressive capacity is mainly maintained by oxidative metabolism. Based on the knowledge of metabolic differences between Treg and non-Treg cells, we additionally discuss and propose ways of how human Treg metabolism could be exploited for the betterment of tolerance-inducing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie W M Kempkes
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Xuehui He
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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22
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Revising PTEN in the Era of Immunotherapy: New Perspectives for an Old Story. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101525. [PMID: 31658667 PMCID: PMC6826982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as the new therapeutic frontier of cancer treatment, showing enormous survival benefits in multiple tumor diseases. Although undeniable success has been observed in clinical trials, not all patients respond to treatment. Different concurrent conditions can attenuate or completely abrogate the usefulness of immunotherapy due to the activation of several escape mechanisms. Indeed, the tumor microenvironment has an almost full immunosuppressive profile, creating an obstacle to therapeutic treatment. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) governs a plethora of cellular processes, including maintenance of genomic stability, cell survival/apoptosis, migration, and metabolism. The repertoire of PTEN functions has recently been expanded to include regulation of the tumor microenvironment and immune system, leading to a drastic reevaluation of the canonical paradigm of PTEN action with new potential implications for immunotherapy-based approaches. Understanding the implication of PTEN in cancer immunoediting and immune evasion is crucial to develop new cancer intervention strategies. Recent evidence has shown a double context-dependent role of PTEN in anticancer immunity. Here we summarize the current knowledge of PTEN’s role at a crossroads between tumor and immune compartments, highlighting the most recent findings that are likely to change future clinical practice.
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23
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Zhou M, Fang H, Du M, Li C, Tang R, Liu H, Gao Z, Ji Z, Ke B, Chen XL. The Modulation of Regulatory T Cells via HMGB1/PTEN/β-Catenin Axis in LPS Induced Acute Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1612. [PMID: 31402909 PMCID: PMC6669370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains the leading complication for mortality caused by bacterial infection. The regulatory T (Treg) cells appear to be an important modulator in resolving lung injury. Despite the extensive studies, little is known about the role of macrophage HMGB1/PTEN/β-catenin signaling in Treg development during ALI. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the roles and molecular mechanisms of HMGB1/PTEN/β-catenin signaling in mediating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg development in sepsis-induced lung injury in mice. Setting: University laboratory research of First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. Subjects: PTEN/β-catenin Loxp and myeloid-specific knockout mice. Interventions: Groups of PTENloxp/β-cateninloxp and myeloid-specific PTEN/β-catenin knockout (PTENM−KO/β-cateninM−KO) mice were treated with LPS or recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) to induce ALI. The effects of HMGB1-PTEN axis were further analyzed by in vitro co-cultures. Measures and Main Results: In a mouse model of ALI, blocking HMGB1 or myeloid-specific PTEN knockout (PTENM−KO) increased animal survival/body weight, reduced lung damage, increased TGF-β production, inhibited the expression of RORγt and IL-17, while promoting β-catenin signaling and increasing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in LPS- or rHMGB-induced lung injury. Notably, myeloid-specific β-catenin ablation (β-cateninM−KO) resulted in reduced animal survival and increased lung injury, accompanied by reduced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in rHMGB-induced ALI. Furthermore, disruption of macrophage HMGB1/PTEN or activation of β-catenin significantly increased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in vitro. Conclusions: HMGB1/PTEN/β-catenin signaling is a novel pathway that regulates Treg development and provides a potential therapeutic target in sepsis-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Neurocritical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haoshu Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Du
- Neurocritical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Changyong Li
- Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Neurocritical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Neurocritical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- Neurocritical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zongshu Ji
- Neurocritical Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bibo Ke
- Department of Surgery, The Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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24
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Ding Y, Yu A, Tsokos GC, Malek TR. CD25 and Protein Phosphatase 2A Cooperate to Enhance IL-2R Signaling in Human Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:93-104. [PMID: 31085588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose IL-2 therapy is a direct approach to boost regulatory T cells (Tregs) and promote immune tolerance in autoimmune patients. However, the mechanisms responsible for selective response of Tregs to low-dose IL-2 is not fully understood. In this study we directly assessed the contribution of CD25 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in promoting IL-2R signaling in Tregs. IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 (pSTAT5) was proportional to CD25 levels on human CD4+ T cells and YT human NK cell line, directly demonstrating that CD25 promotes IL-2R signaling. Overexpression of the PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) by lentiviral transduction in human Tregs increased the level of IL-2R subunits and promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak3 and STAT5. Interestingly, increased expression of CD25 only partially accounted for this enhanced activation of pSTAT5, indicating that PP2A promotes IL-2R signaling through multiple mechanisms. Consistent with these findings, knockdown of PP2Ac in human Tregs and impaired PP2Ac activity in mouse Tregs significantly reduced IL-2-dependent STAT5 activation. In contrast, overexpression or knockdown of PP2Ac in human T effector cells did not affect IL-2-dependent pSTAT5 activation. Overexpression of PP2Ac in human Tregs also increased the expressions of proteins related to survival, activation, and immunosuppressive function, and upregulated several IL-2-regulated genes. Collectively, these findings suggest that CD25 and PP2A cooperatively enhance the responsiveness of Tregs to IL-2, which provide potential therapeutic targets for low-dose IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Aixin Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; .,Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
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25
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Hypoxia-inducible factors in CD4 + T cells promote metabolism, switch cytokine secretion, and T cell help in humoral immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8975-8984. [PMID: 30988188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811702116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell help in humoral immunity includes interactions of B cells with activated extrafollicular CD4+ and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells. Each can promote antibody responses but Tfh cells play critical roles during germinal center (GC) reactions. After restimulation of their antigen receptor (TCR) by B cells, helper T cells act on B cells via CD40 ligand and secreted cytokines that guide Ig class switching. Hypoxia is a normal feature of GC, raising questions about molecular mechanisms governing the relationship between hypoxia response mechanisms and T cell help to antibody responses. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) are prominent among mechanisms that mediate cellular responses to limited oxygen but also are induced by lymphocyte activation. We now show that loss of HIF-1α or of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α in CD4+ T cells compromised essential functions in help during antibody responses. HIF-1α depletion from CD4+ T cells reduced frequencies of antigen-specific GC B cells, Tfh cells, and overall antigen-specific Ab after immunization with sheep red blood cells. Compound deficiency of HIF-1α and HIF-2α led to humoral defects after hapten-carrier immunization. Further, HIF promoted CD40L expression while restraining the FoxP3-positive CD4+ cells in the CXCR5+ follicular regulatory population. Glycolysis increases T helper cytokine expression, and HIF promoted glycolysis in T helper cells via TCR or cytokine stimulation, as well as their production of cytokines that direct antibody class switching. Indeed, IFN-γ elaboration by HIF-deficient in vivo-generated Tfh cells was impaired. Collectively, the results indicate that HIF transcription factors are vital components of the mechanisms of help during humoral responses.
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26
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Chellappa S, Kushekhar K, Munthe LA, Tjønnfjord GE, Aandahl EM, Okkenhaug K, Taskén K. The PI3K p110δ Isoform Inhibitor Idelalisib Preferentially Inhibits Human Regulatory T Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1397-1405. [PMID: 30692213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), signaling through several prosurvival B cell surface receptors activates the PI3K signaling pathway. Idelalisib is a highly selective PI3K (PI3Kδ) isoform-specific inhibitor effective in relapsed/refractory CLL and follicular lymphoma. However, severe autoimmune adverse effects in association with the use of idelalisib in the treatment of CLL, particularly as a first-line therapy, gave indications that idelalisib may preferentially target the suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). On this background, we examined the effect of idelalisib on the function of human Tregs ex vivo with respect to proliferation, TCR signaling, phenotype, and suppressive function. Our results show that human Tregs are highly susceptible to PI3Kδ inactivation using idelalisib compared with CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells (Teffs) as evident from effects on anti-CD3/CD28/CD2-induced proliferation (order of susceptibility [IC50]: Treg [.5 μM] > CD4+ Teff [2.0 μM] > CD8+ Teff [6.5 μM]) and acting at the level of AKT and NF-κB phosphorylation. Moreover, idelalisib treatment of Tregs altered their phenotype and reduced their suppressive function against CD4+ and CD8+ Teffs. Phenotyping Tregs from CLL patients treated with idelalisib supported our in vitro findings. Collectively, our data show that human Tregs are more dependent on PI3Kδ-mediated signaling compared with CD4+ and CD8+ Teffs. This Treg-preferential effect could explain why idelalisib produces adverse autoimmune effects by breaking Treg-mediated tolerance. However, balancing effects on Treg sensitivity versus CD8+ Teff insensitivity to idelalisib could still potentially be exploited to enhance inherent antitumor immune responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Chellappa
- Department for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kushi Kushekhar
- Department for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar M Aandahl
- Department for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway.,Section for Transplantation Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Department for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; .,K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
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27
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Arumugam P, Carroll KL, Berceli SA, Barnhill S, Wrenshall LE. Expression of a Functional IL-2 Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:694-703. [PMID: 30598511 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many nonlymphoid cell types express at least two, if not all three, subunits of the IL-2R; although, compared with lymphocytes, relatively little is known about how IL-2 affects the function of nonlymphoid cells. The limited information available suggests that IL-2 has a substantial impact on cells such as gastrointestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In a previous report from our laboratory, we noted that IL-2 and IL-2Rβ-deficient mice lose smooth muscle cells over time, eventually resulting in aneurysmal aortas and ectatic esophagi. This finding, combined with our work showing that IL-2 surrounds vascular smooth muscle cells by association with perlecan, led us to ask whether vascular smooth muscle cells express an IL-2R. Toward this end, we reported the expression of IL-2Rβ on human and murine vascular smooth muscle cells. We now report that vascular smooth muscle cells express all three subunits of the IL-2R, and that expression of IL-2Rα varies with vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Furthermore, we show that, through a functional IL-2R, IL-2 initiates signaling pathways and impacts vascular smooth muscle cell function. Finally, we demonstrate that IL-2 expression increases upon initiation of conditions that promote intimal hyperplasia, suggesting a mechanism by which the IL-2/IL-2R system may impact this widespread vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Arumugam
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435;
| | - Katie L Carroll
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.,Malcolm Randall Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - Spencer Barnhill
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Lucile E Wrenshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435; .,Department of Surgery, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
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28
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Shi H, Liu C, Tan H, Li Y, Nguyen TLM, Dhungana Y, Guy C, Vogel P, Neale G, Rankin S, Feng Y, Peng J, Tao W, Chi H. Hippo Kinases Mst1 and Mst2 Sense and Amplify IL-2R-STAT5 Signaling in Regulatory T Cells to Establish Stable Regulatory Activity. Immunity 2018; 49:899-914.e6. [PMID: 30413360 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and downstream transcription factor STAT5 are important for maintaining regulatory T (Treg) cell homeostasis and function. Treg cells can respond to low IL-2 levels, but the mechanisms of STAT5 activation during partial IL-2 deficiency remain uncertain. We identified the serine-threonine kinase Mst1 as a signal-dependent amplifier of IL-2-STAT5 activity in Treg cells. High Mst1 and Mst2 (Mst1-Mst2) activity in Treg cells was crucial to prevent tumor resistance and autoimmunity. Mechanistically, Mst1-Mst2 sensed IL-2 signals to promote the STAT5 activation necessary for Treg cell homeostasis and lineage stability and to maintain the highly suppressive phosphorylated-STAT5+ Treg cell subpopulation. Unbiased quantitative proteomics revealed association of Mst1 with the cytoskeletal DOCK8-LRCHs module. Mst1 deficiency limited Treg cell migration and access to IL-2 and activity of the small GTPase Rac, which mediated downstream STAT5 activation. Collectively, IL-2-STAT5 signaling depends upon Mst1-Mst2 functions to maintain a stable Treg cell pool and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Haiyan Tan
- Department of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US; Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US; Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Sherri Rankin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US; Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US
| | - Wufan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, US.
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29
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Priyadharshini B, Loschi M, Newton RH, Zhang JW, Finn KK, Gerriets VA, Huynh A, Rathmell JC, Blazar BR, Turka LA. Cutting Edge: TGF-β and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signals Modulate Distinct Metabolism of Regulatory T Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2215-2219. [PMID: 30209190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Murine Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiated in vitro (induced Tregs [iTregs]) in the presence of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β rely predominantly upon lipid oxidation to fuel mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 expression underlies this metabolic preference, as it suppresses glycolysis and drives oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, we show that in contrast to iTregs, thymic-derived Tregs (tTregs), engage in glycolysis and glutaminolysis at levels comparable to effector T cells despite maintained Foxp3 expression. Interestingly, exposure of tTregs to the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β represses PI3K-mediated mTOR signaling, inhibits glucose transporter and Hk2 expression, and reprograms their metabolism to favor oxidative phosphorylation. Conversely, replicating the effects of inflammation via elevation of PI3K signaling has minimal effects on tTregs but dramatically enhances the glycolysis of normally oxidative iTregs, resulting in reduction of Foxp3 expression. Collectively, these findings suggest both extrinsic and intrinsic factors govern the unique metabolic signature of Treg subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Priyadharshini
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Michael Loschi
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ryan H Newton
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Jian-Wen Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129.,Department of Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelsey K Finn
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Valerie A Gerriets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Alexandria Huynh
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Jeffery C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Department of Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences; Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129; .,Rheos Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02139
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30
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Graner MW, Schnell S, Olin MR. Tumor-derived exosomes, microRNAs, and cancer immune suppression. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:505-515. [PMID: 29869058 PMCID: PMC6202205 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Originally considered to be part of a cellular waste pathway, expansive research into exosomes has shown that these vesicles possess a vast array of functional utilities. As vital transporters of materials for communications between cells, particular interest has been generated in the ability of cancer cells to use exosomes to induce immune suppression, and to establish a thriving microenvironment, ideal for disease progression. Exosomes carry and transfer many types of cargo, including microRNAs (miRNAs; miRs), which are important modulators of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. These miRNAs have been shown to be noteworthy components of the mechanisms used by tumor-derived exosomes to carry out their functions. Alternatively, research has been expanding into using exosomes and miRNAs as both biomarkers for detecting cancer and disease progression, and as potential treatment tools. Here, we discuss some of the progress that researchers have made related to cancer exosomes, their suppression of the immune system and the importance of the miRNAs they shuttle, along with some of the shortcomings, obstacles, and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, RC2, 12700 E 19th Ave, Room 5125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Sathya Schnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael R Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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31
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 PMCID: PMC6060268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C. Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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32
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Rotermund C, Machetanz G, Fitzgerald JC. The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 30072954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00400/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is a major concern in light of today's aging population and an increasing burden on individuals, families, and society. Although great advances have been made in the last decades to understand the underlying genetic and biological cause of these diseases, only some symptomatic treatments are available. Metformin has long since been used to treat Type 2 Diabetes and has been shown to be beneficial in several other conditions. Metformin is well-tested in vitro and in vivo and an approved compound that targets diverse pathways including mitochondrial energy production and insulin signaling. There is growing evidence for the benefits of metformin to counteract age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss evidence showing that certain neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes are explicitly linked and that metformin along with other diabetes drugs can reduce neurological symptoms in some patients and reduce disease phenotypes in animal and cell models. An interesting therapeutic factor might be how metformin is able to balance survival and death signaling in cells through pathways that are commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy neurons, these overarching signals keep energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and proteostasis in check, avoiding the dysfunction and neuronal death that defines neurodegenerative disease. We will discuss the biological mechanisms involved and the relevance of neuronal vulnerability and potential difficulties for future trials and development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia C Fitzgerald
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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33
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Toomer KH, Malek TR. Cytokine Signaling in the Development and Homeostasis of Regulatory T cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028597. [PMID: 28620098 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine signaling is indispensable for regulatory T-cell (Treg) development in the thymus, and also influences the homeostasis, phenotypic diversity, and function of Tregs in the periphery. Because Tregs are required for establishment and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance, investigating the role of cytokines in Treg biology carries therapeutic potential in the context of autoimmune disease. This review discusses the potent and diverse influences of interleukin (IL)-2 signaling on the Treg compartment, an area of knowledge that has led to the use of low-dose IL-2 as a therapy to reregulate autoaggressive immune responses. Evidence suggesting Treg-specific impacts of the cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-7, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-15, and IL-33 is also presented. Finally, we consider the technical challenges and knowledge limitations that must be overcome to bring other cytokine-based, Treg-targeted therapies into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Toomer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136.,Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
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34
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The functions of tumor suppressor PTEN in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:581-589. [PMID: 28603282 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a lipid and protein phosphatase that is able to antagonize the PI3K/AKT pathway and inhibit tumor growth. PTEN also possesses phosphatase-independent functions. Genetic alterations of PTEN may lead to the deregulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, energy metabolism and cellular architecture and mobility. Although the role of PTEN in tumor suppression is extensively documented and well established, the evidence for its roles in immunity did not start to accumulate until recently. In this review, we will focus on the newly discovered functions of PTEN in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity, including antiviral responses.
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35
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Kasper IR, Apostolidis SA, Sharabi A, Tsokos GC. Empowering Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmunity. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:784-797. [PMID: 27461103 PMCID: PMC5003773 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are capable of dampening immune-mediated inflammation and avert the destructive effects of uncontrolled inflammation. Distinct molecules and pathways, including various transcription factors, phosphatases, and kinases, impact the ability of Tregs to function as negative regulators of the immune response, and are presumably amenable to therapeutic manipulation. Here, we discuss recently identified molecular networks and the therapeutic potential for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Kasper
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amir Sharabi
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Clinical Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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36
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Immune dysregulation in patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: Analysis of FOXP3 regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:607-620.e15. [PMID: 27477328 PMCID: PMC5292998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with heterozygous germline mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) experience autoimmunity and lymphoid hyperplasia. Objectives Because regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is critical for maintaining regulatory T (Treg) cell functions, we investigate Treg cells in patients with heterozygous germline PTEN mutations (PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome [PHTS]). Methods Patients with PHTS were assessed for immunologic conditions, lymphocyte subsets, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ Treg cell levels, and phenotype. To determine the functional importance of phosphatases that control the PI3K pathway, we assessed Treg cell induction in vitro, mitochondrial depolarization, and recruitment of PTEN to the immunologic synapse. Results Autoimmunity and peripheral lymphoid hyperplasia were found in 43% of 79 patients with PHTS. Immune dysregulation in patients with PHTS included lymphopenia, CD4+ T-cell reduction, and changes in T- and B-cell subsets. Although total CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cell numbers are reduced, frequencies are maintained in the blood and intestine. Despite pathogenic PTEN mutations, the FOXP3+ T cells are phenotypically normal. We show that the phosphatase PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) downstream of PTEN is highly expressed in normal human Treg cells and provides complementary phosphatase activity. PHLPP is indispensable for the differentiation of induced Treg cells in vitro and Treg cell mitochondrial fitness. PTEN and PHLPP form a phosphatase network that is polarized at the immunologic synapse. Conclusion Heterozygous loss of function of PTEN in human subjects has a significant effect on T- and B-cell immunity. Assembly of the PTEN-PHLPP phosphatase network allows coordinated phosphatase activities at the site of T-cell receptor activation, which is important for limiting PI3K hyperactivation in Treg cells despite PTEN haploinsufficiency.
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37
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Chen X, Liang H, Zen K, Zhang CY. Secreted microRNAs from tumor cells can suppress immune function. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e982407. [PMID: 27141407 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.982407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study reported an interesting finding that tumor cells can actively manipulate host immune function to facilitate tumor immune escape through the secretion of microRNAs (miRNAs). As an extension of this finding, we showed that blockage of the function of tumor-secreted miRNAs represents an effective therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University ; Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University ; Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University ; Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences; Nanjing University ; Nanjing, Jiangsu China
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38
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Harnessing the plasticity of CD4(+) T cells to treat immune-mediated disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:149-63. [PMID: 26875830 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells differentiate and acquire distinct functions to combat specific pathogens but can also adapt their functions in response to changing circumstances. Although this phenotypic plasticity can be potentially deleterious, driving immune pathology, it also provides important benefits that have led to its evolutionary preservation. Here, we review CD4(+) T cell plasticity by examining the molecular mechanisms that regulate it - from the extracellular cues that initiate and drive cells towards varying phenotypes, to the cytosolic signalling cascades that decipher these cues and transmit them into the cell and to the nucleus, where these signals imprint specific gene expression programmes. By understanding how this functional flexibility is achieved, we may open doors to new therapeutic approaches that harness this property of T cells.
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39
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is broadly involved in different receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Considerable progress was made recently in understanding the role of TRAF3 in T cell biology. Here we review these new findings about how TRAF3 participates in T cell development and function. The different roles of TRAF3 in distinct immune cells are also compared. That TRAF3 is required for T cell effector functions, and invariant Natural Killer T cell function and development, was unexpected. Another surprising finding is that TRAF3 normally restrains regulatory T cell development. It is now clear that TRAF3 regulates signaling to T cells not only through costimulatory members of the TNFR superfamily, but also through the T cell receptor complex, and cytokine receptors. The diverse roles it plays support the multifaceted nature of this molecule. How TRAF3 mediates integration of different signaling cascades is an important topic for future study.
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Key Words
- DC, dendritic cell
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICOS, inducible co-stimulator
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL-2 receptor
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- Jak1, Janus kinase 1
- LMC, litter mate control
- LMP1, latent membrane protein-1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MΦ, macrophage
- NIK, NF-κB inducing kinase
- NLR, nucleotide binding-oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor
- RLR, retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor
- SLAM, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule
- SOCS1, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
- T cell
- T cell receptor
- T-TRAF3−/−, CD4CreTRAF3flox/flox
- TCPTP, T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TFH, follicular helper T cell
- TFR, follicular Treg cell
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, Tumor necrosis factor receptor
- TRAF3
- TRAF3, TNFR-associated factor 3
- Tcm cell, central memory T cell
- Tem cell, effector memory T cell
- Treg cell, regulatory T cell
- adaptor molecule
- iNKT cell, invariant Natural Killer T cell
- invariant Natural Killer T cell
- regulatory T cell
- signaling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Yi
- a Departments of Microbiology ; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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40
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Perdigoto AL, Chatenoud L, Bluestone JA, Herold KC. Inducing and Administering Tregs to Treat Human Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 6:654. [PMID: 26834735 PMCID: PMC4722090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control unwanted immune responses, including those that mediate tolerance to self as well as to foreign antigens. Their mechanisms of action include direct and indirect effects on effector T cells and important functions in tissue repair and homeostasis. Tregs express a number of cell surface markers and transcriptional factors that have been instrumental in defining their origins and potentially their function. A number of immune therapies, such as rapamycin, IL-2, and anti-T cell antibodies, are able to induce Tregs and are being tested for their efficacy in diverse clinical settings with exciting preliminary results. However, a balance exists with the use of some, such as IL-2, that may have effects on unwanted populations as well as promoting expansion and survival of Tregs requiring careful selection of dose for clinical use. The use of cell surface markers has enabled investigators to isolate and expand ex vivo Tregs more than 500-fold routinely. Clinical trials have begun, administering these expanded Tregs to patients as a means of suppressing autoimmune and alloimmune responses and potentially inducing immune tolerance. Studies in the future are likely to build on these initial technical achievements and use combinations of agents to improve the survival and functional capacity of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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41
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Ballesteros-Tato A. Beyond regulatory T cells: the potential role for IL-2 to deplete T-follicular helper cells and treat autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1207-20. [PMID: 25496335 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose IL-2 administration suppresses unwanted immune responses in mice and humans, thus evidencing the potential of IL-2 to treat autoimmune disorders. Increased Tregs activity is one of the potential mechanisms by which low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy induces immunosuppression. In addition, recent data indicate that IL-2 may contribute to prevent unwanted self-reactive responses by preventing the developing of T-follicular helper cells, a CD4(+) T-cell subset that expands in autoimmune disease patients and promotes long-term effector B-cell responses. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of low-dose IL-2 administration, focusing on the role of this cytokine in promoting Treg-mediated suppression and preventing self-reactive T-follicular helper cell responses.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight some of the recent developments in the novel field of immunometabolism and the therapeutic potential of the many regulatory components of this immunometabolic network for transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS In response to cytokines, changes in nutrients, and other alterations in the local milieu, immune cells are capable of changing their internal metabolic pathways to meet their energy demands. Recent studies demonstrate that activated T effectors (Th1 and Th17) are supported by aerobic glycolysis, whereas regulatory T cells and CD8 memory T cells favor fatty acid oxidation and lipid biosynthesis through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. These bioenergetic processes are dependent upon the activation of metabolic sensors such as mammalian target of rapamycin and AMP-activated protein kinase, respectively, indicating that the cross-talk between immunity and metabolism can shape the fate and function of immune cells. Finally, exciting new studies suggest that differences in the bioenergetic mechanisms within the various immune subsets may selectively be exploited for regulating the immune responses. SUMMARY In this review, we will discuss the metabolic signatures adopted by various immune cells during tolerance versus immunity and the promising avenues that can be modulated by targeting metabolic pathways with either nutrition or pharmacological intervention for establishing long-term transplantation tolerance.
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43
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Klatzmann D, Abbas AK. The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:283-94. [PMID: 25882245 DOI: 10.1038/nri3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of regulatory T (TReg) cells in otherwise healthy individuals leads to multi-organ autoimmune disease and inflammation. This indicates that in a normal immune system, there are self-specific effector T cells that are ready to attack normal tissue if they are not restrained by TReg cells. The data imply that there is a balance between effector T cells and TReg cells in health and suggest a therapeutic potential of TReg cells in diseases in which this balance is altered. Proof-of-concept clinical trials, now supported by robust mechanistic studies, have shown that low-dose interleukin-2 specifically expands and activates TReg cell populations and thus can control autoimmune diseases and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Klatzmann
- 1] Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), F-75651 Paris, France. [2] INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), F-75005 Paris, France. [3] Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), F-75651 Paris, France
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-0511, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Ray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology and Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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45
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Hu Y, Wang C, Li Y, Zhao J, Chen C, Zhou Y, Tao Y, Guo M, Qin N, Ren T, Wen Z, Xu L. MiR-21 controls in situ expansion of CCR6⁺ regulatory T cells through PTEN/AKT pathway in breast cancer. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:753-64. [PMID: 25735723 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our recent evidence showed that prior expansion of CCR6(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) was important for their dominant enrichment in tumor tissue, which was closely related to poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. However, the underlying regulation mechanism of expansion of CCR6(+) Tregs in situ remains largely unknown. In this study, we reported that miR-21 was highly expressed in CCR6(+) Tregs in tumor tissues from a murine breast cancer model. And silencing of miR-21 could significantly reduce the proliferation of CCR6(+) Tregs in vitro. Adoptive cell-transfer assay further showed that silencing of miR-21 could alter the enrichment of CCR6(+) Tregs in the tumor mass and endow effectively antitumor effect of CD8(+) T cells using a murine breast cancer model. Mechanistic evidence showed that silencing of miR-21 enhanced the expression of its target phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and subsequently altered the activation of Akt pathway, which was ultimately responsible for reduced proliferation activity of CCR6(+) Tregs. Finally, we further revealed that miR-21 was also highly expressed on CCR6(+) Tregs in clinical breast cancer patients. Therefore, miR-21 can act as a fine tuner in the regulation of PTEN/Akt pathway transduction in the expansion of CCR6(+) Tregs in tumor sites and provided a novel insight into the development of therapeutic strategies for promoting T-cell immunity by regulating distinct subset of Tregs through targeting specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongju Li
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Yijin Tao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Nalin Qin
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Institute for Immunobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
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46
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Briercheck EL, Trotta R, Chen L, Hartlage AS, Cole JP, Cole TD, Mao C, Banerjee PP, Hsu HT, Mace EM, Ciarlariello D, Mundy-Bosse BL, Garcia-Cao I, Scoville SD, Yu L, Pilarski R, Carson WE, Leone G, Pandolfi PP, Yu J, Orange JS, Caligiuri MA. PTEN is a negative regulator of NK cell cytolytic function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:1832-40. [PMID: 25595786 PMCID: PMC4319309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are characterized by their ability to initiate an immediate and direct cytolytic response to virally infected or malignantly transformed cells. Within human peripheral blood, the more mature CD56(dim) NK cell efficiently kills malignant targets at rest, whereas the less mature CD56(bright) NK cells cannot. In this study, we show that resting CD56(bright) NK cells express significantly more phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) protein when compared with CD56(dim) NK cells. Consistent with this, forced overexpression of PTEN in NK cells resulted in decreased cytolytic activity, and loss of PTEN in CD56(bright) NK cells resulted in elevated cytolytic activity. Comparable studies in mice showed PTEN overexpression did not alter NK cell development or NK cell-activating and inhibitory receptor expression yet, as in humans, did decrease expression of downstream NK activation targets MAPK and AKT during early cytolysis of tumor target cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that PTEN overexpression disrupts the NK cell's ability to organize immunological synapse components including decreases in actin accumulation, polarization of the microtubule organizing center, and the convergence of cytolytic granules. In summary, our data suggest that PTEN normally works to limit the NK cell's PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway activation and the consequent mobilization of cytolytic mediators toward the target cell and suggest that PTEN is among the active regulatory components prior to human NK cells transitioning from the noncytolytic CD56(bright) NK cell to the cytolytic CD56(dim) NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L. Briercheck
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Rossana Trotta
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Li Chen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Alex S. Hartlage
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jordan P. Cole
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Tyler D. Cole
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Charlene Mao
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Pinaki P. Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David Ciarlariello
- The Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Bethany L. Mundy-Bosse
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Isabel Garcia-Cao
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Steven D. Scoville
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Robert Pilarski
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William E. Carson
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- The Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael A. Caligiuri
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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47
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Neildez-Nguyen TMA, Bigot J, Da Rocha S, Corre G, Boisgerault F, Paldi A, Galy A. Hypoxic culture conditions enhance the generation of regulatory T cells. Immunology 2015; 144:431-443. [PMID: 25243909 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of large amounts of induced CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (iTreg) cells is of great interest for several immunotherapy applications, therefore a better understanding of signals controlling iTreg cell differentiation and expansion is required. There is evidence that oxidative metabolism may regulate several key signalling pathways in T cells. This prompted us to investigate the effects of oxygenation on iTreg cell generation by comparing the effects of atmospheric (21%) or of low (5%) O2 concentrations on the phenotype of bead-stimulated murine splenic CD4+ T cells from Foxp3-KI-GFP T-cell receptor transgenic mice. The production of intracellular reactive oxygen species was shown to play a major role in the generation of iTreg cells, a process characterized by increased levels of Sirt1, PTEN and Glut1 on the committed cells, independently of the level of oxygenation. The suppressive function of iTreg cells generated either in atmospheric or low oxygen levels was equivalent. However, greater yields of iTreg cells were obtained under low oxygenation, resulting from a higher proliferative rate of the committed Treg cells and higher levels of Foxp3, suggesting a better stability of the differentiation process. Higher expression of Glut1 detected on iTreg cells generated under hypoxic culture conditions provides a likely explanation for the enhanced proliferation of these cells as compared to those cultured under ambient oxygen. Such results have important implications for understanding Treg cell homeostasis and developing in vitro protocols for the generation of Treg cells from naive T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi My Anh Neildez-Nguyen
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Jérémy Bigot
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Sylvie Da Rocha
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Guillaume Corre
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Florence Boisgerault
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Andràs Paldi
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Anne Galy
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
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48
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Huynh A, DuPage M, Priyadharshini B, Sage PT, Quiros J, Borges CM, Townamchai N, Gerriets VA, Rathmell JC, Sharpe AH, Bluestone JA, Turka LA. Control of PI(3) kinase in Treg cells maintains homeostasis and lineage stability. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:188-96. [PMID: 25559257 PMCID: PMC4297515 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are required for immunological homeostasis. One notable distinction between conventional T cells (Tconv cells) and Treg cells is differences in the activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K); only Tconv cells downregulate PTEN, the main negative regulator of PI(3)K, upon activation. Here we found that control of PI(3)K in Treg cells was essential for lineage homeostasis and stability. Mice lacking Pten in Treg cells developed an autoimmune-lymphoproliferative disease characterized by excessive T helper type 1 (TH1) responses and B cell activation. Diminished control of PI(3)K activity in Treg cells led to reduced expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α subunit CD25, accumulation of Foxp3(+)CD25(-) cells and, ultimately, loss of expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that control of PI(3)K signaling by PTEN in Treg cells is critical for maintaining their homeostasis, function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Huynh
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michel DuPage
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bhavana Priyadharshini
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason Quiros
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christopher M. Borges
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Natavudh Townamchai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Valerie A. Gerriets
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Laurence A. Turka
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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49
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Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR Links Environmental Signals to T Cell Fate Decisions. Front Immunol 2015; 5:686. [PMID: 25653651 PMCID: PMC4299512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell fate decisions play an integral role in maintaining the health of organisms under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. The localized microenvironment in which developing and mature T cells reside provides signals that serve essential functions in shaping these fate decisions. These signals are derived from the immune compartment, including antigens, co-stimulation, and cytokines, and other factors, including growth factors and nutrients. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a vital sensor of signals within the immune microenvironment, is a central regulator of T cell biology. In this review, we discuss how various environmental cues tune mTOR activity in T cells, and summarize how mTOR integrates these signals to influence multiple aspects of T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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50
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Treg cells require the phosphatase PTEN to restrain TH1 and TFH cell responses. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:178-87. [PMID: 25559258 PMCID: PMC4297581 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between effector and regulatory T (Treg) cells is crucial for adaptive immunity, but how Treg control diverse effector responses is elusive. We found that the phosphatase PTEN links Treg stability to repression of TH1 and TFH (follicular helper) responses. Depletion of PTEN in Treg resulted in excessive TFH and germinal center responses and spontaneous inflammatory disease. These defects are considerably blocked by deletion of Interferon-γ, indicating coordinated control of TH1 and TFH responses. Mechanistically, PTEN maintains Treg stability and metabolic balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial fitness. Moreover, PTEN deficiency upregulates mTORC2-Akt activity, and loss of this activity restores PTEN-deficient Treg function. Our studies establish a PTEN-mTORC2 axis that maintains Treg stability and coordinates Treg-mediated control of effector responses.
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