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Zhu J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Lv Y, Chen T. STAT3 inhibition ameliorates renal interstitial inflammation in MRL/lpr mice with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2358187. [PMID: 38803234 PMCID: PMC11136473 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2358187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and severe clinical syndromes of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN), of which poor prognosis is indicated by aggravated renal function deterioration. However, the specific therapy and mechanisms of AKI in DPLN remain to be explored. METHODS The correlation between AKI and clinical pathological changes in DPLN patients was analyzed. Expression of STAT3 signaling was detected in MRL/lpr mice with DPLN using immunohistochemical staining and immunoblotting. Inhibition of STAT3 activation by combination therapy was assessed in MRL/lpr mice. RESULTS Correlation analysis revealed only the interstitial leukocytes were significantly related to AKI in endocapillary DPLN patients. MRL/lpr mice treated with vehicle, which can recapitulate renal damages of DPLN patients, showed upregulation of STAT3, pSTAT3 and caspase-1 in renal cortex. FLLL32 combined with methylprednisolone therapy significantly inhibited the STAT3 activation, improved acute kidney damage, reduced the interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells and decreased the AKI incidence in MRL/lpr mice. CONCLUSION STAT3 activation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of DPLN and the development of AKI. Hence, STAT3 inhibition based on the combination of FLLL32 with methylprednisolone may represent a new strategy for treatment of DPLN with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfen Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yijing Chen
- Department of clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yinqiu Lv
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tianxin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Yang G, Li M, Zhang Y, Li X, Xin T, Hao J. Mechanisms of Rehmannioside A Against Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01435-1. [PMID: 39033091 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The effect of rehmannioside A (ReA) on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not clear and needs further study. In this study, SLE-related targets were obtained from the DisGeNet and GeneCards databases, while ReA-related targets were obtained from the SwissTarget and SuperPred databases. A protein-protein interaction network of intersected targets was constructed using the STRING platform. After selecting the intersected targets, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed via the R package "clusterProfiler". The relationships between ReA and various core targets were assessed via molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation was conducted for optimal core protein-compound complexes obtained by molecular docking. The top five targets in the ranking of degree value were HSP90AA1, HIF1A, PIK3CA, MTOR, and TLR4. Significant biological processes mainly included response to oxidative stress and response to reactive oxygen species. The potential pathways of ReA in the treatment of SLE mainly focused on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and Apoptosis. Molecular docking showed that ReA had the highest binding affinity for mTOR, suggesting that mTOR is a key target of ReA against SLE. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed good binding abilities between ReA and mTOR. In conclusion, ReA exerts its effects on SLE through multiple targets and pathways, with mTOR being a key target of ReA against SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medica1 University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medica1 University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medica1 University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medica1 University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Xin
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medica1 University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medica1 University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Mizui M, Kono M. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting abnormal T-cell signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2024; 262:110182. [PMID: 38458302 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases have been based on the use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents that broadly suppress immune responses. Therefore, organ damage from long-term use and infections due to immunocompromised status have been significant issues. Safer immunosuppressants and biological agents are now available, but there is still an urgent need to develop specific drugs to replace glucocorticoids. T-lymphocytes, central players in immune responses, could be crucial targets in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Extensive research has been conducted on the phenotypic changes of T-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, which has led to the discovery of various therapeutic strategies. In this comprehensive review, we discuss novel treatment approaches and target molecules with expected effectiveness in humans and mice, based on research for lymphocytes involved in autoimmune diseases, especially T-cells in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mizui
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Michihito Kono
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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4
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Reynolds JA, Li Y, Herlitz L, Mohan C, Putterman C. Novel biomarker discovery through comprehensive proteomic analysis of lupus mouse serum. J Autoimmun 2024; 142:103134. [PMID: 37944214 PMCID: PMC10957328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The difficulty of monitoring organ-specific pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often complicates disease prognostication and treatment. Improved non-invasive biomarkers of active organ pathology, particularly lupus nephritis, would improve patient care. We sought to validate and apply a novel strategy to generate the first comprehensive serum proteome of a lupus mouse model and identify mechanism-linked lupus biomarker candidates for subsequent clinical investigation. METHODS Serum levels of 1308 diverse proteins were measured in eight adult female MRL/lpr lupus mice and eight control MRL/mpj mice. ELISA validation confirmed fold increases. Protein enrichment analysis provided biological relevance to findings. Individual protein levels were correlated with measures of lymphoproliferative, humoral, and renal disease. RESULTS Four hundred and six proteins were increased in MRL/lpr serum, including proteins increased in human SLE such as VCAM-1, L-selectin, TNFRI/II, TWEAK, CXCL13, MCP-1, IP-10, IL-10, and TARC. Newly validated proteins included IL-6, IL-17, and MDC. Results of pathway enrichment analysis, which revealed enhancement of cytokine signaling and immune cell migration, reinforced the similarity of the MRL/lpr disease to human pathology. Fifty-two proteins positively correlated with at least one measure of lupus-like disease. TECK, TSLP, PDGFR-alpha, and MDC were identified as novel candidate biomarkers of renal disease. CONCLUSIONS We successfully validated a novel serum proteomic screening strategy in a spontaneous murine lupus model that highlighted potential new biomarkers. Importantly, we generated a comprehensive snapshot of the serum proteome which will enable identification of other candidates and serve as a reference for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Reynolds
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine: 1300 Morris Park Ave, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaxi Li
- University of Houston: 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Cleveland Clinic: 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- University of Houston: 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine: 1300 Morris Park Ave, New York, NY, USA; Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar-Ilan University: 8 Henrietta Szold St, Zefat, Israel.
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5
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Li Z, Zhao M, Li J, Luo W, Huang J, Huang G, Xie Z, Xiao Y, Huang J, Li X, Zhao B, Zhou Z. Elevated glucose metabolism driving pro-inflammatory response in B cells contributes to the progression of type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109729. [PMID: 37562723 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system's failure to maintain self-tolerance, resulting in the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Although T1D has conventionally been viewed as a T-cell-dominant disease, recent research has emphasized the contribution of B cells in the onset of the disease. However, the mechanism underlying aberrant B cell responses remains unknown. B cell metabolism is a crucial prerequisite for B cell function and the development of adaptive immune responses. Here, we investigated the metabolic features of B cells, first in a cross-sectional cohort and subsequently in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, and revealed that there is an increased frequency of high-glucose-avidity (2-NBDGhigh) B cell population that may contribute to T1D progression. Further characterization of the metabolic, transcriptional and functional phenotype of B cells in NOD mice found that elevated glucose avidity is associated with a greater capacity for co-stimulation, proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, elevated Myc signaling orchestrated the glucose metabolism and the pro-inflammatory response of B cells in T1D. In vitro experiments demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of glucose metabolism using metformin and 2-DG reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and B cell proliferation. Moreover, the combination of these inhibitors successfully delayed insulitis development, onset of diabetes, and improved high blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice model. Taken together, our work has uncovered these high-glucose-avidity B cells as novel adjuvant diagnostic and therapeutic targets for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeying Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingjiu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyue Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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6
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Li J, Zhao M, Luo W, Huang J, Zhao B, Zhou Z. B cell metabolism in autoimmune diseases: signaling pathways and interventions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232820. [PMID: 37680644 PMCID: PMC10481957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous disorders believed to stem from the immune system's inability to distinguish between auto- and foreign- antigens. B lymphocytes serve a crucial role in humoral immunity as they generate antibodies and present antigens. Dysregulation of B cell function induce the onset of autoimmune disorders by generating autoantibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in an imbalance in immune regulation. New research in immunometabolism shows that cellular metabolism plays an essential role in controlling B lymphocytes immune reactions by providing the energy and substrates for B lymphocytes activation, differentiation, and function. However, dysregulated immunometabolism lead to autoimmune diseases by disrupting self-tolerance mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest research on metabolic reprogramming of B lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases, identifying crucial pathways and regulatory factors. Moreover, we consider the potential of metabolic interventions as a promising therapeutic strategy. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms of B cells brings us closer to developing novel therapies for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjiu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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7
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Feng L, Chen X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zheng S, Xie N. Immunometabolism changes in fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1243675. [PMID: 37576819 PMCID: PMC10412938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1243675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are essential for initiating and developing the fibrotic process by releasing cytokines and growth factors that activate fibroblasts and promote extracellular matrix deposition. Immunometabolism describes how metabolic alterations affect the function of immune cells and how inflammation and immune responses regulate systemic metabolism. The disturbed immune cell function and their interactions with other cells in the tissue microenvironment lead to the origin and advancement of fibrosis. Understanding the dysregulated metabolic alterations and interactions between fibroblasts and the immune cells is critical for providing new therapeutic targets for fibrosis. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the pathophysiology of fibrosis from the immunometabolism aspect, highlighting the altered metabolic pathways in critical immune cell populations and the impact of inflammation on fibroblast metabolism during the development of fibrosis. We also discuss how this knowledge could be leveraged to develop novel therapeutic strategies for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Feng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodian Zhang
- Hainan Cancer Clinical Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Hainan Cancer Clinical Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pathology, Hainan Women and Children Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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8
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Iwata S, Hajime Sumikawa M, Tanaka Y. B cell activation via immunometabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155421. [PMID: 37256149 PMCID: PMC10225689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease involving multiple organs in which B cells perform important functions such as antibody and cytokine production and antigen presentation. B cells are activated and differentiated by the primary B cell receptor, co-stimulatory molecule signals-such as CD40/CD40L-, the Toll-like receptors 7,9, and various cytokine signals. The importance of immunometabolism in the activation, differentiation, and exerting functions of B cells and other immune cells has been widely reported in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of immunometabolism in B cells and its involvement in SLE pathogenesis remain elusive. Similarly, the importance of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, glycolytic system, and oxidative phosphorylation has been demonstrated in the mechanisms of B cell immunometabolic activation, mainly in mouse studies. However, the activation of the mTOR pathway in B cells in patients with SLE, the induction of plasmablast differentiation through metabolic and transcription factor regulation by mTOR, and the involvement of this phenomenon in SLE pathogenesis are unclear. In our studies using activated B cells derived from healthy donors and from patients with SLE, we observed that methionine, an essential amino acid, is important for mTORC1 activation. Further, we observed that splenic tyrosine kinase and mTORC1 activation synergistically induce EZH2 expression and plasmablasts by suppressing BACH2 expression through epigenomic modification. Additionally, we identified another mechanism by which the glutaminolysis-induced enhancement of mitochondrial function promotes plasmablast differentiation in SLE. In this review, we focused on the SLE exacerbation mechanisms related to the activation of immune cells-especially B cells-and immunometabolism and reported the latest findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Iwata
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Maiko Hajime Sumikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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9
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Psarras A, Clarke A. A cellular overview of immunometabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:iqad005. [PMID: 37554724 PMCID: PMC10264559 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease, characterized by a breakdown of immune tolerance and the development of autoantibodies against nucleic self-antigens. Immunometabolism is a rapidly expanding scientific field investigating the metabolic programming of cells of the immune system. During the normal immune response, extensive reprogramming of cellular metabolism occurs, both to generate adenosine triphosphate and facilitate protein synthesis, and also to manage cellular stress. Major pathways upregulated include glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway, among others. Metabolic reprogramming also occurs to aid resolution of inflammation. Immune cells of both patients with SLE and lupus-prone mice are characterized by metabolic abnormalities resulting in an altered functional and inflammatory state. Recent studies have described how metabolic reprogramming occurs in many cell populations in SLE, particularly CD4+ T cells, e.g. favouring a glycolytic profile by overactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway. These advances have led to an increased understanding of the metabolic changes affecting the inflammatory profile of T and B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils, and how they contribute to autoimmunity and SLE pathogenesis. In the current review, we aim to summarize recent advances in the field of immunometabolism involved in SLE and how these could potentially lead to new therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Psarras
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Clarke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Choi D, Kim J, Yang JW, Kim JH, Park S, Shin JI. Dysregulated MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:2495-2514. [PMID: 37215992 PMCID: PMC10197884 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.74315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease of which clinical presentation is vastly heterogeneous, ranging from mild skin rashes to severe renal diseases. Treatment goal of this illness is to minimize disease activity and prevent further organ damage. In recent years, much research has been done on the epigenetic aspects of SLE pathogenesis, for among the various factors known to contribute to the pathogenic process, epigenetic factors, especially microRNAs, bear the most therapeutic potential that can be altered unlike congenital genetic factors. This article reviews and updates what has been discovered so far about the pathogenesis of lupus, while focusing on the dysregulation of microRNAs in lupus patients in comparison to healthy controls along with the potentially pathogenic roles of the microRNAs commonly reported to be either upregulated or downregulated. Furthermore, this review includes microRNAs of which results are controversial, suggesting possible explanations for such discrepancies and directions for future research. Moreover, we aimed to emphasize the point that had been overlooked so far in studies regarding microRNA expression levels; that is, which specimen was used to assess the dysregulation of microRNAs. To our surprise, a vast number of studies have not considered this factor and have analyzed the potential role of microRNAs in general. Despite extensive investigations done on microRNA levels, their significance and potential role remain a mystery, which calls for further studies on this particular subject in regard of which specimen is used for assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Fee L, Kumar A, Tighe RM, Foster MH. Autoreactive B cells recruited to lungs by silica exposure contribute to local autoantibody production in autoimmune-prone BXSB and B cell receptor transgenic mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:933360. [PMID: 35983030 PMCID: PMC9378786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to inhaled crystalline silica dust (cSiO2) is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody vasculitis. Each disease has a characteristic autoantibody profile used in diagnosis and implicated in pathogenesis. A role for cSiO2 in modulating humoral autoimmunity in vivo is supported by findings in mice, where respirable cSiO2 induces ectopic lymphoid structures as well as inflammation in exposed lungs across genetically diverse backgrounds. In lupus-prone mice cSiO2 exposure also leads to early onset autoantibody production and accelerated disease. Elevated autoantibody levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung transcriptome analysis suggest that the lung is a hub of cSiO2-evoked autoimmune activity. However, mechanisms by which cSiO2 and lung microenvironments interact to promote autoantibody production remain unclear. We previously demonstrated elevated anti-DNA Ig in BALF but not in lung cell cultures from cSiO2-exposed C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that BALF autoantibodies did not arise locally in this non-autoimmune strain. Autoantibodies were also elevated in BALF of cSiO2-exposed lupus-prone BXSB mice. In this report we test the hypothesis that dysregulated autoreactive B cells recruited to cSiO2-exposed lungs in the context of autoimmune predisposition contribute to local autoantibody production. We found that anti-DNA and anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) Ig were significantly elevated in cultures of TLR ligand-stimulated lung cells from cSiO2-exposed BXSB mice. To further explore the impact of strain genetic susceptibility versus B cell intrinsic dysfunction on cSiO2-recruited B cell fate, we used an anti-basement membrane autoantibody transgenic (autoAb Tg) mouse line termed M7. In M7 mice, autoAb Tg B cells are aberrantly regulated and escape from tolerance on the C57BL/6 background. Exposure to cSiO2 elicited prominent pulmonary B cell and T cell aggregates and autoAb Tg Ig were readily detected in lung cell culture supernatants. Taken together, diverse disease-relevant autoreactive B cells, including cells specific for DNA, MPO, and basement membrane, are recruited to lung ectopic lymphoid aggregates in response to cSiO2 instillation. B cells that escape tolerance can contribute to local autoantibody production. Our demonstration of significantly enhanced autoantibody induction by TLR ligands further suggests that a coordinated environmental co-exposure can magnify autoimmune vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanette Fee
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Advika Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mary H. Foster
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Service, Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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12
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Zhao L, Hu X, Xiao F, Zhang X, Zhao L, Wang M. Mitochondrial impairment and repair in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929520. [PMID: 35958572 PMCID: PMC9358979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid autoantibodies, increase type I interferon (IFN-α) levels, and immune cell hyperactivation are hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Notably, immune cell activation requires high level of cellular energy that is predominately generated by the mitochondria. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), the byproduct of mitochondrial energy generation, serves as an essential mediator to control the activation and differentiation of cells and regulate the antigenicity of oxidized nucleoids within the mitochondria. Recently, clinical trials on normalization of mitochondrial redox imbalance by mROS scavengers and those investigating the recovery of defective mitophagy have provided novel insights into SLE prophylaxis and therapy. However, the precise mechanism underlying the role of oxidative stress-related mitochondrial molecules in skewing the cell fate at the molecular level remains unclear. This review outlines distinctive mitochondrial functions and pathways that are involved in immune responses and systematically delineates how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to SLE pathogenesis. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of damaged mitochondrial function and impaired metabolic pathways in adaptive and innate immune cells and lupus-induced organ tissues. Furthermore, we summarize the potential of current mitochondria-targeting drugs for SLE treatment. Developing novel therapeutic approaches to regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress is a promising endeavor in the search for effective treatments for systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianda Hu
- Beijing Tibetan Hospital, China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Wang, ; Lidan Zhao,
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Wang, ; Lidan Zhao,
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13
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The mTOR Signaling Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis; from Animal Models to Human Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158077. [PMID: 35897651 PMCID: PMC9332053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article recapitulates the evidence on the role of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) complex pathways in multiple sclerosis (MS). Key biological processes that intersect with mTOR signaling cascades include autophagy, inflammasome activation, innate (e.g., microglial) and adaptive (B and T cell) immune responses, and axonal and neuronal toxicity/degeneration. There is robust evidence that mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, ameliorate the clinical course of the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). New, evolving data unravel mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect on EAE, which include balance among T-effector and T-regulatory cells, and mTOR effects on myeloid cell function, polarization, and antigen presentation, with relevance to MS pathogenesis. Radiologic and preliminary clinical data from a phase 2 randomized, controlled trial of temsirolimus (a rapamycin analogue) in MS show moderate efficacy, with significant adverse effects. Large clinical trials of indirect mTOR inhibitors (metformin) in MS are lacking; however, a smaller prospective, non-randomized study shows some potentially promising radiological results in combination with ex vivo beneficial effects on immune cells that might warrant further investigation. Importantly, the study of mTOR pathway contributions to autoimmune inflammatory demyelination and multiple sclerosis illustrates the difficulties in the clinical application of animal model results. Nevertheless, it is not inconceivable that targeting metabolism in the future with cell-selective mTOR inhibitors (compared to the broad inhibitors tried to date) could be developed to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
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14
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Mubariki R, Vadasz Z. The role of B cell metabolism in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103116. [PMID: 35595053 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
B cells are major players in immune responses being the source of protective antibodies and antigen presenting cells. When self-tolerance fails, auto reactive B cells produce autoantibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to the development of autoimmune diseases. Many recent studies have assessed importance of metabolic pathways in B cells, demonstrating their role in controlling autoimmunity and maintaining immune homeostasis. Alterations in B cell functions in autoimmune diseases are closely associated with abnormal metabolic shifts, allowing auto reactive B cells to escape tolerogenic checkpoints. Understanding the metabolic changes in B cells, opens up new possibilities for targeting metabolic pathways and manipulating metabolic avenues as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeda Mubariki
- Division of Allergy and Clinical immunology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zahava Vadasz
- Division of Allergy and Clinical immunology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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15
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Fu Y, Wang L, Yu B, Xu D, Chu Y. Immunometabolism shapes B cell fate and functions. Immunology 2022; 166:444-457. [PMID: 35569110 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
- Biotherapy Research Center Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Baichao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Damo Xu
- School of Medicine Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Shenzhen China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- Biotherapy Research Center Fudan University Shanghai China
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16
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Choi SC, Li W, Zhang X, Kanda N, Zeumer-Spataro L, Teng X, Morel L. Pharmacologically Inferred Glycolysis and Glutaminolysis Requirement of B Cells in Lupus-Prone Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2098-2108. [PMID: 35387839 PMCID: PMC9050845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown an enhanced metabolism in the CD4+ T cells of lupus patients and lupus-prone mice. Little is known about the metabolism of B cells in lupus. In this study, we compared the metabolism of B cells between lupus-prone B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 triple-congenic mice and C57BL/6 controls at steady state relative to autoantibody production, as well as during T cell-dependent (TD) and T cell-independent (TI) immunizations. Starting before the onset of autoimmunity, B cells from triple-congenic mice showed an elevated glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, which were normalized in vivo by inhibiting glycolysis with a 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) treatment. 2DG greatly reduced the production of TI-Ag-specific Abs, but showed minimal effect with TD-Ags. In contrast, the inhibition of glutaminolysis with 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine had a greater effect on TD than TI-Ag-specific Abs in both strains. Analysis of the TI and TD responses in purified B cells in vitro suggests, however, that the glutaminolysis requirement is not B cell-intrinsic. Thus, B cells have a greater requirement for glycolysis in TI than TD responses, as inferred from pharmacological interventions. B cells from lupus-prone and control mice have different intrinsic metabolic requirements or different responses toward 2DG and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, which mirrors our previous results obtained with follicular Th cells. Overall, these results predict that targeting glucose metabolism may provide an effective therapeutic approach for systemic autoimmunity by eliminating both autoreactive follicular Th and B cells, although it may also impair TI responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nathalie Kanda
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Leilani Zeumer-Spataro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Xiangyu Teng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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17
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Iwata S, Tanaka Y. Association of Viral Infection With the Development and Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849120. [PMID: 35280878 PMCID: PMC8914279 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that causes multiple organ damage in women of childbearing age and has a relapsing-remitting course. SLE is caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, however, its underlying triggers remain unknown. Among the environmental factors, the involvement of infections as a trigger for SLE, especially those of viral etiology, has been widely reported. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may put patients at a genetic predisposition to SLE, while the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may play a role as an environmental factor that triggers the development of SLE. It has been suggested that EBV-infected B-cells may become resistant to apoptosis, resulting in the activation, proliferation, and antibody production of autoreactive B-cells, which cause tissue damage in SLE. However, the interaction between the virus and immune cells, as well as the impact of the virus on the differentiation and dysfunction of immune cells, remain unclear. In this review, we focus on the relationship between the development and pathogenesis of SLE and viral infections, as well as the mechanism of SLE exacerbation via activation of immune cells, such as B-cells, based on the latest findings.
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18
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Li Y, Wang H, Zhang Z, Tang C, Zhou X, Mohan C, Wu T. Identification of polo-like kinase 1 as a therapeutic target in murine lupus. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1362. [PMID: 35024139 PMCID: PMC8733964 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The signalling cascades that contribute to lupus pathogenesis are incompletely understood. We address this by using an unbiased activity‐based kinome screen of murine lupus. Methods An unbiased activity‐based kinome screen (ABKS) of 196 kinases was applied to two genetically different murine lupus strains. Systemic and renal lupus were evaluated following in vivo PLK1blockade. The upstream regulators and downstream targets of PLK1 were also interrogated. Results Multiple signalling cascades were noted to be more active in murine lupus spleens, including PLK1. In vivo administration of a PLK1‐specific inhibitor ameliorated splenomegaly, anti‐dsDNA antibody production, proteinuria, BUN and renal pathology in MRL.lpr mice (P < 0.05). Serum IL‐6, IL‐17 and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM‐1) were significantly decreased after PLK1 inhibition. PLK1 inhibition reduced germinal centre and marginal zone B cells in the spleen, but changes in T cells were not significant. In vitro, splenocytes were treated with anti‐mouse CD40 Ab or F(ab’)2 fragment anti‐mouse IgM. After 24‐h stimulation, IL‐6 secretion was significantly reduced upon PLK1 blockade, whereas IL‐10 production was significantly increased. The phosphorylation of mTOR was assessed in splenocyte subsets, which revealed a significant change in myeloid cells. PLK1 blockade reduced phosphorylation associated with mTOR signalling, while Aurora‐A emerged as a potential upstream regulator of PLK1. Conclusion The Aurora‐A → PLK1 → mTOR signalling axis may be central in lupus pathogenesis, and emerges as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA
| | - Hongting Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Chenling Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA
| | - Xinjin Zhou
- Department of Pathology Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas Dallas TX USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Houston Houston TX USA
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19
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Shiraz AK, Panther EJ, Reilly CM. Altered Germinal-Center Metabolism in B Cells in Autoimmunity. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010040. [PMID: 35050162 PMCID: PMC8780703 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes play an important role in the pathophysiology of many autoimmune disorders by producing autoantibodies, secreting cytokines, and presenting antigens. B cells undergo extreme physiological changes as they develop and differentiate. Aberrant function in tolerogenic checkpoints and the metabolic state of B cells might be the contributing factors to the dysfunctionality of autoimmune B cells. Understanding B-cell metabolism in autoimmunity is important as it can give rise to new treatments. Recent investigations have revealed that alterations in metabolism occur in the activation of B cells. Several reports have suggested that germinal center (GC) B cells of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have altered metabolic function. GCs are unique microenvironments in which the delicate and complex process of B-cell affinity maturation occurs through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switching recombination (CSR) and where Bcl6 tightly regulates B-cell differentiation into memory B-cells or plasma cells. GC B cells rely heavily on glucose, fatty acids, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for their energy requirements. However, the complicated association between GC B cells and their metabolism is still not clearly understood. Here, we review several studies of B-cell metabolism, highlighting the significant transformations that occur in GC progression, and suggest possible approaches that may be investigated to more precisely target aberrant B-cell metabolism in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton K. Shiraz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (C.M.R.); Tel.: +1-540-231-9365 (C.M.R.)
| | - Eric J. Panther
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (C.M.R.); Tel.: +1-540-231-9365 (C.M.R.)
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20
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Borbet TC, Hines MJ, Koralov SB. MicroRNA regulation of B cell receptor signaling. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:111-125. [PMID: 34523719 PMCID: PMC8616848 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a central role in host immune defense. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling regulates survival, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes. Signaling through the BCR signalosome is a multi-component cascade that is tightly regulated and is important in the coordination of B cell differentiation and function. At different stages of development, B cells that have BCRs recognizing self are eliminated to prevent autoimmunity. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that contribute to post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and have been shown to orchestrate cell fate decisions through the regulation of lineage-specific transcriptional profiles. Studies have identified miRNAs to be crucial for B cell development in the bone marrow and their subsequent population of the peripheral immune system. In this review, we focus on the role of miRNAs in the regulation of BCR signaling as it pertains to B lymphocyte development and function. In particular, we discuss the most recent studies describing the role of miRNAs in the regulation of both early B cell development and peripheral B cell responses and examine the ways by which miRNAs regulate signal downstream of B cell antigen receptor to prevent aberrant activation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Borbet
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marcus J. Hines
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
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21
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Iperi C, Bordron A, Dueymes M, Pers JO, Jamin C. Metabolic Program of Regulatory B Lymphocytes and Influence in the Control of Malignant and Autoimmune Situations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735463. [PMID: 34650560 PMCID: PMC8505885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways have been studied for a while in eukaryotic cells. During glycolysis, glucose enters into the cells through the Glut1 transporter to be phosphorylated and metabolized generating ATP molecules. Immune cells can use additional pathways to adapt their energetic needs. The pentose phosphate pathway, the glutaminolysis, the fatty acid oxidation and the oxidative phosphorylation generate additional metabolites to respond to the physiological requirements. Specifically, in B lymphocytes, these pathways are activated to meet energetic demands in relation to their maturation status and their functional orientation (tolerance, effector or regulatory activities). These metabolic programs are differentially involved depending on the receptors and the co-activation molecules stimulated. Their induction may also vary according to the influence of the microenvironment, i.e. the presence of T cells, cytokines … promoting the expression of particular transcription factors that direct the energetic program and modulate the number of ATP molecule produced. The current review provides recent advances showing the underestimated influence of the metabolic pathways in the control of the B cell physiology, with a particular focus on the regulatory B cells, but also in the oncogenic and autoimmune evolution of the B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Bordron
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
| | - Maryvonne Dueymes
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France.,Service d'Odontologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France.,Service d'Odontologie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Christophe Jamin
- LBAI, UMR1227, Univ Brest, Inserm, Brest, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunothérapie, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
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22
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Iwata S, Tanaka Y. Therapeutic perspectives on the metabolism of lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:1121-1130. [PMID: 34351835 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1964957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The activation of autoreactive T- and B-cells and production of autoantibodies by B cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, the concept of 'immunometabolism' has attracted significant attention. Immune cells produce large amounts of energy in the form of ATP and biosynthesize biological components such as nucleic acids and lipids via metabolic reprogramming to activate, differentiate, and exert their functions. AREAS COVERED While the mechanisms underlying the metabolism of CD4+ T cells in SLE have been extensively studied, the metabolic changes underlying B cell activation, differentiation, and function remain unclear. Drugs targeting mTOR and AMPK, such as sirolimus, rapamycin, and metformin, have shown some efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials on patients with SLE, but have not led to breakthroughs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the immunometabolic mechanisms involved in SLE and RA and discuss the potential novel therapeutic drugs. EXPERT OPINION The intensity of activation of different immune cells and their metabolic kinetics vary in different autoimmune diseases; thus, understanding the disease- and cell-specific metabolic mechanisms may help in the development of clinically effective immunometabolism-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Iwata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Assistant Professor, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Professor and Chairman, Deputy Director, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, the University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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23
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Abstract
B cells are central to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases, through antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and the production of autoantibodies. During development and differentiation, B cells undergo drastic changes in their physiology. It is emerging that these are accompanied by equally significant shifts in metabolic phenotype, which may themselves also drive and enforce the functional properties of the cell. The dysfunction of B cells during autoimmunity is characterised by the breaching of tolerogenic checkpoints, and there is developing evidence that the metabolic state of B cells may contribute to this. Determining the metabolic phenotype of B cells in autoimmunity is an area of active study, and is important because intervention by metabolism-altering therapeutic approaches may represent an attractive treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan G. A. Raza
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Clarke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus B cells not only produce autoantibodies against nuclear antigens but also provide co-stimulation to T cells. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of the mechanism underlying lupus B cell hyperactivation. METHODS This study focuses on the detection of B cell activation status, analysis of early BCR signaling response, DNA sequencing, and quantity determination of BCR signaling regulators in murine lupus models. RESULTS Our result showed that there is a B cell hyperactivation with a significant elevation of B cell activation markers, and a BCR signaling hyperactivity with an abnormal increase of phosphorylated BCR signaling molecules and cytoplasmic calcium in the early response to BCR crosslinking in B6.Sle1/2/3 lupus mouse. Whole exome sequencing identified a multiple point mutation in the exon of many BCR signaling regulators in common murine lupus models, MRL/lpr, NZM2410, BXSB, NZB, and NZW strains. cNDA sequencing confirmed FcγR2b, Ly9, Pirb, Siglecg, and CD22 BCR signaling regulator variants in B6.Sle1/2/3 lupus mouse, but surface protein expression of these regulators on B cells showed an abnormal increase. CONCLUSION Our findings support that these BCR signaling regulator variants are potential causative genes of B cell hyperactivation in murine lupus models through their possible functional reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Ju
- Department of Immunology, 372527Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Z W Xu
- Department of Immunology, 372527Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Bacalao MA, Satterthwaite AB. Recent Advances in Lupus B Cell Biology: PI3K, IFNγ, and Chromatin. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615673. [PMID: 33519824 PMCID: PMC7841329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), autoantibodies are formed that promote inflammation and tissue damage. There has been significant interest in understanding the B cell derangements involved in SLE pathogenesis. The past few years have been particularly fruitful in three domains: the role of PI3K signaling in loss of B cell tolerance, the role of IFNγ signaling in the development of autoimmunity, and the characterization of changes in chromatin accessibility in SLE B cells. The PI3K pathway coordinates various downstream signaling molecules involved in B cell development and activation. It is governed by the phosphatases PTEN and SHIP-1. Murine models lacking either of these phosphatases in B cells develop autoimmune disease and exhibit defects in B cell tolerance. Limited studies of human SLE B cells demonstrate reduced expression of PTEN or increased signaling events downstream of PI3K in some patients. IFNγ has long been known to be elevated in both SLE patients and mouse models of lupus. New data suggests that IFNγR expression on B cells is required to develop autoreactive germinal centers (GC) and autoantibodies in murine lupus. Furthermore, IFNγ promotes increased transcription of BCL6, IL-6 and T-bet in B cells, which also promote GC and autoantibody formation. IFNγ also induces epigenetic changes in human B cells. SLE B cells demonstrate significant epigenetic reprogramming, including enhanced chromatin accessibility at transcription factor motifs involved in B cell activation and plasma cell (PC) differentiation as well as alterations in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Histone deacetylase inhibitors limit disease development in murine lupus models, at least in part via their ability to prevent B cell class switching and differentiation into plasma cells. This review will discuss relevant discoveries of the past several years pertaining to these areas of SLE B cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Bacalao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Xie B, Geng Q, Xu J, Lu H, Luo H, Hu Y, Song X. The multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus based on network pharmacology. Lupus 2020; 29:1704-1711. [PMID: 32854577 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320952541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network pharmacology is used with bioinformatic tools to broaden the understanding of drugs' potential targets and the intersections with key genes of particular disease. Here we applied network pharmacology to collect testable hypotheses about the multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Firstly, we predicted the potential targets of HCQ. Secondly, we got the related genes of SLE returned from databases. Thirdly, the intersections of the potential targets (HCQ) and related genes (SLE) were analyzed with gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Finally, we validated our predictions of the potential targets by performing docking studies with HCQ. RESULTS The results suggest that the efficacy of HCQ against SLE is mainly associated with the targets of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and CDK1, which regulate PI3K/Akt/GSK3β as well as interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Biological process of the network associated with the three targets is concentrated in the inhibition of immune response, negative regulation of gene expression and regulation of immune system process. Molecular docking analysis proves that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are the main forms of interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides protein targets affected by HCQ in the treatment of SLE. Three key targets (CDK2, ESR1 and CDK1) involving 1766 proteins become the multi-targets mechanism of HCQ in the treatment of SLE. As well, the research also provides a new idea for introducing network pharmacology into the evaluation of the drugs with multi-targets in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yebei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhang M, Iwata S, Hajime M, Ohkubo N, Todoroki Y, Miyata H, Ueno M, Hao H, Zhang T, Fan J, Nakayamada S, Yamagata K, Tanaka Y. Methionine Commits Cells to Differentiate Into Plasmablasts Through Epigenetic Regulation ofBTBandCNCHomolog 2 by the MethyltransferaseEZH2. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1143-1153. [DOI: 10.1002/art.41208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Zhang
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan, and Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Maiko Hajime
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Naoaki Ohkubo
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Todoroki
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Masanobu Ueno
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - He Hao
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan, and Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Tong Zhang
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Jie Fan
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamagata
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan Kitakyushu Japan
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28
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Zhang CX, Wang HY, Yin L, Mao YY, Zhou W. Immunometabolism in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 3:100046. [PMID: 32743527 PMCID: PMC7388408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a typical autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and pathogenic auto-antibodies. Apart from B cells, dysregulation of other immune cells also plays an essential role in the pathogenesis and development of the disease including CD4+T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Since metabolic programs control immune cell fate and function, they are critical checkpoints in an effective immune response and are involved in the etiology of autoimmune disease. In addition, mitochondria and oxidative stress are both involved in cellular metabolism and is also essential in immune response. In this review, apart from the disturbed immune system, we will discuss mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, abnormal metabolism (including glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism) of immune cells as well as epigenetic control of metabolism reprogramming to elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Mitochondria plays a vital role in cellular metabolism and is involved in immune response. There are alterations in glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism of various immune cells in SLE patients. Epigenetic status is influenced by the presence of metabolic intermediates and certain autoimmunity-related genes are hypomethylated in CD4+T cells, CD19+ B cells as well as CD14+ monocytes of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Yu Wang
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Ying Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
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29
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Wu T, Marakkath B, Ye Y, Khobahy E, Yan M, Hutcheson J, Zhu J, Zhou X, Mohan C. Curcumin Attenuates Both Acute and Chronic Immune Nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1745. [PMID: 32143311 PMCID: PMC7084772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is known to have immunomodulatory potential in addition to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects. The aim of the present study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of curcumin on immune-mediated renal disease in an anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) model (representing acute kidney Injury, AKI) and murine lupus model (representing chronic kidney disease, CKD). In the AKI model, female anti-GBM 129/svj mice were administered with curcumin right before disease induction. In the CKD model, female MRL.lpr mice at the age of 8-10 weeks old were treated with curcumin or placebo via oral gavage daily for two months. After treatment, serum autoantibody levels, splenomegaly and spleen cellularity were reduced in murine lupus. Collectively, curcumin ameliorated kidney disease in the two mouse models with either acute or chronic nephritis, as marked by reduced proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, glomerulonephritis, crescent formation, tubule-interstitial disease, and renal infiltration by lymphocytes. In addition, curcumin treatment reduced activation of the NFkB, MAPK, AKT and pBAD pathways either systemically, or within the inflamed kidneys. These findings suggest that natural food supplements could become an alternative approach to ameliorating immune-mediated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Bindiya Marakkath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Yujin Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Y.); (E.K.); (M.Y.); (J.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Elhaum Khobahy
- Department of Internal Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Y.); (E.K.); (M.Y.); (J.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Y.); (E.K.); (M.Y.); (J.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jack Hutcheson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Y.); (E.K.); (M.Y.); (J.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiankun Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Y.Y.); (E.K.); (M.Y.); (J.H.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xinjin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75246, USA;
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) is a complex and clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease. A variety of immunological defects contribute to SLE, including dysregulated innate and adaptive immune response. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms driving disease pathogenesis combined with recent advances in medical science is predicted to enable accelerated progress towards improved SLE-personalized approaches to treatment. The aim of this review was to clarify the immunological pathogenesis and treatment of SLE. DATA SOURCES Literature reviews and original research articles were collected from database, including PubMed and Wanfang. Relevant articles about SLE were included. RESULTS Breakdown of self-tolerance is the main pathogenesis of SLE. The innate and adaptive immune networks are interlinked with each other through cytokines, complements, immune complexes and kinases of the intracellular machinery. Treatments targeted at possible targets of immunity have been assessed in clinical trials. Most of them did not show better safety and efficacy than traditional treatments. However, novel targeting treatments are still being explored. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated immune response plays a critical role in SLE, including innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Biologic agents that aim to specifically target abnormal immune processes were assessing and may bring new hope to SLE patients.
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31
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Lee MH, Gallo PM, Hooper KM, Corradetti C, Ganea D, Caricchio R, Gallucci S. The cytokine network type I IFN-IL-27-IL-10 is augmented in murine and human lupus. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:967-975. [PMID: 31216373 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0518-180rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is elevated in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we show that conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) from predisease lupus-prone B6.NZM Sle1/Sle2/Sle3 triple congenic (TCSle) mice produce more IL-10 than wild-type congenic cDCs upon TLR stimulation, and this overproduction is prevented by blocking the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) with specific Abs. Priming wild-type cDCs with type I IFN mimics the IL-10 overproduction of TCSle cDCs. The MAPK ERK is more phosphorylated in lupus cDCs, partially contributing to IL-10 overproduction. Moreover, we found that TCSle cDCs express higher levels of IL-27 upon TLR7/TLR9 stimulation, and IFNAR blockade reduced IL-27 levels in TCSle cDCs. These results suggest that dysregulated type I IFNs in cDCs contribute to the increased IL-10 and IL-27 in SLE. Since IL-27 neutralization did not inhibit TLR-induced IL-10 production, we propose that type I IFNs enhanced IL-10 in TCSle cDCs independently from IL-27. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis of a cohort of SLE patients reveals higher gene expression of these cytokines in SLE patients expressing a high IFN signature. Since IL-27 and IL-10 have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, our results also suggest that these cytokines can be modulated by the therapeutic IFN blockade in trials in SLE patients and have complex effects on the autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Lee
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M Gallo
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirsten M Hooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chelsea Corradetti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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32
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Greaves SA, Peterson JN, Strauch P, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Active PI3K abrogates central tolerance in high-avidity autoreactive B cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1135-1153. [PMID: 30948496 PMCID: PMC6504226 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-avidity autoreactive B cells are typically removed by central tolerance mechanisms in the bone marrow. Greaves et al. demonstrate that B cell–intrinsic expression of active PI3Kα prevents central tolerance and effectively promotes differentiation and activation of high-avidity autoreactive B cells in the periphery. Autoreactive B cells that bind self-antigen with high avidity in the bone marrow undergo mechanisms of central tolerance that prevent their entry into the peripheral B cell population. These mechanisms are breached in many autoimmune patients, increasing their risk of B cell–mediated autoimmune diseases. Resolving the molecular pathways that can break central B cell tolerance could therefore provide avenues to diminish autoimmunity. Here, we show that B cell–intrinsic expression of a constitutively active form of PI3K-P110α by high-avidity autoreactive B cells of mice completely abrogates central B cell tolerance and further promotes these cells to escape from the bone marrow, differentiate in peripheral tissue, and undergo activation in response to self-antigen. Upon stimulation with T cell help factors, these B cells secrete antibodies in vitro but remain unable to secrete autoantibodies in vivo. Overall, our data demonstrate that activation of the PI3K pathway leads high-avidity autoreactive B cells to breach central, but not late, stages of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jacob N Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
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Choubey D, Panchanathan R. Interferon (IFN)-inducible Absent in Melanoma 2 proteins in the negative regulation of the type I IFN response: Implications for lupus nephritis. Cytokine 2019; 132:154682. [PMID: 30904426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that exhibits a strong female bias (female-to-male ratio 9:1) in patients. Further, 40-60% SLE patients develop lupus nephritis (LN), which significantly increases the mortality rates. The failure of current therapies to adequately treat LN in patients reflects an incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Notably, a chronic increase in serum interferon-α (IFN-α) activity is a heritable risk factor to develop SLE. Accordingly, blood cells from most SLE patients with an active disease exhibit an increase in the expression of the type I IFN (IFN-α/β)-stimulated genes (ISGs, also referred to as "IFN-signature"), a type I IFN response. Further, LN patients during renal flares also exhibit an "IFN-signature" in renal biopsies. Therefore, an improved understanding of the regulation of type I IFNs expression is needed. Basal levels of the IFN-β through "priming" of IFN-α producing cells augment the expression of the IFN-α genes. Of interest, recent studies have indicated a role for the type I IFN-inducible Absent in Melanoma 2 proteins (the murine Aim2 and human AIM2) in the negative regulation of the type I IFN response through inflammasome-dependent and independent mechanisms. Further, an increase in the expression of Aim2 and AIM2 proteins in kidney and renal macrophages associated with the development of nephritis. Therefore, we discuss the role of Aim2/AIM2 proteins in the regulation of type I IFNs and LN. An improved understanding of the mechanisms by which the Absent in Melanoma 2 proteins suppress the type I IFN response and modulate nephritis is key to identify novel therapeutic targets to treat a group of LN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divaker Choubey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, P.O. Box-670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Research Service, ML-151, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States.
| | - Ravichandran Panchanathan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, P.O. Box-670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States; Research Service, ML-151, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
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Innate and adaptive signals enhance differentiation and expansion of dual-antibody autoreactive B cells in lupus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3973. [PMID: 30266981 PMCID: PMC6162205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells have a major function in autoimmunity. A small subset of B cells expressing two distinct B-cell-antigen-receptors (B2R cells) is elevated in many patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in the MRL(/lpr) mouse model of lupus, and is often autoreactive. Here we show, using RNAseq and in vitro and in vivo analyses, signals that are required for promoting B2R cell numbers and effector function in autoimmune mice. Compared with conventional B cells, B2R cells are more responsive to Toll-like receptor 7/9 and type I/II interferon treatment, display higher levels of MHCII and co-receptors, and depend on IL-21 for their homeostasis; moreover they expand better upon T cell-dependent antigen stimulation, and mount a more robust memory response, which are characteristics essential for enhanced (auto)immune responses. Our findings thus provide insights on the stimuli for the expansion of an autoreactive B cell subset that may contribute to the etiology of SLE.
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Li Y, Wu T. Proteomic approaches for novel systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:765-777. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1480718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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36
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Greaves SA, Peterson JN, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Activation of the MEK-ERK Pathway Is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Breaking Central B Cell Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:707. [PMID: 29686680 PMCID: PMC5900439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly generated bone marrow B cells are positively selected into the peripheral lymphoid tissue only when they express a B cell receptor (BCR) that is nonautoreactive or one that binds self-antigen with only minimal avidity. This positive selection process, moreover, is critically contingent on the ligand-independent tonic signals transduced by the BCR. We have previously shown that when autoreactive B cells express an active form of the rat sarcoma (RAS) oncogene, they upregulate the receptor for the B cell activating factor (BAFFR) and undergo differentiation in vitro and positive selection into the spleen in vivo, overcoming central tolerance. Based on the in vitro use of pharmacologic inhibitors, we further showed that this cell differentiation process is critically dependent on the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase pathway MEK (MAPKK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is downstream of RAS. Here, we next investigated if activation of ERK is not only necessary but also sufficient to break central B cell tolerance and induce differentiation of autoreactive B cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that activation of ERK is critical for upregulating BAFFR and overcoming suboptimal levels of tonic BCR signals or low amounts of antigen-induced BCR signals during in vitro B cell differentiation. However, direct activation of ERK does not lead high avidity autoreactive B cells to increase BAFFR levels and undergo positive selection and differentiation in vivo. B cell-specific MEK-ERK activation in mice is also unable to lead to autoantibody secretion, and this in spite of a general increase of serum immunoglobulin levels. These findings indicate that additional pathways downstream of RAS are required for high avidity autoreactive B cells to break central and/or peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jacob N Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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37
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Raybuck AL, Cho SH, Li J, Rogers MC, Lee K, Williams CL, Shlomchik M, Thomas JW, Chen J, Williams JV, Boothby MR. B Cell-Intrinsic mTORC1 Promotes Germinal Center-Defining Transcription Factor Gene Expression, Somatic Hypermutation, and Memory B Cell Generation in Humoral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29531165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes migrate among varied microenvironmental niches during diversification, selection, and conversion to memory or Ab-secreting plasma cells. Aspects of the nutrient milieu differ within these lymphoid microenvironments and can influence signaling molecules such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, much remains to be elucidated as to the B cell-intrinsic functions of nutrient-sensing signal transducers that modulate B cell differentiation or Ab affinity. We now show that the amino acid-sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is vital for induction of Bcl6-a key transcriptional regulator of the germinal center (GC) fate-in activated B lymphocytes. Accordingly, disruption of mTORC1 after B cell development and activation led to reduced populations of Ag-specific memory B cells as well as plasma cells and GC B cells. In addition, induction of the germ line transcript that guides activation-induced deaminase in selection of the IgG1 H chain region during class switching required mTORC1. Expression of the somatic mutator activation-induced deaminase was reduced by a lack of mTORC1 in B cells, whereas point mutation frequencies in Ag-specific GC-phenotype B cells were only halved. These effects culminated in a B cell-intrinsic defect that impacted an antiviral Ab response and drastically impaired generation of high-affinity IgG1. Collectively, these data establish that mTORC1 governs critical B cell-intrinsic mechanisms essential for establishment of GC differentiation and effective Ab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Meredith C Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christopher L Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - James W Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232
| | - Jin Chen
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232.,Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212.,Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John V Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212.,Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
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Perl A. Review: Metabolic Control of Immune System Activation in Rheumatic Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:2259-2270. [PMID: 28841779 PMCID: PMC5711528 DOI: 10.1002/art.40223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways mediate lineage specification within the immune system through the regulation of glucose utilization, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP and synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids to enable cell growth, proliferation, and survival. CD4+ T cells, a proinflammatory cell subset, preferentially produce ATP through glycolysis, whereas cells with an antiinflammatory lineage, such as memory and regulatory T cells, favor mitochondrial ATP generation. In conditions of metabolic stress or a shortage of nutrients, cells rely on autophagy to secure amino acids and other substrates, while survival depends on the sparing of mitochondria and maintenance of a reducing environment. The pentose phosphate pathway acts as a key gatekeeper of inflammation by supplying ribose‐5‐phosphate for cell proliferation and NADPH for antioxidant defenses. Increased lysosomal catabolism, accumulation of branched amino acids, glutamine, kynurenine, and histidine, and depletion of glutathione and cysteine activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), an arbiter of lineage development within the innate and adaptive immune systems. Mapping the impact of susceptibility genes to metabolic pathways allows for better understanding and therapeutic targeting of disease‐specific expansion of proinflammatory cells. Therapeutic approaches aimed at glutathione depletion and mTOR pathway activation appear to be safe and effective for treating lupus, while an opposing intervention may be of benefit in rheumatoid arthritis. Environmental sources of origin for metabolites within immune cells may include microbiota and plants. Thus, a better understanding of the pathways of immunometabolism could provide new insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of the rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
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Torigoe M, Iwata S, Nakayamada S, Sakata K, Zhang M, Hajime M, Miyazaki Y, Narisawa M, Ishii K, Shibata H, Tanaka Y. Metabolic Reprogramming Commits Differentiation of Human CD27 +IgD + B Cells to Plasmablasts or CD27 -IgD - Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28626065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the relevance of the metabolic pathway in the differentiation of human B cell subsets remains unknown. In this article, we show that the combination of CpG/TLR9 and IFN-α markedly induced the differentiation of CD27+IgD+ unswitched memory B cells into CD27hiCD38hi plasmablasts. The response was accompanied by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation and increased lactate production, indicating a shift to glycolysis. However, CpG alone induced the differentiation of unswitched memory B cells into CD27-IgD- memory B cells with high cytokine production, but such differentiation was suppressed by IFN-α. AMP-activated protein kinase activation enhanced the differentiation to CD27-IgD- B cells, but it attenuated mTORC1 activation and differentiation into plasmablasts. High mTORC1 activation was noted in CD19+ B cells of patients with SLE and correlated with plasmablast differentiation and disease activity. Taken together, differential metabolic reprogramming commits the differentiation of human unswitched memory B cells into plasmablasts (the combination of CpG and IFN-α amplifies mTORC1-glycolysis pathways) or CD27-IgD- memory B cells (CpG alone amplifies the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway). The former metabolic pathway may play a pivotal role in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Torigoe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; and
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kei Sakata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.,Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Mingzeng Zhang
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Maiko Hajime
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Narisawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; and
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan;
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against nucleoprotein complexes. Beyond the activation of autoreactive B cells, this process involves dysregulation in many other types of immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Metabolic substrate utilization and integration of cues from energy sensors are critical checkpoints of effector functions in the immune system, with common as well as cell-specific programmes. Patients with SLE and lupus-prone mice present with activated metabolism of CD4+ T cells, and the use of metabolic inhibitors to normalize these features is associated with therapeutic effects. Far less is known about the metabolic requirements of B cells and myeloid cells in SLE. This article reviews current knowledge of the alterations in metabolism of immune cells in patients with SLE and mouse models of lupus in the context of what is known about the metabolic regulation of these cells during normal immune responses. How these alterations might contribute to lupus pathogenesis and how they can be targeted therapeutically are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Oleksyn D, Zhao J, Vosoughi A, Zhao JC, Misra R, Pentland AP, Ryan D, Anolik J, Ritchlin C, Looney J, Anandarajah AP, Schwartz G, Calvi LM, Georger M, Mohan C, Sanz I, Chen L. PKK deficiency in B cells prevents lupus development in Sle lupus mice. Immunol Lett 2017; 185:1-11. [PMID: 28274793 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies that can result in damage to multiple organs. It is well documented that B cells play a critical role in the development of the disease. We previously showed that protein kinase C associated kinase (PKK) is required for B1 cell development as well as for the survival of recirculating mature B cells and B-lymphoma cells. Here, we investigated the role of PKK in lupus development in a lupus mouse model. We demonstrate that the conditional deletion of PKK in B cells prevents lupus development in Sle1Sle3 mice. The loss of PKK in Sle mice resulted in the amelioration of multiple classical lupus-associated phenotypes and histologic features of lupus nephritis, including marked reduction in the levels of serum autoantibodies, proteinuria, spleen size, peritoneal B-1 cell population and the number of activated CD4 T cells. In addition, the abundance of autoreactive plasma cells normally seen in Sle lupus mice was also significantly decreased in the PKK-deficient Sle mice. Sle B cells deficient in PKK display defective proliferation responses to BCR and LPS stimulation. Consistently, B cell receptor-mediated NF-κB activation, which is required for the survival of activated B cells, was impaired in the PKK-deficient B cells. Taken together, our work uncovers a critical role of PKK in lupus development and suggests that targeting the PKK-mediated pathway may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for lupus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oleksyn
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - A Vosoughi
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - J C Zhao
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - R Misra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - A P Pentland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - D Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - J Anolik
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - C Ritchlin
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - J Looney
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - A P Anandarajah
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - G Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - L M Calvi
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - M Georger
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - C Mohan
- Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - I Sanz
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - L Chen
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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42
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Rai R, Chauhan SK, Singh VV, Rai M, Rai G. RNA-seq Analysis Reveals Unique Transcriptome Signatures in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Distinct Autoantibody Specificities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166312. [PMID: 27835693 PMCID: PMC5106032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients exhibit immense heterogeneity which is challenging from the diagnostic perspective. Emerging high throughput sequencing technologies have been proved to be a useful platform to understand the complex and dynamic disease processes. SLE patients categorised based on autoantibody specificities are reported to have differential immuno-regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, we performed RNA-seq analysis to identify transcriptomics of SLE patients with distinguished autoantibody specificities. The SLE patients were segregated into three subsets based on the type of autoantibodies present in their sera (anti-dsDNA+ group with anti-dsDNA autoantibody alone; anti-ENA+ group having autoantibodies against extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) only, and anti-dsDNA+ENA+ group having autoantibodies to both dsDNA and ENA). Global transcriptome profiling for each SLE patients subsets was performed using Illumina® Hiseq-2000 platform. The biological relevance of dysregulated transcripts in each SLE subsets was assessed by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software. We observed that dysregulation in the transcriptome expression pattern was clearly distinct in each SLE patients subsets. IPA analysis of transcripts uniquely expressed in different SLE groups revealed specific biological pathways to be affected in each SLE subsets. Multiple cytokine signaling pathways were specifically dysregulated in anti-dsDNA+ patients whereas Interferon signaling was predominantly dysregulated in anti-ENA+ patients. In anti-dsDNA+ENA+ patients regulation of actin based motility by Rho pathway was significantly affected. The granulocyte gene signature was a common feature to all SLE subsets; however, anti-dsDNA+ group showed relatively predominant expression of these genes. Dysregulation of Plasma cell related transcripts were higher in anti-dsDNA+ and anti-ENA+ patients as compared to anti-dsDNA+ ENA+. Association of specific canonical pathways with the uniquely expressed transcripts in each SLE subgroup indicates that specific immunological disease mechanisms are operative in distinct SLE patients' subsets. This 'sub-grouping' approach could further be useful for clinical evaluation of SLE patients and devising targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Vikram Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geeta Rai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival. These effects are cell-type-specific, and are elicited in response to stimulation by growth factors, hormones and cytokines, as well as to internal and external metabolic cues. Rapamycin was initially developed as an inhibitor of T-cell proliferation and allograft rejection in the organ transplant setting. Subsequently, its molecular target (mTOR) was identified as a component of two interacting complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, that regulate T-cell lineage specification and macrophage differentiation. mTORC1 drives the proinflammatory expansion of T helper (TH) type 1, TH17, and CD4(-)CD8(-) (double-negative, DN) T cells. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibit the development of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory (TREG) cells and, indirectly, mTORC2 favours the expansion of T follicular helper (TFH) cells which, similarly to DN T cells, promote B-cell activation and autoantibody production. In contrast to this proinflammatory effect of mTORC2, mTORC1 favours, to some extent, an anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization that is protective against infections and tissue inflammation. Outside the immune system, mTORC1 controls fibroblast proliferation and chondrocyte survival, with implications for tissue fibrosis and osteoarthritis, respectively. Rapamycin (which primarily inhibits mTORC1), ATP-competitive, dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors and upstream regulators of the mTOR pathway are being developed to treat autoimmune, hyperproliferative and degenerative diseases. In this regard, mTOR blockade promises to increase life expectancy through treatment and prevention of rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Edwards LJ, Mizui M, Kyttaris V. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 inhibition delays the onset of lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Clin Immunol 2015; 158:221-30. [PMID: 25869298 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT3 is overexpressed and hyperactivated in T cells from SLE patients. STAT3 plays a central role in T cell differentiation into Th17 and T follicular helper cells, two subsets that orchestrate autoimmune responses in SLE. Moreover, STAT3 is important in chemokine-mediated T cell migration. To better understand its role in SLE, we inhibited STAT3 in lupus-prone mice using the small molecule Stattic. Stattic-treated mice exhibited delayed onset of proteinuria (3 weeks later than controls), and had lower levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies and inflammatory cytokines. Inhibitor treatment reduced lymphadenopathy, resulted in a 3-fold decrease in total T cell number, and a 4-fold decrease in the numbers of T follicular helper cells. In vitro experiments showed that Stattic-treated T cells exhibited decreased proliferation and a decrease in ability to migrate to CXCL12. We propose that STAT3 inhibition represents a therapeutic target in SLE, particularly lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Edwards
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Masayuki Mizui
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vasileios Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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45
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Ye T, Zhen J, Du Y, Zhou JK, Peng A, Vaziri ND, Mohan C, Xu Y, Zhou XJ. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate restores Nrf2 activity and ameliorates crescentic glomerulonephritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119543. [PMID: 25785827 PMCID: PMC4364748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) is the most severe form of GN and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite aggressive immunotherapy with steroids, cytotoxic drugs, and plasmapheresis. We examined the therapeutic efficacy of the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, 50 mg/kg BW/day x3weeks), a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent, on experimental crescentic GN induced in 129/svJ mice by administration of rabbit anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane sera. Routine histology and key molecules involved in inflammatory and redox signaling were studied. EGCG treatment significantly reduced mortality, decreased proteinuria and serum creatinine, and markedly improved renal histology when compared with vehicle-treated mice. The improvements in renal function and histology were accompanied by the restoration of Nrf2 signaling (which was impaired in vehicle-treated mice) as shown by increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and cytoplasmic glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and glutathione peroxidase. EGCG-treated mice also showed reduction in p-Akt, p-JNK, p-ERK1/2 and p-P38 as well as restoration of PPARγ and SIRT1 levels. Lower dose of EGCG (25 mg/kg BW/day x2 weeks) treatment also significantly decreased proteinuria and serum creatinine, and markedly improved renal histology when compared with vehicle-treated mice. Thus, our data illustrate the efficacy of EGCG in reversing the progression of crescentic GN in mice by targeting multiple signaling and inflammatory pathways as well as countering oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ai Peng
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Department of Nephrology & Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nosratola D. Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJZ); (CM); (YX)
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (XJZ); (CM); (YX)
| | - Xin J. Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Renal Path Diagnostics, Pathologist BioMedical laboratories, Lewisville, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJZ); (CM); (YX)
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Wu T, Ye Y, Min SY, Zhu J, Khobahy E, Zhou J, Yan M, Hemachandran S, Pathak S, Zhou XJ, Andreeff M, Mohan C. Prevention of murine lupus nephritis by targeting multiple signaling axes and oxidative stress using a synthetic triterpenoid. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 66:3129-39. [PMID: 25047252 DOI: 10.1002/art.38782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current treatment options for lupus are far from optimal. Previously, we reported that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, MEK-1/ERK-1,2, p38, STAT-3, STAT-5, NF-κB, multiple Bcl-2 family members, and various cell cycle molecules were overexpressed in splenic B cells in an age-dependent and gene dose-dependent manner in mouse strains with spontaneous lupus. Since the synthetic triterpenoid methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) has been shown to inhibit AKT, MEK-1/2, and NF-κB, and to induce caspase-mediated apoptosis, we tested the therapeutic potential of this agent in murine lupus nephritis. METHODS The synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Me or placebo was administered to 2-month-old B6.Sle1.Sle3 mice or MRL/lpr mice, which develop spontaneous lupus. All mice were phenotyped for disease. RESULTS CDDO-Me-treated mice exhibited significantly reduced splenic cellularity, with decreased numbers of both CD4+ T cells and activated CD69+/CD4+ T cells compared to the placebo-treated mice. These mice also exhibited a significant reduction in serum autoantibody levels, including anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and antiglomerular antibodies. Finally, CDDO-Me treatment attenuated renal disease in mice, as indicated by reduced 24-hour proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and glomerulonephritis. At the mechanistic level, CDDO-Me treatment dampened MEK-1/2, ERK, and STAT-3 signaling within lymphocytes and oxidative stress. Importantly, the NF-E2-related factor 2 pathway was activated after CDDO-Me treatment, indicating that CDDO-Me may modulate renal damage in lupus via the inhibition of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION These findings underscore the importance of AKT/MEK-1/2/NF-κB signaling in engendering murine lupus. Our findings indicate that the blockade of multiple signaling nodes and oxidative stress may effectively prevent and reverse the hematologic, autoimmune, and pathologic manifestations of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Wu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Sang A, Niu H, Cullen J, Choi SC, Zheng YY, Wang H, Shlomchik MJ, Morel L. Activation of rheumatoid factor-specific B cells is antigen dependent and occurs preferentially outside of germinal centers in the lupus-prone NZM2410 mouse model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1609-21. [PMID: 25015835 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AM14 rheumatoid factor (RF) B cells in the MRL/lpr mice are activated by dual BCR and TLR7/9 ligation and differentiate into plasmablasts via an extrafollicular (EF) route. It was not known whether this mechanism of activation of RF B cells applied to other lupus-prone mouse models. We investigated the mechanisms by which RF B cells break tolerance in the NZM2410-derived B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (TC) strain in comparison with C57BL/6 (B6) controls, each expressing the AM14 H chain transgene in the presence or absence of the IgG2a(a) autoantigen. The TC, but not B6, genetic background promotes the differentiation of RF B cells into Ab-forming cells (AFCs) in the presence of the autoantigen. Activated RF B cells preferentially differentiated into plasmablasts in EF zones. Contrary to the MRL/lpr strain, TC RF B cells were also located within germinal centers, but only the formation of EF foci was positively correlated with the production of RF AFCs. Immunization of young TC.AM14 H chain transgenic mice with IgG2a(a) anti-chromatin immune complexes (ICs) activated RF B cells in a BCR- and TLR9-dependent manner. However, these IC immunizations did not result in the production of RF AFCs. These results show that RF B cells break tolerance with the same general mechanisms in the TC and the MRL/lpr lupus-prone genetic backgrounds, namely the dual activation of the BCR and TLR9 pathways. There are also distinct differences, such as the presence of RF B cells in GCs and the requirement of chronic IgG2a(a) anti-chromatin ICs for full differentiation of RF AFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jaime Cullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Seung Chul Choi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Ying Yi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Haowei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610;
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Khan WN, Wright JA, Kleiman E, Boucher JC, Castro I, Clark ES. B-lymphocyte tolerance and effector function in immunity and autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2013; 57:335-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and it contributes to immune system dysregulation, abnormal activation and processing of cell-death signals, autoantibody production and fatal comorbidities. Mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells promotes the release of highly diffusible inflammatory lipid hydroperoxides, which spread oxidative stress to other intracellular organelles and through the bloodstream. Oxidative modification of self antigens triggers autoimmunity, and the degree of such modification of serum proteins shows striking correlation with disease activity and organ damage in SLE. In T cells from patients with SLE and animal models of the disease, glutathione, the main intracellular antioxidant, is depleted and serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR undergoes redox-dependent activation. In turn, reversal of glutathione depletion by application of its amino acid precursor, N-acetylcysteine, improves disease activity in lupus-prone mice; pilot studies in patients with SLE have yielded positive results that warrant further research. Blocking mTOR activation in T cells could conceivably provide a well-tolerated and inexpensive alternative approach to B-cell blockade and traditional immunosuppressive treatments. Nevertheless, compartmentalized oxidative stress in self-reactive T cells, B cells and phagocytic cells might serve to limit autoimmunity and its inhibition could be detrimental. Antioxidant therapy might also be useful in ameliorating damage caused by other treatments. This Review thus seeks to critically evaluate the complexity of oxidative stress and its relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of SLE.
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang L, Sun L, Pan HF, Hirankarn N, Ying D, Zeng S, Lee TL, Lau CS, Chan TM, Leung AMH, Mok CC, Wong SN, Lee KW, Ho MHK, Lee PPW, Chung BHY, Chong CY, Wong RWS, Mok MY, Wong WHS, Tong KL, Tse NKC, Li XP, Avihingsanon Y, Rianthavorn P, Deekajorndej T, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V, Ying SKY, Fung SKS, Lai WM, Garcia-Barceló MM, Cherny SS, Tam PKH, Cui Y, Sham PC, Yang S, Ye DQ, Zhang XJ, Lau YL, Yang W. Three SNPs in chromosome 11q23.3 are independently associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Asians. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:524-33. [PMID: 24001599 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has a complex etiology and is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Although more than 40 loci have shown robust association with SLE, the details of these loci, such as the independent contributors and the genes involved, are still unclear. In this study, we performed meta-analysis of two existing genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on Chinese Han populations from Hong Kong and Anhui, China, and followed the findings by further replication on three additional Chinese and Thailand cohorts with a total of 4254 cases and 6262 controls matched geographically and ethnically. We discovered multiple susceptibility variants for SLE in the 11q23.3 region, including variants in/near PHLDB1 (rs11603023, P(_combined) = 1.25E-08, OR = 1.20), DDX6 (rs638893, P(_combined) = 5.19E-07, OR = 1.22) and CXCR5 (rs10892301, P(_combined) = 2.51E-08, OR = 0.85). Genetic contributions from the newly identified variants were all independent of SNP rs4639966, whose association was reported from the previous GWAS. In addition, the three newly identified variants all showed independent association with the disease through modeling by both stepwise and conditional logistic regression. The presence of multiple independent variants in this region emphasizes its role in SLE susceptibility, and also hints the possibility that distinct biological mechanisms might be involved in the disease involving this genomic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
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