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Freeman CL, Atkins R, Varadarajan I, Menges M, Edelman J, Baz R, Brayer J, Castaneda Puglianini O, Ochoa-Bayona JL, Nishihori T, Shain KH, Shah B, Chen DT, Kelley L, Coppola D, Alsina M, Antonia S, Anasetti C, Locke FL. Survivin Dendritic Cell Vaccine Safely Induces Immune Responses and Is Associated with Durable Disease Control after Autologous Transplant in Patients with Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4575-4585. [PMID: 37735756 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine transduced with an adenoviral vector encoded with full-length survivin (Ad-S), with mutations neutralizing its antiapoptotic function, could safely generate an immune response and deepen clinical responses when administered before and after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for multiple myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS This phase I first-in-human trial (NCT02851056) evaluated the safety of DC:Ad-S in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma not having achieved complete response with induction, given 7 to 30 days prior to stem cell collection and 20 to 34 days after ASCT. Anti-survivin antibodies and CD4+ and CD8+ specific T cells were quantified. RESULTS A total of 14 patients were treated and 13 included in the primary efficacy analysis. No serious adverse events were attributed to DC:Ad-S vaccine. Detectable anti-survivin antibodies increased from baseline in 9 of 13 (69%) patients, and 11 of 13 (85%) mounted either a cellular or humoral immune response to survivin. Seven patients had an improved clinical response at day +90, all of whom had mounted an immune response, and 6 of 7 patients remain event-free at a median follow-up of 4.2 years. Estimated progression-free survival at 4 years is 71% (95% confidence interval, 41-88). CONCLUSIONS Two doses of DC:Ad-S, one given immediately before and another after ASCT, were feasible and safe. A high frequency of vaccine-specific immune responses was seen in combination with durable clinical outcomes, supporting ongoing investigation into the potential of this approach. See related commentary by Dhodapkar, p. 4524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara L Freeman
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Reginald Atkins
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Indumathy Varadarajan
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Meghan Menges
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jeffrey Edelman
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rachid Baz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jason Brayer
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Omar Castaneda Puglianini
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jose Leonel Ochoa-Bayona
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kenneth H Shain
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bijal Shah
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Dung Tsa Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Linda Kelley
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Melissa Alsina
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Scott Antonia
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Claudio Anasetti
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Frederick L Locke
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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2
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Pampusch MS, Abdelaal HM, Cartwright EK, Molden JS, Davey BC, Sauve JD, Sevcik EN, Rendahl AK, Rakasz EG, Connick E, Berger EA, Skinner PJ. CAR/CXCR5-T cell immunotherapy is safe and potentially efficacious in promoting sustained remission of SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009831. [PMID: 35130312 PMCID: PMC8853520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection prior to AIDS progression, the vast majority of viral replication is concentrated within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues. We investigated whether infusion of T cells expressing an SIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and the follicular homing receptor, CXCR5, could successfully kill viral-RNA+ cells in targeted lymphoid follicles in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. In this study, CD4 and CD8 T cells from rhesus macaques were genetically modified to express antiviral CAR and CXCR5 moieties (generating CAR/CXCR5-T cells) and autologously infused into a chronically infected animal. At 2 days post-treatment, the CAR/CXCR5-T cells were located primarily in spleen and lymph nodes both inside and outside of lymphoid follicles. Few CAR/CXCR5-T cells were detected in the ileum, rectum, and lung, and no cells were detected in the bone marrow, liver, or brain. Within follicles, CAR/CXCR5-T cells were found in direct contact with SIV-viral RNA+ cells. We next infused CAR/CXCR5-T cells into ART-suppressed SIV-infected rhesus macaques, in which the animals were released from ART at the time of infusion. These CAR/CXCR5-T cells replicated in vivo within both the extrafollicular and follicular regions of lymph nodes and accumulated within lymphoid follicles. CAR/CXR5-T cell concentrations in follicles peaked during the first week post-infusion but declined to undetectable levels after 2 to 4 weeks. Overall, CAR/CXCR5-T cell-treated animals maintained lower viral loads and follicular viral RNA levels than untreated control animals, and no outstanding adverse reactions were noted. These findings indicate that CAR/CXCR5-T cell treatment is safe and holds promise as a future treatment for the durable remission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S. Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hadia M. Abdelaal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Cartwright
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jhomary S. Molden
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brianna C. Davey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jordan D. Sauve
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emily N. Sevcik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Abstract
Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with current chemotherapy regimens is still disappointing, with overall survival rates of ≤40% at 5 years. It is now well established that AML cells can evade the immune system through multiple mechanisms, including the expression of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase. Immunotherapeutic strategies, including both active, such as vaccination with leukemia-associated antigens, and passive, such as adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer cells, may overcome leukemia escape and lead to improved cure. Allogeneic hemopoeitic stem cell transplantation, the most effective treatment of AML, is the best known model of immunotherapy. Following transplant, recipient AML cells are eradicated by donor immune cells through the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, GVL is clinically associated with graft-versus-host disease, the major cause of mortality after transplant. GVL is mediated by donor T cells recognizing either leukemia-associated antigens or minor as well as major histocompatibility antigens. Several innovative strategies have been devised to generate leukemia reactive T cells so as to increase GVL responses with no or little graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Arpinati
- Department of Hematology & Oncological Sciences ‘Seragnoli’, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Curti
- Department of Hematology & Oncological Sciences ‘Seragnoli’, University of Bologna, Italy
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4
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Locke FL, Nishihori T, Alsina M, Kharfan-Dabaja MA. Immunotherapy strategies for multiple myeloma: the present and the future. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1005-20. [PMID: 23998734 PMCID: PMC4905571 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing knowledge of the complexities of the immune system have led to a better understanding of how it can be harnessed for the purpose of anticancer therapy. Moreover, recent success with immunotherapies for solid tumors, combined with novel therapeutic strategies against myeloma, heighten excitement at the prospect of improving clinical outcomes for myeloma by improving antitumor immunity. Increased understanding of myeloma tumor-associated antigens, availability of more potent vaccines, expanded immune-modulating therapies, development of agents that block immune-suppressive pathways, increased sophistication of adoptive cell therapy techniques and capitalization upon standard autologous transplant are all important standalone or combination strategies that might ultimately improve prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick L Locke
- Department of Blood & Marrow Transplantation, H Lee Moffitt Cancer, Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB-3, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Department of Blood & Marrow Transplantation, H Lee Moffitt Cancer, Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB-3, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Melissa Alsina
- Department of Blood & Marrow Transplantation, H Lee Moffitt Cancer, Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB-3, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Department of Blood & Marrow Transplantation, H Lee Moffitt Cancer, Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, FOB-3, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Yu Y, Cho HI, Wang D, Kaosaard K, Anasetti C, Celis E, Yu XZ. Adoptive transfer of Tc1 or Tc17 cells elicits antitumor immunity against established melanoma through distinct mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1873-81. [PMID: 23315072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of ex vivo-activated autologous tumor-reactive T cells is currently one of the most promising approaches for cancer immunotherapy. Recent studies provided some evidence that IL-17-producing CD8(+) (Tc17) cells may exhibit potent antitumor activity, but the specific mechanisms have not been completely defined. In this study, we used a murine melanoma lung-metastasis model and tested the therapeutic effects of gp100-specific polarized type I CD8(+) cytotoxic T (Tc1) or Tc17 cells combined with autologous bone marrow transplantation after total body irradiation. Bone marrow transplantation combined with ACT of antitumor (gp100-specific) Tc17 cells significantly suppressed the growth of established melanoma, whereas Tc1 cells induced long-term tumor regression. After ACT, Tc1 cells maintained their phenotype to produce IFN-γ, but not IL-17. However, although Tc17 cells largely preserved their ability to produce IL-17, a subset secreted IFN-γ or both IFN-γ and IL-17, indicating the plasticity of Tc17 cells in vivo. Furthermore, after ACT, the Tc17 cells had a long-lived effector T cell phenotype (CD127(hi)/KLRG-1(low)) as compared with Tc1 cells. Mechanistically, Tc1 cells mediated antitumor immunity primarily through the direct effect of IFN-γ on tumor cells. In contrast, despite the fact that some Tc17 cells also secreted IFN-γ, Tc17-mediated antitumor immunity was independent of the direct effects of IFN-γ on the tumor. Nevertheless, IFN-γ played a critical role by creating a microenvironment that promoted Tc17-mediated antitumor activity. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that both Tc1 and Tc17 cells can mediate effective antitumor immunity through distinct effector mechanisms, but Tc1 cells are superior to Tc17 cells in mediating tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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6
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Munger CM, Hegde GV, Weisenburger DD, Vose JM, Joshi SS. Optimized adoptive T-cell therapy for the treatment of residual mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1819-32. [PMID: 22441656 PMCID: PMC11029434 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell neoplasm with few patients achieving long-term survival with current treatment regimens. High-dose therapy is effective in reducing the tumor burden; however, patients eventually relapse due to minimal residual disease. Having demonstrated efficacy in other malignancies, the effectiveness of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for minimal residual MCL was examined. We demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC) primed with MCL antigens stimulated the activation of MCL-specific T cells that recognized and destroyed both MCL cell lines and primary MCL in vitro. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated that adoptively transferred MCL-specific T cells were able to significantly inhibit tumor growth in mice with minimal residual MCL. Subsequently, when combined with CHOP chemotherapy, adoptive T-cell therapy was able to significantly extend the survival of the mice by further reducing the tumor burden. These results clearly show that MCL-specific cellular immunotherapy is effective in treating minimal residual MCL, paving the way for future clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/secondary
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey M. Munger
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Research in Leukemia and Lymphoma, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6395 USA
| | - Ganapati V. Hegde
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Research in Leukemia and Lymphoma, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6395 USA
| | - Dennis D. Weisenburger
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Research in Leukemia and Lymphoma, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6395 USA
| | - Julie M. Vose
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section of Oncology and Hematology, Center for Research in Leukemia and Lymphoma, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6395 USA
| | - Shantaram S. Joshi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Center for Research in Leukemia and Lymphoma, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6395 USA
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7
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Wrzesinski C, Paulos CM, Kaiser A, Muranski P, Palmer DC, Gattinoni L, Yu Z, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Increased intensity lymphodepletion enhances tumor treatment efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells. J Immunother 2010; 33:1-7. [PMID: 19952961 PMCID: PMC3247626 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b88ffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphodepletion before adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapies can enhance anti-tumor responses by augmenting innate immunity, by increasing access to homeostatic cytokines, and by depressing the numbers of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Although it is clear that high-dose total body irradiation given together with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation effectively enhances ACT, the relationship between the intensity of lymphodepletion and tumor treatment efficacy has not been systematically studied. Using the pmel-1 mouse model of self/tumor-reactive CD8 T cells, we observed a strong correlation between the intensity of the conditioning regimen and the efficacy of ACT-based treatments using linear regression analysis. This was the case for preparative total body irradiation administered either as a single dose (R=0.97, P<0.001) or in fractionated doses (R=0.94, P<0.001). Increased amounts of preparative total body irradiation were directly correlated with progressively more favorable ratios of transferred tumor-reactive CD8 T cells toward endogenous cells with the potential for inhibitory activity including: CD4 cells (potentially T regulatory cells); Gr1 cells (which are capable of functioning as myeloid-derived suppressor cells); and endogenous CD8 and natural killer 1.1 cells (that can act as "sinks" for homeostatic cytokines in the postablative setting). With increasing ablation, we also observed elevated lipopolysaccharide levels in the sera and heightened levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines. Thus, increased intensity lymphodepletion triggers enhanced tumor treatment efficacy and the benefits of high-dose total body irradiation must be titrated against its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wrzesinski
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Andrew Kaiser
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
- Performed in partial fulfillment of a Ph.D. in Biochemistry (to D.C.P.) at the George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD
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8
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Abstract
Based on leads from our recent animal studies, we are embarking on a series of new clinical trials to evaluate potential improvements in dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines for melanoma and pancreatic cancer. The first new strategy involves the use of a powerful chemokine (denoted secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine; SLC/CCL-21), which can both create functioning lymph node-like structures at sites of vaccination with tumor-loaded DCs and dramatically enhance vaccine efficacy in animal tumor models. Using this strategy, we are embarking on a clinical trial in melanoma patients with the intent to create functioning, ectopic, lymph node-like structures to enhance host antitumor immunity. The second strategy, in the setting of pancreatic cancer, involves a gene therapy and immunotherapy combination of a locally administered tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene vector followed by radiation (to induce tumor apoptosis/necrosis) and intratumorally administered monocyte-derived DCs (to uptake and present antigens from dying tumor cells to elicit potent, systemic, antitumor immunity).
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Hassanin H, Serba S, Schmidt J, Märten A. Ex vivo expanded telomerase-specific T cells are effective in an orthotopic mouse model for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:125-32. [PMID: 19737239 PMCID: PMC2759067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity is over-expressed in nearly all pancreatic carcinomas, but not in chronic pancreatitis. Here, we investigated various protocols for expansion of telomerase-specific T cells for adoptive cell transfer and their use in a syngeneic pancreatic carcinoma mouse model. Telomerase-specific T cells were generated by stimulation of splenocytes from peptide-immunized donor mice with either interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, artificial antigen-presenting cells, anti-signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) microbeads or allogeneic dendritic cells in combination with a limited dilution assay. T cells were tested for antigen specificity in vitro and for anti-tumour activity in syngeneic mice with orthotopically implanted tumours pretreated with cyclophosphamide. The immune cells from recipients were immunophenotyped. During a period of 2 weeks, the expansion approach using IL-2 was very successful in generating a high number of telomerase-specific CD8(+) T cells without losing their function after adoptive cell transfer. Significantly slower tumour growth rate and less metastasis were observed after adoptively transferring telomerase specific CD8(+) T cells, expanded using IL-2. Further investigations showed that anti-tumour efficacy was associated with a significant shift from naive CD8(+) T cells to CD8(+) central memory T cells, as well as recruitment of a high number of dendritic cells. Remarkable amounts of telomerase-specific T cells were detectable in the tumour. Generation of telomerase-specific T cells is feasible, whereat IL-2-based protocols seemed to be most effective and efficient. Antigen-specific T cells showed significant cytotoxic activity in a syngeneic, orthotopic mouse model, whereas central memory T cells but not effector memory T cells appear to be of high importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hassanin
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Abstract
The clinical goal of tumour immunotherapy is to provide either active or passive immunity against malignancies by harnessing the immune system to target tumours. Although vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infectious disease, it is less effective in the therapeutic setting for cancer treatment, which might be related to the low immunogenicity of tumour antigens and the reduced immunocompetence of cancer patients. Recent advances in technology have led to the development of passive immunotherapy approaches that utilize the unique specificity of antibodies and T cell receptors to target selected antigens on tumour cells. These approaches are likely to benefit patients and alter the way that clinicians treat malignant disease. In this article we review recent advances in the immunotherapy of cancer, focusing on new strategies to enhance the efficacy of passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies and antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J King
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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11
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12
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Abstract
The transfusion of lymphocytes, referred to as adoptive T cell therapy, is being tested for the treatment of cancer and chronic infections. Adoptive T cell therapy has the potential to enhance antitumor immunity, augment vaccine efficacy, and limit graft-versus-host disease. This form of personalized medicine is now in various early- and late-stage clinical trials. These trials are currently testing strategies to infuse tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CTLs, Th cells, and Tregs. Improved molecular biology techniques have also increased enthusiasm and feasibility for testing genetically engineered T cells. The current status of the field and prospects for clinical translation are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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