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Huber M, Brummer T. Enzyme Is the Name-Adapter Is the Game. Cells 2024; 13:1249. [PMID: 39120280 PMCID: PMC11311582 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Signaling proteins in eukaryotes usually comprise a catalytic domain coupled to one or several interaction domains, such as SH2 and SH3 domains. An additional class of proteins critically involved in cellular communication are adapter or scaffold proteins, which fulfill their purely non-enzymatic functions by organizing protein-protein interactions. Intriguingly, certain signaling enzymes, e.g., kinases and phosphatases, have been demonstrated to promote particular cellular functions by means of their interaction domains only. In this review, we will refer to such a function as "the adapter function of an enzyme". Though many stories can be told, we will concentrate on several proteins executing critical adapter functions in cells of the immune system, such as Bruton´s tyrosine kinase (BTK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and SH2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP1), as well as in cancer cells, such as proteins of the rat sarcoma/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (RAS/ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We will also discuss how these adaptor functions of enzymes determine or even undermine the efficacy of targeted therapy compounds, such as ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. Thereby, we are highlighting the need to develop pharmacological approaches, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), that eliminate the entire protein, and thus both enzymatic and adapter functions of the signaling protein. We also review how genetic knock-out and knock-in approaches can be leveraged to identify adaptor functions of signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, IMMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Non-ionic surfactants in drug delivery vehicles: Physicochemical insights with systems of drugs, Igepal CA-630, bovine serum albumin and hen egg-white lysozyme. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Moccia M, Yang D, Lakkaniga NR, Frett B, McConnell N, Zhang L, Brescia A, Federico G, Zhang L, Salerno P, Santoro M, Li HY, Carlomagno F. Targeted activity of the small molecule kinase inhibitor Pz-1 towards RET and TRK kinases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16103. [PMID: 34373541 PMCID: PMC8352932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently described Pz-1, a benzimidazole-based type-2 RET and VEGFR2 inhibitor. Based on a kinome scan, here we show that Pz-1 is also a potent (IC50 < 1 nM) TRKA/B/C inhibitor. Pz-1 potently inhibited proliferation of human cancer cells carrying either RET- or TRKA oncoproteins (IC50 ~ 1 nM), with a negligible effect against RET- and TRKA-negative cells. By testing mutations, known to mediate resistance to other compounds, RET G810R/S, but not L730I/V, E732K, V738A and Y806N, showed some degree of resistance to Pz-1. In the case of TRKA, G595R and F589L, but not G667C, showed some degree of resistance. In xenograft models, orally administered Pz-1 almost completely inhibited RET- and TRKA-mutant tumours at 1-3 mg/kg/day but showed a reduced effect on RET/TRKA-negative cancer models. The activity, albeit reduced, on RET/TRKA-negative tumours may be justified by VEGFR2 inhibition. Tumours induced by NIH3T3 cells transfected by RET G810R and TRKA G595R featured resistance to Pz-1, demonstrating that RET or TRKA inhibition is critical for its anti-tumourigenic effect. In conclusion, Pz-1 represents a new powerful kinase inhibitor with distinct activity towards cancers induced by oncogenic RET and TRKA variants, including some mutants displaying resistance to other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Moccia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Donglin Yang
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Synactix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Nicholas McConnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Lingtian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Annalisa Brescia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Federico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Salerno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Synactix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.
| | - Francesca Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Preparation, Characterization, and Anti-Cancer Activity of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Containing Imatinib. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071086. [PMID: 34371776 PMCID: PMC8309103 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most widespread malignancy in women worldwide. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have proven effective in the treatment of cancer. NLCs loaded with imatinib (IMA) (NANIMA) were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro efficacy in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The hot homogenization method was used for the preparation of NANIMAs. An aqueous solution of surfactants (hot) was mixed with a molten mixture of stearic acid and sesame oil (hot) under homogenization. The prepared NANIMAs were characterized and evaluated for size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, release studies, stability studies, and MTT assay (cytotoxicity studies). The optimized NANIMAs revealed a particle size of 104.63 ± 9.55 d.nm, PdI of 0.227 ± 0.06, and EE of 99.79 ± 0.03. All of the NANIMAs revealed slow and sustained release behavior. The surfactants used in the preparation of the NANIMAs exhibited their effects on particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, stability studies, and release studies. The cytotoxicity studies unveiled an 8.75 times increase in cytotoxicity for the optimized NANIMAs (IC50 = 6 µM) when compared to IMA alone (IC50 = 52.5 µM) on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In the future, NLCs containing IMA will possibly be employed to cure breast cancer. A small amount of IMA loaded into the NLCs will be better than IMA alone for the treatment of breast cancer. Moreover, patients will likely exhibit less adverse effects than in the case of IMA alone. Consequently, NANIMAs could prove to be useful for effective breast cancer treatment.
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Liu A, Zhou J, Bi X, Hou G, Li SS, Chen Q, Xu H, Cao X. Aptamer-SH2 superbinder-based targeted therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e337. [PMID: 33783993 PMCID: PMC7908048 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits the poorest prognosis of all solid tumors with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10% and a median survival of 6 months after diagnosis. Numerous targeted agents have been developed and evaluated to improve the survival benefit in patients with PDAC. Unfortunately, most agents have been proven futile mainly owing to the dense stroma and the sophisticated signaling pathways of PDAC. Here, we show the potent effectiveness of Aptamer-SH2 superbinder-(Arg)9 conjugate on the treatment of PDAC. In this conjugate, DNA aptamer selected against PDAC cell line confers the function of specifically recognizing and binding to the PDAC cells and activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) in stroma; cell penetrating peptide (Arg)9 facilitates the intracellular delivery of fused proteins; SH2 superbinder conducts the drastic blockade of multiple phosphotyrosines (pY)-based signaling pathways in tumor cells. METHODS PDAC-associated pY were reanalyzed by bioinformatics screen. XQ-2d and SH2 superbinder-(Arg)9 were crosslinked with BMH to form XQ-2d-SH2 CM-(Arg)9 conjugate. Immunofluorescence was utilized to assess the potency of the conjugate entering cells. MTT and wound healing assays were performed to evaluate the proliferation or migration of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells, respectively. Western blot and Pulldown assays revealed that conjugate influenced several pY-based signaling pathways. Tumor-bearing mice were used to validate XQ-2d-SH2 CM-(Arg)9, which restrained the growth and metastasis of cancer cells. RESULTS XQ-2d-His-SH2 CM-(Arg)9 conjugate restrained proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of PDAC cells with potent efficacy via blocking the activity of several pY-related signaling cascades. XQ-2d-His-SH2 CM-(Arg)9 could eliminate the dense stroma of PDAC and then arrive at tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS XQ-2d-SH2 CM-(Arg)9 conjugate may efficiently destroy the pancreatic stroma and show potent antitumor efficacy with minimal toxic effect by regulating tumor cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, which makes it to be a promising targeted therapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- An‐Dong Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanP. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanP. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Yang Bi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanP. R. China
| | - Guo‐Qing Hou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanP. R. China
| | - Shawn Shun‐Cheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanP. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Ultrastructural Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanP. R. China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanP. R. China
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Zell J, Rota Sperti F, Britton S, Monchaud D. DNA folds threaten genetic stability and can be leveraged for chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:47-76. [PMID: 35340894 PMCID: PMC8885165 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaging DNA is a current and efficient strategy to fight against cancer cell proliferation. Numerous mechanisms exist to counteract DNA damage, collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR) and which are commonly dysregulated in cancer cells. Precise knowledge of these mechanisms is necessary to optimise chemotherapeutic DNA targeting. New research on DDR has uncovered a series of promising therapeutic targets, proteins and nucleic acids, with application notably via an approach referred to as combination therapy or combinatorial synthetic lethality. In this review, we summarise the cornerstone discoveries which gave way to the DNA being considered as an anticancer target, and the manipulation of DDR pathways as a valuable anticancer strategy. We describe in detail the DDR signalling and repair pathways activated in response to DNA damage. We then summarise the current understanding of non-B DNA folds, such as G-quadruplexes and DNA junctions, when they are formed and why they can offer a more specific therapeutic target compared to that of canonical B-DNA. Finally, we merge these subjects to depict the new and highly promising chemotherapeutic strategy which combines enhanced-specificity DNA damaging and DDR targeting agents. This review thus highlights how chemical biology has given rise to significant scientific advances thanks to resolutely multidisciplinary research efforts combining molecular and cell biology, chemistry and biophysics. We aim to provide the non-specialist reader a gateway into this exciting field and the specialist reader with a new perspective on the latest results achieved and strategies devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zell
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
| | - Francesco Rota Sperti
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
- Équipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer 2018 Toulouse France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
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Tartaggia S, Meneghello A, Bellotto O, Poetto AS, Zanchetta M, Posocco B, Bunka D, Polo F, Toffoli G. An SPR investigation into the therapeutic drug monitoring of the anticancer drug imatinib with selective aptamers operating in human plasma. Analyst 2021; 146:1714-1724. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An ss-DNA aptamer-based biosensor was devised to detect the anticancer drug imatinib by means of surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tartaggia
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | - Anna Meneghello
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | - Ottavia Bellotto
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ariana Soledad Poetto
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Martina Zanchetta
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | | | - Federico Polo
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
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Lai TC, Fang CY, Jan YH, Hsieh HL, Yang YF, Liu CY, Chang PMH, Hsiao M. Kinase shRNA screening reveals that TAOK3 enhances microtubule-targeted drug resistance of breast cancer cells via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:164. [PMID: 33087151 PMCID: PMC7579951 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is currently one of the most effective treatments for advanced breast cancer. Anti-microtubule agents, including taxanes, eribulin and vinca-alkaloids are one of the primary major anti-breast cancer chemotherapies; however, chemoresistance remains a problem that is difficult to solve. We aimed to discover novel candidate protein targets to combat chemoresistance in breast cancer. METHODS A lentiviral shRNA-based high-throughput screening platform was designed and developed to screen the global kinome to find new therapeutic targets in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells. The phenotypes were confirmed with alternative expression in vitro and in vivo. Molecular mechanisms were investigated using global phosphoprotein arrays and expression microarrays. Global microarray analysis was performed to determine TAOK3 and genes that induced paclitaxel resistance. RESULTS A serine/threonine kinase gene, TAOK3, was identified from 724 screened kinase genes. TAOK3 shRNA exhibited the most significant reduction in IC50 values in response to paclitaxel treatment. Ectopic downregulation of TAOK3 resulted in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells sensitize to paclitaxel treatment in vitro and in vivo. The expression of TAOK3 also was correlated to sensitivity to two other anti-microtubule drugs, eribulin and vinorelbine. Our TAOK3-modulated microarray analysis indicated that NF-κB signaling played a major upstream regulation role. TAOK3 inhibitor, CP43, and shRNA of NF-κB both reduced the paclitaxel resistance in TAOK3 overexpressed cells. In clinical microarray databases, high TAOK3 expressed breast cancer patients had poorer prognoses after adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Here we identified TAOK3 overexpression increased anti-microtubule drug resistance through upregulation of NF-κB signaling, which reduced cell death in breast cancer. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between TAOK3 and NF-κB signaling may have therapeutic implications for breast cancer patients treated with anti-microtubule drugs. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ching Lai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Peter Mu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D.Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Regulation of histone deacetylase activities and functions by phosphorylation and its physiological relevance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:427-445. [PMID: 32683534 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are conserved enzymes that regulate many cellular processes by catalyzing the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones and non-histone proteins. As appropriate for proteins that occupy such an essential biological role, HDAC activities and functions are in turn highly regulated. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the dysregulation of HDACs plays a major role in many human diseases. The regulation of HDACs is achieved by multiple different mechanisms, including posttranslational modifications. One of the most common posttranslational modifications on HDACs is reversible phosphorylation. Many HDAC phosphorylations are context-dependent, occurring in specific tissues or as a consequence of certain stimuli. Additionally, whereas phosphorylation can regulate some HDACs in a non-specific manner, many HDAC phosphorylations result in specific consequences. Although some of these modifications support normal HDAC function, aberrations can contribute to disease development. Here we review and critically evaluate how reversible phosphorylation activates or deactivates HDACs and, thereby, regulates their many functions under various cellular and physiological contexts.
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10
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Ding Y, Liu K, Zhao X, Lv Y, Yu R, Kang C. Design, synthesis, and antitumor activity of novel benzoheterocycle derivatives as inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819899067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway promotes the formation of new blood vessels, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase exists in both active and inactive conformations. Novel indole–benzimidazole and indole–benzothiazole derivatives joined by different linkers are designed and synthesized as inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HT29, A549, and MDA-MB-435) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Meanwhile, the inhibitory activities against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 are estimated in vitro and the binding interactions with dual conformations of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase are evaluated by molecular docking. Compounds 5a–c and 14 show inhibitory activity against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase and promising cytotoxicity, specifically with IC50 values ranging between 0.1 and 1 μM, which imply broad-spectrum antitumor activity. These results provide a deep insight into potential structural modifications for developing potent vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yingtao Lv
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Congmin Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
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11
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Kazemi A, Ahmad Panahi H, Safaeijavan R. Thermosensitive molecularly imprinted poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/methyl methacrylate/
N
‐vinylcaprolactam) for selective extraction of imatinib mesylate in human biological fluid. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:614-621. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Kazemi
- Department of ChemistryCentral Tehran BranchIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Raheleh Safaeijavan
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsVaramin‐Pishva BranchIslamic Azad University Varamin Iran
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12
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Yu JS. From discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation to targeted cancer therapies: The 2018 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science. Biomed J 2019; 42:80-83. [PMID: 31130251 PMCID: PMC6541884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (TKs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins at tyrosine residues. TKs play key roles in controlling cell growth and many other functions by modulating the status of tyrosine phosphorylation of regulatory proteins critical for numerous cellular signaling pathways. Dysregulation of TKs caused by genetic abnormalities (mutation, amplification, fusion, etc.) results in uncontrolled cell growth, and ultimately leads to cancer. Thus, identification of dysregulated TK(s) in a specific cancer type and development of TK inhibitors (TKIs) that can potently block activity of the dysregulated TK establish the foundation of modern targeted cancer therapies. The 2018 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science was awarded to Tony Hunter as well as Brian Druker and John Mendelsohn for their great contributions in discovering oncogene src as a TK and developing small molecule TKIs or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against receptor TK, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Song Yu
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Kim P, Jia P, Zhao Z. Kinase impact assessment in the landscape of fusion genes that retain kinase domains: a pan-cancer study. Brief Bioinform 2019; 19:450-460. [PMID: 28013235 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the impact of kinase in gene fusion is essential for both identifying driver fusion genes (FGs) and developing molecular targeted therapies. Kinase domain retention is a crucial factor in kinase fusion genes (KFGs), but such a systematic investigation has not been done yet. To this end, we analyzed kinase domain retention (KDR) status in chimeric protein sequences of 914 KFGs covering 312 kinases across 13 major cancer types. Based on 171 kinase domain-retained KFGs including 101 kinases, we studied their recurrence, kinase groups, fusion partners, exon-based expression depth, short DNA motifs around the break points and networks. Our results, such as more KDR than 5'-kinase fusion genes, combinatorial effects between 3'-KDR kinases and their 5'-partners and a signal transduction-specific DNA sequence motif in the break point intronic sequences, supported positive selection on 3'-kinase fusion genes in cancer. We introduced a degree-of-frequency (DoF) score to measure the possible number of KFGs of a kinase. Interestingly, kinases with high DoF scores tended to undergo strong gene expression alteration at the break points. Furthermore, our KDR gene fusion network analysis revealed six of the seven kinases with the highest DoF scores (ALK, BRAF, MET, NTRK1, NTRK3 and RET) were all observed in thyroid carcinoma. Finally, we summarized common features of 'effective' (highly recurrent) kinases in gene fusions such as expression alteration at break point, redundant usage in multiple cancer types and 3'-location tendency. Collectively, our findings are useful for prioritizing driver kinases and FGs and provided insights into KFGs' clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pora Kim
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Yao Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Liu X, Liu Z, Li Y, Fang Z, Mao J, Zheng Y, Ye M. One-Step SH2 Superbinder-Based Approach for Sensitive Analysis of Tyrosine Phosphoproteome. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1870-1879. [PMID: 30875230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a major role in regulating cell signaling pathways governing diverse biological functions such as proliferation and differentiation. Systemically mapping phosphotyrosine (pTyr) sites is the key to understanding molecular mechanisms underlining pTyr-dependent signaling. Although mass spectrometry-based technologies have been widely used for pTyr site profiling and quantification, their applications are often hindered by the poor efficiency in current multistep enrichment procedures for inherently low abundance pTyr peptides, especially under physiological conditions. Taking advantage of the sequence-independent high affinity of SH2 superbinder toward pTyr residues, we have developed a simplified one-step pTyr peptide enrichment method that uses immobilized SH2 superbinder for unbiased and robust enrichment of endogenous pTyr peptides from biological samples. By eliminating the prerequisite global phosphopeptide enrichment step in our previously developed two-step method, we minimized sample loss and improved peptide capture efficiency. Applying this method to Jurkat cells at resting state, where the tyrosine phosphorylation level is low, both the number of identified pTyr peptides and sites are increased by three folds compared to the two-step method. Specifically, we were able to identify 511 nonredundant pTyr peptides, corresponding to 403 high confidence pTyr sites, from Jurkat cells with high level technical reproducibility (Pearson's correlation coefficient as high as 0.94). Further applying this method to two human breast cancer cell lines, BT474 and HCC1954, before and after EGF stimulation, we demonstrated that this approach could be a powerful tool for illustrating pTyr-dependent signaling network controlling cellular behaviors such as drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yanan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zheng Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jiawei Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing 102206 , China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Dalian 116023 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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15
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Locke GM, Bernhard SSR, Senge MO. Nonconjugated Hydrocarbons as Rigid-Linear Motifs: Isosteres for Material Sciences and Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:4590-4647. [PMID: 30387906 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Stefan S R Bernhard
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
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16
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Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb), rituximab, for hematological malignancies, almost 30 additional mAbs have been approved in oncology. Despite remarkable advances, relatively weak responses and resistance to antibody monotherapy remain major open issue. Overcoming resistance might require combinations of drugs blocking both the major target and the emerging secondary target. We review clinically approved combinations of antibodies and either cytotoxic regimens (chemotherapy and irradiation) or kinase inhibitors. Thereafter, we focus on the most promising and currently very active arena that combines mAbs inhibiting immune checkpoints or growth factor receptors. Clinically approved and experimental oligoclonal mixtures of mAbs targeting different antigens (hetero-combinations) or different epitopes of the same antigen (homo-combinations) are described. Effective oligoclonal mixtures of antibodies that mimic the polyclonal immune response will likely become a mainstay of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marrocco
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Donatella Romaniello
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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17
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Azoulay P, Li D, Zivin JSG, Sampat BN. Public R&D Investments and Private-sector Patenting: Evidence from NIH Funding Rules. THE REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES 2019; 86:117-152. [PMID: 31662587 PMCID: PMC6818650 DOI: 10.1093/restud/rdy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We quantify the impact of scientific grant funding at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) on patenting by pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms. Our paper makes two contributions. First, we use newly constructed bibliometric data to develop a method for flexibly linking specific grant expenditures to private-sector innovations. Second, we take advantage of idiosyncratic rigidities in the rules governing NIH peer review to generate exogenous variation in funding across research areas. Our results show that NIH funding spurs the development of private-sector patents: a $10 million boost in NIH funding leads to a net increase of 2.3 patents. Though valuing patents is difficult, we report a range of estimates for the private value of these patents using different approaches.
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18
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Development of novel affinity reagents for detecting protein tyrosine phosphorylation based on superbinder SH2 domain in tumor cells. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:138-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Peixoto-da-Silva J, Calgarotto AK, Rocha KR, Palmeira-dos-Santos C, Smaili SS, Pereira GJ, Pericole FV, da Silva S. Duarte A, Saad ST, Bincoletto C. Lithium, a classic drug in psychiatry, improves nilotinib-mediated antileukemic effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:237-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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20
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Luo W, Song L, Chen XL, Zeng XF, Wu JZ, Zhu CR, Huang T, Tan XP, Lin XM, Yang Q, Wang JZ, Li XK, Wu XP. Identification of galectin-1 as a novel mediator for chemoresistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26709-23. [PMID: 27050374 PMCID: PMC5042009 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein-1 (MDR1) has been proven to be associated with the development of chemoresistance to imatinib (Glivec, STI571) which displays high efficacy in treatment of BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However, the possible mechanisms of MDR1 modulation in the process of the resistance development remain to be defined. Herein, galectin-1 was identified as a candidate modulator of MDR1 by proteomic analysis of a model system of leukemia cell lines with a gradual increase of MDR1 expression and drug resistance. Coincidently, alteration of galectin-1 expression triggers the change of MDR1 expression as well as the resistance to the cytotoxic drugs, suggesting that augment of MDR1 expression engages in galectin-1-mediated chemoresistance. Moreover, we provided the first data showing that NF-κB translocation induced by P38 MAPK activation was responsible for the modulation effect of galectin-1 on MDR1 in the chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Galectin-1 might be considered as a novel target for combined modality therapy for enhancing the efficacy of CML treatment with imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Luo
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li Song
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xi-Lei Chen
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zeng
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Cai-Rong Zhu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiang-Peng Tan
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Mian Lin
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ji-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wu
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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21
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Narayanan D, Gani OABSM, Gruber FXE, Engh RA. Data driven polypharmacological drug design for lung cancer: analyses for targeting ALK, MET, and EGFR. J Cheminform 2017; 9:43. [PMID: 29086093 PMCID: PMC5496928 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug design of protein kinase inhibitors is now greatly enabled by thousands of publicly available X-ray structures, extensive ligand binding data, and optimized scaffolds coming off patent. The extensive data begin to enable design against a spectrum of targets (polypharmacology); however, the data also reveal heterogeneities of structure, subtleties of chemical interactions, and apparent inconsistencies between diverse data types. As a result, incorporation of all relevant data requires expert choices to combine computational and informatics methods, along with human insight. Here we consider polypharmacological targeting of protein kinases ALK, MET, and EGFR (and its drug resistant mutant T790M) in non small cell lung cancer as an example. Both EGFR and ALK represent sources of primary oncogenic lesions, while drug resistance arises from MET amplification and EGFR mutation. A drug which inhibits these targets will expand relevant patient populations and forestall drug resistance. Crizotinib co-targets ALK and MET. Analysis of the crystal structures reveals few shared interaction types, highlighting proton-arene and key CH–O hydrogen bonding interactions. These are not typically encoded into molecular mechanics force fields. Cheminformatics analyses of binding data show EGFR to be dissimilar to ALK and MET, but its structure shows how it may be co-targeted with the addition of a covalent trap. This suggests a strategy for the design of a focussed chemical library based on a pan-kinome scaffold. Tests of model compounds show these to be compatible with the goal of ALK, MET, and EGFR polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Narayanan
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Osman A B S M Gani
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Franz X E Gruber
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Richard A Engh
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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22
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Abstract
Protein and lipid kinases are deregulated in most, if not all, cancers and are among the most valuable therapeutic targets in these diseases. Despite the introduction of dozens of effective kinase inhibitors into clinical practice, the development of drug resistance remains a major barrier to treatment because of adaption of cellular signaling pathways to bypass targeted kinases. So that the basal and adaptive responses of kinases in cancer can be better understood, new methods have emerged that allow simultaneous and unbiased measurement of the activation state of a substantial fraction of the entire kinome. Here, we discuss such kinome-profiling methodologies, emphasizing the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Radu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
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23
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Jemal A, Ward EM, Johnson CJ, Cronin KA, Ma J, Ryerson B, Mariotto A, Lake AJ, Wilson R, Sherman RL, Anderson RN, Henley SJ, Kohler BA, Penberthy L, Feuer EJ, Weir HK. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2014, Featuring Survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3092246. [PMID: 28376154 PMCID: PMC5409140 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1022] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate to provide annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This Annual Report highlights survival rates. Methods: Data were from the CDC- and NCI-funded population-based cancer registry programs and compiled by NAACCR. Trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancer types by sex were estimated by joinpoint analysis and expressed as annual percent change. We used relative survival ratios and adjusted relative risk of death after a diagnosis of cancer (hazard ratios [HRs]) using Cox regression model to examine changes or differences in survival over time and by sociodemographic factors. Results: Overall cancer death rates from 2010 to 2014 decreased by 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = –1.8 to –1.8) per year in men, by 1.4% (95% CI = –1.4 to –1.3) per year in women, and by 1.6% (95% CI = –2.0 to –1.3) per year in children. Death rates decreased for 11 of the 16 most common cancer types in men and for 13 of the 18 most common cancer types in women, including lung, colorectal, female breast, and prostate, whereas death rates increased for liver (men and women), pancreas (men), brain (men), and uterine cancers. In contrast, overall incidence rates from 2009 to 2013 decreased by 2.3% (95% CI = –3.1 to –1.4) per year in men but stabilized in women. For several but not all cancer types, survival statistically significantly improved over time for both early and late-stage diseases. Between 1975 and 1977, and 2006 and 2012, for example, five-year relative survival for distant-stage disease statistically significantly increased from 18.7% (95% CI = 16.9% to 20.6%) to 33.6% (95% CI = 32.2% to 35.0%) for female breast cancer but not for liver cancer (from 1.1%, 95% CI = 0.3% to 2.9%, to 2.3%, 95% CI = 1.6% to 3.2%). Survival varied by race/ethnicity and state. For example, the adjusted relative risk of death for all cancers combined was 33% (HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.32 to 1.34) higher in non-Hispanic blacks and 51% (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.46 to 1.56) higher in non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native compared with non-Hispanic whites. Conclusions: Cancer death rates continue to decrease in the United States. However, progress in reducing death rates and improving survival is limited for several cancer types, underscoring the need for intensified efforts to discover new strategies for prevention, early detection, and treatment and to apply proven preventive measures broadly and equitably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathleen A Cronin
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiemin Ma
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Blythe Ryerson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angela Mariotto
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Lake
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Reda Wilson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Recinda L Sherman
- North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Robert N Anderson
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Betsy A Kohler
- North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Lynne Penberthy
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric J Feuer
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah K Weir
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Deng Z, Dong M, Wang Y, Dong J, Li SSC, Zou H, Ye M. Biphasic Affinity Chromatographic Approach for Deep Tyrosine Phosphoproteome Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2405-2410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Deng
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1000491, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 1000491, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shawn S.-C. Li
- Departments
of Biochemistry, Oncology and the Children’s Health Research
Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Hanfa Zou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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25
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Manley PW, Stiefl NJ. Progress in the Discovery of BCR-ABL Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Leukemia. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2017_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Over the past decade, rapid advances in genomics, proteomics and functional genomics technologies that enable in-depth interrogation of cancer genomes and proteomes and high-throughput analysis of gene function have enabled characterization of the kinome 'at large' in human cancers, providing crucial insights into how members of the protein kinase superfamily are dysregulated in malignancy, the context-dependent functional role of specific kinases in cancer and how kinome remodelling modulates sensitivity to anticancer drugs. The power of these complementary approaches, and the insights gained from them, form the basis of this Analysis article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy D G Fleuren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luxi Zhang
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Cancer Division, Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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27
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Testoni E, Stephenson NL, Torres-Ayuso P, Marusiak AA, Trotter EW, Hudson A, Hodgkinson CL, Morrow CJ, Dive C, Brognard J. Somatically mutated ABL1 is an actionable and essential NSCLC survival gene. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:105-16. [PMID: 26758680 PMCID: PMC4734836 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of actionable mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents a significant hurdle in the design of targeted therapies for this disease. Here, we identify somatically mutated ABL1 as a genetic dependency that is required to maintain NSCLC cell survival. We demonstrate that NSCLC cells with ABL1 mutations are sensitive to ABL inhibitors and we verify that the drug-induced effects on cell viability are specific to pharmacological inhibition of the ABL1 kinase. Furthermore, we confirm that imatinib suppresses lung tumor growth in vivo, specifically in lung cancer cells harboring a gain-of-function (GOF) mutation in ABL1. Consistent with structural modeling, we demonstrate that mutations in ABL1 identified in primary NSCLC tumors and a lung cancer cell line increase downstream pathway activation compared to wild-type ABL1. Finally, we observe that the ABL1 cancer mutants display an increased cytosolic localization, which is associated with the oncogenic properties of the ABL1 kinase. In summary, our results suggest that NSCLC patients with ABL1 mutations could be stratified for treatment with imatinib in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Testoni
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalie L Stephenson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna A Marusiak
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eleanor W Trotter
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cassandra L Hodgkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher J Morrow
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John Brognard
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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28
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Halbach S, Dengjel J, Brummer T. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Leukemia Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1465:139-48. [PMID: 27581145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4011-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is driven by the oncogenic fusion kinase Bcr-Abl, which organizes its own signaling network with various proteins. These proteins, their interactions, and their role in relevant signaling pathways can be analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) approaches in various models systems, e.g., in cell culture models. In this chapter, we describe in detail immunoprecipitations and quantitative proteomics analysis using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) of components of the Bcr-Abl signaling pathway in the human CML cell line K562.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Halbach
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,FRIAS Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. .,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK) and Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, University Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Nicolaou KC, Vourloumis D, Totokotsopoulos S, Papakyriakou A, Karsunky H, Fernando H, Gavrilyuk J, Webb D, Stepan AF. Synthesis and Biopharmaceutical Evaluation of Imatinib Analogues Featuring Unusual Structural Motifs. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:31-7. [PMID: 26585829 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of imatinib, a potent inhibitor of ABL1 kinase and widely prescribed drug for the treatment of a variety of leukemias, was devised and applied to the construction of a series of novel imatinib analogues featuring a number of non-aromatic structural motifs in place of the parent molecule's phenyl moiety. These analogues were subsequently evaluated for their biopharmaceutical properties (e.g., ABL1 kinase inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity). The bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane- and cubane-containing analogues were found to possess higher themodynamic solubility, whereas cubane- and cyclohexyl-containing analogues exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against ABL1 kinase and the most potent cytotoxicity values against cancer cell lines K562 and SUP-B15. Molecular modeling was employed to rationalize the weak activity of the compounds against ABL1 kinase, and it is likely that the observed cytotoxicity of these agents arises through off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. , .,Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products & Designed Molecules, National Centre of Scientific Research (NCSR) "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 15310, Greece. ,
| | | | - Athanasios Papakyriakou
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products & Designed Molecules, National Centre of Scientific Research (NCSR) "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, 15310, Greece
| | - Holger Karsunky
- Stemcentrx, Inc., 450 East Jamie Court, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hanan Fernando
- Stemcentrx, Inc., 450 East Jamie Court, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Stemcentrx, Inc., 450 East Jamie Court, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Damien Webb
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Antonia F Stepan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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30
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Stowell SR, Ju T, Cummings RD. Protein glycosylation in cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:473-510. [PMID: 25621663 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation results in a wide variety of cellular alterations that impact the growth, survival, and general behavior of affected tissue. Although genetic alterations underpin the development of neoplastic disease, epigenetic changes can exert an equally significant effect on neoplastic transformation. Among neoplasia-associated epigenetic alterations, changes in cellular glycosylation have recently received attention as a key component of neoplastic progression. Alterations in glycosylation appear to not only directly impact cell growth and survival but also facilitate tumor-induced immunomodulation and eventual metastasis. Many of these changes may support neoplastic progression, and unique alterations in tumor-associated glycosylation may also serve as a distinct feature of cancer cells and therefore provide novel diagnostic and even therapeutic targets.
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Assessing protein kinase target similarity: Comparing sequence, structure, and cheminformatics approaches. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1605-16. [PMID: 26001898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In just over two decades, structure based protein kinase inhibitor discovery has grown from trial and error approaches, using individual target structures, to structure and data driven approaches that may aim to optimize inhibition properties across several targets. This is increasingly enabled by the growing availability of potent compounds and kinome-wide binding data. Assessing the prospects for adapting known compounds to new therapeutic uses is thus a key priority for current drug discovery efforts. Tools that can successfully link the diverse information regarding target sequence, structure, and ligand binding properties now accompany a transformation of protein kinase inhibitor research, away from single, block-buster drug models, and toward "personalized medicine" with niche applications and highly specialized research groups. Major hurdles for the transformation to data driven drug discovery include mismatches in data types, and disparities of methods and molecules used; at the core remains the problem that ligand binding energies cannot be predicted precisely from individual structures. However, there is a growing body of experimental data for increasingly successful focussing of efforts: focussed chemical libraries, drug repurposing, polypharmacological design, to name a few. Protein kinase target similarity is easily quantified by sequence, and its relevance to ligand design includes broad classification by key binding sites, evaluation of resistance mutations, and the use of surrogate proteins. Although structural evaluation offers more information, the flexibility of protein kinases, and differences between the crystal and physiological environments may make the use of crystal structures misleading when structures are considered individually. Cheminformatics may enable the "calibration" of sequence and crystal structure information, with statistical methods able to identify key correlates to activity but also here, "the devil is in the details." Examples from specific repurposing and polypharmacology applications illustrate these points. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
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Bruno BJ, Lim CS. Inhibition of Bcr-Abl in Human Leukemic Cells with a Coiled-Coil Protein Delivered by a Leukemia-Specific Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500701u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bruno
- Department
of Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Carol S. Lim
- Department
of Pharmaceutics
and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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Bou-Hanna C, Jarry A, Lode L, Schmitz I, Schulze-Osthoff K, Kury S, Bezieau S, Mosnier JF, Laboisse CL. Acute cytotoxicity of MIRA-1/NSC19630, a mutant p53-reactivating small molecule, against human normal and cancer cells via a caspase-9-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:211-7. [PMID: 25617798 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have focused on the mechanisms of action of the candidate chemotherapeutic drug MIRA-1/NSC19630, initially described as a mutant p53-reactivating small molecule, the issue of its toxicological evaluation remains open. Here, we devised a strategy to examine the effects of MIRA-1 on a variety of human normal cells and cancer cell lines. First, we demonstrated a massive and rapid (within 2 hours) MIRA-1 apoptotic effect on human normal primary epithelial cells as shown using an intestinal mucosa explant assay. MIRA-1 was also cytotoxic to primary and subcultured human mesenchymal cells. Interestingly these effects were restricted to actively proliferating cells. Second, MIRA-1 acute toxicity was independent of p53, since it occurred in human normal cells with increased or silenced p53 expression level, in cancer cells derived from solid or liquid tumors, with either mutated or wt TP53, and in cancer cells devoid of p53. Third, combined pharmacological and genetic approaches showed that MIRA-1 acute cytotoxicity was mediated by a caspase-9-dependent apoptosis. In conclusion, our strategy unveils the limitations of the targeted action of a small molecule designed to reactivate mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bou-Hanna
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Anne Jarry
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France
| | | | - Ingo Schmitz
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Sébastien Kury
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Bezieau
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France; Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France; Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU de Nantes, France
| | - Christian L Laboisse
- EA4273 Biometadys, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France; Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU de Nantes, France.
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Yuan B, Cheng L, Chiang HC, Xu X, Han Y, Su H, Wang L, Zhang B, Lin J, Li X, Xie X, Wang T, Tekmal RR, Curiel TJ, Yuan ZM, Elledge R, Hu Y, Ye Q, Li R. A phosphotyrosine switch determines the antitumor activity of ERβ. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3378-90. [PMID: 24960160 DOI: 10.1172/jci74085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ share considerable sequence homology yet exert opposite effects on breast cancer cell proliferation. While the proliferative role of ERα in breast tumors is well characterized, it is not clear whether the antitumor activity of ERβ can be mobilized in breast cancer cells. Here, we have shown that phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue (Y36) present in ERβ, but not in ERα, dictates ERβ-specific activation of transcription and is required for ERβ-dependent inhibition of cancer cell growth in culture and in murine xenografts. Additionally, the c-ABL tyrosine kinase and EYA2 phosphatase directly and diametrically controlled the phosphorylation status of Y36 and subsequent ERβ function. A nonphosphorylatable, transcriptionally active ERβ mutant retained antitumor activity but circumvented control by upstream regulators. Phosphorylation of Y36 was required for ERβ-mediated coactivator recruitment to ERβ target promoters. In human breast cancer samples, elevated phosphorylation of Y36 in ERβ correlated with high levels of c-ABL but low EYA2 levels. Furthermore, compared with total ERβ, the presence of phosphorylated Y36-specific ERβ was strongly associated with both disease-free and overall survival in patients with stage II and III disease. Together, these data identify a signaling circuitry that regulates ERβ-specific antitumor activity and has potential as both a prognostic tool and a molecular target for cancer therapy.
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Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins was discovered in 1979, but this posttranslational modification had been "invented" by evolution more than a billion years ago in single-celled eukaryotic organisms that were the antecedents of the first multicellular animals. Because sophisticated cell-cell communication is a sine qua non for the existence of multicellular organisms, the development of cell-surface receptor systems that use tyrosine phosphorylation for transmembrane signal transduction and intracellular signaling seems likely to have been a crucial event in the evolution of metazoans. Like all types of protein phosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylation serves to regulate proteins in multiple ways, including causing electrostatic repulsion and inducing allosteric transitions, but the most important function of phosphotyrosine (P.Tyr) is to serve as a docking site that promotes a specific interaction between a tyrosine phosphorylated protein and another protein that contains a P.Tyr-binding domain, such as an SH2 or PTB domain. Such docking interactions are essential for signal transduction downstream from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface, which are activated on binding a cognate extracellular ligand, and, as a consequence, elicit specific cellular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Hunter
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
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36
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Gjertsen BT, Wiig H. Investigation of therapy resistance mechanisms in myeloid leukemia by protein profiling of bone marrow extracellular fluid. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 9:595-8. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lee YH, Schiemann WP. Chemotherapeutic Targeting of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathway in Breast Cancers. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014; 3:73-85. [PMID: 25904986 DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays essential roles in regulating mammary gland development, morphogenesis, differentiation, and involution. TGF-β also regulates mammary gland homeostasis and prevents its transformation by prohibiting dysregulated cell cycle progression, and by inducing apoptosis; it also creates cell microenvironments that readily inhibit cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Interestingly, while early-stage mammary tumors remain sensitive to the tumor suppressing activities of TGF-β, late-stage breast cancers become insensitive to the anticancer functions of this cytokine and instead rely upon TGF-β to drive disease and metastatic progression. This switch in TGF-β function is known as the "TGF-β Paradox" and represents the rationale for developing chemotherapies to inactivate the TGF-β pathway and its oncogenic functions in late-stage breast cancers. Here we outline the molecular mechanisms that manifest the "TGF-β Paradox" and discuss the challenges associated with the development and use of anti-TGF-β agents to treat breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hun Lee
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road Cleveland, OH 44106
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Halbach S, Rigbolt KT, Wöhrle FU, Diedrich B, Gretzmeier C, Brummer T, Dengjel J. Alterations of Gab2 signalling complexes in imatinib and dasatinib treated chronic myeloid leukaemia cells. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:30. [PMID: 23607741 PMCID: PMC3640961 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gab2 docking protein acts as an important signal amplifier downstream of various growth factor receptors and Bcr-Abl, the driver of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Despite the success of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in the therapy of CML, TKI-resistance remains an unsolved problem in the clinic. We have recently shown that Gab2 signalling counteracts the efficacy of four distinct Bcr-Abl inhibitors. In the course of that project, we noticed that two clinically relevant drugs, imatinib and dasatinib, provoke distinct alterations in the electrophoretic mobility of Gab2, its signalling output and protein interactions. As the signalling potential of the docking protein is highly modulated by its phosphorylation status, we set out to obtain more insights into the impact of TKIs on Gab2 phosphorylation. FINDINGS Using stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative mass spectrometry (MS), we show now that imatinib and dasatinib provoke distinct effects on the phosphorylation status and interactome of Gab2. This study identifies several new phosphorylation sites on Gab2 and confirms many sites previously known from other experimental systems. At equimolar concentrations, dasatinib is more effective in preventing Gab2 tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation than imatinib. It also affects the phosphorylation status of more residues than imatinib. In addition, we also identify novel components of the Gab2 signalling complex, such as casein kinases, stathmins and PIP1 as well as known interaction partners whose association with Gab2 is disrupted by imatinib and/or dasatinib. CONCLUSIONS By using MS-based proteomics, we have identified new and confirmed known phosphorylation sites and interaction partners of Gab2, which may play an important role in the regulation of this docking protein. Given the growing importance of Gab2 in several tumour entities we expect that our results will help to understand the complex regulation of Gab2 and how this docking protein can contribute to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Halbach
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str, 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
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Li MM, Ewton AA, Smith JL. Using Cytogenetic Rearrangements for Cancer Prognosis and Treatment (Pharmacogenetics). CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Morrison CD, Parvani JG, Schiemann WP. The relevance of the TGF-β Paradox to EMT-MET programs. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:30-40. [PMID: 23474494 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) during tumorigenesis is complex and paradoxical, reflecting its ability to function as a tumor suppressor in normal and early-stage cancers, and as a tumor promoter in their late-stage counterparts. The switch in TGF-β function is known as the "TGF-β Paradox," whose manifestations are intimately linked to the initiation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs in developing and progressing carcinomas. Indeed, as carcinoma cells emerge from EMT programs stimulated by TGF-β, they readily display a variety of acquired phenotypes that provide a selective advantage to growing carcinomas, including (i) enhanced cell migration and invasion; (ii) heightened resistance to cytotoxic agents, targeted chemotherapeutic, and radiation treatments; and (iv) boosted expansion of cancer-initiating and stem-like cell populations that underlie tumor metastasis and disease recurrence. At present, the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental mechanisms that enable post-EMT and metastatic carcinoma cells to hijack the oncogenic activities of TGF-β remain incompletely understood. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms that counter EMT programs and limit the aggressiveness of late-stage carcinomas, events that transpire via mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) reactions, also need to be further elucidated. Here we review recent advances that provide new insights into how TGF-β promotes EMT programs in late-stage carcinoma cells, as well as how these events are balanced by MET programs during the development and metastatic progression of human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chevaun D Morrison
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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41
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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42
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Levitzki A. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: views of selectivity, sensitivity, and clinical performance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 53:161-85. [PMID: 23043437 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the manufacture of imatinib, researchers introduced tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) into the clinical setting in 2000 to treat cancers; approximately fifteen other TKIs soon followed. Imatinib remains the most successful agent, whereas all the others have had modest effects on the cancers that they target. The current challenge is to identify the agents that need to be combined with TKIs to maximize their efficacy. One of the most promising approaches is to combine immune therapy with TKI treatment. In this review, the therapeutic potential of TKIs for treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Levitzki
- Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Siberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel.
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43
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Finn L, Tan W. Proof of Concept to Clinical Confirmation: Evolving Clinical Trial Designs for Targeted Agents. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:478607. [PMID: 22701804 PMCID: PMC3371752 DOI: 10.5402/2012/478607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
No single therapy benefits the majority of patients in the practice of oncology as responses differ even among patients with similar tumor types. The variety of response to therapy witnessed while treating our patients supports the concept of personalized medicine using patients' genomic and biologic information and their clinical characteristics to make informed decisions about their treatment. Personalized medicine relies on identification and confirmation of biologic targets and development of agents to target them. These targeted agents tend to focus on subsets of patients and provide improved clinical outcomes. The continued success of personalized medicine will depend on the expedited development of new agents from proof of concept to confirmation of clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Finn
- Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Winston Tan
- Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Mok J, Zhu X, Snyder M. Dissecting phosphorylation networks: lessons learned from yeast. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 8:775-86. [PMID: 22087660 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation continues to be regarded as one of the most important post-translational modifications found in eukaryotes and has been implicated in key roles in the development of a number of human diseases. In order to elucidate roles for the 518 human kinases, phosphorylation has routinely been studied using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to globally map phosphorylation in yeast. In this article, we review these technologies and discuss how these phosphorylation mapping efforts have shed light on our understanding of kinase signaling pathways and eukaryotic proteomic networks in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mok
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford School of Medicine, 855 S. California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Krachler AM, Woolery AR, Orth K. Manipulation of kinase signaling by bacterial pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 195:1083-92. [PMID: 22123833 PMCID: PMC3246894 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens use effector proteins to manipulate their hosts to propagate infection. These effectors divert host cell signaling pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and frequently target kinase signaling cascades. Notable pathways that are usurped include the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and p21-activated kinase (PAK) pathways. Analyzing the functions of pathogenic effectors and their intersection with host kinase pathways has provided interesting insights into both the mechanisms of virulence and eukaryotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Olivieri J, Coluzzi S, Attolico I, Olivieri A. Tirosin kinase inhibitors in chronic graft versus host disease: from bench to bedside. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1908-31. [PMID: 22125447 PMCID: PMC3217614 DOI: 10.1100/2011/924954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (cGVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT). In many inflammatory fibrotic diseases, such as Systemic Scleroderma (SSc) and cGVHD with fibrotic features, an abnormal activation of transforming growth factor (TGFβ) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R) pathways have been observed. Tyrosin Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), which are currently used for treatment of patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), share potent antifibrotic and antiinflammatory properties, being powerful dual inhibitors of both PDGF-R and TGFβ pathways. Moreover accumulating in vitro data confirm that TKIs, interacting with the TCR and other signalling molecules, carry potent immunomodulatory effects, being involved in both T-cell and B-cell response. Translation to the clinical setting revealed that treatment with Imatinib can achieve encouraging responses in patients with autoimmune diseases and steroid-refractory cGVHD, showing a favourable toxicity profile. While the exact mechanisms leading to such efficacy are still under investigation, use of TKIs in the context of clinical trials should be promoted, aiming to evaluate the biological changes induced in vivo by TKIs and to assess the long term outcome of these patients. Second-generation TKIs, with more favourable toxicity profile are under evaluation in the same setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Olivieri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy.
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Namiki T, Coelho SG, Hearing VJ. NUAK2: an emerging acral melanoma oncogene. Oncotarget 2011; 2:695-704. [PMID: 21911917 PMCID: PMC3248218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances in cancer genomics make it possible to dissect complicated genomic aberrations of melanomas. In particular, several specific genomic aberrations including 11q13 amplification and KIT aberrations have been identified in acral melanomas. We recently identified NUAK2 at 1q32 as a promising oncogene in acral melanomas and reported its significant roles in tumorigenesis in melanoma cells using both in vitro and in vivo analyses. NUAK2 as a member of the AMPK family has several intriguing aspects both as an oncogene and as a tumor suppressor gene. Here we review genomic aberrations of melanomas focusing on acral melanomas to emphasize the possible roles of NUAK2 in tumorigenesis in general and suggest that NUAK2 has pivotal roles in acral melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Namiki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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AMP kinase-related kinase NUAK2 affects tumor growth, migration, and clinical outcome of human melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6597-602. [PMID: 21460252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007694108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes that participate in melanomagenesis should suggest strategies for developing therapeutic modalities. We used a public array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) database and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses to identify the AMP kinase (AMPK)-related kinase NUAK2 as a candidate gene for melanomagenesis, and we analyzed its functions in melanoma cells. Our analyses had identified a locus at 1q32 where genomic gain is strongly associated with tumor thickness, and we used real-time qPCR analyses and regression analyses to identify NUAK2 as a candidate gene at that locus. Associations of relapse-free survival and overall survival of 92 primary melanoma patients with NUAK2 expression measured using immunohistochemistry were investigated using Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank tests, and Cox regression models. Knockdown of NUAK2 induces senescence and reduces S-phase, decreases migration, and down-regulates expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In vivo analysis demonstrated that knockdown of NUAK2 suppresses melanoma tumor growth in mice. Survival analysis showed that the risk of relapse is greater in acral melanoma patients with high levels of NUAK2 expression than in acral melanoma patients with low levels of NUAK2 expression (hazard ratio = 3.88; 95% confidence interval = 1.44-10.50; P = 0.0075). These data demonstrate that NUAK2 expression is significantly associated with the oncogenic features of melanoma cells and with the survival of acral melanoma patients. NUAK2 may provide a drug target to suppress melanoma progression. This study further supports the importance of NUAK2 in cancer development and tumor progression, while AMPK has antioncogenic properties.
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Sudol M. From Rous sarcoma virus to plasminogen activator, src oncogene and cancer management. Oncogene 2011; 30:3003-10. [PMID: 21383693 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator (PLAU) is a serine protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin, a general protease, which promotes fibrinolysis and degradation of extracellular matrix. PLAU was reported in 1970s as one of the robustly induced enzymatic activities in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-transformed chicken cells. More than three decades later, with the completion of the sequencing of the chicken genome and the subsequent availability of Affymetrix GeneChip genome arrays, several laboratories have surveyed the transcriptional program affected by the RSV transformation. Interestingly, the PLAU gene was shown to be the most highly upregulated transcript. The induction of PLAU was a transformation-dependent process because viruses with deleted Src gene did not induce the transcription of the PLAU gene. Both Src and PLAU genes are associated with and contribute to the complex phenotype of human cancer. Although the activity and structures of these two enzymes are well characterized, the precise molecular function of these gene products in signaling networks is still not fully understood. Yet, the knowledge of their association with cancer is already translated into the clinical setting. Src kinase inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials of cancer therapy, and PLAU gene and its inhibitor have been included as biomarkers with strong prognostic and therapeutic predictive values. This vignette reviews the history of PLAU and Src discovery, and illuminates the complexity of their relationship, but also points to their emerging impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sudol
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Proteomic Profiling, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822-2608, USA.
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Brognard J, Hunter T. Protein kinase signaling networks in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:4-11. [PMID: 21123047 PMCID: PMC3038181 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases orchestrate the activation of signaling cascades in response to extracellular and intracellular stimuli to control cell growth, proliferation, and survival. The complexity of numerous intracellular signaling pathways is highlighted by the number of kinases encoded by the human genome (539) and the plethora of phosphorylation sites identified in phosphoproteomic studies. Perturbation of these signaling networks by mutations or abnormal protein expression underlies the cause of many diseases including cancer. Recent RNAi screens and cancer genomic sequencing studies have revealed that many more kinases than anticipated contribute to tumorigenesis and are potential targets for inhibitor drug development intervention. This review will highlight recent insights into known pathways essential for tumorigenesis and discuss exciting new pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brognard
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California
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