1
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Giorgiutti S, Rottura J, Korganow AS, Gies V. CXCR4: from B-cell development to B cell-mediated diseases. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302465. [PMID: 38519141 PMCID: PMC10961644 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), one of the most studied chemokine receptors, is widely expressed in hematopoietic and immune cell populations. It is involved in leukocyte trafficking in lymphoid organs and inflammatory sites through its interaction with its natural ligand CXCL12. CXCR4 assumes a pivotal role in B-cell development, ranging from early progenitors to the differentiation of antibody-secreting cells. This review emphasizes the significance of CXCR4 across the various stages of B-cell development, including central tolerance, and delves into the association between CXCR4 and B cell-mediated disorders, from immunodeficiencies such as WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The potential of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target is discussed, especially through the identification of novel molecules capable of modulating specific pockets of the CXCR4 molecule. These insights provide a basis for innovative therapeutic approaches in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Giorgiutti
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR - S1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Rottura
- INSERM UMR - S1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR - S1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Gies
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR - S1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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2
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Chen H, Weinberg ZY, Kumar GA, Puthenveedu MA. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 is a cargo-selective v-SNARE for a subset of GPCRs. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202207070. [PMID: 37022307 PMCID: PMC10082327 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane is critical for releasing hormones and neurotransmitters and for delivering the cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the cell surface. The SNARE fusion machinery that releases neurotransmitters has been well characterized. In contrast, the fusion machinery that delivers GPCRs is still unknown. Here, using high-speed multichannel imaging to simultaneously visualize receptors and v-SNAREs in real time in individual fusion events, we identify VAMP2 as a selective v-SNARE for GPCR delivery. VAMP2 was preferentially enriched in vesicles that mediate the surface delivery of μ opioid receptor (MOR), but not other cargos, and was required selectively for MOR recycling. Interestingly, VAMP2 did not show preferential localization on MOR-containing endosomes, suggesting that v-SNAREs are copackaged with specific cargo into separate vesicles from the same endosomes. Together, our results identify VAMP2 as a cargo-selective v-SNARE and suggest that surface delivery of specific GPCRs is mediated by distinct fusion events driven by distinct SNARE complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of MichiganMedical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zara Y. Weinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of MichiganMedical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - G. Aditya Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of MichiganMedical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Kumar R, Milanesi S, Szpakowska M, Dotta L, Di Silvestre D, Trotta AM, Bello AM, Giacomelli M, Benedito M, Azevedo J, Pereira A, Cortesao E, Vacchini A, Castagna A, Pinelli M, Moratto D, Bonecchi R, Locati M, Scala S, Chevigné A, Borroni EM, Badolato R. Reduced G protein signaling despite impaired internalization and β-arrestin recruitment in patients carrying a CXCR4Leu317fsX3 mutation causing WHIM syndrome. JCI Insight 2023; 8:145688. [PMID: 36883568 PMCID: PMC10077478 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WHIM syndrome is an inherited immune disorder caused by an autosomal dominant heterozygous mutation in CXCR4. The disease is characterized by neutropenia/leukopenia (secondary to retention of mature neutrophils in bone marrow), recurrent bacterial infections, treatment-refractory warts, and hypogammaglobulinemia. All mutations reported in WHIM patients lead to the truncations in the C-terminal domain of CXCR4, R334X being the most frequent. This defect prevents receptor internalization and enhances both calcium mobilization and ERK phosphorylation, resulting in increased chemotaxis in response to the unique ligand CXCL12. Here, we describe 3 patients presenting neutropenia and myelokathexis, but normal lymphocyte count and immunoglobulin levels, carrying what we believe to be a novel Leu317fsX3 mutation in CXCR4, leading to a complete truncation of its intracellular tail. The analysis of the L317fsX3 mutation in cells derived from patients and in vitro cellular models reveals unique signaling features in comparison with R334X mutation. The L317fsX3 mutation impairs CXCR4 downregulation and β-arrestin recruitment in response to CXCL12 and reduces other signaling events - including ERK1/2 phosphorylation, calcium mobilization, and chemotaxis - all processes that are typically enhanced in cells carrying the R334X mutation. Our findings suggest that, overall, the L317fsX3 mutation may be causative of a form of WHIM syndrome not associated with an augmented CXCR4 response to CXCL12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Samantha Milanesi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laura Dotta
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bello
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacomelli
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Benedito
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Pereira
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emilia Cortesao
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Marinella Pinelli
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Moratto
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Elena M Borroni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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4
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Jiang H, Galtes D, Wang J, Rockman HA. G protein-coupled receptor signaling: transducers and effectors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C731-C748. [PMID: 35816644 PMCID: PMC9448338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of considerable interest due to their importance in a wide range of physiological functions and in a large number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as therapeutic entities. With continued study of their function and mechanism of action, there is a greater understanding of how effector molecules interact with a receptor to initiate downstream effector signaling. This review aims to explore the signaling pathways, dynamic structures, and physiological relevance in the cardiovascular system of the three most important GPCR signaling effectors: heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestins. We will first summarize their prominent roles in GPCR pharmacology before transitioning into less well-explored areas. As new technologies are developed and applied to studying GPCR structure and their downstream effectors, there is increasing appreciation for the elegance of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate intracellular signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniella Galtes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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5
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Chen L, Li Z, Zeng T, Zhang YH, Zhang S, Huang T, Cai YD. Predicting Human Protein Subcellular Locations by Using a Combination of Network and Function Features. Front Genet 2021; 12:783128. [PMID: 34804131 PMCID: PMC8603309 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.783128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the limitation of technologies, the subcellular localizations of proteins are difficult to identify. Predicting the subcellular localization and the intercellular distribution patterns of proteins in accordance with their specific biological roles, including validated functions, relationships with other proteins, and even their specific sequence characteristics, is necessary. The computational prediction of protein subcellular localizations can be performed on the basis of the sequence and the functional characteristics. In this study, the protein-protein interaction network, functional annotation of proteins and a group of direct proteins with known subcellular localization were used to construct models. To build efficient models, several powerful machine learning algorithms, including two feature selection methods, four classification algorithms, were employed. Some key proteins and functional terms were discovered, which may provide important contributions for determining protein subcellular locations. Furthermore, some quantitative rules were established to identify the potential subcellular localizations of proteins. As the first prediction model that uses direct protein annotation information (i.e., functional features) and STRING-based protein-protein interaction network (i.e., network features), our computational model can help promote the development of predictive technologies on subcellular localizations and provide a new approach for exploring the protein subcellular localization patterns and their potential biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZhanDong Li
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - ShiQi Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Wang L, Xiong Q, Li P, Chen G, Tariq N, Wu C. The negative charge of the 343 site is essential for maintaining physiological functions of CXCR4. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:8. [PMID: 33485325 PMCID: PMC7825245 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) usually caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4 gene. To date, a total of nine different mutations including eight truncation mutations and one missense mutation (E343K, CXCR4E343K) distributed in the C-terminus of CXCR4 have been identified in humans. Studies have clarified that the loss of phosphorylation sites in the C-terminus of truncated CXCR4 impairs the desensitization process, enhances the activation of G-protein, prolongs downstream signaling pathways and introduces over immune responses, thereby causing WHIM syndrome. So far, there is only one reported case of WHIM syndrome with a missense mutation, CXCR4E343K, which has a full length of C-terminus with entire phosphorylation sites, no change in all potential phosphorylation sites. The mechanism of the missense mutation (CXCR4E343K) causing WHIM syndrome is unknown. This study aimed to characterize the effect of mutation at the 343 site of CXCR4 causing the replacement of arginine/E with glutamic acid/K on the receptor signal transduction, and elucidate the mechanism underling CXCR4E343K causing WHIM in the reported family. RESULTS We completed a series of mutagenesis to generate different mutations at the 343 site of CXCR4 tail, and established a series of HeLa cell lines stably expressing CXCR4WT or CXCR4E343D (glutamic acid/E replaced with aspartic acid/D) or CXCR4E343K (glutamic acid/E replaced with lysine/K) or CXCR4E343R (glutamic acid/E replaced with arginine/R) or CXCR4E343A (glutamic acid/E replaced with alanine/A) and then systematically analyzed functions of the CXCR4 mutants above. Results showed that the cells overexpressing of CXCR4E343D had no functional changes with comparison that of wild type CXCR4. However, the cells overexpressing of CXCR4E343K or CXCR4E343R or CXCR4E343A had enhanced cell migration, prolonged the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, JNK1/2/3, aggravated activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway, introduced higher expression of TNFa and IL6, suggesting over immune response occurred in CXCR4 mutants with charge change at the 343 site of receptor tail, as a result, causing WHIM syndrome. Biochemical analysis of those mutations at the 343 site of CXCR4 above shows that CXCR4 mutants with no matter positive or neutral charge have aberrant signal pathways downstream of activated mutated CXCR4, only CXVR4 with negative charge residues at the site shows normal signal pathway post activation with stromal-derived factor (SDF1, also known as CXCL12). CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrated that the negative charge at the 343 site of CXCR4 plays an essential role in regulating the down-stream signal transduction of CXCR4 for physiological events, and residue charge changes, no matter positive or neutral introduce aberrant activities and functions of CXCR4, thus consequently lead to WHIM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qiuhong Xiong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Nayab Tariq
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China. .,Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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7
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The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases (GRKs) in Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Immune Cell Migration: From Molecular Cues to Physiopathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010075. [PMID: 33466410 PMCID: PMC7824814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) have long been known to regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, their more recently characterized functions as scaffolds and signalling adapters underscore that this small family of proteins governs a larger array of physiological functions than originally suspected. This review explores how GRKs contribute to the complex signalling networks involved in the migration of immune cells along chemokine gradients sensed by cell surface GPCRs. We outline emerging evidence indicating that the coordinated docking of several GRKs on an active chemokine receptor determines a specific receptor phosphorylation barcode that will translate into distinct signalling and migration outcomes. The guidance cues for neutrophil migration are emphasized based on several alterations affecting GRKs or GPCRs reported to be involved in pathological conditions.
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8
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Sellgren CM, Imbeault S, Larsson MK, Oliveros A, Nilsson IAK, Codeluppi S, Orhan F, Bhat M, Tufvesson-Alm M, Gracias J, Kegel ME, Zheng Y, Faka A, Svedberg M, Powell SB, Caldwell S, Kamenski ME, Vawter MP, Schulmann A, Goiny M, Svensson CI, Hökfelt T, Schalling M, Schwieler L, Cervenka S, Choi DS, Landén M, Engberg G, Erhardt S. GRK3 deficiency elicits brain immune activation and psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6820-6832. [PMID: 33976392 PMCID: PMC8760053 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family member protein GRK3 has been linked to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Expression, as well as protein levels, of GRK3 are reduced in post-mortem prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects. Here, we investigate functional behavior and neurotransmission related to immune activation and psychosis using mice lacking functional Grk3 and utilizing a variety of methods, including behavioral, biochemical, electrophysiological, molecular, and imaging methods. Compared to wildtype controls, the Grk3-/- mice show a number of aberrations linked to psychosis, including elevated brain levels of IL-1β, increased turnover of kynurenic acid (KYNA), hyper-responsiveness to D-amphetamine, elevated spontaneous firing of midbrain dopamine neurons, and disruption in prepulse inhibition. Analyzing human genetic data, we observe a link between psychotic features in bipolar disorder, decreased GRK expression, and increased concentration of CSF KYNA. Taken together, our data suggest that Grk3-/- mice show face and construct validity relating to the psychosis phenotype with glial activation and would be suitable for translational studies of novel immunomodulatory agents in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M. Sellgren
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Imbeault
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus K. Larsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Oliveros
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Ida A. K. Nilsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Translational Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Codeluppi
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Funda Orhan
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bhat
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Research and Development, Innovative Medicines, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Translational Science Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, AstraZeneca, Solna, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Gracias
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena E. Kegel
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yiran Zheng
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthi Faka
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Svedberg
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan B. Powell
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sorana Caldwell
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mary E. Kamenski
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Anton Schulmann
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michel Goiny
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Translational Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Cervenka
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Mikael Landén
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Engberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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D'Agostino G, Artinger M, Locati M, Perez L, Legler DF, Bianchi ME, Rüegg C, Thelen M, Marchese A, Rocchi MBL, Cecchinato V, Uguccioni M. β-Arrestin1 and β-Arrestin2 Are Required to Support the Activity of the CXCL12/HMGB1 Heterocomplex on CXCR4. Front Immunol 2020; 11:550824. [PMID: 33072091 PMCID: PMC7533569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.550824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays a fundamental role in homeostasis and pathology by orchestrating recruitment and positioning of immune cells, under the guidance of a CXCL12 gradient. The ability of chemokines to form heterocomplexes, enhancing their function, represents an additional level of regulation on their cognate receptors. In particular, the multi-faceted activity of the heterocomplex formed between CXCL12 and the alarmin HMGB1 is emerging as an unexpected player able to modulate a variety of cell responses, spanning from tissue regeneration to chronic inflammation. Nowadays, little is known on the selective signaling pathways activated when CXCR4 is triggered by the CXCL12/HMGB1 heterocomplex. In the present work, we demonstrate that this heterocomplex acts as a CXCR4 balanced agonist, activating both G protein and β-arrestins-mediated signaling pathways to sustain chemotaxis. We generated β-arrestins knock out HeLa cells by CRISPR/Cas9 technology and show that the CXCL12/HMGB1 heterocomplex-mediated actin polymerization is primarily β-arrestin1 dependent, while chemotaxis requires both β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2. Triggering of CXCR4 with the CXCL12/HMGB1 heterocomplex leads to an unexpected receptor retention on the cell surface, which depends on β-arrestin2. In conclusion, the CXCL12/HMGB1 heterocomplex engages the β-arrestin proteins differently from CXCL12, promoting a prompt availability of CXCR4 on the cell surface, and enhancing directional cell migration. These data unveil the signaling induced by the CXCL12/HMGB1 heterocomplex in view of identifying biased CXCR4 antagonists or agonists targeting the variety of functions it exerts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Agostino
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Perez
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Marco B L Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Biostatistics Unit, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Valentina Cecchinato
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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10
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Aberrant CXCR4 Signaling at Crossroad of WHIM Syndrome and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165696. [PMID: 32784523 PMCID: PMC7460815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its pleiotropic functions, including its prominent role in inflammation, immune responses and cancer, the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) has gained significant attention in recent years and has become a relevant target in drug development. Although the signaling properties of CXCR4 have been extensively studied, several aspects deserve deeper investigations. Mutations in the C-term tail of the CXCR4 gene cause WHIM syndrome, a rare congenital immunodeficiency associated by chronic leukopenia. Similar mutations have also been recently identified in 30% of patients affected by Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia, a B-cell neoplasia with bone marrow accumulation of malignant cells. An ample body of work has been generated to define the impact of WHIM mutations on CXCR4 signaling properties and evaluate their role on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and response to therapy, although the identity of disease-causing signaling pathways and their relevance for disease development in different genetic variants are still open questions. This review discusses the current knowledge on biochemical properties of CXCR4 mutations to identify their prototypic signaling profile potentially useful to highlighting novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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11
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New Insights on the Emerging Genomic Landscape of CXCR4 in Cancer: A Lesson from WHIM. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020164. [PMID: 32260318 PMCID: PMC7349554 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular alterations leading to disease initiation and progression is currently crucial to identify the most relevant targets for precision therapy in cancer patients. Cancers express a complex chemokine network influencing leucocyte infiltration and angiogenesis. Moreover, malignant cells also express a selective repertoire of chemokine receptors that sustain their growth and spread. At present, different cancer types have been shown to overexpress C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and to respond to its ligand C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12). The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis influences cancer biology, promoting survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis, and plays a pivotal role in directing migration of cancer cells to sites of metastases, making it a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target. More recently, mutations in the C-terminus of CXCR4 have been identified in the genomic landscape of patients affected by Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, a rare B cell neoplasm. These mutations closely resemble those occurring in Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Immunodeficiency, and Myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome, an immunodeficiency associated with CXCR4 aberrant expression and activity and with chemotherapy resistance in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the relevance of CXCR4 mutations in cancer biology, focusing on its importance as predictors of clinical presentation and response to therapy.
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12
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WHIM Syndrome: from Pathogenesis Towards Personalized Medicine and Cure. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:532-556. [PMID: 31313072 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
WHIM syndrome is a rare combined primary immunodeficiency disease named by acronym for the diagnostic tetrad of warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis. Myelokathexis is a unique form of non-cyclic severe congenital neutropenia caused by accumulation of mature and degenerating neutrophils in the bone marrow; monocytopenia and lymphopenia, especially B lymphopenia, also commonly occur. WHIM syndrome is usually caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4 that impair desensitization, resulting in enhanced and prolonged G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent responses. Accordingly, CXCR4 antagonists have shown promise as mechanism-based treatments in phase 1 clinical trials. This review is based on analysis of all 105 published cases of WHIM syndrome and covers current concepts, recent advances, unresolved enigmas and controversies, and promising future research directions.
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13
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Caballero A, Mahn SA, Ali MS, Rogers MR, Marchese A. Heterologous regulation of CXCR4 lysosomal trafficking. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8023-8036. [PMID: 30936203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is regulated by members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and GPCR kinase (GRK) families, although the relative contribution of each to GPCR function varies among specific GPCRs. The CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a member of the GPCR superfamily that binds the CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), initiating signaling that is subsequently terminated in part by internalization and lysosomal degradation of CXCR4. The purpose of this study is to define the relative contribution of PKC and GRK to CXCR4 signaling attenuation by studying their effects on CXCR4 lysosomal trafficking and degradation. Our results demonstrate that direct activation of PKC via the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) mimics CXCL12-mediated desensitization, internalization, ubiquitination, and lysosomal trafficking of CXCR4. In agreement, heterologous activation of PKC by stimulating the chemokine receptor CXCR5 with its ligand, CXCL13, also mimics CXCL12-mediated desensitization, internalization, ubiquitination, and lysosomal degradation of CXCR4. Similar to CXCL12, PMA promotes PKC-dependent phosphorylation of serine residues within CXCR4 C-tail that are required for binding and ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 (atrophin-interacting protein 4). However, inhibition of PKC activity does not alter CXCL12-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of CXCR4, suggesting that other kinases are also required. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated depletion of GRK6 results in decreased degradation and ubiquitination of CXCR4. Overall, these results suggest that PKC and GRK6 contribute to unique aspects of CXCR4 phosphorylation and lysosomal degradation to ensure proper signal propagation and termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Sarah A Mahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Mudassir S Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - M Rose Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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14
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Fumagalli A, Zarca A, Neves M, Caspar B, Hill SJ, Mayor F, Smit MJ, Marin P. CXCR4/ACKR3 Phosphorylation and Recruitment of Interacting Proteins: Key Mechanisms Regulating Their Functional Status. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:794-808. [PMID: 30837297 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) are class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Accumulating evidence indicates that GPCR subcellular localization, trafficking, transduction properties, and ultimately their pathophysiological functions are regulated by both interacting proteins and post-translational modifications. This has encouraged the development of novel techniques to characterize the GPCR interactome and to identify residues subjected to post-translational modifications, with a special focus on phosphorylation. This review first describes state-of-the-art methods for the identification of GPCR-interacting proteins and GPCR phosphorylated sites. In addition, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of CXCR4 and ACKR3 post-translational modifications and an exhaustive list of previously identified CXCR4- or ACKR3-interacting proteins. We then describe studies highlighting the importance of the reciprocal influence of CXCR4/ACKR3 interactomes and phosphorylation states. We also discuss their impact on the functional status of each receptor. These studies suggest that deeper knowledge of the CXCR4/ACKR3 interactomes along with their phosphorylation and ubiquitination status would shed new light on their regulation and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Fumagalli
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Aurélien Zarca
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Maria Neves
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Birgit Caspar
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Stephen J Hill
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Federico Mayor
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Philippe Marin
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
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15
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García-Cuesta EM, Santiago CA, Vallejo-Díaz J, Juarranz Y, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. The Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:585. [PMID: 31507535 PMCID: PMC6718456 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These receptors are intimately involved in cell movement, and thus play a critical role in several physiological and pathological situations that require the precise regulation of cell positioning. CXCR4 is one of the most studied chemokine receptors and is involved in many functions beyond leukocyte recruitment. During embryogenesis, it plays essential roles in vascular development, hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and nervous system organization. It has been also implicated in tumor progression and autoimmune diseases and, together with CD4, is one of the co-receptors used by the HIV-1 virus to infect immune cells. In contrast to other chemokine receptors that are characterized by ligand promiscuity, CXCR4 has a unique ligand-stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1, CXCL12). However, this ligand also binds ACKR3, an atypical chemokine receptor that modulates CXCR4 functions and is overexpressed in multiple cancer types. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis constitutes a potential therapeutic target for a wide variety of inflammatory diseases, not only by interfering with cell migration but also by modulating immune responses. Thus far, only one antagonist directed against the ligand-binding site of CXCR4, AMD3100, has demonstrated clinical relevance. Here, we review the role of this ligand and its receptors in different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - César A. Santiago
- Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vallejo-Díaz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Department Cell Biology, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mario Mellado
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16
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Abstract
Cysteine-X-cysteine chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a broadly expressed and multifunctional G protein-coupled chemokine receptor critical for organogenesis, hematopoiesis, and antimicrobial host defense. In the hematopoietic system, the binding of CXCR4 to its cognate chemokine ligand, CXCL12, mediates leukocyte trafficking, distribution, survival, activation, and proliferation. Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, combined immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the C-terminus of CXCR4 that prevent receptor downregulation and therefore result in pathologically increased signaling. The “M” in the acronym WHIM refers to myelokathexis, the retention of neutrophils in the bone marrow resulting in neutropenia, which explains in part the increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. However, WHIM patients also present with B and T lymphopenia, which may explain the susceptibility to human papillomavirus (HPV), the cause of warts. The impact of WHIM mutations on lymphocytes and adaptive immunity has received less attention than myelokathexis and is the focus of this review.
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17
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Serafin DS, Allyn B, Sassano MF, Timoshchenko RG, Mattox D, Brozowski JM, Siderovski DP, Truong YK, Esserman D, Tarrant TK, Billard MJ. Chemerin-activated functions of CMKLR1 are regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) and β-arrestin 2 in inflammatory macrophages. Mol Immunol 2018; 106:12-21. [PMID: 30576947 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin receptor (CMKLR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in macrophage-mediated inflammation and in several forms of human arthritis. Analogous to other GPCR, CMKLR1 is likely regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) phosphorylation of intracellular domains in an activation-dependent manner, which leads to recruitment and termination of intracellular signaling via desensitization and internalization of the receptor. The ubiquitously expressed GRK family members include GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6, but it is unknown which GRK regulates CMKLR1 cellular and signaling functions. Our data show that activation of CMKLR1 by chemerin in primary macrophages leads to signaling and functional outcomes that are regulated by GRK6 and β-arrestin 2. We show that arrestin recruitment to CMKLR1 following chemerin stimulation is enhanced with co-expression of GRK6. Further, internalization of endogenous CMKLR1, following the addition of chemerin, is decreased in inflammatory macrophages from GRK6- and β-arrestin 2-deficient mice. These GRK6- and β-arrestin 2-deficient macrophages display increased migration toward chemerin and altered AKT and Extracellular-signal Related Kinase (ERK) signaling. Our findings show that chemerin-activated CMKLR1 regulation in inflammatory macrophages is largely GRK6 and β-arrestin mediated, which may impact innate immunity and have therapeutic implications in rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephen Serafin
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Brittney Allyn
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Maria F Sassano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Roman G Timoshchenko
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Daniel Mattox
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jaime M Brozowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - David P Siderovski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States
| | - Young K Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Denise Esserman
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Matthew J Billard
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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18
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Hoogendijk AJ, van Vught LA, Wiewel MA, Fuhler GM, Belkasim-Bohoudi H, Horn J, Schultz MJ, Scicluna BP, Peppelenbosch MP, van 't Veer C, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. Kinase activity is impaired in neutrophils of sepsis patients. Haematologica 2018; 104:e233-e235. [PMID: 30514797 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.201913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arie J Hoogendijk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Maryse A Wiewel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University of Rotterdam
| | - Hakima Belkasim-Bohoudi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Janneke Horn
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam.,Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University of Rotterdam
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam .,Divison of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Agarwal P, Cole LK, Chandrakumar A, Hauff KD, Ravandi A, Dolinsky VW, Hatch GM. Phosphokinome Analysis of Barth Syndrome Lymphoblasts Identify Novel Targets in the Pathophysiology of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072026. [PMID: 30002286 PMCID: PMC6073761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth Syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked genetic disease in which the specific biochemical deficit is a reduction in the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) as a result of a mutation in the CL transacylase tafazzin. We compared the phosphokinome profile in Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed lymphoblasts prepared from a BTHS patient with that of an age-matched control individual. As expected, mass spectrometry analysis revealed a significant (>90%) reduction in CL in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to controls. In addition, increased oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels were observed in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to control. Given the broad shifts in metabolism associated with BTHS, we hypothesized that marked differences in posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation would be present in the lymphoblast cells of a BTHS patient. Phosphokinome analysis revealed striking differences in the phosphorylation levels of phosphoproteins in BTHS lymphoblasts compared to control cells. Some phosphorylated proteins, for example, adenosine monophosphate kinase, have been previously validated as bonafide modified phosphorylation targets observed in tafazzin deficiency or under conditions of reduced cellular CL. Thus, we report multiple novel phosphokinome targets in BTHS lymphoblasts and hypothesize that alteration in the phosphokinome profile may provide insight into the pathophysiology of BTHS and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Laura K Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Abin Chandrakumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Kristin D Hauff
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
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20
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Sacco A, Fenotti A, Affò L, Bazzana S, Russo D, Presta M, Malagola M, Anastasia A, Motta M, Patterson CJ, Rossi G, Imberti L, Treon SP, Ghobrial IM, Roccaro AM. The importance of the genomic landscape in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia for targeted therapeutical interventions. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35435-35444. [PMID: 28423722 PMCID: PMC5471067 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Literature has recently reported on the importance of genomics in the field of hematologic malignancies, including B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as Waldenström's Macrolgobulinemia (WM). Particularly, whole exome sequencing has led to the identification of the MYD88L265P and CXCR4C1013G somatic variants in WM, occurring in about 90% and 30% of the patients, respectively. Subsequently, functional studies have demonstrated their functional role in supporting WM pathogenesis and disease progression, both in vitro and in vivo, thus providing the pre-clinical evidences for extremely attractive targets for novel therapeutic interventions in WM. Of note, recent evidences have also approached and defined the transcriptome profiling of WM cells, revealing a signature that mirrors the somatic aberrations demonstrated within the tumor clone. A parallel research field has also reported on microRNAs (miRNAs), highlighting the oncogenic role of miRNA-155 in WM. In the present review, we focus on the latest reports on genomics and miRNAs in WM, providing an overview of the clinical relevance of the latest acquired knowledge about genomics and miRNA aberrations in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sacco
- ASST Spedali Civili, Coordinamento e Progettazione Ricerca Clinica, CREA Laboratory, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Russo
- University of Brescia Medical School, Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- University of Brescia Medical School, Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Michele Malagola
- University of Brescia Medical School, Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | | | - Marina Motta
- ASST Spedali Civili, Dept. of Hematology, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Christopher J Patterson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dept. Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- ASST Spedali Civili, Dept. of Hematology, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- ASST Spedali Civili, Coordinamento e Progettazione Ricerca Clinica, CREA Laboratory, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Steven P Treon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dept. Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dept. Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aldo M Roccaro
- ASST Spedali Civili, Coordinamento e Progettazione Ricerca Clinica, CREA Laboratory, Brescia, BS, Italy
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21
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Murphy PM, Heusinkveld L. Multisystem multitasking by CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3. Cytokine 2018; 109:2-10. [PMID: 29398278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are named and best known for their chemotactic cytokine activity in the hematopoietic system; however, their importance extends far beyond leukocytes, cell movement and immunoregulation. CXCL12, the most protean of chemokines, regulates development in multiple systems, including the hematopoietic, cardiovascular and nervous systems, and regulates diverse cell functions, including differentiation, distribution, activation, immune synapse formation, effector function, proliferation and survival in the immune system alone. The broad importance of CXCL12 is revealed by the complex lethal developmental phenotypes in mice lacking either Cxcl12 or either one of its two known 7-transmembrane domain receptors Cxcr4 and Ackr3, as well as by gain-of-function mutations in human CXCR4, which cause WHIM syndrome, a multisystem and combined immunodeficiency disease and the only Mendelian condition caused by a chemokine system mutation. In addition, wild type CXCR4 is important in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and cancer. Thus, CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3 provide extraordinary examples of multisystem multitasking in the chemokine system in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lauren Heusinkveld
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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22
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Azcutia V, Parkos CA, Brazil JC. Role of negative regulation of immune signaling pathways in neutrophil function. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:10.1002/JLB.3MIR0917-374R. [PMID: 29345376 PMCID: PMC6203665 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0917-374r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a critical role in host defense against infection and in the resolution of inflammation. However, immune responses mediated by PMN must be tightly regulated to facilitate elimination of invading pathogens without inducing detrimental inflammation and host tissue damage. Specific engagement of cell surface immunoreceptors by a diverse range of extracellular signals regulates PMN effector functions through differential activation of intracellular signaling cascades. Although mechanisms of PMN activation mediated via cell signaling pathways have been well described, less is known about negative regulation of PMN function by immune signaling cascades. Here, we provide an overview of immunoreceptor-mediated negative regulation of key PMN effector functions including maturation, migration, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species release, degranulation, apoptosis, and NET formation. Increased understanding of mechanisms of suppression of PMN effector functions may point to possible future therapeutic targets for the amelioration of PMN-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Azcutia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Charles A. Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jennifer C. Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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23
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Petrie Aronin CE, Zhao YM, Yoon JS, Morgan NY, Prüstel T, Germain RN, Meier-Schellersheim M. Migrating Myeloid Cells Sense Temporal Dynamics of Chemoattractant Concentrations. Immunity 2017; 47:862-874.e3. [PMID: 29166587 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoattractant-mediated recruitment of hematopoietic cells to sites of pathogen growth or tissue damage is critical to host defense and organ homeostasis. Chemotaxis is typically considered to rely on spatial sensing, with cells following concentration gradients as long as these are present. Utilizing a microfluidic approach, we found that stable gradients of intermediate chemokines (CCL19 and CXCL12) failed to promote persistent directional migration of dendritic cells or neutrophils. Instead, rising chemokine concentrations were needed, implying that temporal sensing mechanisms controlled prolonged responses to these ligands. This behavior was found to depend on G-coupled receptor kinase-mediated negative regulation of receptor signaling and contrasted with responses to an end agonist chemoattractant (C5a), for which a stable gradient led to persistent migration. These findings identify temporal sensing as a key requirement for long-range myeloid cell migration to intermediate chemokines and provide insights into the mechanisms controlling immune cell motility in complex tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Petrie Aronin
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Lymphocyte Biology Section (LBS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun M Zhao
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Lymphocyte Biology Section (LBS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Justine S Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Sciences Resource (BEPS), Microfabrication and Microfluidics Unit (MMU), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Y Morgan
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Sciences Resource (BEPS), Microfabrication and Microfluidics Unit (MMU), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thorsten Prüstel
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Computational Biology Unit (CBU), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Lymphocyte Biology Section (LBS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Laboratory of Systems Biology (LSB), Computational Biology Unit (CBU), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Heusinkveld LE, Yim E, Yang A, Azani AB, Liu Q, Gao JL, McDermott DH, Murphy PM. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies in WHIM syndrome immunodeficiency. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017; 5:813-825. [PMID: 29057173 DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1375403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
21 INTRODUCTION WHIM syndrome is a rare combined primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4. It is the only Mendelian condition known to be caused by mutation of a chemokine or chemokine receptor. As such, it provides a scientific opportunity to understand chemokine-dependent immunoregulation in humans and a medical opportunity to develop mechanism-based treatment and cure strategies. 22 AREAS COVERED This review covers the clinical features, genetics, immunopathogenesis and clinical management of WHIM syndrome. Clinical trials of targeted therapeutic agents and potential cure strategies are also included. 23 EXPERT OPINION WHIM syndrome may be particularly amenable to mechanism-based therapeutics for three reasons: 1) CXCR4 has been validated as the molecular target in the disease by Mendelian genetics; 2) the biochemical abnormality is excessive CXCR4 signaling; and 3) antagonists selective for CXCR4 have been developed. Plerixafor is FDA-approved for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization and has shown preliminary safety and efficacy in phase I clinical trials in WHIM syndrome. Gene editing may represent a viable cure strategy, since chromothriptic deletion of the disease allele in HSCs resulted in clinical cure of a patient and because CXCR4 haploinsufficiency enhances engraftment of transplanted HSCs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Heusinkveld
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erin Yim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexander Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ari B Azani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qian Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ji-Liang Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David H McDermott
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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25
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Steury MD, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in the Inflammatory Response and Signaling. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:227-277. [PMID: 28950947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are serine/threonine kinases that regulate a large and diverse class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Through GRK phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment, GPCRs are desensitized and their signal terminated. Recent work on these kinases has expanded their role from canonical GPCR regulation to include noncanonical regulation of non-GPCR and nonreceptor substrates through phosphorylation as well as via scaffolding functions. Owing to these and other regulatory roles, GRKs have been shown to play a critical role in the outcome of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including chemotaxis, signaling, migration, inflammatory gene expression, etc. This diverse set of functions for these proteins makes them popular targets for therapeutics. Role for these kinases in inflammation and inflammatory disease is an evolving area of research currently pursued in many laboratories. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on various GRKs pertaining to their role in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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26
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Freitas C, Wittner M, Nguyen J, Rondeau V, Biajoux V, Aknin ML, Gaudin F, Beaussant-Cohen S, Bertrand Y, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Donadieu J, Bachelerie F, Espéli M, Dalloul A, Louache F, Balabanian K. Lymphoid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells requires efficient Cxcr4 desensitization. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2023-2040. [PMID: 28550161 PMCID: PMC5502422 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling exerts a dominant role in promoting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) retention and quiescence in bone marrow. Gain-of-function CXCR4 mutations that affect homologous desensitization of the receptor have been reported in the WHIM Syndrome (WS), a rare immunodeficiency characterized by lymphopenia. The mechanisms underpinning this remain obscure. Using a mouse model with a naturally occurring WS-linked gain-of-function Cxcr4 mutation, we explored the possibility that the lymphopenia in WS arises from defects at the HSPC level. We reported that Cxcr4 desensitization is required for quiescence/cycling balance of murine short-term hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation into multipotent and downstream lymphoid-biased progenitors. Alteration in Cxcr4 desensitization resulted in decrease of circulating HSPCs in five patients with WS. This was also evidenced in WS mice and mirrored by accumulation of HSPCs in the spleen, where we observed enhanced extramedullary hematopoiesis. Therefore, efficient Cxcr4 desensitization is critical for lymphoid differentiation of HSPCs, and its impairment is a key mechanism underpinning the lymphopenia observed in mice and likely in WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Freitas
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Monika Wittner
- INSERM UMR_S1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS GDR 3697 MicroNiT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Vincent Rondeau
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Vincent Biajoux
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Marie-Laure Aknin
- Institut Paris-Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMS IPSIT-US31-UMS3679, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Gaudin
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France.,Institut Paris-Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMS IPSIT-US31-UMS3679, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sarah Beaussant-Cohen
- Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, CHU Jean Minjoz, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean Donadieu
- AP-HP, Registre Français des Neutropénies Chroniques Sévères, Centre de référence des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Marion Espéli
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Ali Dalloul
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - Fawzia Louache
- INSERM UMR_S1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS GDR 3697 MicroNiT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Karl Balabanian
- Inflammation Chemokines and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
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27
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Luo J, Busillo JM, Stumm R, Benovic JL. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 3 and Protein Kinase C Phosphorylate the Distal C-Terminal Tail of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 and Mediate Recruitment of β-Arrestin. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:554-566. [PMID: 28331048 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a key event for cell signaling and regulation of receptor function. Previously, using tandem mass spectrometry, we identified two phosphorylation sites at the distal C-terminal tail of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, but were unable to determine which specific residues were phosphorylated. Here, we demonstrate that serines (Ser) 346 and/or 347 (Ser-346/7) of CXCR4 are phosphorylated upon stimulation with the agonist CXCL12 as well as a CXCR4 pepducin, ATI-2341. ATI-2341, a Gαiβγ heterotrimer-biased CXCR4 agonist, induced more robust phosphorylation of Ser-346/7 compared with CXCL12. Knockdown of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 2, GRK3, or GRK6 reduced CXCL12-induced phosphorylation of Ser-346/7 with GRK3 knockdown having the strongest effect, while inhibition of the conventional protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, particularly PKCα, reduced phosphorylation of Ser-346/7 induced by either CXCL12 or ATI-2341. The loss of GRK3- or PKC-mediated phosphorylation of Ser-346/7 impaired the recruitment of β-arrestin to CXCR4. We also found that a pseudo-substrate peptide inhibitor for PKCζ effectively inhibited CXCR4 phosphorylation and signaling, most likely by functioning as a nonspecific CXCR4 antagonist. Together, these studies demonstrate the role Ser-346/7 plays in arrestin recruitment and initiation of receptor desensitization and provide insight into the dysregulation of CXCR4 observed in patients with various forms of WHIM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.L., J.M.B., J.L.B.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany (R.S.)
| | - John M Busillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.L., J.M.B., J.L.B.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Ralf Stumm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.L., J.M.B., J.L.B.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.L., J.M.B., J.L.B.); and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany (R.S.)
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28
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Moscato GMF, Giacobbi E, Anemona L, Di Cesare S, Di Matteo G, Andreoni M, Mauriello A, Moschese V. Dysplasia of Granulocytes in a Patient with HPV Disease, Recurrent Infections, and B Lymphopenia: A Novel Variant of WHIM Syndrome? Front Pediatr 2017; 5:95. [PMID: 28512628 PMCID: PMC5411434 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WHIM syndrome is a condition in which affected persons have chronic peripheral neutropenia, lymphopenia, abnormal susceptibility to human papilloma virus infection, and myelokathexis. Myelokathexis refers to the retention of mature neutrophils in the bone marrow (BM), which accounts for degenerative changes and hypersegmentation. Most patients present heterozygous autosomal dominant mutations of the gene encoding CXCR4. Consequently, aberrant CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling impairs the receptor downregulation causing hyperactivation (gain-of-function) that affects BM homing for myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis and the release of neutrophils in the bloodstream. We report the case of a 26-year-old female with severe foot and hand cutaneous warts since childhood, recalcitrant genital condylomatas, bacterial infections, and intraepithelial cervical neoplasia. Laboratory tests revealed severe B lymphopenia and HPV high and low risk types. HIV testing was negative. Not only CXCR4 but also GATA2, NEMO, and CD40L gene mutations were excluded. BM smears revealed, in the presence of a normal cellularity, hyperplasia of myeloid cells (MPO positive) and karyorrhexis, especially in neutrophils and eosinophils. Of note, neutrophils with altered lobation of nuclei connected by long thin chromatin filaments were observed. Our patient presented a clinical and histological picture reminiscent of WHIM in the presence of normal peripheral neutrophil counts and wild-type CXCR4 gene. Although the BM did not reveal a classical pattern of myelokathexis, the observation of consistent signs of neutrophil dysplasia has fuelled the hypothesis of a novel WHIM variant or a novel immunodeficiency. We speculate that abnormalities that affect CXCR4/CXCL12 pair, including GRK levels or activity, might be responsible for this WHIM-like disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusella M F Moscato
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giacobbi
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Anemona
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Moschese
- Department of Medicine of Systems, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Immunology Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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The CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling Pathway: A New Susceptibility Factor in Human Papillomavirus Pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006039. [PMID: 27918748 PMCID: PMC5138052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The productive human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle is tightly linked to the differentiation and cycling of keratinocytes. Deregulation of these processes and stimulation of cell proliferation by the action of viral oncoproteins and host cell factors underlies HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. Severe HPV infections characterize the wart, hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and myelokathexis (WHIM) immunodeficiency syndrome, which is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the CXCR4 receptor for the CXCL12 chemokine, one of which is CXCR41013. We investigated whether CXCR41013 interferes in the HPV18 life cycle in epithelial organotypic cultures. Expression of CXCR41013 promoted stabilization of HPV oncoproteins, thus disturbing cell cycle progression and proliferation at the expense of the ordered expression of the viral genes required for virus production. Conversely, blocking CXCR41013 function restored virus production and limited HPV-induced carcinogenesis. Thus, CXCR4 and its potential activation by genetic alterations in the course of the carcinogenic process can be considered as an important host factor for HPV carcinogenesis. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are epitheliotropic tumor viruses causing mostly benign warts but that have developed strategies to establish persistent infections. Although host immune responses clear most infections, persistence of some HPV types causes ~5% of human cancers and severe pathogenesis in immunosuppressed individuals. How early events in HPV infection, determined by the interaction between viral and host proteins, might lead to viral persistence and pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we thought to investigate this issue by providing mechanistic insights into the selective susceptibility to HPV pathogenesis displayed by patients who are immunosuppressed as a consequence of mutations in the CXCR4 gene encoding for the receptor of the CXCL12 chemokine (WHIM syndrome). We previously unraveled the existence of a general interplay between the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and HPV, which is hijacked toward cell transformation upon expression of the CXCR4 mutant. Here, using three dimensional epithelial cell cultures to analyze the HPV life cycle, we found that the CXCR4 mutant promotes cell hyperproliferation and stabilization of viral oncoprotein expression at the expense of virus production. Our results, which identify CXCR4 as an important gatekeeper of keratinocyte proliferation and as a new susceptibility factor in HPV pathogenesis, may be translated into anti-viral and anti-cancer strategies.
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Billard MJ, Fitzhugh DJ, Parker JS, Brozowski JM, McGinnis MW, Timoshchenko RG, Serafin DS, Lininger R, Klauber-Demore N, Sahagian G, Truong YK, Sassano MF, Serody JS, Tarrant TK. G Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 3 Regulates Breast Cancer Migration, Invasion, and Metastasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152856. [PMID: 27049755 PMCID: PMC4822790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease that has a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Chemokine receptor interactions are important modulators of breast cancer metastasis; however, it is now recognized that quantitative surface expression of one important chemokine receptor, CXCR4, may not directly correlate with metastasis and that its functional activity in breast cancer may better inform tumor pathogenicity. G protein coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) is a negative regulator of CXCR4 activity, and we show that GRK expression correlates with tumorigenicity, molecular subtype, and metastatic potential in human tumor microarray analysis. Using established human breast cancer cell lines and an immunocompetent in vivo mouse model, we further demonstrate that alterations in GRK3 expression levels in tumor cells directly affect migration and invasion in vitro and the establishment of distant metastasis in vivo. The effects of GRK3 modulation appear to be specific to chemokine-mediated migration behaviors without influencing tumor cell proliferation or survival. These data demonstrate that GRK3 dysregulation may play an important part in TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Billard
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - David J. Fitzhugh
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Jaime M. Brozowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Marcus W. McGinnis
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Roman G. Timoshchenko
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - D. Stephen Serafin
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Ruth Lininger
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Nancy Klauber-Demore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Gary Sahagian
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States of America
| | - Young K. Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Sassano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Teresa K. Tarrant
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Asri A, Sabour J, Atashi A, Soleimani M. Homing in hematopoietic stem cells: focus on regulatory role of CXCR7 on SDF1a/CXCR4 axis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:134-43. [PMID: 27092040 PMCID: PMC4827072 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) form a rare population of multipotent stem cells, which give rise to all hematopoietic lineages. HSCs home to bone marrow niches and circulate between blood and bone marrow. Many factors, especially SDF1a, affect the circulation of HSCs, but these have not been fully recognized. SDF1a has been shown to bind CXCR7 in addition to CXCR4 and can also function as SDF1a/CXCR4 modulator. CXCR7 plays a role in HSCs homing via SDF1a gradient and is a mediator of CXCR4/SDF1a axis. This review describes the current concepts and questions concerning CXCR7/CXCR4/SDF1a axis as an important key in hematopoietic stem cells homing with particular emphasis on CXCR7 receptor. Homing of HSCs is an essential step for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Asri
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sabour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Sethi G, Chopra G, Samudrala R. Multiscale modelling of relationships between protein classes and drug behavior across all diseases using the CANDO platform. Mini Rev Med Chem 2016; 15:705-17. [PMID: 25694071 DOI: 10.2174/1389557515666150219145148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the effect of eight different protein classes (channels, GPCRs, kinases, ligases, nuclear receptors, proteases, phosphatases, transporters) on the benchmarking performance of the CANDO drug discovery and repurposing platform (http://protinfo.org/cando). The first version of the CANDO platform utilizes a matrix of predicted interactions between 48278 proteins and 3733 human ingestible compounds (including FDA approved drugs and supplements) that map to 2030 indications/diseases using a hierarchical chem and bio-informatic fragment based docking with dynamics protocol (> one billion predicted interactions considered). The platform uses similarity of compound-proteome interaction signatures as indicative of similar functional behavior and benchmarking accuracy is calculated across 1439 indications/diseases with more than one approved drug. The CANDO platform yields a significant correlation (0.99, p-value < 0.0001) between the number of proteins considered and benchmarking accuracy obtained indicating the importance of multitargeting for drug discovery. Average benchmarking accuracies range from 6.2 % to 7.6 % for the eight classes when the top 10 ranked compounds are considered, in contrast to a range of 5.5 % to 11.7 % obtained for the comparison/control sets consisting of 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 single best performing proteins. These results are generally two orders of magnitude better than the average accuracy of 0.2% obtained when randomly generated (fully scrambled) matrices are used. Different indications perform well when different classes are used but the best accuracies (up to 11.7% for the top 10 ranked compounds) are achieved when a combination of classes are used containing the broadest distribution of protein folds. Our results illustrate the utility of the CANDO approach and the consideration of different protein classes for devising indication specific protocols for drug repurposing as well as drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ram Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), 923 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Nadrah K, Beck TC, Pereira JP. Immature B Cell Egress from Bone Marrow Is SOCS3 Independent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136061. [PMID: 26274929 PMCID: PMC4537204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 has been suggested to regulate CXCR4 signaling in a variety of human cell lines. In mice, conditional SOCS3 inactivation in hematopoietic cells including B-lineage lymphocytes has been reported to exacerbate CXCR4-signaling and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation, which resulted in altered immature B cell distribution in bone marrow (BM) due to sustained α4β1 integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix. However, a recent study examining conditional SOCS3 deletion specifically in B-lineage cells failed to detect significant roles in B-lineage cell retention in BM. In this study we carefully examined the role played by SOCS3 in CXCR4 signaling in developing B cell subsets. We show that in mice conditionally deficient in SOCS3 exclusively in B cells (Socs3fl/fl Mb1cre/+) there was no detectable difference in B cell development in BM and in periphery. We show that SOCS3 deficient and sufficient immature B cell subsets are similarly distributed between BM parenchyma and sinusoids, and are equally competent at exiting BM into peripheral blood. Furthermore, we found no significant differences in CXCR4 desensitization upon ligand exposure in developing B lymphocyte subsets. Consequently, SOCS3-deficient and sufficient B-lineage cell migration towards CXCL12 in vitro was undistinguishable, and B-lineage cell amoeboid motility within BM parenchyma was also unaffected by SOCS3-deficiency. Thus we conclude that SOCS3 has no detectable influence on biological processes known to be controlled by CXCR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Nadrah
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Beck
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States of America
| | - João P. Pereira
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Filamin A interaction with the CXCR4 third intracellular loop regulates endocytosis and signaling of WT and WHIM-like receptors. Blood 2014; 125:1116-25. [PMID: 25355818 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-601807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a rare congenital immunodeficiency often caused by mutations in the last 10 to 19 C-terminal amino acids of CXCR4. These mutations impair CXCR4 internalization and increase responsiveness to CXCL12. The CXCR4 C-terminal domain (C-tail) also has a binding site for the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNA); it is not known whether FLNA binds to WHIM CXCR4 mutants or whether this interaction is implicated in the hyperfunction of these receptors. Here we show that, in addition to interacting with the CXCR4 C-tail, FLNA interacted with a region in the receptor third intracellular loop (ICL3) spanning amino acids 238 to 246. This interaction involved specific FLNA repeats and was sensitive to Rho kinase inhibition. Deletion of the 238-246 motif accelerated CXCL12-induced wild-type (WT) receptor endocytosis but enabled CXCL12-mediated endocytosis and normalized signaling by the WHIM-associated receptor CXCR4(R334X). CXCL12 stimulation triggered CXCR4(R334X) internalization in FLNA-deficient M2 cells but not in the FLNA-expressing M2 subclone A7; this suggests a role for FLNA in stabilization of WHIM-like CXCR4 at the cell surface. FLNA increased β-arrestin2 binding to CXCR4(R334X) in vivo, which provides a molecular basis for FLNA-mediated hyperactivation of WHIM receptor signaling. We propose that FLNA interaction with ICL3 is central for endocytosis and signaling of WT and WHIM-like CXCR4 receptors.
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Targeting the molecular and cellular interactions of the bone marrow niche in immunologic disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14:402. [PMID: 24408534 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations have expanded our knowledge of the regulatory bone marrow (BM) niche, which is critical in maintaining and directing hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation. Osteoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells are niche components in close association with HSCs and have been more clearly defined in immune cell function and homeostasis. Importantly, cellular inhabitants of the BM niche signal through G protein-coupled surface receptors (GPCRs) for various appropriate immune functions. In this article, recent literature on BM niche inhabitants (HSCs, osteoblasts, MSCs, CAR cells) and their GPCR mechanistic interactions are reviewed for better understanding of the BM cells involved in immune development, immunologic disease, and current immune reconstitution therapies.
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Abstract
We initially described the WHIM syndrome based on the combination of Warts, Hypogammaglobulinaemia, Infections and Myelokathexis (neutrophil retention in the bone marrow). Translational research led to the discovery that this rare immunodeficiency disease is caused by a heterozygous mutation in the CXCR4 gene. Recently, Plerixafor has been suggested as a treatment for WHIM syndrome due to its efficacy as a CXCR4 antagonist, closing the translational research loop. In this review, we will focus on the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis and possible therapies for this rare entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Ustwani
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Meir Wetzler
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY
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Tarrant TK, Billard MJ, Timoshchenko RG, McGinnis MW, Serafin DS, Foreman O, Esserman DA, Chao NJ, Lento WE, Lee DM, Patel D, Siderovski DP. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-3-deficient mice exhibit WHIM syndrome features and attenuated inflammatory responses. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1243-51. [PMID: 23935208 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0213097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor interactions coordinate leukocyte migration in inflammation. Chemokine receptors are GPCRs that when activated, are phosphorylated by GRKs to turn off G protein-mediated signaling yet recruit additional signaling machinery. Recently, GRK3 was identified as a negative regulator of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling that is defective in human WHIM syndrome. Here, we report that GRK3-/- mice exhibit numerous features of human WHIM, such as impaired CXCL12-mediated desensitization, enhanced CXCR4 signaling to ERK activation, altered granulocyte migration, and a mild myelokathexis. Moreover, GRK3-/- protects mice from two acute models of inflammatory arthritis (K/BxN serum transfer and CAIA). In these granulocyte-dependent disease models, protection of GRK3-/- mice is mediated by retention of cells in the marrow, fewer circulating granulocytes in the peripheral blood, and reduced granulocytes in the joints during active inflammation. In contrast to WHIM, GRK3-/- mice have minimal hypogammaglobulinemia and a peripheral leukocytosis with increased lymphocytes and absent neutropenia. Thus, we conclude that the loss of GRK3-mediated regulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling contributes to some, but not all, of the complete WHIM phenotype and that GRK3 inhibition may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Hierarchical organization of multi-site phosphorylation at the CXCR4 C terminus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64975. [PMID: 23734232 PMCID: PMC3666969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 regulates cell migration during ontogenesis and disease states including cancer and inflammation. Upon stimulation by the endogenous ligand CXCL12, CXCR4 becomes phosphorylated at multiple sites in its C-terminal domain. Mutations in the CXCR4 gene affecting C-terminal phosphorylation sites are a hallmark of WHIM syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by a gain-of-CXCR4-function. To better understand how multi-site phosphorylation of CXCR4 is organized and how perturbed phosphorylation might affect CXCR4 function, we developed novel phosphosite-specific CXCR4 antibodies and studied the differential regulation and interaction of three C-terminal phosphorylation sites in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). CXCL12 promoted a robust phosphorylation at S346/347 which preceded phosphorylation at S324/325 and S338/339. After CXCL12 washout, the phosphosites S338/339 and S324/325 were rapidly dephosphorylated whereas phosphorylation at S346/347 was long-lasting. CXCL12-induced phosphorylation at S346/347 was staurosporine-insensitive and mediated by GRK2/3. WHIM syndrome-associated CXCR4 truncation mutants lacking the S346/347 phosphosite and the recently identified E343K WHIM mutant displayed strongly impaired phosphorylation at S324/325 and S338/339 as well as reduced CXCL12-induced receptor internalization. Relevance of the S346-S348 site was confirmed by a S346-348A mutant showing strongly impaired CXCL12-promoted phosphorylation at S324/325 and S338/339, defective internalization, gain of calcium mobilization, and reduced desensitization. Thus, the triple serine motif S346-S348 contains a major initial CXCR4 phosphorylation site and is required for efficient subsequent multi-site phosphorylation and receptor regulation. Hierarchical organization of CXCR4 phosphorylation explains why small deletions at the extreme CXCR4 C terminus typically associated with WHIM syndrome severely alter CXCR4 function.
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Salomonnson E, Stacer AC, Ehrlich A, Luker KE, Luker GD. Imaging CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling in ovarian cancer therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51500. [PMID: 23372646 PMCID: PMC3553093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL12 and receptor CXCR4 have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer, a disease that continues to have a dismal prognosis. CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling drives proliferation, survival, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, leading to tumor growth and metastasis. Pleiotropic effects of CXCR4 in multiple key steps in ovarian cancer suggest that blocking this pathway will improve outcomes for patients with this disease. To quantify CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling in cell-based assays and living mouse models of ovarian cancer, we developed a click beetle red luciferase complementation reporter that detects activation of CXCR4 based on recruitment of the cytosolic adapter protein β-arrestin 2. Both in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell cultures, we established that bioluminescence from this reporter measures CXCL12-dependent activation of CXCR4 and inhibition of this pathway with AMD3100, a clinically-approved small molecule that blocks CXCL12-CXCR4 binding. We used this imaging system to quantify CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling in a mouse model of metastatic ovarian cancer and showed that treatment with AMD3100 interrupted this pathway in vivo. Combination therapy with AMD3100 and cisplatin significantly decreased tumor burden in mice, although differences in overall survival were not significantly greater than treatment with either agent as monotherapy. These studies establish a molecular imaging reporter system for analyzing CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling in ovarian cancer, which can be used to investigate biology and therapeutic targeting of this pathway in cell-based assays and living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Salomonnson
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. Stacer
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anna Ehrlich
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gary D. Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutropenia is a feature of several primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs). Because of the diverse pathophysiologies of the PIDDs and the rarity of each disorder, data are often lacking, leading to the necessity of empiric treatment. Recent developments in the understanding of neutropenia in several of the PIDDs make a review of the data timely. RECENT FINDINGS The category of severe congenital neutropenia continues to expand. Mutations in G6PC3 have been identified as the cause of neutropenia in a minority of previously molecularly undefined cases. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of the pathophysiology and the clinical expression of this disorder. A possible function of the C16orf57 gene has been hypothesized that may explain the clinical overlap between Clerucuzio-type poikiloderma with neutropenia and other marrow diseases. Plerixafor has been shown to be a potentially useful treatment in the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and myelokathexis syndrome. Investigations of patients with adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency have identified neutropenia, and particularly susceptibility to myelotoxins, as a feature of this disorder. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is the treatment of choice for neutropenia in PIDD, whereas hematopoietic cell transplantation is the only curative option. SUMMARY The number of PIDDs associated with neutropenia has increased, as has our understanding of the range of phenotypes. Additional data and hypotheses have been generated helping to explain the diversity of presentations of neutropenia in PIDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sokolic
- Disorders of Immunity Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1611, USA.
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Expression of CXCL12 receptors in B cells from Mexican Mestizos patients with systemic Lupus erythematosus. J Transl Med 2012; 10:251. [PMID: 23244336 PMCID: PMC3571925 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by B-cell hyper-reactivity and the production of pathogenic anti-nuclear-directed auto-antibodies (Abs). B-cell ontogeny is partly dependent on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis for which the contribution to SLE pathogenesis remains unclear. CXCR7, the novel receptor for CXCL12, is differentially expressed among memory B-cell subsets. However, its biological role in SLE remains to be explored. METHODS Relative CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression levels were compared by quantitative PCR in leukocytes from blood samples of 41 Mexican Mestizos patients with SLE and 45 ethnicity-matched healthy subjects. Intracellular and membrane expression of both receptors was analyzed by flow cytometry in naive and Ab-secreting B cells. B-cell responsiveness to CXCL12 was investigated using Transwell-based chemotaxis assays. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparisons of values amongst healthy controls and patients with inactive or active SLE, and non-parametrically using the Mann-Whitney U-test for multiple comparisons and unpaired samples. Correlations were determined by Spearman's ranking. RESULT SLE leukocytes displayed reduced levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 transcripts. In SLE patients, a significant defect in CXCR4 expression was detected at the surface of naive and Ab-secreting B cells, associated with an abnormal intracellular localization of the receptor. CXCR7 predominantly localized in cytosolic compartments of B cells from healthy and SLE individuals. Disease activity did not impact on these expression patterns. Altered receptor compartmentalization correlated with an impaired CXCL12-promoted migration of SLE B cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight a down-regulation of CXCL12 receptors on circulating B cells from SLE patients that likely influences their migratory behavior and distribution.
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High frequency of GATA2 mutations in patients with mild chronic neutropenia evolving to MonoMac syndrome, myelodysplasia, and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2012; 121:822-9. [PMID: 23223431 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-447367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Congenital neutropenia is a group of genetic disorders that involve chronic neutropenia and susceptibility to infections. These neutropenias may be isolated or associated with immunologic defects or extra-hematopoietic manifestations. Complications may occur as infectious diseases, but also less frequently as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, the transcription factor GATA2 has been identified as a new predisposing gene for familial AML/MDS. In the present study, we describe the initial identification by exome sequencing of a GATA2 R396Q mutation in a family with a history of chronic mild neutropenia evolving to AML and/or MDS. The subsequent analysis of the French Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry allowed the identification of 6 additional pedigrees and 10 patients with 6 different and not previously reportedGATA2 mutations (R204X, E224X, R330X, A372T, M388V, and a complete deletion of the GATA2 locus). The frequent evolution to MDS and AML in these patients reveals the importance of screening GATA2 in chronic neutropenia associated with monocytopenia because of the frequent hematopoietic transformation, variable clinical expression at onset, and the need for aggressive therapy in patients with poor clinical outcome. KEY POINTS Mutations of key transcription factor in myeloid malignancies.
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Jog SP, Paul S, Dansithong W, Tring S, Comai L, Reddy S. RNA splicing is responsive to MBNL1 dose. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48825. [PMID: 23166594 PMCID: PMC3499511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM1) is a highly variable, multi-system disorder resulting from the expansion of an untranslated CTG tract in DMPK. In DM1 expanded CUG repeat RNAs form hairpin secondary structures that bind and aberrantly sequester the RNA splice regulator, MBNL1. RNA splice defects resulting as a consequence of MBNL1 depletion have been shown to play a key role in the development of DM1 pathology. In patient populations, both the number and severity of DM1 symptoms increase broadly as a function of CTG tract length. However significant variability in the DM1 phenotype is observed in patients encoding similar CTG repeat numbers. Here we demonstrate that a gradual decrease in MBNL1 levels results both in the expansion of the repertoire of splice defects and an increase in the severity of the splice alterations. Thus, MBNL1 loss does not have an all or none outcome but rather shows a graded effect on the number and severity of the ensuing splice defects. Our results suggest that once a critical threshold is reached, relatively small dose variations of free MBNL1 levels, which may reflect modest changes in the size of the CUG tract or the extent of hairpin secondary structure formation, can significantly alter the number and severity of splice abnormalities and thus contribute to the phenotype variability observed in DM1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali P Jog
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Leiding JW, Holland SM. Warts and all: human papillomavirus in primary immunodeficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1030-48. [PMID: 23036745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is almost universal and eventually asymptomatic, but pathologic infection with HPV is severe, recurrent, and recalcitrant to therapy. It is also an underappreciated manifestation of primary immunodeficiency. Mutations in EVER1, EVER2, GATA2, CXCR4, and dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) are typically associated with extensive HPV infections, whereas several other primary immune defects result in severe HPV much less frequently. We review immunodeficiencies with severe HPV infections and the mechanisms underlying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Leiding
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1684, USA.
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Beaussant Cohen S, Fenneteau O, Plouvier E, Rohrlich PS, Daltroff G, Plantier I, Dupuy A, Kerob D, Beaupain B, Bordigoni P, Fouyssac F, Delezoide AL, Devouassoux G, Nicolas JF, Bensaid P, Bertrand Y, Balabanian K, Chantelot CB, Bachelerie F, Donadieu J. Description and outcome of a cohort of 8 patients with WHIM syndrome from the French Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:71. [PMID: 23009155 PMCID: PMC3585856 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WHIM syndrome (WS), a rare congenital neutropenia due to mutations of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor, is associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-induced Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, bacterial Infections and Myelokathexis. The long term follow up of eight patients highlights the clinical heterogeneity of this disease as well as the main therapeutic approaches and remaining challenges in the light of the recent development of new CXCR4 inhibitors. OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the natural history of WS based on a French cohort of 8 patients. METHODS We have reviewed the clinical, biological and immunological features of patients with WS enrolled into the French Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry. RESULTS We identified four pedigrees with WS comprised of eight patients and one foetus. Estimated incidence for WS was of 0.23 per million births. Median age at the last visit was 29 years. Three pedigrees encompassing seven patients and the fetus displayed autosomal dominant heterozygous mutations of the CXCR4 gene, while one patient presented a wild-type CXCR4 gene. Two subjects exhibited congenital conotruncal heart malformations. In addition to neutropenia and myelokathexis, all patients presented deep monocytopenia and lymphopenia. Seven patients presented repeated bacterial Ears Nose Throat as well as severe bacterial infections that were curable with antibiotics. Four patients with late onset prophylaxis developed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Two patients reported atypical mycobacteria infections which in one case may have been responsible for one patient's death due to liver failure at the age of 40.6 years. HPV-related disease manifested in five subjects and progressed as invasive vulvar carcinoma with a fatal course in one patient at the age of 39.5 years. In addition, two patients developed T cell lymphoma skin cancer and basal cell carcinoma at the age of 38 and 65 years. CONCLUSIONS Continuous prophylactic anti-infective measures, when started in early childhood, seem to effectively prevent further bacterial infections and the consequent development of COPD. Long-term follow up is needed to evaluate the effect of early anti-HPV targeted prophylaxis on the development of skin and genital warts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beaussant Cohen
- AP-HP, Registre Français des Neutropénies Chroniques Sévères, Centre de Référence des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Service d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique Hôpital Trousseau, 26 avenue du Dr Netter, 75012 Paris, France
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Liu Q, Chen H, Ojode T, Gao X, Anaya-O'Brien S, Turner NA, Ulrick J, DeCastro R, Kelly C, Cardones AR, Gold SH, Hwang EI, Wechsler DS, Malech HL, Murphy PM, McDermott DH. WHIM syndrome caused by a single amino acid substitution in the carboxy-tail of chemokine receptor CXCR4. Blood 2012; 120:181-9. [PMID: 22596258 PMCID: PMC3390956 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
WHIM syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, immunodeficiency disorder so-named because it is characterized by warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (defective neutrophil egress from the BM). Gain-of-function mutations that truncate the C-terminus of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by 10-19 amino acids cause WHIM syndrome. We have identified a family with autosomal dominant inheritance of WHIM syndrome that is caused by a missense mutation in CXCR4, E343K (1027G → A). This mutation is also located in the C-terminal domain, a region responsible for negative regulation of the receptor. Accordingly, like CXCR4(R334X), the most common truncation mutation in WHIM syndrome, CXCR4(E343K) mediated approximately 2-fold increased signaling in calcium flux and chemotaxis assays relative to wild-type CXCR4; however, CXCR4(E343K) had a reduced effect on blocking normal receptor down-regulation from the cell surface. Therefore, in addition to truncating mutations in the C-terminal domain of CXCR4, WHIM syndrome may be caused by a single charge-changing amino acid substitution in this domain, E343K, that results in increased receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ray P, Mihalko LA, Coggins NL, Moudgil P, Ehrlich A, Luker KE, Luker GD. Carboxy-terminus of CXCR7 regulates receptor localization and function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:669-78. [PMID: 22300987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR7 is essential for normal development, and this receptor promotes initiation and progression of diseases including cancer and autoimmunity. To understand normal and pathologic functions of CXCR7 and advance development of therapeutic agents, there is a need to define structural domains that regulate this receptor. We generated mutants of CXCR7 with deletion of different lengths of the predicted intracellular tail and analyzed effects on CXCR7 signaling and function in cell-based assays. While wild-type CXCR7 predominantly localized to intracellular vesicles, progressive deletion of the carboxy terminus redistributed the receptor to the plasma membrane. Truncating the intracellular tail of CXCR7 did not alter binding to CXCL12, but mutant receptors had reduced scavenging of this chemokine. Using a firefly luciferase complementation system, we established that deletions of the carboxy terminus decreased basal interactions and eliminated ligand-dependent recruitment of the scaffolding protein β-arrestin-2 to receptors. Deleting the carboxy terminus of CXCR7 impaired constitutive internalization of the receptor and reduced activation of ERK1/2 by CXCL12-CXCR7. Inhibiting dynamin, a molecule required for internalization of CXCR7, increased ligand-dependent association of the receptor with β-arrestin-2 and enhanced activation of ERK1/2. These studies establish mechanisms of action for CXCR7 and establish the intracellular tail of CXCR7 as a critical determinant of receptor trafficking, chemokine scavenging, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Ray
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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48
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McDermott DH, Lopez J, Deng F, Liu Q, Ojode T, Chen H, Ulrick J, Kwatemaa N, Kelly C, Anaya-O'Brien S, Garofalo M, Marquesen M, Hilligoss D, DeCastro R, Malech HL, Murphy PM. AMD3100 is a potent antagonist at CXCR4(R334X) , a hyperfunctional mutant chemokine receptor and cause of WHIM syndrome. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2071-81. [PMID: 21070597 PMCID: PMC3071896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
WHIM is an acronym for a rare immunodeficiency syndrome (OMIM #193670) caused by autosomal dominant mutations truncating the C-terminus of the chemokine receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). WHIM mutations may potentiate CXCR4 signalling, suggesting that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved CXCR4 antagonist AnorMED3100 (AMD3100) (also known as Plerixafor) may be beneficial in WHIM syndrome. We have tested this at the preclinical level by comparing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and K562 cell lines matched for expression of recombinant wild-type CXCR4 (CXCR4WT) and the most common WHIM variant of CXCR4 (CXCR4R334X), as well as leucocytes from a WHIM patient with the CXCR4R334X mutation versus healthy controls. We found that CXCR4R334X mediated modestly increased signalling (∼2-fold) in all functional assays tested, but strongly resisted ligand-dependent down-regulation. AMD3100 was equipotent and equieffective as an antagonist at CXCR4R334X and CXCR4WT. Together, our data provide further evidence that CXCR4R334X is a gain-of-function mutation, and support clinical evaluation of AMD3100 as mechanism-based treatment in patients with WHIM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H McDermott
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Rettig MP, Ansstas G, DiPersio JF. Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using inhibitors of CXCR4 and VLA-4. Leukemia 2012; 26:34-53. [PMID: 21886173 PMCID: PMC3514440 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful hematopoietic stem cell transplant requires the infusion of a sufficient number of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) that are capable of homing to the bone marrow cavity and regenerating durable trilineage hematopoiesis in a timely manner. Stem cells harvested from peripheral blood are the most commonly used graft source in HSCT. Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the most frequently used agent for stem cell mobilization, the use of G-CSF alone results in suboptimal stem cell yields in a significant proportion of patients. Both the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the integrin α(4)β(1) (very late antigen 4 (VLA-4)) have important roles in the homing and retention of HSPCs within the bone marrow microenvironment. Preclinical and/or clinical studies have shown that targeted disruption of the interaction of CXCR4 or VLA-4 with their ligands results in the rapid and reversible mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral circulation and is synergistic when combined with G-CSF. In this review, we discuss the development of small-molecule CXCR4 and VLA-4 inhibitors and how they may improve the utility and convenience of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rettig
- Division of Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Woerner BM, Luo J, Brown KR, Jackson E, Dahiya SM, Mischel P, Benovic JL, Piwnica-Worms D, Rubin JB. Suppression of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 expression is a feature of classical GBM that is required for maximal growth. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 10:156-66. [PMID: 22086906 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) regulate the function of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Previously, we found that GPCR (CXCR4)-mediated astrocytoma growth was dependent upon abnormally sustained CXCR4 signaling and was correlated with decreased GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation. As CXCR4 has also been implicated in the stimulation of high-grade glioma growth, we sought to determine whether dysregulation of GRK expression and/or function might also be present in high-grade gliomas. In an analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we found that GRK3 expression is frequently decreased in glioblastoma (GBM) of the classical subtype, which possesses signature amplification or mutational activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. We tested the correlation between GRK3 expression and GBM subtypes, as well as the relationship between the activation of the EGF and other growth factor receptor pathways and GRK expression. In analyses of primary GBM tissue and RNA specimens, we found that GRK3 expression is correlated with established criteria for GBM subtyping including expression of EGF receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α, NF1, PTEN, CDKN2A, and neurofilament. We also found that established drivers of gliomagenesis, the EGF, PDGF, and TGF-β pathways, all regulate GRK expression. Coculture experiments, designed to mimic critical interactions between tumor and brain microvascular endothelial cells, showed that specifically increasing GRK3 expression reduced the trophic effect of endothelial cells on tumor cells. Together, these experiments show that GRK3 is a negative regulator of cell growth whose expression is preferentially reduced in GBM of the classical subtype as a consequence of activity in primary gliomagenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mark Woerner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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