1
|
Yang F, Cheng MH, Pan HF, Gao J. Progranulin: A promising biomarker and therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:3312-3326. [PMID: 39220875 PMCID: PMC11365408 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a multifunctional growth factor-like protein expressed by a variety of cell types, serves an important function in the physiologic and pathologic processes of fibrotic diseases, including wound healing and the inflammatory response. PGRN was discovered to inhibit pro-inflammation effect by competing with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) binding to TNF receptors. Notably, excessive tissue repair in the development of inflammation causes tissue fibrosis. Previous investigations have indicated the significance of PGRN in regulating inflammatory responses. Recently, multiple studies have shown that PGRN was linked to fibrogenesis, and was considered to monitor the formation of fibrosis in multiple organs, including liver, cardiovascular, lung and skin. This paper is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of PGRN, from its discovery to the role in fibrosis. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of PGRN, consisting of its structure, basic function and intracellular signaling. Finally, we will discuss the potential of PGRN in the diagnosis and treatment of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ming-Han Cheng
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei Q, Xu Y, Cui G, Sun J, Su Z, Kou X, Zhao Y, Cao S, Li W, Xu Y, Gao S. Male-pronuclei-specific granulin facilitates somatic cells reprogramming via mitigating excessive cell proliferation and enhancing lysosomal function. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31295. [PMID: 38747637 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Critical reprogramming factors resided predominantly in the oocyte or male pronucleus can enhance the efficiency or the quality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) induction. However, few reprogramming factors exist in the male pronucleus had been verified. Here, we demonstrated that granulin (Grn), a factor enriched specifically in male pronucleus, can significantly improve the generation of iPSCs from mouse fibroblasts. Grn is highly expressed on Day 1, Day 3, Day 14 of reprogramming induced by four Yamanaka factors and functions at the initial stage of reprogramming. Transcriptome analysis indicates that Grn can promote the expression of lysosome-related genes, while inhibit the expression of genes involved in DNA replication and cell cycle at the early reprogramming stage. Further verification determined that Grn suppressed cell proliferation due to the arrest of cell cycle at G2/M phase. Moreover, ectopic Grn can enhance the lysosomes abundance and rescue the efficiency reduction of reprogramming resulted from lysosomal protease inhibition. Taken together, we conclude that Grn serves as an activator for somatic cell reprogramming through mitigating cell hyperproliferation and promoting the function of lysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Guina Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jiatong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhongqu Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyuan Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yiliang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fragoso JM, Vargas-Alarcón G, Martínez-Flores ÁE, Montufar-Robles I, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Rojas-Velasco G, Ramírez-Bello J. ELANE rs17223045C/T and rs3761007G/A variants: Protective factors against COVID-19. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2024; 24:665-672. [PMID: 38226800 PMCID: PMC11088890 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The development and severity of this infectious disease is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into human cells, with transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) playing a crucial role in S protein priming. Other proteases, such as cathepsin L and elastase, neutrophil-expressed (ELANE), have the capability to prime the S protein and contribute to SARS-CoV-2 infection. ELANE variants have not been previously examined in COVID-19 patients. We aimed to assess the association of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within ELANE with COVID-19 and biochemical markers. The study included 319 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and 288 controls. Genotyping of ELANE rs17216663C/T (Pro257Leu), rs17223045C/T (As1n30Asn), and rs3761007G/A was conducted using a 5'-nuclease allelic discrimination assay (TaqMan assay). Our findings indicate that ELANE rs17223045C/T (C vs T: odds ratio [OR] 0.08, P = 0.005, and CC vs CT: OR 0.08, P = 0.005) and rs3761007G/A (G vs A: OR 0.38, P = 0.009, and GG vs GA: OR 0.40, P = 0.008) confer protection against COVID-19. However, these variants were not associated with biochemical markers. In conclusion, our data suggests that ELANE rs17223045C/T and rs3761007G/A SNVs may play a protective role against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Fragoso
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Rojas-Velasco
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México City, México
| | - Julian Ramírez-Bello
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He Y, Bai Y, Huang Q, Xia J, Feng J. Identification of potential biological processes and key genes in diabetes-related stroke through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:8. [PMID: 38166912 PMCID: PMC10762844 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an established risk factor for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although there are reports on the correlation of diabetes and stroke, data on its pathogenesis is limited. This study aimed to explore the underlying biological mechanisms and promising intervention targets of diabetes-related stroke. METHODS Diabetes-related datasets (GSE38642 and GSE44035) and stroke-related datasets (GSE16561 and GSE22255) were obtained from the Gene Expression omnibus (GEO) database. The key modules for stroke and diabetes were identified by weight gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes (KEGG) analyses were employed in the key module. Genes in stroke- and diabetes-related key modules were intersected to obtain common genes for T2DM-related stroke. In order to discover the key genes in T2DM-related stroke, the Cytoscape and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed. The key genes were functionally annotated in the Reactome database. RESULTS By intersecting the diabetes- and stroke-related crucial modules, 24 common genes for T2DM-related stroke were identified. Metascape showed that neutrophil extracellular trap formation was primarily enriched. The hub gene was granulin precursor (GRN), which had the highest connectivity among the common genes. In addition, functional enrichment analysis indicated that GRN was involved in neutrophil degranulation, thus regulating neutrophil extracellular trap formation. CONCLUSIONS This study firstly revealed that neutrophil extracellular trap formation may represent the common biological processes of diabetes and stroke, and GRN may be potential intervention targets for T2DM-related stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Neurology, Liuyang Jili Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, Central South University, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gillett DA, Wallings RL, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:286. [PMID: 38037070 PMCID: PMC10688479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in progranulin (PGRN) expression are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Recently, the loss of PGRN was shown to result in endo-lysosomal system dysfunction and an age-dependent increase in the expression of another protein associated with NDs, glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB). MAIN BODY It is unclear what role GPNMB plays in the context of PGRN insufficiency and how they interact and contribute to the development or progression of NDs. This review focuses on the interplay between these two critical proteins within the context of endo-lysosomal health, immune function, and inflammation in their contribution to NDs. SHORT CONCLUSION PGRN and GPNMB are interrelated proteins that regulate disease-relevant processes and may have value as therapeutic targets to delay disease progression or extend therapeutic windows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Gillett
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Piechowski-Jóźwiak B, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3435-3447. [PMID: 37561339 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening medical condition and is a leading cause of disability. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by a distinct inflammatory response starting with the production of various cytokines and other inflammation-related agents. Progranulin (PGRN), a multifunctional protein, is critical in diverse physiological reactions, such as cell proliferation, inflammation, wound healing, and nervous system development. A mature PGRN is anti-inflammatory, while granulin, its derivative, conversely induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. PGRN is significantly involved in the brain tissue and its damage, for example, improving mood and cognitive disorders caused by cerebral ischemia. It may also have protective effects against nerve and spinal cord injuries by inhibiting neuroinflammatory response and apoptosis or it may be related to the proliferation, accumulation, differentiation, and activation of microglia. PGRN is a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. It may increase post-stroke neurogenesis of the subventricular zone (SVZ), which is particularly important in improving long-term brain function following cerebral ischemia. The neurogenesis enhanced via PGRN in the ischemic brain SVZ may be attributed to the induction of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling routes. PGRN can also promote the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PGRN increases hippocampal neurogenesis, reducing anxiety and impaired spatial learning post-cerebral ischemia. PGRN alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. PGRN can be introduced as a potent neuroprotective agent capable of improving post-ischemia neuronal actions, mainly by reducing and elevating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Expression, storage, cleavage, and function of progranulin (PGRN) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bartłomiej Piechowski-Jóźwiak
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, 59 Hamouda Bin Ali Al Dhaheri Street, Jazeerat Al Maryah, PO Box 112412, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, Zhang Y, Li C, Ning P, Sun H, Wei F. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the new regulatory mechanism of progranulin in influenza virus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1090851. [PMID: 36713155 PMCID: PMC9877624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) plays an important role in influenza virus infection. To gain insight into the potential molecular mechanisms by which PGRN regulates influenza viral replication, proteomic analyzes of whole mouse lung tissue from wild-type (WT) versus (vs) PGRN knockout (KO) mice were performed to identify proteins regulated by the absence vs. presence of PGRN. Our results revealed that PGRN regulated the differential expression of ALOX15, CD14, CD5L, and FCER1g, etc., and also affected the lysosomal activity in influenza virus infection. Collectively these findings provide a panoramic view of proteomic changes resulting from loss of PGRN and thereby shedding light on the functions of PGRN in influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoning Li
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Chengye Li
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Ning
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanhua Wei
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China,*Correspondence: Fanhua Wei, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roe K. Accelerated T-cell exhaustion: its potential role in autoimmune disease and hyperinflammatory disease pathogenesis. Hum Cell 2023; 36:866-869. [PMID: 36478089 PMCID: PMC9735067 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Sun W, Zhang Y, Ren X, Cui L, Wang J, Ni X. In Silico Studies, Biological Activities, and Anti-human Pancreatic Cancer Potential of 6-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone as Flavonoid Compounds. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:853-861. [PMID: 35661067 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus is one of the RNA viruses with the largest genome; It is a group of viruses known to infect humans very little until the end of the 20th century, generally causing infection in animals (bird, cat, pig, mouse, horse, bat). It is the causative agent of 15-30% of seasonal lower and upper respiratory tract infections, and may rarely cause gastrointestinal and nervous system infections. We have obtained results for the collagenase and elastase enzymes were at the micromolar level. We obtained IC50 results for the collagenase enzyme for 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 257.22 ± 34.07 µM and for 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone 74.46 ± 8.61 µM. 6-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone were considered good inhibitors for elastase enzyme. Additionally, these compounds significantly decreased human pancreatic cancer cell viability from low doses. In addition, 100 µM dose of all compounds caused significant reductions in human pancreatic cancer cell viability. IC50 results (IC50: 10-50 µM) were better than control. In the otherwords, the docking results suggest that both compounds tend to have lower efficacy on the main protease targets of SARS-CoV-2 than standard compounds, (NL-1 and NL-2). The reason for this is that the standard compounds interact strongly and more frequently with the target proteins, and the surface areas they cover on the active surface are much larger than the small ligand molecules studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Cadre Health Care Department/Tumor Molecular Targeted Therapy Ward, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Xiaolu Ren
- Department of radiation oncology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Lingzhi Cui
- Cadre Health Care Department/Tumor Molecular Targeted Therapy Ward, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Cadre Health Care Department/Tumor Molecular Targeted Therapy Ward, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Xiaohong Ni
- Department of Neurology, Huanggang Central Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pu Z, Bao X, Xia S, Shao P, Xu Y. Serpine1 Regulates Peripheral Neutrophil Recruitment and Acts as Potential Target in Ischemic Stroke. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2649-2663. [PMID: 35494316 PMCID: PMC9049872 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s361072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peripheral neutrophil infiltration can exacerbate ischemia–reperfusion injury. We focused on the relationship between various peripheral immune cells and cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of dauricine on neuronal injury induced by ischemia–reperfusion and peripheral immune cells after ischemic stroke in mouse model, and we explored the undefined mechanisms of regulating peripheral immune cells through RNA sequencing and various biochemical verification in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that dauricine improved the neurological deficits of I/R injury, reduced the infarct volume, and improved the neurological scores. Furthermore, dauricine reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the brain after MCAO-R and increased peripheral neutrophils but unchanged the permeability of the endotheliocyte Transwell system in an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. RNA sequencing showed that chemotaxis factors, such as CXCL3, CXCL11, CCL20, CCL22, IL12a, IL23a, and serpine1, might play a crucial role. Overexpression of serpine1 reversed LPS-induced migration of neutrophils. Dauricine can directly bind with serpine1 in ligand–receptor docking performed with the Autodock and analyzed with PyMOL. Conclusion We identified chemotaxis factor serpine1 played a crucial role in peripheral neutrophil infiltration, which may contribute to reduce the neuronal injury induced by ischemia–reperfusion. These findings reveal that serpine1 may act as a potential treatment target in the acute stage of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Pu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Shao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yun Xu, Email
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Identification of Novel Noninvasive Diagnostics Biomarkers in the Parkinson’s Diseases and Improving the Disease Classification Using Support Vector Machine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5009892. [PMID: 35342758 PMCID: PMC8941533 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5009892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that is marked by the deficit of neurons in the midbrain that changes motor and cognitive function. In the substantia nigra, the selective demise of dopamine-producing neurons was the main cause of this disease. The purpose of this research was to discover genes involved in PD development. Methods In this study, the microarray dataset (GSE22491) provided by GEO was used for further analysis. The Limma package under R software was used to examine and assess gene expression and identify DEGs. The DAVID online tool was used to accomplish GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway for DEGs. Furthermore, the PPI network of these DEGs was depicted using the STRING database and analyzed through the Cytoscape to identify hub genes. Support vector machine (SVM) classifier was subsequently employed to predict the accuracy of genes. Result PPI network consisted of 264 nodes as well as 502 edges was generated using the DEGs recognized from the Limma package under the R software. Moreover, three genes were identified as hubs: GNB5, GNG11, and ELANE. By using 3-gene combination, SVM found that prediction accuracy of 88% can be achieved. Conclusion According to the findings of the study, the 3 hub genes GNB5, GNG11, and ELANE may be used as PD detection biomarkers. Moreover, the results obtained from SVM with high accuracy can be considered as PD biomarkers in further investigations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Murakoshi M, Gohda T, Sakuma H, Shibata T, Adachi E, Kishida C, Ichikawa S, Koshida T, Kamei N, Suzuki Y. Progranulin and Its Receptor Predict Kidney Function Decline in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:849457. [PMID: 35432201 PMCID: PMC9012489 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.849457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a growth factor, is abundantly expressed in a broad range of tissues and cell types with pleiotropic functions including inflammation, neurodegeneration, and facilitating lysosome acidification. PGRN binds to TNF receptors (TNFR) and inhibits downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. TNFR is a well-known predictor of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline in a variety of diseases. Therefore, we measured circulating PGRN in addition to TNFR using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and explored whether it predicted renal prognosis in 201 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. During a median follow-up of 7.6 years, 21 participants reached primary renal endpoint, which involves a decline of at least 57% in eGFR from baseline, or the onset of end-stage renal disease. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that classical renal measures (GFR and albuminuria), two TNF-related biomarkers (PGRN and TNFR), and BMI were associated with this outcome. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high levels of PGRN [HR 2.50 (95%CI 2.47-2.52)] or TNFR1 [HR 5.38 (95%CI 5.26-5.50)] were associated with this outcome after adjusting for relevant covariates. The high levels of PGRN as well as TNFR1 were associated with a risk of primary renal outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes after adjusting for established risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomohito Gohda,
| | - Hiroko Sakuma
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumi Shibata
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Adachi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kishida
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Ichikawa
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Koshida
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kamei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lan YJ, Sam NB, Cheng MH, Pan HF, Gao J. Progranulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Immune-Mediated Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6543-6556. [PMID: 34898994 PMCID: PMC8655512 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s339254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a secretory glycoprotein consisting of 593 amino acid residues, is a key actor and regulator of multiple system functions such as innate immune response and inflammation, as well as tissue regeneration. Recently, there is emerging evidence that PGRN is protective in the development of a variety of immune-mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) by regulating signaling pathways known to be critical for immunology, particularly the tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF receptor (TNF-α/TNFR) signaling pathway. Whereas, the role of PGRN in psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) is controversial. This review summarizes the immunological functions of PGRN and its role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases, in order to provide new ideas for developing therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Jiao Lan
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Napoleon Bellua Sam
- Department of Medical Research and Innovation, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ming-Han Cheng
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dong T, Tejwani L, Jung Y, Kokubu H, Luttik K, Driessen TM, Lim J. Microglia regulate brain progranulin levels through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e136147. [PMID: 34618685 PMCID: PMC8663778 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in Granulin (GRN), which encodes the secreted glycoprotein progranulin (PGRN), are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and Alzheimer's disease. These genetic alterations manifest in pathological changes due to a reduction of PGRN expression; therefore, identifying factors that can modulate PGRN levels in vivo would enhance our understanding of PGRN in neurodegeneration and could reveal novel potential therapeutic targets. Here, we report that modulation of the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway via reduction of Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) in microglia, but not in neurons, can alter total brain Pgrn levels in mice. We demonstrate that Nlk reduction promotes Pgrn degradation by enhancing its trafficking through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway, specifically in microglia. Furthermore, genetic interaction studies in mice showed that Nlk heterozygosity in Grn haploinsufficient mice further reduces Pgrn levels and induces neuropathological phenotypes associated with PGRN deficiency. Our results reveal a mechanism for Pgrn level regulation in the brain through the active catabolism by microglia and provide insights into the pathophysiology of PGRN-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leon Tejwani
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Youngseob Jung
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kokubu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Luttik
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Janghoo Lim
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
D’Souza SS, Zhang Y, Bailey JT, Fung ITH, Kuentzel ML, Chittur SV, Yang Q. Type I Interferon signaling controls the accumulation and transcriptomes of monocytes in the aged lung. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13470. [PMID: 34547174 PMCID: PMC8520712 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is paradoxically associated with a deteriorated immune defense (immunosenescence) and increased basal levels of tissue inflammation (inflammaging). The lung is particularly sensitive to the effects of aging. The immune cell mechanisms underlying physiological lung aging remain poorly understood. Here we reveal that aging leads to increased interferon signaling and elevated concentrations of chemokines in the lung, which is associated with infiltration of monocytes into the lung parenchyma. scRNA‐seq identified a novel Type‐1 interferon signaling dependent monocyte subset (MO‐ifn) that upregulated IFNAR1 expression and exhibited greater transcriptomal changes with aging than the other monocytes. Blockade of type‐1 interferon signaling by treatment with anti‐IFNAR1 neutralizing antibodies rapidly ablated MO‐ifn cells. Treatment with anti‐IFNAR1 antibodies also reduced airway chemokine concentrations and repressed the accumulation of the overall monocyte population in the parenchyma of the aged lung. Together, our work suggests that physiological aging is associated with increased basal level of airway monocyte infiltration and inflammation in part due to elevated type‐1 interferon signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanti S. D’Souza
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Yuanyue Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Jacob T. Bailey
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Ivan T. H. Fung
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| | - Marcy L. Kuentzel
- Center for Functional Genomics University at Albany‐SUNY Rensselaer NY USA
| | - Sridar V. Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics University at Albany‐SUNY Rensselaer NY USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease Albany Medical College Albany NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mohan S, Sampognaro PJ, Argouarch AR, Maynard JC, Welch M, Patwardhan A, Courtney EC, Zhang J, Mason A, Li KH, Huang EJ, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Burlingame A, Jacobson MP, Kao AW. Processing of progranulin into granulins involves multiple lysosomal proteases and is affected in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:51. [PMID: 34344440 PMCID: PMC8330050 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progranulin loss-of-function mutations are linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP-Pgrn). Progranulin (PGRN) is an intracellular and secreted pro-protein that is proteolytically cleaved into individual granulin peptides, which are increasingly thought to contribute to FTLD-TDP-Pgrn disease pathophysiology. Intracellular PGRN is processed into granulins in the endo-lysosomal compartments. Therefore, to better understand the conversion of intracellular PGRN into granulins, we systematically tested the ability of different classes of endo-lysosomal proteases to process PGRN at a range of pH setpoints. Results In vitro cleavage assays identified multiple enzymes that can process human PGRN into multi- and single-granulin fragments in a pH-dependent manner. We confirmed the role of cathepsin B and cathepsin L in PGRN processing and showed that these and several previously unidentified lysosomal proteases (cathepsins E, G, K, S and V) are able to process PGRN in distinctive, pH-dependent manners. In addition, we have demonstrated a new role for asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) in processing PGRN, with AEP having the unique ability to liberate granulin F from the pro-protein. Brain tissue from individuals with FTLD-TDP-Pgrn showed increased PGRN processing to granulin F and increased AEP activity in degenerating brain regions but not in regions unaffected by disease. Conclusions This study demonstrates that multiple lysosomal proteases may work in concert to liberate multi-granulin fragments and granulins. It also implicates both AEP and granulin F in the neurobiology of FTLD-TDP-Pgrn. Modulating progranulin cleavage and granulin production may represent therapeutic strategies for FTLD-Pgrn and other progranulin-related diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00472-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Mohan
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Paul J Sampognaro
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Andrea R Argouarch
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jason C Maynard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Mackenzie Welch
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Anand Patwardhan
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Emma C Courtney
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Amanda Mason
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Mathew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schrader JM, Xu F, Van Nostrand WE. Distinct brain regional proteome changes in the rTg-DI rat model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neurochem 2021; 159:273-291. [PMID: 34218440 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a prevalent cerebral small vessel disease in the elderly and a common comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by cerebral vascular amyloid accumulation, cerebral infarction, microbleeds, and intracerebral hemorrhages and is a prominent contributor to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Here, we investigate proteome changes associated with specific pathological features in several brain regions of rTg-DI rats, a preclinical model of CAA. Whereas varying degrees of microvascular amyloid and associated neuroinflammation are found in several brain regions, the presence of microbleeds and occluded small vessels is largely restricted to the thalamic region of rTg-DI rats, indicating different levels of CAA and associated pathologies occur in distinct brain regions in this model. Here, using SWATHLC-MS/MS, we report specific proteomic analysis of isolated brain regions and employ pathway analysis to correlate regionally specific proteomic changes with uniquely implicated molecular pathways. Pathway analysis suggested common activation of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), abnormal nervous system morphology, and neutrophil degranulation in all three regions. Activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was common to the hippocampus and thalamus, which share high CAA loads, while the thalamus, which uniquely exhibits thrombotic events, additionally displayed activation of thrombin and aggregation of blood cells. Thus, we present significant and new insight into the cerebral proteome changes found in distinct brain regions with differential CAA-related pathologies of rTg-DI rats and provide new information on potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with these regional disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Schrader
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garreto L, Charneau S, Mandacaru SC, Nóbrega OT, Motta FN, de Araújo CN, Tonet AC, Modesto FMB, Paula LM, de Sousa MV, Santana JM, Acevedo AC, Bastos IMD. Mapping Salivary Proteases in Sjögren's Syndrome Patients Reveals Overexpression of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4/CD26. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686480. [PMID: 34220840 PMCID: PMC8247581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy characterized by the progressive damage of salivary and lacrimal glands associated with lymphocytic infiltration. Identifying new non-invasive biomarkers for SS diagnosis remains a challenge, and alterations in saliva composition reported in patients turn this fluid into a source of potential biomarkers. Among these, proteases are promising candidates since they are involved in several key physio-pathological processes. This study evaluated differentially expressed proteases in SS individuals' saliva using synthetic fluorogenic substrates, zymography, ELISA, and proteomic approaches. Here we reported, for the first time, increased activity of the serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase-4/CD26 (DPP4/CD26) in pSS saliva, the expression level of which was corroborated by ELISA assay. Gelatin zymograms showed that metalloproteinase proteolytic band profiles differed significantly in intensity between control and SS groups. Focusing on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression, an increased tendency in pSS saliva (p = 0.0527) was observed compared to the control group. Samples of control, pSS, and sSS were analyzed by mass spectrometry to reveal a general panorama of proteases in saliva. Forty-eight protein groups of proteases were identified, among which were the serine proteases cathepsin G (CTSG), neutrophil elastase (ELANE), myeloblastin (PRTN3), MMP9 and several protease inhibitors. This work paves the way for proteases to be explored in the future as biomarkers, emphasizing DPP4 by its association in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Besides its proteolytic role, DPP4/CD26 acts as a cell surface receptor, signal transduction mediator, adhesion and costimulatory protein involved in T lymphocytes activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laís Garreto
- Pathogen–Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Samuel Coelho Mandacaru
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia N. Motta
- Pathogen–Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carla N. de Araújo
- Pathogen–Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Audrey C. Tonet
- Laboratory of Immune Gerontology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian M. Paula
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Department of Odontology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Pathogen–Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Department of Odontology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Izabela M. D. Bastos
- Pathogen–Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Granulin: An Invasive and Survival-Determining Marker in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126436. [PMID: 34208547 PMCID: PMC8235441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Granulin is a secreted, glycosylated peptide—originated by cleavage from a precursor protein—which is involved in cell growth, tumor invasion and angiogenesis. However, the specific prognostic impact of granulin in human colorectal cancer has only been studied to a limited extent. Thus, we wanted to assess the expression of granulin in colorectal cancer patients to evaluate its potential as a prognostic biomarker. Methods: Expressional differences of granulin in colorectal carcinoma tissue (n = 94) and corresponding healthy colon mucosa were assessed using qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed in colorectal cancer specimens (n = 97), corresponding healthy mucosa (n = 47) and colorectal adenomas (n = 19). Subsequently, the results were correlated with histopathological and clinical patients’ data. HCT-116 cells were transfected with siRNA for invasion and migration assays. Results: Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR revealed tumoral over expression of granulin in colorectal cancer specimens compared to corresponding healthy colon mucosa and adenomas. Tumoral overexpression of granulin was associated with a significantly impaired overall survival. Moreover, downregulation of granulin by siRNA significantly diminished the invasive capacities of HCT-116 cells in vitro. Conclusion: Expression of granulin differs in colorectal cancer tissue, adenomas and healthy colon mucosa. Furthermore, granulin features invasive and migrative capabilities and overexpression of granulin correlates with a dismal prognosis. This reveals its potential as a prognostic biomarker and granulin could be a worthwhile molecular target for individualized anticancer therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Nádró B, Lőrincz H, Molnár Á, Szentpéteri A, Zöld E, Seres I, Páll D, Paragh G, Kempler P, Harangi M, Sztanek F. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid treatment on serum progranulin levels and inflammatory markers in diabetic neuropathy. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211012213. [PMID: 34041950 PMCID: PMC8165837 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211012213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted growth factor that helps to regulate
neuronal survival by blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) receptors.
The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is used in diabetic neuropathy to
improve nerve conduction and relieve neuropathic pain, but its effects on
PGRN levels have not yet been elucidated. Methods In this prospective study, 54 patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral
neuropathy received 600 mg of ALA daily for 6 months. Twenty-four patients
with diabetes without neuropathy were also included in the study. Serum PGRN
and TNFα levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In
addition, current perception threshold (CPT) testing was used to assess
sensory neuropathy. Results After ALA treatment, serum PGRN levels were significantly increased and CPT
values were significantly improved. Furthermore, there were significant
positive correlations among TNFα, ICAM-1, and PGRN levels both before and
after ALA treatment. A significant negative correlation was observed between
the improvements in CPT and the PGRN levels. Furthermore, ICAM-1 levels were
an independent predictor of PGRN levels. Conclusions Changes in serum PGRN levels indicate that ALA treatment may have beneficial
effects on endothelial function and neuronal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bíborka Nádró
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Lőrincz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Molnár
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Szentpéteri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Zöld
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Seres
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dénes Páll
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Kempler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sztanek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Zamora-Chimal J. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated molecules: a review on their immunophysiological and inflammatory roles. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:253-274. [PMID: 34036897 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1921174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a defense mechanism against pathogens. They are composed of DNA and various proteins and have the ability to hinder microbial spreading and survival. However, NETs are not only related to infections but also participate in sterile inflammatory events. In addition to DNA, NETs contain histones, serine proteases, cytoskeletal proteins and antimicrobial peptides, all of which have immunomodulatory properties that can augment or decrease the inflammatory response. Extracellular localization of these molecules alerts the immune system of cellular damage, which is triggered by recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through specific pattern recognition receptors. However, not all of these molecules are DAMPs and may have other immunophysiological properties in the extracellular space. The release of NETs can lead to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (due to TLR2/4/9 and inflammasome activation), the destruction of the extracellular matrix, activation of serine proteases and of matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs), modulation of cellular proliferation, induction of cellular migration and adhesion, promotion of thrombogenesis and angiogenesis and disruption of epithelial and endothelial permeability. Understanding the dynamics of NET-associated molecules, either individually or synergically, will help to unravel their role in inflammatory events and open novel perspectives for potential therapeutic targets. We here review molecules contained within NETS and their immunophysiological roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U Morales-Primo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schepetkin IA, Plotnikov MB, Khlebnikov AI, Plotnikova TM, Quinn MT. Oximes: Novel Therapeutics with Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060777. [PMID: 34067242 PMCID: PMC8224626 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oximes have been studied for decades because of their significant roles as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Over the last twenty years, a large number of oximes have been reported with useful pharmaceutical properties, including compounds with antibacterial, anticancer, anti-arthritis, and anti-stroke activities. Many oximes are kinase inhibitors and have been shown to inhibit over 40 different kinases, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), serine/threonine kinases glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK-3α/β), Aurora A, B-Raf, Chk1, death-associated protein-kinase-related 2 (DRAK2), phosphorylase kinase (PhK), serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK), and multiple receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Some oximes are inhibitors of lipoxygenase 5, human neutrophil elastase, and proteinase 3. The oxime group contains two H-bond acceptors (nitrogen and oxygen atoms) and one H-bond donor (OH group), versus only one H-bond acceptor present in carbonyl groups. This feature, together with the high polarity of oxime groups, may lead to a significantly different mode of interaction with receptor binding sites compared to corresponding carbonyl compounds, despite small changes in the total size and shape of the compound. In addition, oximes can generate nitric oxide. This review is focused on oximes as kinase inhibitors with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Oximes with non-kinase targets or mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Mark B. Plotnikov
- Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Andrei I. Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Scientific Research Institute of Biological Medicine, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Tatiana M. Plotnikova
- Department of Pharmacology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-406-994-4707; Fax: +1-406-994-4303
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kong C, Shi Y, Xu J, Xiu Z, Qi W. Serum progranulin level is associated with disease activity following orthopedic surgery in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520971459. [PMID: 33322978 PMCID: PMC7745593 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520971459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have focused on the ability of progranulin to predict postoperative disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have undergone surgery. This study evaluated serum progranulin levels in active RA patients and analyzed its relationship with postoperative disease activity. Methods One hundred thirty-two patients with active RA and 72 healthy subjects were included in this study. Serum progranulin was measured, and clinical data were collected. The postoperative 1-year Disease Activity Score in 28 joints calculated with C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) scores was evaluated as an indicator of disease activity. The predictive value of progranulin in postoperative 1-year disease activity in RA patients was also analyzed. Results Serum progranulin was significantly associated with the postoperative 1-year RA disease activity. The mean serum progranulin level in patients with a high disease activity was significantly higher than that of RA patients with low-to-moderate disease activity (54.2 ± 10.6 ng/mL vs. 46.7 ± 8.8 ng/mL). Serum progranulin was also evaluated as an independent predictive factor for postoperative 1-year RA disease activity in multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–8.85). Conclusions Serum progranulin levels may be a promising indicator of postoperative disease activity in RA patients who underwent orthopedic surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Kong
- Chunyu Kong, Department of Rheumatology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, No. 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300190, P.R. China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mice Deficient in the IL-1β Activation Genes Prtn3, Elane, and Casp1 Are Protected Against the Development of Obesity-Induced NAFLD. Inflammation 2021; 43:1054-1064. [PMID: 32002713 PMCID: PMC7280336 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. Inflammatory pathways contribute to disease pathogenesis; however, regulation of the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, participates in the development and progression of NAFLD. To become bioactive, IL-1β requires enzymatic processing. Mechanisms that activate IL-1β include the classical NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1 and the neutrophil serine proteases, neutrophil elastase, and proteinase-3. Several studies have shown that both caspase-1 and the neutrophil serine proteases are important for NAFLD development. However, it is unknown whether these pathways interact and if they have a synergistic effect in promoting NAFLD. In the present study, we developed a novel and unique mouse model by intercrossing caspase-1/11 knockout mice with neutrophil elastase/proteinase-3 double knockout mice. Subsequently, these mice were examined regarding the development of high-fat diet–induced NAFLD. Our results show that mice deficient in caspase-1, neutrophil elastase, and proteinase-3 were protected from developing diet-induced weigh gain, liver steatosis, and adipose tissue inflammation when compared with controls. We conclude that pathways that process pro-IL-1β to bioactive IL-1β play an important role in promoting the development of NAFLD and obesity-induced inflammation. Targeting these pathways could have a therapeutic potential in patients with NAFLD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Giunta M, Solje E, Gardoni F, Borroni B, Benussi A. Experimental Disease-Modifying Agents for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:359-376. [PMID: 33790662 PMCID: PMC8005747 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s262352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia is a clinically, genetically and pathologically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, enclosing a wide range of different pathological entities, associated with the accumulation of proteins such as tau and TPD-43. Characterized by a high hereditability, mutations in three main genes, MAPT, GRN and C9orf72, can drive the neurodegenerative process. The connection between different genes and proteinopathies through specific mechanisms has shed light on the pathophysiology of the disease, leading to the identification of potential pharmacological targets. New experimental strategies are emerging, in both preclinical and clinical settings, which focus on small molecules rather than gene therapy. In this review, we provide an insight into the aberrant mechanisms leading to FTLD-related proteinopathies and discuss recent therapies with the potential to ameliorate neurodegeneration and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Giunta
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse correlation between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that similar genes and pathways are dysregulated in both diseases but in a contrasting manner. Given the genetic convergence of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders commonly known as Batten disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to explore the relationship between cancer and the NCLs. In this review, we survey data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and available literature on the roles of NCL genes in different oncogenic processes to reveal links between all the NCL genes and cancer-related processes. We also discuss the potential contributions of NCL genes to cancer immunology. Based on our findings, we propose that further research on the relationship between cancer and the NCLs may help shed light on the roles of NCL genes in both diseases and possibly guide therapy development.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pathogenesis and pathology of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA)-associated vasculitis. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100094. [PMID: 33912820 PMCID: PMC8063861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AAV is characterized by necrotizing small vessel vasculitis with positive serum ANCA. MPO/PR3-ANCA and neutrophils play central roles in AAV pathogenicity. Dysregulated complement system primes neutrophils. MPO-ANCA directly activates neutrophils to induce NETosis followed by releasing NETs. B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells also contribute to the pathogenicity of AAV.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu C, Li J, Shi W, Zhang L, Liu S, Lian Y, Liang S, Wang H. Progranulin Regulates Inflammation and Tumor. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2021; 19:88-102. [PMID: 31339079 PMCID: PMC7475802 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190724124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) mediates cell cycle progression and cell motility as a pleiotropic growth factor and acts as a universal regulator of cell growth, migration and transformation, cell cycle, wound healing, tumorigenesis, and cytotoxic drug resistance as a secreted glycoprotein. PGRN overexpression can induce the secretion of many inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, -6,-10, TNF-α. At the same time, this protein can promote tumor proliferation and the occurrence and development of many related diseases such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, renal injury, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammatory, human atherosclerotic plaque, hepatocarcinoma, acute kidney injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In short, PGRN plays a very critical role in injury repair and tumorigenesis, it provides a new direction for succeeding research and serves as a target for clinical diagnosis and treatment, thus warranting further investigation. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility and the effect of PGRN on the relationship between inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Weifang Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Liujia Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Yingcong Lian
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou X, Kukar T, Rademakers R. Lysosomal Dysfunction and Other Pathomechanisms in FTLD: Evidence from Progranulin Genetics and Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1281:219-242. [PMID: 33433878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) were first identified as an important genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Due to the highly diverse biological functions of the progranulin (PGRN) protein, encoded by GRN, multiple possible disease mechanisms have been proposed. Early work focused on the neurotrophic properties of PGRN and its role in the inflammatory response. However, since the discovery of homozygous GRN mutations in patients with a lysosomal storage disorder, investigation into the possible roles of PGRN and its proteolytic cleavage products granulins, in lysosomal function and dysfunction, has taken center stage. In this chapter, we summarize the GRN mutational spectrum and its associated phenotypes followed by an in-depth discussion on the possible disease mechanisms implicated in FTLD-GRN. We conclude with key outstanding questions which urgently require answers to ensure safe and successful therapy development for GRN mutation carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp-CDE, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bhopatkar AA, Rangachari V. Are granulins copper sequestering proteins? Proteins 2020; 89:450-461. [PMID: 33252789 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Granulins (GRN 1-7) are short (~6 kDa), cysteine-rich proteins that are generated upon the proteolytic processing of progranulin (PGRN). These peptides, along with their precursor, have been implicated in multiple pathophysiological roles, especially in neurodegenerative diseases. Previously we showed that GRN-3 and GRN-5 are fully disordered in the reduced form implicating redox sensitive attributes to the proteins. Redox-based modulations are often carried out by metalloproteins in mitigating oxidative stress and maintaining metal-homeostasis within cells. To probe whether GRNs play a role in metal sequestration, we tested the metal binding propensity of the reduced forms of GRNs -3 and - 5 under neutral and acidic pH mimicking cytosolic and lysosomal conditions, respectively. We found, at neutral pH, both GRNs selectively bind Cu and no other divalent metal cations, with a greater specificity for Cu(I). Binding of Cu did not result in a disorder-to-order structural transition but partly triggered the multimerization of GRNs via uncoordinated cystines at both pH conditions. Overall, the results indicate that GRNs -3 and - 5 have surprisingly strong affinity for Cu in the pM range, comparable to other known copper sequestering proteins. The results also hint at a potential of GRNs to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I), a process that has significance in mitigating Cu-induced ROS cytotoxicity in cells. Together, this report uncovers metal-coordinating property of GRNs for the first time, which may have profound significance in their structure and pathophysiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Vijayaraghavan Rangachari
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
AhYoung AP, Eckard SC, Gogineni A, Xi H, Lin SJ, Gerhardy S, Cox C, Phung QT, Hackney JA, Katakam AK, Reichelt M, Caplazi P, Manzanillo P, Zhang J, Roose-Girma M, Tam LW, Newman RJ, Murthy A, Weimer RM, Lill JR, Lee WP, Grimbaldeston M, Kirchhofer D, van Lookeren Campagne M. Neutrophil serine protease 4 is required for mast cell-dependent vascular leakage. Commun Biol 2020; 3:687. [PMID: 33214666 PMCID: PMC7677402 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular leakage, or edema, is a serious complication of acute allergic reactions. Vascular leakage is triggered by the release of histamine and serotonin from granules within tissue-resident mast cells. Here, we show that expression of Neutrophil Serine Protease 4 (NSP4) during the early stages of mast cell development regulates mast cell-mediated vascular leakage. In myeloid precursors, the granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), loss of NSP4 results in the decrease of cellular levels of histamine, serotonin and heparin/heparan sulfate. Mast cells that are derived from NSP4-deficient GMPs have abnormal secretory granule morphology and a sustained reduction in histamine and serotonin levels. Consequently, in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and acute arthritis models, mast cell-mediated vascular leakage in the skin and joints is substantially reduced in NSP4-deficient mice. Our findings reveal that NSP4 is required for the proper storage of vasoactive amines in mast cell granules, which impacts mast cell-dependent vascular leakage in mouse models of immune complex-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P AhYoung
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sterling C Eckard
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongkang Xi
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - S Jack Lin
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christian Cox
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Qui T Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Paolo Manzanillo
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda W Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robert J Newman
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jennie R Lill
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michele Grimbaldeston
- OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Menno van Lookeren Campagne
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Deryugina E, Carré A, Ardi V, Muramatsu T, Schmidt J, Pham C, Quigley JP. Neutrophil Elastase Facilitates Tumor Cell Intravasation and Early Metastatic Events. iScience 2020; 23:101799. [PMID: 33299970 PMCID: PMC7702017 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional roles of neutrophil elastase (NE) have not been examined in distinct steps of the metastatic cascade. NE, delivered to primary tumors as a purified enzyme or within intact neutrophils or neutrophil granule content, enhanced human tumor cell intravasation and subsequent dissemination via NE-mediated formation of dilated intratumoral vasculature. These effects depended on picomole range of NE activity, sensitive to its natural inhibitor, α1PI. In Elane-negative mice, the lack of NE decreased lung retention of human tumor cells in experimental metastasis. Furthermore, NE was essential for spontaneous metastasis of murine carcinoma cells in a syngeneic orthotopic model of oral cancer. NE also induced tumor cell survival and migration via Src/PI3K-dependent activation of Akt signaling, vital for tumor cell dissemination in vivo. Together, our findings implicate NE, a potent host enzyme specific for first-responding innate immune cells, as directly involved in early metastatic events and a potential target for therapeutic intervention. NE enhances human carcinoma cell intravasation and spontaneous metastasis NE mediates formation of dilated intratumoral vasculature supporting cell intravasation NE-KO mice exhibit decreased lung retention and spontaneous metastasis of tumor cells NE induces tumor cell survival and migration via activation of Src/PI3K/Akt pathway
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deryugina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexia Carré
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veronica Ardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,National University, 9388 Lightwave Avenue, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Tomoki Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonas Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James P Quigley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Boeringer T, Gould LJ, Koria P. Protease-Resistant Growth Factor Formulations for the Healing of Chronic Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:612-622. [PMID: 33095126 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chronic wounds are long-term nonhealing wounds that are refractory to treatment. These wounds can present elevated protease levels, leading to rapid degradation of native and exogenously added growth factors. This work focused on developing a protease-resistant growth factor formulation for treatment of chronic wounds presented with high protease activity. Approach: This study developed protease-resistant growth factor formulations comprising elastin-like peptides (ELPs) fused with a known protease inhibitor peptide or growth factor. The ELP component of the fusion proteins allows assembly of heterogeneous nanoparticles (NPs) putting the inhibitor in close proximity to the growth factor to be protected. Results: We show successful preservation of growth factor activity in high human neutrophil elastase (HNE) environment and in human chronic wound fluid derived from patients. We further show that these NPs result in enhanced collagen remodeling and resolution of inflammation in a full thickness wound supplemented with HNE in genetically diabetic mice. Innovation: Development of heterogeneous NPs that put the protease inhibitor in close proximity of the growth factor. Moreover, the modular nature of the NPs allows for protection of multiple growth factors by the same inhibitor without changing the amino acid sequence of the growth factor. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the developed NPs hold tremendous promise in chronic wound healing therapy and may further help the translation of growth factor therapies to clinic. The customizable template for the NP design allows for multifaceted use across several fields in research and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha Boeringer
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa J. Gould
- Department of Surgery, South Shore Hospital Center for Wound Healing, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Piyush Koria
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Deng L, Han Y, Tang C, Liao Q, Li Z. Label-Free Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Serum Proteins During Early Pregnancy in Jennies ( Equus asinus). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:569587. [PMID: 33195553 PMCID: PMC7642908 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.569587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early pregnancy in jennies is routinely determined by palpation per rectum or ultrasonography and also by detecting steroid hormone and chorionic gonadotropin levels in the blood, plasma, and serum. Herein we applied label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to identify serum proteins that were differentially expressed between early pregnant (day 45 after ovulation) and non-pregnant jennies. Bioinformatics analysis allowed illustration of pathways potentially involved in early pregnancy. We identified 295 proteins from a total of 2,569 peptides. Twenty-five proteins (22 upregulated and three downregulated) were significantly differentially expressed between the early pregnant and non-pregnant groups. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins were involved in defense response, early embryonic development, and hormone signaling pathways. Furthermore, functional protein analyses suggested that proteins were involved in binding, enzyme inhibitor activity, and enzyme regulator activity. Five serum proteins—granulin precursor/acrogranin, transgelin-2, fibronectin, fibrinogen-like 1, and thrombospondin 1—can be considered as novel, reliable candidates to detect pregnancy in jennies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to analyze serum proteins during early pregnancy in jennies. Our results should facilitate the identification of valuable pregnancy diagnostic markers in early pregnant jennies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Deng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwei Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chi Tang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchao Liao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Akgun E, Tuzuner MB, Sahin B, Kilercik M, Kulah C, Cakiroglu HN, Serteser M, Unsal I, Baykal AT. Proteins associated with neutrophil degranulation are upregulated in nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2 patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240012. [PMID: 33079950 PMCID: PMC7575075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared throughout the World and currently affected more than 9 million people and caused the death of around 470,000 patients. The novel strain of the coronavirus disease is transmittable at a devastating rate with a high rate of severe hospitalization even more so for the elderly population. Naso-oro-pharyngeal swab samples as the first step towards detecting suspected infection of SARS-CoV-2 provides a non-invasive method for PCR testing at a high confidence rate. Furthermore, proteomics analysis of PCR positive and negative naso-oropharyngeal samples provides information on the molecular level which highlights disease pathology. Samples from 15 PCR positive cases and 15 PCR negative cases were analyzed with nanoLC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Proteomic analyses identified 207 proteins across the sample set and 17 of them were statistically significant. Protein-protein interaction analyses emphasized pathways like Neutrophil degranulation, Innate Immune System, Antimicrobial Peptides. Neutrophil Elastase (ELANE), Azurocidin (AZU1), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Myeloblastin (PRTN3), Cathepsin G (CTSG) and Transcobalamine-1 (TCN1) were found to be significantly altered in naso-oropharyngeal samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients. The identified proteins are linked to alteration in the innate immune system specifically via neutrophil degranulation and NETosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emel Akgun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Betul Sahin
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kilercik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Kulah
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Serteser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Unsal
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu M, Ma M, Tan Z, Zheng H, Liu X. Neutrophil: A New Player in Metastatic Cancers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565165. [PMID: 33101283 PMCID: PMC7546851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between cancer cells and immune cells is important for the cancer development. However, much attention has been given to T cells and macrophages. Being the most abundant leukocytes in the blood, the functions of neutrophils in cancer have been underdetermined. They have long been considered an “audience” in the development of cancer. However, emerging evidence indicate that neutrophils are a heterogeneous population with plasticity, and subpopulation of neutrophils (such as low density neutrophils, polymorphonuclear-myeloid-derived suppressor cells) are actively involved in cancer growth and metastasis. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of neutrophils in cancer development, with a specific focus on their pro-metastatic functions. We also discuss the potential and challenges of neutrophils as therapeutic targets. A better understanding the role of neutrophils in cancer will discover new mechanisms of metastasis and develop new immunotherapies by targeting neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mutian Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenya Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Burgener SS, Leborgne NGF, Snipas SJ, Salvesen GS, Bird PI, Benarafa C. Cathepsin G Inhibition by Serpinb1 and Serpinb6 Prevents Programmed Necrosis in Neutrophils and Monocytes and Reduces GSDMD-Driven Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3646-3656.e5. [PMID: 31216481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granule serine proteases contribute to immune responses through cleavage of microbial toxins and structural proteins. They induce tissue damage and modulate inflammation if levels exceed their inhibitors. Here, we show that the intracellular protease inhibitors Serpinb1a and Serpinb6a contribute to monocyte and neutrophil survival in steady-state and inflammatory settings by inhibiting cathepsin G (CatG). Importantly, we found that CatG efficiently cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD) to generate the signature N-terminal domain GSDMD-p30 known to induce pyroptosis. Yet GSDMD deletion did not rescue neutrophil survival in Sb1a.Sb6a-/- mice. Furthermore, Sb1a.Sb6a-/- mice released high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon endotoxin challenge in vivo in a CatG-dependent manner. Canonical inflammasome activation in Sb1a.Sb6a-/- macrophages showed increased IL-1β release that was dependent on CatG and GSDMD. Together, our findings demonstrate that cytosolic serpins expressed in myeloid cells prevent cell death and regulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting CatG and alternative activation of GSDMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sofia Burgener
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Georges François Leborgne
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott J Snipas
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phillip Ian Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Feng D, Kang X, Wang R, Chen H, Zhang K, Feng W, Li H, Zhu Y, Wu S. Progranulin modulates cartilage-specific gene expression via sirtuin 1-mediated deacetylation of the transcription factors SOX9 and P65. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13640-13650. [PMID: 32747445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is an autocrine growth factor that exerts crucial roles within cartilage tissue; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying PGRN-mediated cartilage homeostasis remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the role of PGRN in regulating chondrocyte homeostasis and its therapeutic potential for managing osteoarthritis (OA). We found that PGRN levels are significantly increased in human cartilage in mild OA and that its expression is decreased in the cartilage in severe OA. In vitro, treatment of primary rat chondrocytes with recombinant PGRN significantly enhanced the levels of collagen type II α 1 chain (COL2A1) and aggrecan, and attenuated TNFα-induced up-regulation of matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) and ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 (ADAMTS5) in chondrocytes. These effects were abrogated in SIRT1-/- cells, indicating a causative role of SIRT1 in the effects of PGRN on protein expression in chondrocytes. Mechanistically, PGRN increased SIRT1 expression and activity, which reduced the acetylation levels of SRY-box transcription factor (SOX9) and transcription factor P65 (P65) and thereby promoted nuclear translocation of SOX9 and inhibited TNFα-induced P65 nuclear accumulation to maintain chondrocyte homeostasis. In conclusion, our findings reveal a mechanism of action for PGRN that maintains cartilage homeostasis and supports the notion that PGRN up-regulation may be a promising strategy for managing OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Feng
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Kang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - He Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weilou Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangjun Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alipoor B, Parvar SN, Sabati Z, Ghaedi H, Ghasemi H. An updated review of the H19 lncRNA in human cancer: molecular mechanism and diagnostic and therapeutic importance. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6357-6374. [PMID: 32743775 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has reported that H19 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression level is deregulated in human cancer. It has been also demonstrated that de-regulated levels of H19 could affect cancer biology by various mechanisms including microRNA (miRNA) production (like miR-675), miRNA sponging and epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, lncRNA could act as a potential diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers and also a candidate therapeutic approach for different human cancers. In this narrative review, we shed light on the molecular mechanism of H19 in cancer development and pathogenesis. Moreover, we discussed the expression pattern and diagnostic and therapeutic importance of H19 as a potential biomarker in a range of human malignancies from breast to osteosarcoma cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Nasrin Parvar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Zolfaghar Sabati
- Student Research Committee, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Ghasemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sasaki T, Shimazawa M, Kanamori H, Yamada Y, Nishinaka A, Kuse Y, Suzuki G, Masuda T, Nakamura S, Hosokawa M, Minatoguchi S, Hara H. Effects of progranulin on the pathological conditions in experimental myocardial infarction model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11842. [PMID: 32678228 PMCID: PMC7367277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted growth factor associated with multiple physiological functions in ischemic pathophysiology. However, it is still not fully understood how progranulin is involved in ischemic lesion and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In this study, we investigated the effects of progranulin on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. We investigated progranulin expression using Western blotting and immunostaining after permanent left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion in mice. Infarct size and the number of infiltrating neutrophils were measured 24 h after permanent LCA occlusion. Recombinant mouse progranulin was administered before LCA occlusion. In addition, we evaluated cardiac function using cardiac catheterization and echocardiography, and fibrosis size by Masson's trichrome staining after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rabbits. Recombinant human progranulin was administered immediately after induction of reperfusion. Progranulin expression increased in the myocardial ischemic area 1, 3, and 5 days after permanent LCA occlusion in mice. The administration of recombinant mouse progranulin significantly attenuated infarct size and infiltrating neutrophils 24 h after permanent LCA occlusion in mice. We also found that administration of recombinant human progranulin ameliorated the deterioration of cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rabbits. These findings suggest that progranulin may protect myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasaki
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kanamori
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamada
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Genjiro Suzuki
- Dementia Research Project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Masuda
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masato Hosokawa
- Dementia Research Project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Minatoguchi
- Department of Circulatory and Respiratory Advanced Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Heart Failure Center, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Progranulin Improves Acute Lung Injury through Regulating the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells and Interleukin-10 Immunomodulation to Promote Macrophage Polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9704327. [PMID: 32565732 PMCID: PMC7281846 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9704327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), which plays an anti-inflammatory role in acute lung injury (ALI), is promising as a potential drug. Studies have shown that regulatory T cells (Tregs) and interleukin- (IL-) 10 can repress inflammation and alleviate tissue damage during ALI. In this study, we built a lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced ALI mouse model to illustrate the effect of PGRN on regulation of Treg differentiation and modulation of IL-10 promoting macrophage polarization. We found that the proportion of Tregs in splenic mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was higher after treatment with PGRN. The increased proportion of Tregs after PGRN intratracheal instillation was consistent with the decreased severity of lung injury, the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, and the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, the percentages of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs from splenic naïve CD4+ T cells increased after PGRN treatment. In further research, it was found that PGRN can regulate the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and affect the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages by upregulating IL-10. These findings show that PGRN likely plays a protective role in ALI by promoting Treg differentiation and activating IL-10 immunomodulation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Basilico S, Wang X, Kennedy A, Tzelepis K, Giotopoulos G, Kinston SJ, Quiros PM, Wong K, Adams DJ, Carnevalli LS, Huntly BJP, Vassiliou GS, Calero-Nieto FJ, Göttgens B. Dissecting the early steps of MLL induced leukaemogenic transformation using a mouse model of AML. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1407. [PMID: 32179751 PMCID: PMC7075888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukaemogenic mutations commonly disrupt cellular differentiation and/or enhance proliferation, thus perturbing the regulatory programs that control self-renewal and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. Translocations involving the Mll1 (Kmt2a) gene generate powerful oncogenic fusion proteins, predominantly affecting infant and paediatric AML and ALL patients. The early stages of leukaemogenic transformation are typically inaccessible from human patients and conventional mouse models. Here, we take advantage of cells conditionally blocked at the multipotent haematopoietic progenitor stage to develop a MLL-r model capturing early cellular and molecular consequences of MLL-ENL expression based on a clear clonal relationship between parental and leukaemic cells. Through a combination of scRNA-seq, ATAC-seq and genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identify pathways and genes likely to drive the early phases of leukaemogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate the broad utility of using matched parental and transformed cells for small molecule inhibitor studies by validating both previously known and other potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Basilico
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Alison Kennedy
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Konstantinos Tzelepis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - George Giotopoulos
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sarah J Kinston
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Pedro M Quiros
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Brian J P Huntly
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fernando J Calero-Nieto
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and University of Cambridge Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stackowicz J, Jönsson F, Reber LL. Mouse Models and Tools for the in vivo Study of Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3130. [PMID: 32038641 PMCID: PMC6985372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and critical actors of the immune system. Many neutrophil functions and facets of their activity in vivo were revealed by studying genetically modified mice or by tracking fluorescent neutrophils in animals using imaging approaches. Assessing the roles of neutrophils can be challenging, especially when exact molecular pathways are questioned or disease states are interrogated that alter normal neutrophil homeostasis. This review discusses the main in vivo models for the study of neutrophils, their advantages and limitations. The side-by-side comparison underlines the necessity to carefully choose the right model(s) to answer a given scientific question, and exhibit caveats that need to be taken into account when designing experimental procedures. Collectively, this review suggests that at least two models should be employed to legitimately conclude on neutrophil functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Stackowicz
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR INSERM 1222, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR INSERM 1222, Paris, France
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, UMR INSERM 1222, Paris, France.,Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), UMR 1043, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tanaka M, Kuse Y, Nakamura S, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Potential effects of progranulin and granulins against retinal photoreceptor cell degeneration. Mol Vis 2019; 25:902-911. [PMID: 32025182 PMCID: PMC6982430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The authors previously reported that progranulin attenuated retinal degeneration. The present study focused on the role of progranulin and its cleavage products, granulins, in the pathogenesis of photoreceptor degeneration. Methods Photoreceptor degeneration was induced with excessive exposure of murine photoreceptor cells and the retinas of albino mice to white fluorescent light. Damaged photoreceptor cells and retinas were examined using a cell death assay, western blotting, and immunostaining. Results Even after proteolytic cleavage, treatment with progranulin or its cleavage products or both exerted protective effects on photoreceptors against light exposure. In the murine retina, the expression levels of granulins and the macrophage and microglia marker Iba-1 were increased at 48 h after light exposure. Additionally, progranulin+ and Iba-1+ double-positive cells had accumulated in the outer nuclear layer, the primary location of photoreceptor cells. Conclusions These results suggest that progranulin or its cleavage products, granulins, or both may be therapeutic targets for age-related macular degeneration and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gris T, Laplante P, Thebault P, Cayrol R, Najjar A, Joannette-Pilon B, Brillant-Marquis F, Magro E, English SW, Lapointe R, Bojanowski M, Francoeur CL, Cailhier JF. Innate immunity activation in the early brain injury period following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:253. [PMID: 31801576 PMCID: PMC6894125 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a catastrophic disease with devastating consequences, including a high mortality rate and severe disabilities among survivors. Inflammation is induced following SAH, but the exact role and phenotype of innate immune cells remain poorly characterized. We investigated the inflammatory components of the early brain injury in an animal model and in SAH patients. Method SAH was induced through injection of blood in the subarachnoid space of C57Bl/6 J wild-type mice. Prospective blood collections were obtained at 12 h, days 1, 2, and 7 to evaluate the systemic inflammatory consequences of SAH by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay (ELISA). Brains were collected, enzymatically digested, or fixed to characterize infiltrating inflammatory cells and neuronal death using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Phenotypic evaluation was performed at day 7 using the holding time and footprint tests. We then compared the identified inflammatory proteins to the profiles obtained from the plasma of 13 human SAH patients. Results Following SAH, systemic IL-6 levels increased rapidly, whereas IL-10 levels were reduced. Neutrophils were increased both in the brain and in the blood reflecting local and peripheral inflammation following SAH. More intracerebral pro-inflammatory monocytes were found at early time points. Astrocyte and microglia activation were also increased, and mice had severe motor deficits, which were associated with an increase in the percentage of caspase-3-positive apoptotic neurons. Similarly, we found that IL-6 levels in patients were rapidly increased following SAH. ICAM-1, bFGF, IL-7, IL-12p40, and MCP-4 variations over time were different between SAH patients with good versus bad outcomes. Moreover, high levels of Flt-1 and VEGF at admission were associated with worse outcomes. Conclusion SAH induces an early intracerebral infiltration and peripheral activation of innate immune cells. Furthermore, microglia and astrocytic activation are present at later time points. Our human and mouse data illustrate that SAH is a systemic inflammatory disease and that immune cells represent potential therapeutic targets to help this population of patients in need of new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Typhaine Gris
- Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUM and Montreal Cancer Institute, 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Patrick Laplante
- Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUM and Montreal Cancer Institute, 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Paméla Thebault
- Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUM and Montreal Cancer Institute, 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 5e étage, 2900, Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ahmed Najjar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 850 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Benjamin Joannette-Pilon
- Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUM and Montreal Cancer Institute, 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Frédéric Brillant-Marquis
- Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUM and Montreal Cancer Institute, 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Elsa Magro
- Neurosurgery Service of CHU Cavale Blanche, INSERM, Boulevard Tanguy Prigent, Finistère, 29200, Brest, Bretagne, France
| | - Shane W English
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada.,Departments of Medicine (Critical Care) and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Critical Care, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Civic Campus, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUM and Montreal Cancer Institute, 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Michel Bojanowski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 850 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Charles L Francoeur
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit (Trauma-Emergency-Critical Care Medicine) and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, (Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus), 1401, 18e rue, Room Z-204, Québec, G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cailhier
- Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,CRCHUM and Montreal Cancer Institute, 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada. .,Nephrology Division, CHUM and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ersoy E, Yilmaz N, Tokmak A. Are early follicular phase serum progranulin levels predictive of the response to ovarian stimulation in IVF cycles? HUM FERTIL 2019; 25:80-85. [DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2019.1685687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Ersoy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nafiye Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nagy D, Martens LH, Leventhal L, Chen A, Kelley C, Stoiljkovic M, Hajós M. Age-dependent emergence of neurophysiological and behavioral abnormalities in progranulin-deficient mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:88. [PMID: 31639062 PMCID: PMC6805349 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene cause frontotemporal dementia, a genetic, heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder. Progranulin deficiency leads to extensive neuronal loss in the frontal and temporal lobes, altered synaptic connectivity, and behavioral alterations. Methods The chronological emergence of neurophysiological and behavioral phenotypes of Grn heterozygous and homozygous mice in the dorsomedial thalamic—medial prefrontal cortical pathway were evaluated by in vivo electrophysiology and reward-seeking/processing behavior, tested between ages 3 and 12.5 months. Results Electrophysiological recordings identified a clear age-dependent deficit in the thalamocortical circuit. Both heterozygous and homozygous mice exhibited impaired input-output relationships and paired-pulse depression, but evoked response latencies were only prolonged in heterozygotes. Furthermore, we demonstrate firstly an abnormal reward-seeking/processing behavior in the homozygous mice which correlates with previously reported neuroinflammation. Conclusion Our findings indicate that murine progranulin deficiency causes age-dependent neurophysiological and behavioral abnormalities thereby indicating their validity in modeling aspects of human frontotemporal dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Nagy
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | | | - Angela Chen
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Craig Kelley
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Milan Stoiljkovic
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mihály Hajós
- Translational Neuropharmacology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Knackstedt SL, Georgiadou A, Apel F, Abu-Abed U, Moxon CA, Cunnington AJ, Raupach B, Cunningham D, Langhorne J, Krüger R, Barrera V, Harding SP, Berg A, Patel S, Otterdal K, Mordmüller B, Schwarzer E, Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A, Amulic B. Neutrophil extracellular traps drive inflammatory pathogenesis in malaria. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaaw0336. [PMID: 31628160 PMCID: PMC6892640 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential innate immune cells that extrude chromatin in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) when they die. This form of cell death has potent immunostimulatory activity. We show that heme-induced NETs are essential for malaria pathogenesis. Using patient samples and a mouse model, we define two mechanisms of NET-mediated inflammation of the vasculature: activation of emergency granulopoiesis via granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production and induction of the endothelial cytoadhesion receptor intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Soluble NET components facilitate parasite sequestration and mediate tissue destruction. We demonstrate that neutrophils have a key role in malaria immunopathology and propose inhibition of NETs as a treatment strategy in vascular infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lorenz Knackstedt
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Falko Apel
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu-Abed
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Microscopy Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher A Moxon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | | | - Bärbel Raupach
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jean Langhorne
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Renate Krüger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Immunology and Intensive Care, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Barrera
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon P Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aase Berg
- Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sam Patel
- Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Microscopy Core Facility, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Borko Amulic
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Cellular Microbiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- University of Bristol, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wei F, Jiang Z, Sun H, Pu J, Sun Y, Wang M, Tong Q, Bi Y, Ma X, Gao GF, Liu J. Induction of PGRN by influenza virus inhibits the antiviral immune responses through downregulation of type I interferons signaling. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008062. [PMID: 31585000 PMCID: PMC6795447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in host defense against influenza virus infection, and the mechanism of influenza virus to evade type I IFNs responses remains to be fully understood. Here, we found that progranulin (PGRN) was significantly increased both in vitro and in vivo during influenza virus infection. Using a PGRN knockdown assay and PGRN-deficient mice model, we demonstrated that influenza virus-inducing PGRN negatively regulated type I IFNs production by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 signaling. Furthermore, we showed that PGRN directly interacted with NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) via its Grn CDE domains. We also verified that PGRN recruited A20 to deubiquitinate K63-linked polyubiquitin chains on NEMO at K264. In addition, we found that macrophage played a major source of PGRN during influenza virus infection, and PGRN neutralizing antibodies could protect against influenza virus-induced lethality in mice. Our data identify a PGRN-mediated IFN evasion pathway exploited by influenza virus with implication in antiviral applications. These findings also provide insights into the functions and crosstalk of PGRN in innate immunity. The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against microbial infection, while viruses develop several strategies to evade the host defense. It is of great significance to explore the mechanism by which viruses to evade the antiviral host defense. Previous studies have found that progranulin (PGRN) plays an important role in a variety of physiologic and disease processes. Here, we demonstrated that PGRN induced by influenza virus negatively regulated type I IFN production by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 signaling. We further showed that PGRN directly interacted with NEMO via its Grn CDE domains and recruited A20 to deubiquitinate K63-linked polyubiquitin chains on NEMO. Macrophage played a major source of PGRN during influenza virus infection, and PGRN neutralizing antibodies could protect against influenza virus-induced lethality in mice. Our findings highlight a new strategy whereby influenza virus to evade type I IFN-mediated antiviral immune response and also provide insights into the functions and crosstalk of PGRN in innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanhua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (JL)
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (JL)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Voshtani R, Song M, Wang H, Li X, Zhang W, Tavallaie MS, Yan W, Sun J, Wei F, Ma X. Progranulin promotes melanoma progression by inhibiting natural killer cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2019; 465:24-35. [PMID: 31491449 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor with significant biological effects in different types of cancer. However, its role in melanoma progression has not been explored. In this study, we first analyze clinical datasets and show that high PGRN expression levels are correlated with poor prognosis of melanoma patients. Further, we demonstrate in a transplanted murine melanoma model in which the endogenous Grn gene encoding PGRN has been deleted that tumor-derived, not host-derived PGRN, promotes melanoma growth and metastasis. Immunological analyses reveal an enhanced infiltration of natural killer cells, but not T lymphocytes, into PGRN-deficient tumors compared to the wild type control. Antibody-mediated depletion confirms the critical role of NK cells in controlling B16 tumor growth. RNA-seq analysis reveals that several chemokines including CCL5 are strongly upregulated in PGRN-deficient tumor. Silencing CCL5 expression in PGRN-deficient tumor reduces NK cell recruitment and restores tumor growth to the control level. Lastly, we show that PGRN inhibits Ccl5 gene expression at the transcriptional level. This study highlights a novel and critical role of PGRN in melanoma growth and metastasis and suggests that it may represent a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramouna Voshtani
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mojdeh S Tavallaie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joseph Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|