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Pan Y, Iwata T. Molecular genetics of inherited normal tension glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:S335-S344. [PMID: 38389252 PMCID: PMC467016 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3204_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is a complex optic neuropathy characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death and glaucomatous visual field loss, despite normal intraocular pressure (IOP). This condition poses a unique clinical challenge due to the absence of elevated IOP, a major risk factor in typical glaucoma. Recent research indicates that up to 21% of NTG patients have a family history of glaucoma, suggesting a genetic predisposition. In this comprehensive review using PubMed studies from January 1990 to December 2023, our focus delves into the genetic basis of autosomal dominant NTG, the only known form of inheritance for glaucoma. Specifically exploring optineurin ( OPTN ), TANK binding kinase 1 ( TBK1 ), methyltransferase-like 23 ( METTL23 ), and myocilin ( MYOC ) mutations, we summarize their clinical manifestations, mutant protein behaviors, relevant animal models, and potential therapeutic pathways. This exploration aims to illuminate the intricate pathogenesis of NTG, unraveling the contribution of these genetic components to its complex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Japan
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2
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Greatbatch CJ, Lu Q, Hung S, Barnett AJ, Wing K, Liang H, Han X, Zhou T, Siggs OM, Mackey DA, Cook AL, Senabouth A, Liu GS, Craig JE, MacGregor S, Powell JE, Hewitt AW. High throughput functional profiling of genes at intraocular pressure loci reveals distinct networks for glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:739-751. [PMID: 38272457 PMCID: PMC11031357 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness globally. Characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell degeneration, the precise pathogenesis remains unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered many genetic variants associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), one of the key risk factors for POAG. We aimed to identify genetic and morphological variation that can be attributed to trabecular meshwork cell (TMC) dysfunction and raised IOP in POAG. METHODS 62 genes across 55 loci were knocked-out in a primary human TMC line. Each knockout group, including five non-targeting control groups, underwent single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) for differentially-expressed gene (DEG) analysis. Multiplexed fluorescence coupled with CellProfiler image analysis allowed for single-cell morphological profiling. RESULTS Many gene knockouts invoked DEGs relating to matrix metalloproteinases and interferon-induced proteins. We have prioritized genes at four loci of interest to identify gene knockouts that may contribute to the pathogenesis of POAG, including ANGPTL2, LMX1B, CAV1, and KREMEN1. Three genetic networks of gene knockouts with similar transcriptomic profiles were identified, suggesting a synergistic function in trabecular meshwork cell physiology. TEK knockout caused significant upregulation of nuclear granularity on morphological analysis, while knockout of TRIOBP, TMCO1 and PLEKHA7 increased granularity and intensity of actin and the cell-membrane. CONCLUSION High-throughput analysis of cellular structure and function through multiplex fluorescent single-cell analysis and scRNA-seq assays enabled the direct study of genetic perturbations at the single-cell resolution. This work provides a framework for investigating the role of genes in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and heterogenous diseases with a strong genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Greatbatch
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Qinyi Lu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Sandy Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne St, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Alexander J Barnett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Kristof Wing
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Helena Liang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne St, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Xikun Han
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Tiger Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, 1 Flinders Dr, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Owen M Siggs
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Short Street, St George Hospital KOGARAH UNSW, Sydney 2217, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Vision Sciences, University of Western Australia, 2 Verdun Street Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cook
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Anne Senabouth
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, 1 Flinders Dr, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne St, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
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3
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Pan Y, Iwata T. Exploring the Genetic Landscape of Childhood Glaucoma. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:454. [PMID: 38671671 PMCID: PMC11048810 DOI: 10.3390/children11040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Childhood glaucoma, a significant cause of global blindness, represents a heterogeneous group of disorders categorized into primary or secondary forms. Primary childhood glaucoma stands as the most prevalent subtype, comprising primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG). Presently, multiple genes are implicated in inherited forms of primary childhood glaucoma. This comprehensive review delves into genetic investigations into primary childhood glaucoma, with a focus on identifying causative genes, understanding their inheritance patterns, exploring essential biological pathways in disease pathogenesis, and utilizing animal models to study these mechanisms. Specifically, attention is directed towards genes such as CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1), LTBP2 (latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2), TEK (TEK receptor tyrosine kinase), ANGPT1 (angiopoietin 1), and FOXC1 (forkhead box C1), all associated with PCG; and MYOC (myocilin), associated with JOAG. Through exploring these genetic factors, this review aims to deepen our understanding of the intricate pathogenesis of primary childhood glaucoma, thereby facilitating the development of enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan;
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4
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Gong P, Tang X, Chen J, You H, Wang Y, Yu PK, Yu DY, Cense B. Deep learning-based label-free imaging of lymphatics and aqueous veins in the eye using optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6126. [PMID: 38480842 PMCID: PMC10937663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate an adaptation of deep learning for label-free imaging of the micro-scale lymphatic vessels and aqueous veins in the eye using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The proposed deep learning-based OCT lymphangiography (DL-OCTL) method was trained, validated and tested, using OCT scans (23 volumetric scans comprising 19,736 B-scans) from 11 fresh ex vivo porcine eyes with the corresponding vessel labels generated by a conventional OCT lymphangiography (OCTL) method based on thresholding with attenuation compensation. Compared to conventional OCTL, the DL-OCTL method demonstrates comparable results for imaging lymphatics and aqueous veins in the eye, with an Intersection over Union value of 0.79 ± 0.071 (mean ± standard deviation). In addition, DL-OCTL mitigates the imaging artifacts in conventional OCTL where the OCT signal modelling was corrupted by the tissue heterogeneity, provides ~ 10 times faster processing based on a rough comparison and does not require OCT-related knowledge for correct implementation as in conventional OCTL. With these favorable features, DL-OCTL promises to improve the practicality of OCTL for label-free imaging of lymphatics and aqueous veins for preclinical and clinical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Xiaolan Tang
- School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Robot (SCUT), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junying Chen
- School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Robot (SCUT), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Haijun You
- School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Robot (SCUT), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Paula K Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dao-Yi Yu
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Barry Cense
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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5
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Tonti E, Dell'Omo R, Filippelli M, Spadea L, Salati C, Gagliano C, Musa M, Zeppieri M. Exploring Epigenetic Modifications as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2822. [PMID: 38474069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Despite significant advancements in our understanding of its pathogenesis and management, early diagnosis and effective treatment of glaucoma remain major clinical challenges. Epigenetic modifications, encompassing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression and cellular processes. The aim of this comprehensive review focuses on the emerging field of epigenetics and its role in understanding the complex genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying glaucoma. The review will provide an overview of the pathophysiology of glaucoma, emphasizing the intricacies of intraocular pressure regulation, retinal ganglion cell dysfunction, and optic nerve damage. It explores how epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, can influence gene expression, and how these mechanisms are implicated in glaucomatous neurodegeneration and contribute to glaucoma pathogenesis. The manuscript discusses evidence from both animal models and human studies, providing insights into the epigenetic alterations associated with glaucoma onset and progression. Additionally, it discusses the potential of using epigenetic modifications as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for more personalized and targeted glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Tonti
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Dell'Omo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariaelena Filippelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Caterina Gagliano
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", Piazza dell'Università, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Eye Clinic, Catania University, San Marco Hospital, Viale Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Nigeria
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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6
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Grannonico M, Miller DA, Gao J, McHaney KM, Liu M, Krause MA, Netland PA, Zhang HF, Liu X. Longitudinal Analysis of Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage at Individual Axon Bundle Level in Mice Using Visible-Light Optical Coherence Tomography Fibergraphy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:10. [PMID: 37163286 PMCID: PMC10179604 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We developed a new analytic tool based on visible-light optical coherence tomography fibergraphy (vis-OCTF) to longitudinally track individual axon bundle transformation as a new in vivo biomarker for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage. Methods After acute optic nerve crush injury (ONC) in mice, we analyzed four parameters: lateral bundle width, axial bundle height, cross-sectional area, and the shape of individual bundles. We next correlated the morphological changes in RGC axon bundles with RGC soma loss. Results We showed that axon bundles became wider and taller at three days post ONC (pONC), which correlated with about 15% RGC soma loss. At six days pONC, axon bundles showed a significant reduction in lateral width and cross-sectional area, followed by a reduction in bundle height at nine days pONC. Bundle shrinking at nine days pONC correlated with about 68% RGC soma loss. Both experimental and simulated results suggested that the cross-sectional area of individual RGC axon bundles is more sensitive than bundle width and height to indicate RGC soma loss. Conclusions This study is the first to track and quantify individual RGC axon bundles in vivo after ONC injury. Translational Relevance Recognizing RGC loss at its earliest stage is crucial for disease diagnosis and treatment. However, current clinical methods to detect the functional and structural changes in the inner retina are not sensitive enough to directly assess RGC health. In this study, we developed vis-OCTF-based parameters to track RGC damage, making possible to establishing a quantifiable biomarker for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grannonico
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David A. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jingyi Gao
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kara M. McHaney
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mingna Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael A. Krause
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Peter A. Netland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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7
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Hakim A, Guido B, Narsineni L, Chen DW, Foldvari M. Gene therapy strategies for glaucoma from IOP reduction to retinal neuroprotection: progress towards non-viral systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114781. [PMID: 36940751 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the result of the gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons form the optic nerve. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factors thatcontributes to RGC apoptosis and axonal loss at the lamina cribrosa, resulting in progressive reduction and eventual anterograde-retrograde transport blockade of neurotrophic factors. Current glaucoma management mainly focuses on pharmacological or surgical lowering of IOP, to manage the only modifiable risk factor. Although IOP reduction delays disease progression, it does not address previous and ongoing optic nerve degeneration. Gene therapy is a promising direction to control or modify genes involved in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Both viral and non-viral gene therapy delivery systems are emerging as promising alternatives or add-on therapies to traditional treatments for improving IOP control and provide neuroprotection. The specific spotlight on non-viral gene delivery systems shows further progress towards improving the safety of gene therapy and implementing neuroprotection by targeting specific tissues and cells in the eye and specifically in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hakim
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Benjamin Guido
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Lokesh Narsineni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ding-Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
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8
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Chern KJ, Nettesheim ER, Reid CA, Li NW, Marcoe GJ, Lipinski DM. Prostaglandin-based rAAV-mediated glaucoma gene therapy in Brown Norway rats. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1169. [PMID: 36329259 PMCID: PMC9633612 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin analogs are first-line treatments for open angle glaucoma and while effective at lowering intraocular pressure, they are undermined by patient non-compliance, causing atrophy of the optic nerve and severe visual impairment. Herein, we evaluate the safety and efficacy of a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene therapy aimed at permanently lowering intraocular pressure through de novo biosynthesis of prostaglandin F2α within the anterior chamber. This study demonstrated a dose dependent reduction in intraocular pressure in normotensive Brown Norway rats maintained over 12-months. Crucially, therapy could be temporarily halted through off-type riboswitch activation, reverting intraocular pressure to normal. Longitudinal multimodal imaging, electrophysiology, and post-mortem histology revealed the therapy was well tolerated at low and medium doses, with no major adverse effects to anterior chamber health, offering a promising alternative to current treatment strategies leading to clinically relevant reductions in intraocular pressure without the need for adherence to a daily treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Chern
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Emily R Nettesheim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christopher A Reid
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nathan W Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gavin J Marcoe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel M Lipinski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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9
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Pan Y, Suga A, Kimura I, Kimura C, Minegishi Y, Nakayama M, Yoshitake K, Iejima D, Minematsu N, Yamamoto M, Mabuchi F, Takamoto M, Shiga Y, Araie M, Kashiwagi K, Aihara M, Nakazawa T, Iwata T. METTL23 mutation alters histone H3R17 methylation in normal-tension glaucoma. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e153589. [PMID: 36099048 PMCID: PMC9621137 DOI: 10.1172/jci153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death leading to cupping of the optic nerve head and visual field loss at normal intraocular pressure (IOP). The pathogenesis of NTG remains unclear. Here, we describe a single nucleotide mutation in exon 2 of the methyltransferase-like 23 (METTL23) gene identified in 3 generations of a Japanese family with NTG. This mutation caused METTL23 mRNA aberrant splicing, which abolished normal protein production and altered subcellular localization. Mettl23-knock-in (Mettl23+/G and Mettl23G/G) and -knockout (Mettl23+/- and Mettl23-/-) mice developed a glaucoma phenotype without elevated IOP. METTL23 is a histone arginine methyltransferase expressed in murine and macaque RGCs. However, the novel mutation reduced METTL23 expression in RGCs of Mettl23G/G mice, which recapitulated both clinical and biological phenotypes. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that METTL23 catalyzed the dimethylation of H3R17 in the retina and was required for the transcription of pS2, an estrogen receptor α target gene that was critical for RGC homeostasis through the negative regulation of NF-κB-mediated TNF-α and IL-1β feedback. These findings suggest an etiologic role of METTL23 in NTG with tissue-specific pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Suga
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itaru Kimura
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuriko Minegishi
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mao Nakayama
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iejima
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Minematsu
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- JAC Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Mabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Araie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Kapiainen E, Elamaa H, Miinalainen I, Izzi V, Eklund L. Cooperation of Angiopoietin-2 and Angiopoietin-4 in Schlemm's Canal Maintenance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:1. [PMID: 36190459 PMCID: PMC9547357 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Defects in the iridocorneal angle tissues, including the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC), impair aqueous humor flow and increase the intraocular pressure (IOP), eventually resulting in glaucoma. Activation of endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2 by angiopoietin-1 (Angpt1) has been demonstrated to be essential for SC formation, but roles of the other two Tie2 ligands, Angpt2 and Angpt4, have been controversial or not yet characterized, respectively. Methods Angpt4 expression was investigated using genetic cell fate mapping and reporter mice. Congenital deletion of Angpt2 and Angpt4 and tamoxifen-inducible deletion of Angpt1 in mice were used to study the effects of Angpt4 deletion alone and in combination with the other angiopoietins. SC morphology was examined with immunofluorescent staining. IOP measurements, electron microscopy, and histologic evaluation were used to study glaucomatous changes. Results Angpt4 was postnatally expressed in the TM. While Angpt4 deletion alone did not affect SC and Angpt4 deletion did not aggravate Angpt1 deletion phenotype, absence of Angpt4 combined with Angpt2 deletion had detrimental effects on SC morphology in adult mice. Consequently, Angpt2−/−;Angpt4−/− mice displayed glaucomatous changes in the eye. Mice with Angpt2 deletion alone showed only moderate SC defects, but Angpt2 was necessary for proper limbal vasculature development. Mechanistically, analysis of Tie2 phosphorylation suggested that Angpt2 and Angpt4 cooperate as agonistic Tie2 ligands in maintaining SC integrity. Conclusions Our results indicated an additive effect of Angpt4 in SC maintenance and Tie2 activation and a spatiotemporally regulated interplay between the angiopoietins in the mouse iridocorneal angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Kapiainen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Harri Elamaa
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Miinalainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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11
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Gomes C, VanderWall KB, Pan Y, Lu X, Lavekar SS, Huang KC, Fligor CM, Harkin J, Zhang C, Cummins TR, Meyer JS. Astrocytes modulate neurodegenerative phenotypes associated with glaucoma in OPTN(E50K) human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1636-1649. [PMID: 35714595 PMCID: PMC9287669 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a primary characteristic of glaucoma, astrocytes also contribute to their neurodegeneration in disease states. Although studies often explore cell-autonomous aspects of RGC neurodegeneration, a more comprehensive model of glaucoma should take into consideration interactions between astrocytes and RGCs. To explore this concept, RGCs and astrocytes were differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with a glaucoma-associated OPTN(E50K) mutation along with corresponding isogenic controls. Initial results indicated significant changes in OPTN(E50K) astrocytes, including evidence of autophagy dysfunction. Subsequently, co-culture experiments demonstrated that OPTN(E50K) astrocytes led to neurodegenerative properties in otherwise healthy RGCs, while healthy astrocytes rescued some neurodegenerative features in OPTN(E50K) RGCs. These results are the first to identify disease phenotypes in OPTN(E50K) astrocytes, including how their modulation of RGCs is affected. Moreover, these results support the concept that astrocytes could offer a promising target for therapeutic intervention in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Gomes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kirstin B VanderWall
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yanling Pan
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sailee S Lavekar
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kang-Chieh Huang
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Clarisse M Fligor
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jade Harkin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jason S Meyer
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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12
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Zhu T, Huang X, Peng S, Ye Y, Zhao J. Ultrasound Targeted Microbubble Destruction Promotes the Therapeutic Effect of HUMSC Transplantation on Glaucoma-Caused Optic Nerve Injury in Rabbits. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:12. [PMID: 35575776 PMCID: PMC9123505 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HUMSC) transplantation alone or assisted with ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) on optic neuropathy in a novel and practical model of experimental glaucoma in rabbits. Methods Eight New Zealand white healthy rabbits were used as the control group (group A). Twenty-four experimental glaucomatous rabbits were established as described previously and randomly divided into three groups: (1) received no treatment (group B); (2) received intravitreal transplantation of HUMSCs (group C); and (3) received UTMD-assisted intravitreal transplantation of HUMSCs (group D). After 4 weeks of treatment, the distribution of HUMSCs, retinal thickness, layer structure, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and their axons were examined. Results After 4 weeks of treatment, HUMSCs were successfully scattered under the retina. HUMSC transplantation significantly increased the regeneration of RGCs and their axons, and restored the retinal structure in glaucomatous rabbits. Moreover, the application of UTMD enhances HUMSC distribution and achieved more significant therapeutic effect. Conclusions Intravitreal transplantation of HUMSCs effectively repaired glaucomatous optic nerve injury, and UTMD enhanced the successful delivery of HUMSCs into injured retina, promoting its therapeutic effects remarkably. Translational Relevance This study demonstrated that HUMSC transplantation repaired the glaucoma-caused nerve injury significantly and the combination of UTMD can augment the therapeutic effect further, which has important clinical guiding significance for the development of therapeutic strategies of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Zhu
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaosheng Huang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiming Peng
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ye Ye
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology, Optometry, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
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13
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Zheng C, Liu S, Zhang X, Hu Y, Shang X, Zhu Z, Huang Y, Wu G, Xiao Y, Du Z, Liang Y, Chen D, Zang S, Hu Y, He M, Zhang X, Yu H. Shared genetic architecture between the two neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:880576. [PMID: 36118709 PMCID: PMC9476600 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.880576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considered as the representatives of neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and glaucoma are complex progressive neuropathies affected by both genetic and environmental risk factors and cause irreversible damages. Current research indicates that there are common features between AD and glaucoma in terms of epidemiology and pathophysiology. However, the understandings and explanations of their comorbidity and potential genetic overlaps are still limited and insufficient. METHOD Genetic pleiotropy analysis was performed using large genome-wide association studies summary statistics of AD and glaucoma, with an independent cohort of glaucoma for replication. Conditional and conjunctional false discovery rate methods were applied to identify the shared loci. Biological function and network analysis, as well as the expression level analysis were performed to investigate the significance of the shared genes. RESULTS A significant positive genetic correlation between AD and glaucoma was identified, indicating that there were significant polygenetic overlaps. Forty-nine shared loci were identified and mapped to 11 shared protein-coding genes. Functional genomic analyses of the shared genes indicate their modulation of critical physiological processes in human cells, including those occurring in the mitochondria, nucleus, and cellular membranes. Most of the shared genes indicated a potential modulation of metabolic processes in human cells and tissues. Furthermore, human protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed that some of the shared genes, especially MTCH2, NDUFS3, and PTPMT1, as well as SPI1 and MYBPC3, may function concordantly. The modulation of their expressions may be related to metabolic dysfunction and pathogenic processes. CONCLUSION Our study identified a shared genetic architecture between AD and glaucoma, which may explain their shared features in epidemiology and pathophysiology. The potential involvement of these shared genes in molecular and cellular processes reflects the "inter-organ crosstalk" between AD and glaucoma. These results may serve as a genetic basis for the development of innovative and effective therapeutics for AD, glaucoma, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwen Zheng
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunming Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiayin Zhang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyan Hu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianwen Shang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanrong Wu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Du
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Liang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daiyu Chen
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwen Zang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Hu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingguang He
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Yu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Identification of Estrogen Signaling in a Prioritization Study of Intraocular Pressure-Associated Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910288. [PMID: 34638643 PMCID: PMC8508848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Herein we sought to prioritize a set of previously identified IOP-associated genes using novel and previously published datasets. We identified several genes for future study, including several involved in cytoskeletal/extracellular matrix reorganization, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and TGF-β signaling. Our differential correlation analysis of IOP-associated genes identified 295 pairs of 201 genes with differential correlation. Pathway analysis identified β-estradiol as the top upstream regulator of these genes with ESR1 mediating 25 interactions. Several genes (i.e., EFEMP1, FOXC1, and SPTBN1) regulated by β-estradiol/ESR1 were highly expressed in non-glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork (TM) or Schlemm’s canal (SC) cells and specifically expressed in TM/SC cell clusters defined by single-cell RNA-sequencing. We confirmed ESR1 gene and protein expression in human TM cells and TM/SC tissue with quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. 17β-estradiol was identified in bovine, porcine, and human aqueous humor (AH) using ELISA. In conclusion, we have identified estrogen receptor signaling as a key modulator of several IOP-associated genes. The expression of ESR1 and these IOP-associated genes in TM/SC tissue and the presence of 17β-estradiol in AH supports a role for estrogen signaling in IOP regulation.
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15
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Young TL, Whisenhunt KN, Jin J, LaMartina SM, Martin SM, Souma T, Limviphuvadh V, Suri F, Souzeau E, Zhang X, Dan Y, Anagnos E, Carmona S, Jody NM, Stangel N, Higuchi EC, Huang SJ, Siggs OM, Simões MJ, Lawson BM, Martin JS, Elahi E, Narooie-Nejad M, Motlagh BF, Quaggin SE, Potter HD, Silva ED, Craig JE, Egas C, Maroofian R, Maurer-Stroh S, Bradfield YS, Tompson SW. SVEP1 as a Genetic Modifier of TEK-Related Primary Congenital Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:6. [PMID: 33027505 PMCID: PMC7545080 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Affecting children by age 3, primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) can cause debilitating vision loss by the developmental impairment of aqueous drainage resulting in high intraocular pressure (IOP), globe enlargement, and optic neuropathy. TEK haploinsufficiency accounts for 5% of PCG in diverse populations, with low penetrance explained by variable dysgenesis of Schlemm's canal (SC) in mice. We report eight families with TEK-related PCG, and provide evidence for SVEP1 as a disease modifier in family 8 with a higher penetrance and severity. Methods Exome sequencing identified coding/splice site variants with an allele frequency less than 0.0001 (gnomAD). TEK variant effects were assayed in construct-transfected HEK293 cells via detection of autophosphorylated (active) TEK protein. An enucleated eye from an affected member of family 8 was examined via histology. SVEP1 expression in developing outflow tissues was detected by immunofluorescent staining of 7-day mouse anterior segments. SVEP1 stimulation of TEK expression in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured by TaqMan quantitative PCR. Results Heterozygous TEK loss-of-function alleles were identified in eight PCG families, with parent–child disease transmission observed in two pedigrees. Family 8 exhibited greater disease penetrance and severity, histology revealed absence of SC in one eye, and SVEP1:p.R997C was identified in four of the five affected individuals. During SC development, SVEP1 is secreted by surrounding tissues. SVEP1:p.R997C abrogates stimulation of TEK expression by HUVECs. Conclusions We provide further evidence for PCG caused by TEK haploinsufficiency, affirm autosomal dominant inheritance in two pedigrees, and propose SVEP1 as a modifier of TEK expression during SC development, affecting disease penetrance and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kristina N Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jing Jin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Sarah M LaMartina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sean M Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Tomokazu Souma
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Vachiranee Limviphuvadh
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme (IFCS), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Fatemeh Suri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xue Zhang
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Yongwook Dan
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Evie Anagnos
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Susana Carmona
- Biocant, Transfer Technology Association, Cantanhede, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nicole M Jody
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nickie Stangel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Emily C Higuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Samuel J Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Owen M Siggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Brendan M Lawson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jacob S Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Narooie-Nejad
- Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Susan E Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Heather D Potter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Eduardo D Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Conceição Egas
- Biocant, Transfer Technology Association, Cantanhede, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics Research Center, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme (IFCS), A*STAR, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Yasmin S Bradfield
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart W Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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16
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Helmy H. Ab Interno Goniotomy Combined with Ab Externo Trabeculotomy in Advanced Primary Congenital Glaucoma Patients: 2-Year Follow-Up. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:565-574. [PMID: 33623357 PMCID: PMC7894800 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s292168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a challenging disease that needs to be surgically managed with more innovative methods. Conventional incisional surgery, such as goniotomy and trabeculotomy, has a primary high success rate, but does not seem to be a very effective treatment in advanced stages. Design A prospective clinical case study. Purpose To qualify the outcome, in terms of success rate, of goniotomy combined with trabeculotomy as a surgical option to treat eyes affected by PCG with a corneal diameter larger than 14 mm. Patients and Methods This study included 50 eyes of 50 patients diagnosed with PCG with corneal diameter larger than 14 mm who underwent ab interno goniotomy combined with ab externo trabeculotomy. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured preoperatively and 24 months postoperatively. A statistical analysis was performed to detect correlations between the success rate and corneal diameter, preoperative IOP, age of onset, axial length, and consanguinity. The main outcome was reduction in IOP; secondary outcomes were factors affecting the success rate, complications, and the need for additional surgical intervention to control IOP. Results The mean age of the patients was 18.86±9.94 months. Males made up 52% of cases and females 48% of cases. Positive consanguinity was present in 38% of cases. Axial length ranged between 20 and 22 mm, with a mean of 20.98±0.8 mm. Mean preoperative IOP was 29.56±3.36 mmHg, which decreased postoperatively to 12.6±2.5, 14.1±3.2, 16.8±5.5, 14.4±2.3, 14.3±1.6, 14.3±1.6, 14.3±1.6, 14.3±1.7, and 14.3±1.7 mmHg at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months respectively (p˂0.001). Use of medical treatment was decreased from 2.7±0.4 preoperatively to 1.4±0.7 postoperatively (p˂0.001). Hyphema was the only complication that appeared, occurring in 47% of cases. The success rate was 94%. Complete success (IOP <21 mmHg without treatment) was achieved in 70% of cases, 24% were considered a qualified success (IOP <21 mmHg with treatment), while failure was documented in 6% of cases (IOP >21 mmHg with treatment). The success rate was significantly related to preoperative IOP, corneal diameter, axial length, consanguinity, and age of onset (p˂0.001). All cases were followed for 24 months. Conclusion Ab interno goniotomy combined with ab externo trabeculotomy improves the success rate of buphthalmos surgery. A significant correlation was detected between success rate and preoperative IOP, corneal diameter, axial length, consanguinity, and age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Helmy
- Glaucoma Unit, Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Disease Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology; RIO, Giza, Egypt
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17
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Ivanoshchuk DE, Mikhailova SV, Fenkova OG, Shakhtshneider EV, Fursova AZ, Bychkov IV, Voevoda MI. Screening of West Siberian patients with primary congenital glaucoma for CYP1B1 gene mutations. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:861-867. [PMID: 35087999 PMCID: PMC8763712 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PСG) is a visual organ pathology that leads to progressive blindness and
poor vision in children. Its main cause is an anomaly of the anterior chamber angle. Most cases of PСG are sporadic,
but familial cases with an autosomal recessive (predominantly) and autosomal dominant (rare) type of inheritance
have been described. Congenital glaucoma is a rare condition (1 case per 10,000–20,000 newborns), but its prevalence is substantially higher (up to 1 case per 250 newborns) in countries where consanguineous marriages are common. Mutations in the CYP1B1 gene, which encodes cytochrome P450 1B1, are the most common cause of autosomal recessive primary congenital glaucoma. This enzyme is known to be involved in retinoic acid metabolism and
is necessary for normal eye development. The aim of this work was to assess the polymorphism of the CYP1B1 gene
among West Siberian patients with primary congenital glaucoma. Direct automatic Sanger sequencing of exons and
adjacent splicing sites of the CYP1B1 gene was carried out in 28 people with the PCG phenotype from a West Siberian
region. As a result, in the sample of the white population we examined, pathogenic variants previously described
in other ethnic groups were revealed: E387K (rs55989760), R444* (rs377049098), R444Q (rs72549376), and P437L
(rs56175199), as well as novel single-nucleotide deletion p.F114Lfs*38 in the CYP1B1 gene. The latter can cause a
frame shift, changed amino acid composition, and a formation of truncated in the protein. None of the detected
mutations were found in the control sample of ophthalmologically examined individuals without PCG (100 people).
Variants R444* (rs377049098) and R444Q (rs72549376) were not found in the general population sample either
(576 randomly selected West Siberia residents). All the detected mutations caused the development of the autosomal recessive form of primary congenital glaucoma. The most severe clinical phenotype was observed in carriers of
mutations in codon 444 of the gene. Consequently, in children with signs of increased intraocular pressure, molecular genetic analysis of the CYP1B1 gene is advisable for early diagnosis and timely initiation of PCG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Ivanoshchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - S. V. Mikhailova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | | | - E. V. Shakhtshneider
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A. Z. Fursova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - I. V. Bychkov
- S.N. Fyodorov FSBI IRTC Eye Microsurgery, Novosibirsk branch
| | - M. I. Voevoda
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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18
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Rahić O, Tucak A, Omerović N, Sirbubalo M, Hindija L, Hadžiabdić J, Vranić E. Novel Drug Delivery Systems Fighting Glaucoma: Formulation Obstacles and Solutions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:E28. [PMID: 33375224 PMCID: PMC7824381 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is considered to be one of the biggest health problems in the world. It is the main cause of preventable blindness due to its asymptomatic nature in the early stages on the one hand and patients' non-adherence on the other. There are several approaches in glaucoma treatment, whereby this has to be individually designed for each patient. The first-line treatment is medication therapy. However, taking into account numerous disadvantages of conventional ophthalmic dosage forms, intensive work has been carried out on the development of novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma. This review aims to provide an overview of formulation solutions and strategies in the development of in situ gel systems, nanosystems, ocular inserts, contact lenses, collagen corneal shields, ocular implants, microneedles, and iontophoretic devices. The results of studies confirming the effectiveness of the aforementioned drug delivery systems were also briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognjenka Rahić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Amina Tucak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Naida Omerović
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Merima Sirbubalo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Lamija Hindija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jasmina Hadžiabdić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Edina Vranić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.T.); (M.S.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
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19
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Youngblood H, Cai J, Drewry MD, Helwa I, Hu E, Liu S, Yu H, Mu H, Hu Y, Perkumas K, Aboobakar IF, Johnson WM, Stamer WD, Liu Y. Expression of mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells Upon Mechanical Stretch. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:2. [PMID: 32392310 PMCID: PMC7405621 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intraocular pressure (IOP), the primary risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma, is determined by resistance to aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM). IOP homeostasis relies on TM responses to mechanical stretch. To model the effects of elevated IOP on the TM, this study sought to identify coding and non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in response to mechanical stretch. Methods Monolayers of TM cells from non-glaucomatous donors (n = 5) were cultured in the presence or absence of 15% mechanical stretch, 1 cycle/second, for 24 hours using a computer-controlled Flexcell unit. We profiled mRNAs and lncRNAs with stranded total RNA sequencing and microRNA (miRNA) expression with NanoString-based miRNA assays. We used two-tailed paired t-tests for mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the Bioconductor limma package for miRNAs. Gene ontology and pathway analyses were performed with WebGestalt. miRNA–mRNA interactions were identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Integrative miRNA Target Finder software. Validation of differential expression was conducted using droplet digital PCR. Results We identified 219 mRNAs, 42 miRNAs, and 387 lncRNAs with differential expression in TM cells upon cyclic mechanical stretch. Pathway analysis indicated significant enrichment of genes involved in steroid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and extracellular matrix–receptor interaction. We also identified several miRNA master regulators (miR-125a-5p, miR-30a-5p, and miR-1275) that regulate several mechanoresponsive genes. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the differential expression of coding and non-coding RNAs in a single set of cells subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch. Our results validate previously identified, as well as novel, genes and pathways.
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20
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Graham KL, Diefenbach E, McCowan CI, White AJR. A technique for shotgun proteomic analysis of the precorneal tear film in dogs with naturally occurring primary glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:131-145. [PMID: 32364655 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce a protocol for the characterization of protein patterns in tears of dogs with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). ANIMALS Nineteen dogs (25 eyes). METHODS Tear samples were collected using a Schirmer tear strip, from dogs with PACG (PACG-affected eyes, n = 8; unaffected eyes predisposed to PACG, n = 7), POAG (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 6). Protein precipitation and trypsin digestion were performed for analyses via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins were identified using the SwissProt protein sequence database. Relative protein expression in 17 eyes (15 dogs) was evaluated using Proteome Discoverer 2.0. Pathway analyses were performed to investigate molecular mechanisms associated with primary glaucoma. RESULTS Unique peptides were identified in 505 proteins, with Major allergen Can f 1 and albumin identified with high confidence. Proteins unique to tears from diseased eyes (PACG: n = 7; POAG: n = 14) were identified. Nucleoside diphosphate was unique to tears in PACG eyes naïve to therapy, while retinal binding protein and NSFL1 cofactor p47 were unique to medicated PACG eyes. Relative expression of 34 proteins differed between disease states. Pathway analyses identified that the 'inflammatory response' was among the top disease/disorders in dogs with primary glaucoma (PACG and POAG) but not in healthy controls. CONCLUSION Tear samples suitable for mass spectrometry were readily obtained from pet dogs without needing specialized equipment. Further studies to validate the findings and explore potential candidate biomarkers for early disease detection and potential therapeutic targets are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Graham
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eve Diefenbach
- Westmead Proteomics Facility, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina I McCowan
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Victoria State Government, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrew J R White
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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21
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Tie J, Chen D, Guo J, Liao S, Luo X, Zhang Y, Guo R, Xu C, Huang D, Zhang Y, Wang J. Transcriptome-wide study of the response of human trabecular meshwork cells to the substrate stiffness increase. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3112-3123. [PMID: 32115746 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure, a major risk factor of glaucoma, is caused by the abnormal function of trabecular outflow pathways. Human trabecular meshwork (HTM) tissue plays an important role in the outflow pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms that how TM cells respond to the elevated IOP are largely unknown. We cultured primary HTM cells on polyacrylamide gels with tunable stiffness corresponding to Young's moduli ranging from 1.1 to 50 kPa. Then next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to obtain the transcriptomic profiles of HTM cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that genes related to glaucoma including DCN, SPARC, and CTGF, were significantly increased with elevated substrate stiffness, as well as the global alteration of HTM transcriptome. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes were selectively activated in response to the elevated substrate stiffness, consistent with the known molecular alteration in glaucoma. Human normal and glaucomatous TM tissues were also obtained to perform RNA-seq experiments and supported the substrate stiffness-altered transcriptome profiles from the in vitro cell model. The current study profiled the transcriptomic changes in human TM cells upon increasing substrate stiffness. Global change of ECM-related genes indicates that the in vitro substrate stiffness could greatly affect the biological processes of HTM cells. The in vitro HTM cell model could efficiently capture the main pathogenetic process in glaucoma patients, and provide a powerful method to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Tie
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengjie Liao
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruru Guo
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenjia Xu
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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22
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Rauf B, Irum B, Khan SY, Kabir F, Naeem MA, Riazuddin S, Ayyagari R, Riazuddin SA. Novel mutations in LTBP2 identified in familial cases of primary congenital glaucoma. Mol Vis 2020; 26:14-25. [PMID: 32165823 PMCID: PMC7043638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by developmental defects in the anterior chamber and trabecular meshwork. This disease is an important cause of childhood blindness. In this study, we aim to identify the genetic determinants of PCG in three consanguineous families of Pakistani descent. Methods Affected members of all three families underwent detailed ophthalmological examination including slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Blood samples were collected from affected and healthy members of all three families, and genomic DNA was extracted. Linkage analysis was performed for the known or reported loci of PCG to localize the disease interval, and logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were calculated. All protein-coding exons of the candidate gene, latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein 2 (LTBP2), were bidirectionally sequenced to identify the disease-causing mutation. Results Short tandem repeat (STR) marker-based linkage analysis localized the critical interval to chromosome 14q with a maximum two-point LOD score of 2.86 (PKGL076), 2.8 (PKGL015), and 2.92 (PKGL042). Bidirectional Sanger sequencing of LTBP2 revealed three novel pathogenic variants, i.e., c.3028G>A (p.Asp1010Asn), c.3427delC (p.Gln1143Argfs*35), and c.5270G>A (p.Cys1757Tyr) in PKGL076, PKGL015, and PKGL042, respectively. All three mutations segregated with the disease phenotype in their respective families and were absent in 200 ethnically matched normal chromosomes. Conclusions We identified three novel mutations, p.D1010N, p.Q1143Rfs*35, and p.C1757Y, in LTBP2 responsible for PCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Rauf
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Irum
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Y. Khan
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Firoz Kabir
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Muhammad Asif Naeem
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - S. Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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23
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Childhood glaucoma genes and phenotypes: Focus on FOXC1 mutations causing anterior segment dysgenesis and hearing loss. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107893. [PMID: 31836490 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Childhood glaucoma is an important cause of blindness world-wide. Eleven genes are currently known to cause inherited forms of glaucoma with onset before age 20. While all the early-onset glaucoma genes cause severe disease, considerable phenotypic variability is observed among mutations carriers. In particular, FOXC1 genetic variants are associated with a broad range of phenotypes including multiple forms of glaucoma and also systemic abnormalities, especially hearing loss. FOXC1 is a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors and is involved in neural crest development necessary for formation of anterior eye structures and also pharyngeal arches that form the middle ear bones. In this study we review the clinical phenotypes reported for known FOXC1 mutations and show that mutations in patients with reported ocular anterior segment abnormalities and hearing loss primarily disrupt the critically important forkhead domain. These results suggest that optimal care for patients affected with anterior segment dysgenesis should include screening for FOXC1 mutations and also testing for hearing loss.
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24
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Normal tension glaucoma-like degeneration of the visual system in aged marmosets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14852. [PMID: 31619716 PMCID: PMC6795850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a non-human primate that provides valuable models for neuroscience and aging research due to its anatomical similarities to humans and relatively short lifespan. This study was carried out to examine whether aged marmosets develop glaucoma, as seen in humans. We found that 11% of the aged marmosets presented with glaucoma-like characteristics; this incident rate is very similar to that in humans. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a significant volume loss in the visual cortex, and histological analyses confirmed the degeneration of the lateral geniculate nuclei and visual cortex in the affected marmosets. These marmosets did not have elevated intraocular pressure, but showed an increased oxidative stress level, low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, and low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB expression in the retina, optic nerve head and CSF. Our findings suggest that marmosets have potential to provide useful information for the research of eye and the visual system.
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25
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Badawi AH, Al-Muhaylib AA, Al Owaifeer AM, Al-Essa RS, Al-Shahwan SA. Primary congenital glaucoma: An updated review. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2019; 33:382-388. [PMID: 31920449 PMCID: PMC6950954 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a rare disease affecting children early in life. PCG was considered untreatable with inevitable blindness. However, recent advances in biochemical and genetic studies, the introduction of new diagnostic tools, intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering medications and improvement of surgical techniques have led to a better understanding of this devastating disease and preserving the vision of affected children. This paper presents an updated and broad overview of PCG in terms of the epidemiology and genetic aspects, particularly in Saudi Arabia, the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to PCG with major emphasis on the treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Muhaylib
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, AlQassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rakan S. Al-Essa
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Castro A, Du Y. Trabecular Meshwork Regeneration - A Potential Treatment for Glaucoma. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 7:80-88. [PMID: 31316866 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-019-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this review, we overview the pathophysiology of primary open-angle glaucoma as it relates to the trabecular meshwork (TM), exploring modes of TM dysfunction and regeneration via stem cell therapies. Recent Findings Stem cells from a variety of sources, including trabecular meshwork, mesenchymal, adipose and induced pluripotent stem cells, have shown the potential to differentiate into TM cells in vitro or in vivo and to regenerate the TM in vivo, lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) and reducing glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell damage. Summary Stem cell therapies for TM regeneration provide a robust and promising suite of treatments for eventual lowering of IOP and prevention of glaucomatous vision loss in humans in the future. Further investigation into stem cell homing mechanisms and the safety of introducing these cells into human anterior chamber, for instance, are required before clinical applications in treating glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Castro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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27
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Oliveira MB, de Vasconcellos JPC, Ananina G, Costa VP, de Melo MB. Association between IL1A and IL1B polymorphisms and primary open angle glaucoma in a Brazilian population. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 243:1083-1091. [PMID: 30465622 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218809709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association of five polymorphisms in the IL1A and IL1B genes in Brazilian patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). A case–control study, including 214 unrelated POAG patients and 187 healthy individuals, was conducted to evaluate the frequency of polymorphisms in the IL1A and IL1B genes. Ophthalmic evaluation was performed and genomic DNA was obtained from all participants. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): IL1A (–889C/T: rs1800587:C > T, +4845G/T:rs17561G>T) and IL1B (–31C/T:rs1143627:T > C, –511C/T:rs16944C>T and +3954C/T:rs1143634:C > T) were genotyped through direct sequencing. The association of individual SNPs was tested using logistic regression. There was an association between the –31C/T and –511 C/T polymorphisms in the IL1B gene with POAG (p = 0.002 and p = 0.009, respectively). High linkage disequilibrium was observed between the –31C/T and –511C/T polymorphisms. The statistical analysis showed that the T/C haplotype (–31/–511) in the IL1B gene is more frequent in controls (p = 0.011) and the C/T haplotype (–31/–511) is more common in POAG patients (p = 0.018). Among POAG cases, the genotypic distribution of the –31C/T and –511 C/T SNPs was significantly different in patients who underwent anti-glaucomatous surgery compared to patients without surgery (p = 0.016 and 0.023, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference for the remaining SNPs between POAG patients and controls. In conclusion, the C allele of the –31C/T and the T allele of the –511C/T polymorphisms in the IL1B gene may represent a “risk haplotype” for the development of POAG in Brazilian individuals. Further studies with larger cohorts of patients are necessary to substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Oliveira
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, CBMEG, University of Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil
| | | | - Galina Ananina
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, CBMEG, University of Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Vital P Costa
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Mônica B de Melo
- 1 Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, CBMEG, University of Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil
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28
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Ji SL, Tang SB. Differentiation of retinal ganglion cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: a review. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:152-160. [PMID: 30662854 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.01.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy that is characterized by the progressive degeneration of axons and the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Current glaucoma treatments only slow the progression of RGCs loss. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of differentiating into all three germ layer cell lineages. iPSCs can be patient-specific, making iPSC-derived RGCs a promising candidate for cell replacement. In this review, we focus on discussing the detailed approaches used to differentiate iPSCs into RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Li Ji
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha 410015, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shi-Bo Tang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410015, Hunan Province, China
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29
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Nie Q, Zhang X. Transcriptional profiling analysis predicts potential biomarkers for glaucoma: HGF, AKR1B10 and AKR1C3. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5103-5111. [PMID: 30542465 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma results in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss. The aim of this study was to screen more accurate biomarkers and targets for glaucoma. The datasets E-GEOD-7144 and E-MEXP-3427 were screened for differently expressed genes (DEGs) by significance analysis of microarrays. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis were processed. Pathway relationship networks and gene co-expression networks were constructed. DEGs of disease and treatment with the same symbols were of interest. RT-qPCR was processed to verify the expression of key DEGs. A total of 1,019 DEGs of glaucoma were identified and 93 DEGs in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β1-2 treatment cases compared with the normal control group. Pathway relationship network of glaucoma was constructed with 25 nodes. The pathway relationship network of TGF-β1 and -2 treatment groups was constructed with 11 nodes. Glaucoma-related DEGs in GO terms and pathways were inserted and 180 common DEGs were obtained. Then, gene co-expression network of glaucoma-related DEGs was constructed with 91 nodes. Furthermore, DEGs of TGF-β1 and -2 treated glaucoma in GO terms and pathways were inserted, and 29 common DEGs were identified. Based on these DEGs, gene co-expression network was constructed with 12 nodes and 16 edges. Finally, a total of 6 important DEGs of disease and treatment were inserted and obtained. They were HGF, AKR1B10, AKR1C3, PPAP2B, INHBA and BCAT1. The expression of HGF, AKR1B10 and AKR1C3 was decreased in glaucoma samples and treatment samples. In conclusion, HGF, AKR1B10 and AKR1C3 may be key genes for glaucoma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Nie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Shouguang, Weifang, Shandong 262700, P.R. China
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30
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Stern JH, Tian Y, Funderburgh J, Pellegrini G, Zhang K, Goldberg JL, Ali RR, Young M, Xie Y, Temple S. Regenerating Eye Tissues to Preserve and Restore Vision. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:834-849. [PMID: 29859174 PMCID: PMC6492284 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ocular regenerative therapies are on track to revolutionize treatment of numerous blinding disorders, including corneal disease, cataract, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. A variety of transplantable products, delivered as cell suspensions or as preformed 3D structures combining cells and natural or artificial substrates, are in the pipeline. Here we review the status of clinical and preclinical studies for stem cell-based repair, covering key eye tissues from front to back, from cornea to retina, and including bioengineering approaches that advance cell product manufacturing. While recognizing the challenges, we look forward to a deep portfolio of sight-restoring, stem cell-based medicine. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Stern
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - James Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G.Gottardi 100, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Kang Zhang
- Shiley Eye Institute and Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Laboratory, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Genetics, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK; Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Michael Young
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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31
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A generalised porous medium approach to study thermo-fluid dynamics in human eyes. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 56:1823-1839. [PMID: 29564696 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the application of the generalised porous medium model to study heat and fluid flow in healthy and glaucomatous eyes of different subject specimens, considering the presence of ocular cavities and porous tissues. The 2D computational model, implemented into the open-source software OpenFOAM, has been verified against benchmark data for mixed convection in domains partially filled with a porous medium. The verified model has been employed to simulate the thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena occurring in the anterior section of four patient-specific human eyes, considering the presence of anterior chamber (AC), trabecular meshwork (TM), Schlemm's canal (SC), and collector channels (CC). The computational domains of the eye are extracted from tomographic images. The dependence of TM porosity and permeability on intraocular pressure (IOP) has been analysed in detail, and the differences between healthy and glaucomatous eye conditions have been highlighted, proving that the different physiological conditions of patients have a significant influence on the thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena. The influence of different eye positions (supine and standing) on thermo-fluid dynamic variables has been also investigated: results are presented in terms of velocity, pressure, temperature, friction coefficient and local Nusselt number. The results clearly indicate that porosity and permeability of TM are two important parameters that affect eye pressure distribution. Graphical abstract Velocity contours and vectors for healthy eyes (top) and glaucomatous eyes (bottom) for standing position.
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Ji S, Lin S, Chen J, Huang X, Wei CC, Li Z, Tang S. Neuroprotection of Transplanting Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Microbead Induced Ocular Hypertension Rat Model. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:810-820. [PMID: 29505314 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1440604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of intravitreally transplanted human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) in an animal model of microbead-injection-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS UC-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cords and then cultured. The OHT model was induced via intracameral injection of polystyrene microbeads in Sprague-Dawley adult rat eyes. Fifty-four healthy adult rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control, OHT model treated with intravitreal transplantation of UC-MSCs, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Two days after OHT was induced, either 5 µl 105 UC-MSCs suspension or PBS was injected into the vitreous cavity of rats. UC-MSCs localization and integration were examined via immunohistochemistry. Neuroprotection was quantified by counting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons 2 weeks following transplantation. The expression levels of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assessed via immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Functional recovery was assessed 2 weeks after transplantation via scotopic threshold response (STR) electroretinography. RESULTS Elevated IOP levels were sustained at least 3 weeks after intracameral microbead injection and the number of β-III-tubulin+ RGCs significantly declined compared to PBS-injected eyes. UC-MSCs survived for at least 2 weeks after intravitreal transplantation and predominantly located in the vitreous cavity. A fraction of cells migrated into the ganglion cell layer of host retina, but without differentiation. Intravitreal UC-MSC transplantation resulted in increased number of RGCs, axons, and increased expression of GDNF and BDNF but decreased expression of GFAP. Intravitreal delivery of UC-MSCs significantly improved the recovery of the positive STR. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal transplantation of UC-MSCs revealed the neuroprotection in the microbead-injection induced OHT. The effects could be related to the secretion of tropic factors (BDNF and GDNF) and the modulation of glial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangli Ji
- a Aier School of Ophthalmology , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Saiyue Lin
- b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- a Aier School of Ophthalmology , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Xinping Huang
- c Department of Biology , ShenzhenHornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Chih-Chang Wei
- c Department of Biology , ShenzhenHornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Shibo Tang
- a Aier School of Ophthalmology , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , China
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Asefa NG, Neustaeter A, Jansonius NM, Snieder H. Heritability of glaucoma and glaucoma-related endophenotypes: systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019049. [PMID: 29490960 PMCID: PMC5855254 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is the second leading cause of age-related vision loss worldwide; it is an umbrella term that is used to describe a set of complex ocular disorders with a multifactorial aetiology. Both genetic and lifestyle risk factors for glaucoma are well established. Thus far, however, systematic reviews on the heritability of glaucoma have focused on the heritability of primary open-angle glaucoma only. No systematic review has comprehensively reviewed or meta-analysed the heritability of other types of glaucoma, including glaucoma-related endophenotypes. The aim of this study will be to identify relevant scientific literature regarding the heritability of both glaucoma and related endophenotypes and summarise the evidence by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This systematic review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 checklist, which provides a standardised approach for carrying out systematic reviews. To capture as much literature as possible, a comprehensive step-by-step systematic search will be undertaken in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science and ScienceDirect, and studies published until 31 December 2017 will be included. Two reviewers will independently search the articles for eligibility according to predefined selection criteria. A database will be used for screening of eligible articles. The quality of the included studies will be rated independently by two reviewers, using the National Health Institute Quality Assessment tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. A random-effects model will be used for the meta-analysis. This systematic review is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with a registration number: CRD42017064504. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION We will use secondary data from peer-reviewed published articles, and hence there is no requirement for ethics approval. The results of this systematic review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Gebrmedhin Asefa
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Neustaeter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Singh M, Tyagi SC. Genes and genetics in eye diseases: a genomic medicine approach for investigating hereditary and inflammatory ocular disorders. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:117-134. [PMID: 29376001 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Past 25y have witnessed an exponential increase in knowledge and understanding of ocular diseases and their respective genetic underpinnings. As a result, scientists have mapped many genes and their variants that can influence vision and health of our eyes. Based on these findings, it is becoming clear that an early diagnosis employing genetic testing can help evaluate patients' conditions for instituting treatment plan(s) and follow-up care to avoid vision complications later. For example, knowing family history becomes crucial for inherited eye diseases as it can benefit members in family who may have similar eye diseases or predispositions. Therefore, gathering information from an elaborate examination along with complete assessment of past medical illness by ophthalmologists followed by consultation with geneticists can help create a roadmap for making diagnosis and treatment precise and beneficial. In this review, we present an update on ocular genomic medicine that we believe has tremendous potential towards unraveling genetic implications in ocular diseases and patients' susceptibilities. We also discuss translational aspects of genetic ophthalmology and genome engineering that may help advance molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Abeshi A, Precone V, Beccari T, Dundar M, Falsini B, Bertelli M. Genetic testing in translational ophthalmology. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/s1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Inherited eye diseases are a group of conditions with genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Advances in ocular genetic research have provided insights into the genetic basis of many eye diseases. Genetic and technological progress is improving the management and care of patients with inherited eye diseases. Diagnostic laboratories continue to develop strategies with high specificity and sensitivity that reduce the costs and time required for genetic testing. The introduction of next generation sequencing technologies has significantly advanced the identification of new gene candidates and has expanded the scope of genetic testing. Gene therapy offers an important opportunity to target causative genetic mutations. There are clinical trials of treatments involving vector-based eye gene therapies, and a significant number of loci and genes now have a role in the diagnosis and treatment of human eye diseases. Applied genetic technology heralds the development of individualized treatments, ushering ophthalmology into the field of personalized medicine. Many therapeutic strategies have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical studies and have entered the clinical trial phase. In this paper we review the topic of genetic testing in inherited eye diseases. We provide some background information about genetic counseling and genetic testing in ophthalmology and discuss how genetic testing can be helpful to patients and families with inherited eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Abeshi
- MAGI Balkans, Tirana , Albania
- MAGI’S Lab, Rovereto , Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia , Italy
| | - Munis Dundar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome , Italy
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Hu Z, He C. CDKN2B gene rs1063192 polymorphism decreases the risk of glaucoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21167-21176. [PMID: 28416752 PMCID: PMC5400574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between cyclin-dependent kinase Inhibitor-2B (CDKN2B) gene rs1063192 polymorphism and glaucoma risk. We searched the databases of PubMed, and Embase. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using fixed-effect or random-effect models. A total of 14 case-control studies involving 11,316 cases and 24,055 controls were included. Meta-analysis showed that CDKN2B gene rs1063192 polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk of glaucoma. Stratification analysis of ethnicity indicated that rs1063192 polymorphism decreased the risk of glaucoma among Caucasians and Asians. Stratification analysis by type of glaucoma revealed that rs1063192 polymorphism conferred a protective factor of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and non-POAG. Stratification by source of controls uncovered an association between rs1063192 polymorphism and glaucoma in groups of population-based controls. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates that CDKN2B gene rs1063192 polymorphism is significantly associated with a decreased risk of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxian Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenliang He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
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Liu Y, Allingham RR. Major review: Molecular genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2017; 160:62-84. [PMID: 28499933 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common type, is a complex inherited disorder that is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death, optic nerve head excavation, and visual field loss. The discovery of a large, and growing, number of genetic and chromosomal loci has been shown to contribute to POAG risk, which carry implications for disease pathogenesis. Differential gene expression analyses in glaucoma-affected tissues as well as animal models of POAG are enhancing our mechanistic understanding in this common, blinding disorder. In this review we summarize recent developments in POAG genetics and molecular genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke - National University of Singapore (Duke-NUS), Singapore.
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Borrás T. The Pathway From Genes to Gene Therapy in Glaucoma: A Review of Possibilities for Using Genes as Glaucoma Drugs. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2017; 6:80-93. [PMID: 28161916 PMCID: PMC6005701 DOI: 10.22608/apo.2016126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of diseases with gene therapy is advancing rapidly. The use of gene therapy has expanded from the original concept of re-placing the mutated gene causing the disease to the use of genes to con-trol nonphysiological levels of expression or to modify pathways known to affect the disease. Genes offer numerous advantages over conventional drugs. They have longer duration of action and are more specific. Genes can be delivered to the target site by naked DNA, cells, nonviral, and viral vectors. The enormous progress of the past decade in molecular bi-ology and delivery systems has provided ways for targeting genes to the intended cell/tissue and safe, long-term vectors. The eye is an ideal organ for gene therapy. It is easily accessible and it is an immune-privileged site. Currently, there are clinical trials for diseases affecting practically every tissue of the eye, including those to restore vision in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis. However, the number of eye trials compared with those for systemic diseases is quite low (1.8%). Nevertheless, judg-ing by the vast amount of ongoing preclinical studies, it is expected that such number will increase considerably in the near future. One area of great need for eye gene therapy is glaucoma, where a long-term gene drug would eliminate daily applications and compliance issues. Here, we review the current state of gene therapy for glaucoma and the possibilities for treating the trabecular meshwork to lower intraocular pressure and the retinal ganglion cells to protect them from neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Mitochondrial pathogenic mechanism and degradation in optineurin E50K mutation-mediated retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33830. [PMID: 27654856 PMCID: PMC5031982 DOI: 10.1038/srep33830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in optineurin (OPTN) are linked to the pathology of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Emerging evidence indicates that OPTN mutation is involved in accumulation of damaged mitochondria and defective mitophagy. Nevertheless, the role played by an OPTN E50K mutation in the pathogenic mitochondrial mechanism that underlies retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in POAG remains unknown. We show here that E50K expression induces mitochondrial fission-mediated mitochondrial degradation and mitophagy in the axons of the glial lamina of aged E50K−tg mice in vivo. While E50K activates the Bax pathway and oxidative stress, and triggers dynamics alteration-mediated mitochondrial degradation and mitophagy in RGC somas in vitro, it does not affect transport dynamics and fission of mitochondria in RGC axons in vitro. These results strongly suggest that E50K is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in RGC degeneration in synergy with environmental factors such as aging and/or oxidative stress.
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Verma SS, Cooke Bailey JN, Lucas A, Bradford Y, Linneman JG, Hauser MA, Pasquale LR, Peissig PL, Brilliant MH, McCarty CA, Haines JL, Wiggs JL, Vrabec TR, Tromp G, Ritchie MD. Epistatic Gene-Based Interaction Analyses for Glaucoma in eMERGE and NEIGHBOR Consortium. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006186. [PMID: 27623284 PMCID: PMC5021356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex disease and is one of the major leading causes of blindness worldwide. Genome-wide association studies have successfully identified several common variants associated with glaucoma; however, most of these variants only explain a small proportion of the genetic risk. Apart from the standard approach to identify main effects of variants across the genome, it is believed that gene-gene interactions can help elucidate part of the missing heritability by allowing for the test of interactions between genetic variants to mimic the complex nature of biology. To explain the etiology of glaucoma, we first performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on glaucoma case-control samples obtained from electronic medical records (EMR) to establish the utility of EMR data in detecting non-spurious and relevant associations; this analysis was aimed at confirming already known associations with glaucoma and validating the EMR derived glaucoma phenotype. Our findings from GWAS suggest consistent evidence of several known associations in POAG. We then performed an interaction analysis for variants found to be marginally associated with glaucoma (SNPs with main effect p-value <0.01) and observed interesting findings in the electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics Network (eMERGE) network dataset. Genes from the top epistatic interactions from eMERGE data (Likelihood Ratio Test i.e. LRT p-value <1e-05) were then tested for replication in the NEIGHBOR consortium dataset. To replicate our findings, we performed a gene-based SNP-SNP interaction analysis in NEIGHBOR and observed significant gene-gene interactions (p-value <0.001) among the top 17 gene-gene models identified in the discovery phase. Variants from gene-gene interaction analysis that we found to be associated with POAG explain 3.5% of additional genetic variance in eMERGE dataset above what is explained by the SNPs in genes that are replicated from previous GWAS studies (which was only 2.1% variance explained in eMERGE dataset); in the NEIGHBOR dataset, adding replicated SNPs from gene-gene interaction analysis explain 3.4% of total variance whereas GWAS SNPs alone explain only 2.8% of variance. Exploring gene-gene interactions may provide additional insights into many complex traits when explored in properly designed and powered association studies. The complex nature of primary-open angle glaucoma (POAG) has left researchers exploring the genetic architecture and searching for the missing heritability using a number of different study designs. Over the past decade, many studies have been conducted to explain the etiology of POAG; however, a high proportion of estimated heritability still remains unexplained. GWA studies for POAG have identified significant associations but these associations have only explained a small proportion of the genetic risk (odds ratios range between 1–3). In this paper, we sought to confirm the primary genome-wide significant associations that have been discovered so far for glaucoma in phenotypes developed from EMR data in an effort to show that EMR data can be a powerful resource for finding genetic variants influencing POAG susceptibility. Next, we tested for statistical interactions, which can be presented as an important tool in an attempt to explain POAG heritability. We used a reduced list of variants filtered by marginal main effect analysis to look for epistatic interactions. We present our results from replication of gene-based interaction analyses performed in eMERGE and the NEIGHBOR consortium data. Using expression data and annotations from various publicly available databases, the most significant genes that replicated in our analyses show expression in the eye and trabecular meshwork. Analysis for estimation of genetic variance explained by significant associations from previous GWAS and replicated variants from gene-based interactions suggest that these explain 5.6% of variance in eMERGE dataset and also explain 3.4% variance in NEIGHBOR dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Setia Verma
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica N. Cooke Bailey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Lucas
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James G. Linneman
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peggy L. Peissig
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Murray H. Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tamara R. Vrabec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mauri L, Uebe S, Sticht H, Vossmerbaeumer U, Weisschuh N, Manfredini E, Maselli E, Patrosso M, Weinreb RN, Penco S, Reis A, Pasutto F. Expanding the clinical spectrum of COL1A1 mutations in different forms of glaucoma. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:108. [PMID: 27484908 PMCID: PMC4970237 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and early onset glaucomas are one of the major causes of children and young adult blindness worldwide. Both autosomal recessive and dominant inheritance have been described with involvement of several genes including CYP1B1, FOXC1, PITX2, MYOC and PAX6. However, mutations in these genes explain only a small fraction of cases suggesting the presence of further candidate genes. METHODS To elucidate further genetic causes of these conditions whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed in an Italian patient, diagnosed with PCG and retinal detachment, and his unaffected parents. Sanger sequencing of the complete coding region of COL1A1 was performed in a total of 26 further patients diagnosed with PCG or early onset glaucoma. Exclusion of pathogenic variations in known glaucoma genes as CYP1B1, MYOC, FOXC1, PITX2 and PAX6 was additionally done per Sanger sequencing and Multiple Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) analysis. RESULTS In the patient diagnosed with PCG and retinal detachment, analysis of WES data identified compound heterozygous variants in COL1A1 (p.Met264Leu; p.Ala1083Thr). Targeted COL1A1 screening of 26 additional patients detected three further heterozygous variants (p.Arg253*, p.Gly767Ser and p.Gly154Val) in three distinct subjects: two of them diagnosed with early onset glaucoma and mild form of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), one patient with a diagnosis of PCG at age 4 years. All five variants affected evolutionary, highly conserved amino acids indicating important functional restrictions. Molecular modeling predicted that the heterozygous variants are dominant in effect and affect protein stability and thus the amount of available protein, while the compound heterozygous variants act as recessive alleles and impair binding affinity to two main COL1A1 binding proteins: Hsp47 and fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS Dominant inherited mutations in COL1A1 are known causes of connective tissues disorders such as OI. These disorders are also associated with different ocular abnormalities, although recognition of the common pathology for both features is seldom being recognized. Our results expand the role of COL1A1 mutations in different forms of early-onset glaucoma with and without signs of OI. Thus, we suggest including COL1A1 mutation screening in the genetic work-up of glaucoma cases and detailed ophthalmic examinations with fundus analysis in patients with OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mauri
- Medical Genetics, A.O. Niguarda Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Urs Vossmerbaeumer
- Augenklinik und Poliklinik, Joahnnes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvana Penco
- Medical Genetics, A.O. Niguarda Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Sebag J, Sadun AA, Pierce EA. Paradigm Shifts in Ophthalmic Diagnostics. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2016; 114:WP1. [PMID: 28008209 PMCID: PMC5141845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Future advances in ophthalmology will see a paradigm shift in diagnostics from a focus on dysfunction and disease to better measures of psychophysical function and health. Practical methods to define genotypes will be increasingly important and non-invasive nanotechnologies are needed to detect molecular changes that predate histopathology. METHODS This is not a review nor meant to be comprehensive. Specific topics have been selected to illustrate the principles of important paradigm shifts that will influence the future of ophthalmic diagnostics. It is our impression that future evaluation of vision will go beyond visual acuity to assess ocular health in terms of psychophysical function. The definition of disease will incorporate genotype into what has historically been a phenotype-centric discipline. Non-invasive nanotechnologies will enable a paradigm shift from disease detection on a cellular level to a sub-cellular molecular level. RESULTS Vision can be evaluated beyond visual acuity by measuring contrast sensitivity, color vision, and macular function, as these provide better insights into the impact of aging and disease. Distortions can be quantified and the psychophysical basis of vision can be better evaluated than in the past by designing tests that assess particular macular cell function(s). Advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of eye diseases will enable better characterization of ocular health and disease. Non-invasive nanotechnologies can assess molecular changes in the lens, vitreous, and macula that predate visible pathology. Oxygen metabolism and circulatory physiology are measurable indices of ocular health that can detect variations of physiology and early disease. CONCLUSIONS This overview of paradigm shifts in ophthalmology suggests that the future will see significant improvements in ophthalmic diagnostics. The selected topics illustrate the principles of these paradigm shifts and should serve as a guide to further research and development. Indeed, successful implementation of these paradigm shifts in ophthalmology may provide useful guidance for similar developments in all of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebag
- Dr. Sebag: VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA; Dr. Sadun: Doheny Eye Institute/UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Dr. Pierce: Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Dr. Sebag: VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA; Dr. Sadun: Doheny Eye Institute/UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Dr. Pierce: Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Dr. Sebag: VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA; Dr. Sadun: Doheny Eye Institute/UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Dr. Pierce: Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School
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Pizzirani S. Definition, Classification, and Pathophysiology of Canine Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 45:1127-57, v. [PMID: 26456751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common ocular condition in humans and dogs leading to optic nerve degeneration and irreversible blindness. Primary glaucoma is a group of spontaneous heterogeneous diseases. Multiple factors are involved in its pathogenesis and these factors vary across human ethnic groups and canine breeds, so the clinical phenotypes are numerous and their classification can be challenging and remain superficial. Aging and oxidative stress are major triggers for the manifestation of disease. Multiple, intertwined inflammatory and biochemical cascades eventually alter cellular and extracellular physiology in the optic nerve and trabecular meshwork and lead to vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pizzirani
- Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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Rong SS, Chen LJ, Leung CKS, Matsushita K, Jia L, Miki A, Chiang SWY, Tam POS, Hashida N, Young AL, Tsujikawa M, Zhang M, Wang N, Nishida K, Pang CP. Ethnic specific association of the CAV1/CAV2 locus with primary open-angle glaucoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27837. [PMID: 27297022 PMCID: PMC4906515 DOI: 10.1038/srep27837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4236601 at the CAV1/CAV2 locus is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Rs4236601 is common in Caucasians but rare in East Asians. Here we conducted a haplotype-tagging SNP analysis followed by replication in a total of 848 POAG cases and 1574 controls drawn from 3 cities in China and 1 city in Japan. Two SNPs, rs4236601 (odds ratio [OR] = 6.25; P = 0.0086) and a tagging-SNP rs3801994 (OR = 1.32; P = 0.042), were associated with POAG in the Hong Kong Chinese cohort after age and gender adjustments. Rs4236601 was associated with POAG also in Shantou (OR = 6.09; P = 0.0037) and Beijing (OR = 3.92; P = 0.030) cohorts after age and gender adjustment, with a pooled-OR of 5.26 (P = 9.0 × 10(-6)) in Chinese; but it is non-polymorphic in the Osaka cohort. SNP rs3801994 showed a similar trend of effect in the Shantou and Beijing cohorts, with a pooled-OR of 1.23 (P = 0.022) and 1.20 (P = 0.063) in Chinese, prior to and after age and gender adjustment, respectively; but it showed a reverse effect in the Osaka cohort (OR = 0.58; P = 0.033) after the adjustments. We have thus confirmed the association of rs4236601 with POAG in different Chinese cohorts. Also, we found a common SNP rs3801994 of diverse associations with POAG between Chinese and Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher K. S. Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Liyun Jia
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Atsuya Miki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sylvia W. Y. Chiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pancy O. S. Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Noriyasu Hashida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Alvin L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Motokazu Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
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Souma T, Tompson SW, Thomson BR, Siggs OM, Kizhatil K, Yamaguchi S, Feng L, Limviphuvadh V, Whisenhunt KN, Maurer-Stroh S, Yanovitch TL, Kalaydjieva L, Azmanov DN, Finzi S, Mauri L, Javadiyan S, Souzeau E, Zhou T, Hewitt AW, Kloss B, Burdon KP, Mackey DA, Allen KF, Ruddle JB, Lim SH, Rozen S, Tran-Viet KN, Liu X, John S, Wiggs JL, Pasutto F, Craig JE, Jin J, Quaggin SE, Young TL. Angiopoietin receptor TEK mutations underlie primary congenital glaucoma with variable expressivity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2575-87. [PMID: 27270174 DOI: 10.1172/jci85830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a devastating eye disease and an important cause of childhood blindness worldwide. In PCG, defects in the anterior chamber aqueous humor outflow structures of the eye result in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP); however, the genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the etiology of these defects have not been fully characterized. Previously, we observed PCG-like phenotypes in transgenic mice that lack functional angiopoietin-TEK signaling. Herein, we identified rare TEK variants in 10 of 189 unrelated PCG families and demonstrated that each mutation results in haploinsufficiency due to protein loss of function. Multiple cellular mechanisms were responsible for the loss of protein function resulting from individual TEK variants, including an absence of normal protein production, protein aggregate formation, enhanced proteasomal degradation, altered subcellular localization, and reduced responsiveness to ligand stimulation. Further, in mice, hemizygosity for Tek led to the formation of severely hypomorphic Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork, as well as elevated IOP, demonstrating that anterior chamber vascular development is sensitive to Tek gene dosage and the resulting decrease in angiopoietin-TEK signaling. Collectively, these results identify TEK mutations in patients with PCG that likely underlie disease and are transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable expressivity.
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Gao S, Jakobs TC. Mice Homozygous for a Deletion in the Glaucoma Susceptibility Locus INK4 Show Increased Vulnerability of Retinal Ganglion Cells to Elevated Intraocular Pressure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:985-1005. [PMID: 26883755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A genomic region located on chromosome 9p21 is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma in genome-wide association studies. The genomic region contains the gene for a long noncoding RNA called CDKN2B-AS, two genes that code for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors 2A and 2B (CDKN2A/p16(INK4A) and CDKN2B/p15(INK4B)) and an additional protein (p14(ARF)). We used a transgenic mouse model in which 70 kb of murine chromosome 4, syntenic to human chromosome 9p21, are deleted to study whether this deletion leads to a discernible phenotype in ocular structures implicated in glaucoma. Homozygous mice of this strain were previously reported to show persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Fundus photography and optical coherence tomography confirmed that finding but showed no abnormalities for heterozygous mice. Optokinetic response, eletroretinogram, and histology indicated that the heterozygous and mutant retinas were normal functionally and morphologically, whereas glial cells were activated in the retina and optic nerve head of mutant eyes. In quantitative PCR, CDKN2B expression was reduced by approximately 50% in the heterozygous mice and by 90% in the homozygous mice, which suggested that the CDKN2B knock down had no deleterious consequences for the retina under normal conditions. However, compared with wild-type and heterozygous animals, the homozygous mice are more vulnerable to retinal ganglion cell loss in response to elevated intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tatjana C Jakobs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Differential Protein Expression Profiles in Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork: An Evaluation Study on a Small Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Population. Adv Ther 2016; 33:252-67. [PMID: 26820987 PMCID: PMC4769730 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by impaired aqueous outflow and extensive remodeling in the trabecular meshwork (TM). The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the expression patterns of selected proteins belonging to the tissue remodeling, inflammation and growth factor pathways in ex vivo glaucomatous and post-mortem TMs using protein-array analysis. METHODS TM specimens were collected from 63 white subjects, including 40 patients with glaucoma and 23 controls. Forty POAG TMs were collected at the time of surgery and 23 post-mortem specimens were from non-glaucomatous donor sclerocorneal tissues. Protein profiles were evaluated using a chip-based array consisting of 60 literature-selected antibodies. RESULTS A different expression of some factors was observed in POAG TMs with respect to post-mortem specimens, either in abundance (interleukin [IL]10, IL6, IL5, IL7, IL12, IL3, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]1δ/α, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGFβ1], soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I [sTNFRI]) or in scarcity (IL16, IL18, intercellular adhesion molecule 3 [ICAM3], matrix metalloproteinase-7 [MMP7], tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 [TIMP1]). MMP2, MMP7, TGFβ1, and VEGF expressions were confirmed by Western blot, zymography, and polymerase chain reaction. No difference in protein profile expression was detected between glaucomatous subtypes. CONCLUSION The analysis of this small TM population highlighted some proteins linked to POAG, some previously reported and others of new detection (IL7, MIPs, sTNFαRI). A larger POAG population is required to select promising disease-associated biomarker candidates. FUNDING This study was partially supported by the Fondazione Roma, the Italian Ministry of Health and the "National 5xMille 2010 tax donation to IRCCS-G.B. Bietti Foundation".
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Mitra RN, Zheng M, Han Z. Nanoparticle-motivated gene delivery for ophthalmic application. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:160-74. [PMID: 26109528 PMCID: PMC4688250 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ophthalmic gene therapy is an intellectual and intentional manipulation of desired gene expression into the specific cells of an eye for the treatment of ophthalmic (ocular) genetic dystrophies and pathological conditions. Exogenous nucleic acids such as DNA, small interfering RNA, micro RNA, and so on, are used for the purpose of managing expression of the desired therapeutic proteins in ocular tissues. The delivery of unprotected nucleic acids into the cells is limited because of exogenous and endogenous degradation modalities. Nanotechnology, a promising and sophisticated cutting edge tool, works as a protective shelter for these therapeutic nucleic acids. They can be safely delivered to the required cells in order to modulate anticipated protein expression. To this end, nanotechnology is seen as a potential and promising strategy in the field of ocular gene delivery. This review focused on current nanotechnology modalities and other promising nonviral strategies being used to deliver therapeutic genes in order to treat various devastating ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zongchao Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Institute for NanoMedicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abu-Hassan DW, Li X, Ryan EI, Acott TS, Kelley MJ. Induced pluripotent stem cells restore function in a human cell loss model of open-angle glaucoma. Stem Cells 2015; 33:751-61. [PMID: 25377070 PMCID: PMC4359625 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Normally, trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal inner wall endothelial cells within the aqueous humor outflow pathway maintain intraocular pressure within a narrow safe range. Elevation in intraocular pressure, because of the loss of homeostatic regulation by these outflow pathway cells, is the primary risk factor for vision loss due to glaucomatous optic neuropathy. A notable feature associated with glaucoma is outflow pathway cell loss. Using controlled cell loss in ex vivo perfused human outflow pathway organ culture, we developed compelling experimental evidence that this level of cell loss compromises intraocular pressure homeostatic function. This function was restored by repopulation of the model with fresh TM cells. We then differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and used them to repopulate this cell depletion model. These differentiated cells (TM-like iPSCs) became similar to TM cells in both morphology and expression patterns. When transplanted, they were able to fully restore intraocular pressure homeostatic function. This successful transplantation of TM-like iPSCs establishes the conceptual feasibility of using autologous stem cells to restore intraocular pressure regulatory function in open-angle glaucoma patients, providing a novel alternative treatment option. Stem Cells2015;33:751–761
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala W Abu-Hassan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Neamatzadeh H, Soleimanizad R, Atefi A, Zare-Shehneh M, Gharibi S, Shekari A, Rahimzadeh AB. Association between p53 codon 72 (Arg72Pro) polymorphism and primary open-angle glaucoma in Iranian patients. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 19:51-6. [PMID: 25605490 PMCID: PMC4322233 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1379.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucomatous neuropathy is a type of cell death due to apoptosis. The p53 gene is one of the regulatory genes of apoptosis. Recently, the association between the p53 gene encoding for proline at codon 72 and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) has been studied in some ethnic groups. This study is the first association analysis of POAG and p53 codon 72 polymorphism in Iranian patients. METHODS A cohort of 65 unrelated patients with POAG (age range from 12-62 years, mean ± SD of 40.16 ± 17.51 years) and 65 unrelated control subjects (without glaucoma, age range of 14-63 years, mean ± SD of 35.64 ± 13.61 years) were selected. In Iranian POAG patients and normal healthy controls, the p53 codon 72 polymorphism in exon 4 was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA fragments were digested with the BstUI restriction enzyme, and the digestion patterns were used to identify the alleles for the polymorphic site. RESULTS Comparisons revealed significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of Pro72Arg between POAG patients and control group. A higher risk of POAG was associated with allele Pro (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2-3.4) and genotype Pro/Pro (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 0.13-12.7). CONCLUSION The p53 Pro72 allele was more frequent in Iranian POAG patients than in the control group (P<0.05). The present findings show that the individuals with the Pro/Pro genotype may be more likely to develop POAG. However, additional studies are necessary to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Hematology, Oncology and Genetic Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Soleimanizad
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd; Iran
| | - Aref Atefi
- Dept. of Microbial Biotechnology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Zare-Shehneh
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services,
Yazd, Iran
| | - Saba Gharibi
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services,
Yazd, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shekari
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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