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Nguyen-Thi PT, Vo TK, Le HT, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen TT, Van Vo G. Translation from Preclinical Research to Clinical Trials: Transdermal Drug Delivery for Neurodegenerative and Mental Disorders. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03718-x. [PMID: 38862719 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), particularly dementia, provide significant problems to worldwide healthcare systems. The development of therapeutic materials for various diseases has a severe challenge in the form of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Transdermal treatment has recently garnered widespread favor as an alternative method of delivering active chemicals to the brain. This approach has several advantages, including low invasiveness, self-administration, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, preservation of steady plasma concentrations, regulated release, safety, efficacy, and better patient compliance. Topics include the transdermal method for therapeutic NDs, their classification, and the mechanisms that allow the medicine to enter the bloodstream through the skin. The paper also discusses the obstacles and potential outcomes of transdermal therapy, emphasizing the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuong Kha Vo
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy (VNU-UMP), Vietnam National University Hanoi, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thuy Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhat Thang Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71420, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71420, Vietnam
| | - Giau Van Vo
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Zhai S, Chen L, Liu H, Wang M, Xue J, Zhao X, Jiang H. Skin barrier: new therapeutic targets for chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus - a narrative review. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38855995 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The current incidence of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is approximately 70%, especially in those receiving dialysis, which negatively affects their work and private lives. The CKD-aP pathogenesis remains unclear, but uremic toxin accumulation, histamine release, and opioid imbalance have been suggested to lead to CKD-aP. Current therapeutic approaches, such as opioid receptor modulators, antihistamines, and ultraviolet B irradiation, are associated with some limitations and adverse effects. The skin barrier is the first defense in preventing external injury to the body. Patients with chronic kidney disease often experience itch due to the damaged skin barrier and reduced secretion of sweat and secretion from sebaceous glands. Surprisingly, skin barrier-repairing agents repair the skin barrier and inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines, maintain skin immunity, and ameliorate the micro-inflammatory status of afferent nerve fibers. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment status of CKD-aP and explore the possibility of skin barrier repair in CKD-aP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Zhai
- Department of Critical Care Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Central for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Critical Care Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Critical Care Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinhong Xue
- Department of Critical Care Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Central for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongli Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Liu Y, Qiao H, Zienkiewicz J, Hawiger J. Anti-inflammatory control of human skin keratinocytes by targeting nuclear transport checkpoint. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 4:e356. [PMID: 38846687 PMCID: PMC11150741 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background In the two common inflammatory skin diseases, Atopic Dermatitis (AD) and Psoriasis (Ps), keratinocytes (KCs) respond to immune insults through activation of proinflammatory transcription factors (TFs) and their translocation to the cell's nucleus. Therein, the TFs induce expression of genes encoding mediators of skin inflammation. The Nuclear Transport Checkpoint Inhibitors (NTCIs) were developed to regulate nuclear translocation of activated TFs, the essential step of inflammatory response. This new class of cell-penetrating peptide therapeutics controls inflammation caused by allergic, autoimmune, metabolic, and microbial insults. In preclinical model of AD, the treatment with NTCI, cSN50.1 peptide, suppressed the expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), the key gene in the development of allergic inflammation, among the 15 genes silenced by the NTCI. Here, we report the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of NTCI in human skin-derived KCs. Objectives We aimed to determine whether the NTCI treatment can protect human KCs from harmful inflammatory insults. Methods Human primary KCs were pretreated with NTCI and challenged with the mix of cytokines Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin (IL)-17A, or with Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA), and analysed for nuclear content of TFs and the expression of genes encoding mediators of inflammation. Results The nuclear import of TFs, Nuclear Factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) and Signal Transduction and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), was inhibited in cells treated with NTCI. The expression of TSLP, along with genes encoding the core mediators of inflammation (TNF, IL1B, and IL6) was suppressed by NTCI. Noteworthy, NTCI silenced genes encoding Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF2), and chemokine IL-8 (CXCL8), responsible for skin infiltration by the eosinophils and other myelomonocytic cells. Conclusion The control of inflammatory response in human KCs by NTCI is attributed to the inhibition of nuclear import of proinflammatory TFs. The protection of human KCs by NTCI, adds new perspectives to the completed Phase two clinical trial of the NTCI (AMTX-100 CF) for AD (NCT04313400).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of MedicineDivision of AllergyPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Health Care SystemNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Huan Qiao
- Department of MedicineDivision of AllergyPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jozef Zienkiewicz
- Department of MedicineDivision of AllergyPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Health Care SystemNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jacek Hawiger
- Department of MedicineDivision of AllergyPulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Veterans AffairsTennessee Valley Health Care SystemNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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4
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Fukuda K, Ito Y, Furuichi Y, Matsui T, Horikawa H, Miyano T, Okada T, van Logtestijn M, Tanaka RJ, Miyawaki A, Amagai M. Three stepwise pH progressions in stratum corneum for homeostatic maintenance of the skin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4062. [PMID: 38750035 PMCID: PMC11096370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum is the outermost skin layer with a vital role in skin barrier function. It is comprised of dead keratinocytes (corneocytes) and is known to maintain its thickness by shedding cells, although, the precise mechanisms that safeguard stratum corneum maturation and homeostasis remain unclear. Previous ex vivo studies have suggested a neutral-to-acidic pH gradient in the stratum corneum. Here, we use intravital pH imaging at single-corneocyte resolution to demonstrate that corneocytes actually undergo differentiation to develop three distinct zones in the stratum corneum, each with a distinct pH value. We identified a moderately acidic lower, an acidic middle, and a pH-neutral upper layer in the stratum corneum, with tight junctions playing a key role in their development. The upper pH neutral zone can adjust its pH according to the external environment and has a neutral pH under steady-state conditions owing to the influence of skin microbiota. The middle acidic pH zone provides a defensive barrier against pathogens. With mathematical modeling, we demonstrate the controlled protease activation of kallikrein-related peptidases on the stratum corneum surface that results in proper corneocyte shedding in desquamation. This work adds crucial information to our understanding of how stratum corneum homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Fukuda
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Furuichi
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Cell Biology of the Skin, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Horikawa
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyano
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mailepessov D, Ong J, Nasir MZM, Aik J, Woo M, Zhao X, Tey HL, Yew YW. Association between exposure to ambient air pollution, meteorological factors and atopic dermatitis consultations in Singapore-a stratified nationwide time-series analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10320. [PMID: 38710739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 20% of children globally. While studies have been conducted elsewhere, air pollution and weather variability is not well studied in the tropics. This time-series study examines the association between air pollution and meteorological factors with the incidence of outpatient visits for AD obtained from the National Skin Centre (NSC) in Singapore. The total number of 1,440,844 consultation visits from the NSC from 2009 to 2019 was analysed. Using the distributed lag non-linear model and assuming a negative binomial distribution, the short-term temporal association between outpatient visits for AD and air quality and meteorological variability on a weekly time-scale were examined, while adjusting for long-term trends, seasonality and autocorrelation. The analysis was also stratified by gender and age to assess potential effect modification. The risk of AD consultation visits was 14% lower (RR10th percentile: 0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.96) at the 10th percentile (11.9 µg/m3) of PM2.5 and 10% higher (RR90th percentile: 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19) at the 90th percentile (24.4 µg/m3) compared to the median value (16.1 µg/m3). Similar results were observed for PM10 with lower risk at the 10th percentile and higher risk at the 90th percentile (RR10th percentile: 0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.95, RR90th percentile: 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19). For rainfall for values above the median, the risk of consultation visits was higher up to 7.4 mm in the PM2.5 model (RR74th percentile: 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.14) and up to 9 mm in the PM10 model (RR80th percentile: 1.12, 95% CI 1.00-1.25). This study found a close association between outpatient visits for AD with ambient particulate matter concentrations and rainfall. Seasonal variations in particulate matter and rainfall may be used to alert healthcare providers on the anticipated rise in AD cases and to time preventive measures to reduce the associated health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyar Mailepessov
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Janet Ong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zafir Mohamad Nasir
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Joel Aik
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way #06-05/08, Helios Block, Singapore, 138667, Singapore.
- Pre-Hospital and Emergency Research Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Maye Woo
- Environmental Quality Monitoring Department, Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Division, National Environment Agency, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | | | - Hong Liang Tey
- National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik Weng Yew
- National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Jiao Q, Zhi L, You B, Wang G, Wu N, Jia Y. Skin homeostasis: Mechanism and influencing factors. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:1518-1526. [PMID: 38409936 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin is the largest organ in the human body, not only resisting the invasion of harmful substances, but also preventing the loss of moisture and nutrients. Maintaining skin homeostasis is a prerequisite for the proper functioning of the body. Any damage to the skin can lead to a decrease in local homeostasis, such as ultraviolet radiation, seasonal changes, and air pollution, which can damage the skin tissue and affect the function of the skin barrier. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the maintenance mechanism and influencing factors of skin homeostasis and the symptoms of homeostasis imbalance. METHODS We searched for articles published between 1990 and 2022 in English and Chinese using PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and other databases in the subject area of dermatology, using the following search terms in various combinations: "skin homeostasis," "skin barrier," and "unstable skin." Based on our results, we further refined our search criteria to include a series of common skin problems caused by the destruction of skin homeostasis and its treatments. Limitations include the lack of research on dermatological and cosmetic problems triggered by the disruption of skin homeostasis. RESULTS This study describes the neuroendocrine-immune system, skin barrier structure, and skin metabolic system that maintain skin homeostasis. In addition, we discuss several common symptoms that occur when skin homeostasis is out of balance, such as dryness, redness, acne, sensitivity, and aging, and explain the mechanism of these symptoms. CONCLUSION This article provides an update and review for students and practitioners, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of skin care products for the maintenance and repair of skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Zhi
- R&D Center, PeiLai Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing You
- R&D Center, PeiLai Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Nan Wu
- R&D Center, PeiLai Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Martin L, Simpson K, Brzezinski M, Watt J, Xu W. Cellular response of keratinocytes to the entry and accumulation of nanoplastic particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:22. [PMID: 38685063 PMCID: PMC11057139 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic accumulation in the environment is rapidly increasing, and nanoplastics (NP), byproducts of environmental weathering of bulk plastic waste, pose a significant public health risk. Particles may enter the human body through many possible routes such as ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. However, studies on NP penetration and accumulation in human skin are limited. Loss or reduction of the keratinized skin barrier may enhance the skin penetration of NPs. The present study investigated the entry of NPs into a human skin system modeling skin with compromised barrier functions and cellular responses to the intracellular accumulations of NPs. Two in vitro models were employed to simulate human skin lacking keratinized barriers. The first model was an ex vivo human skin culture with the keratinized dermal layer (stratum corneum) removed. The second model was a 3D keratinocyte/dermal fibroblast cell co-culture model with stratified keratinocytes on the top and a monolayer of skin fibroblast cells co-cultured at the bottom. The penetration and accumulation of the NPs in different cell types were observed using fluorescent microscopy, confocal microscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The cellular responses of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast cells to stress induced by NPs stress were measured. The genetic regulatory pathway of keratinocytes to the intracellular NPs was identified using transcript analyses and KEGG pathway analysis. The cellular uptake of NPs by skin cells was confirmed by imaging analyses. Transepidermal transport and penetration of NPs through the skin epidermis were observed. According to the gene expression and pathway analyses, an IL-17 signaling pathway was identified as the trigger for cellular responses to internal NP accumulation in the keratinocytes. The transepidermal NPs were also found in co-cultured dermal fibroblast cells and resulted in a large-scale transition from fibroblast cells to myofibroblast cells with enhanced production of α-smooth muscle actin and pro-Collagen Ia. The upregulation of inflammatory factors and cell activation may result in skin inflammation and ultimately trigger immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Kayla Simpson
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Molly Brzezinski
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
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Zuurveld M, Ogrodowczyk AM, Benedé S, Czolk R, Lucia Bavaro S, Randow S, Markiewicz LH, Wróblewska B, Molina E, Kuehn A, Holzhauser T, Willemsen LEM. Allergenic Shrimp Tropomyosin Distinguishes from a Non-Allergenic Chicken Homolog by Pronounced Intestinal Barrier Disruption and Downstream Th2 Responses in Epithelial and Dendritic Cell (Co)Culture. Nutrients 2024; 16:1192. [PMID: 38674882 PMCID: PMC11053543 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropomyosins (TM) from vertebrates are generally non-allergenic, while invertebrate homologs are potent pan-allergens. This study aims to compare the risk of sensitization between chicken TM and shrimp TM through affecting the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and type 2 mucosal immune activation. METHODS Epithelial activation and/or barrier effects upon exposure to 2-50 μg/mL chicken TM, shrimp TM or ovalbumin (OVA) as a control allergen, were studied using Caco-2, HT-29MTX, or HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC), cocultured with HT-29 cells or moDC alone, were exposed to 50 μg/mL chicken TM or shrimp TM. Primed moDC were cocultured with naïve Th cells. Intestinal barrier integrity (TEER), gene expression, cytokine secretion and immune cell phenotypes were determined in these human in vitro models. RESULTS Shrimp TM, but not chicken TM or OVA exposure, profoundly disrupted intestinal barrier integrity and increased alarmin genes expression in Caco-2 cells. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion in HT-29 cells was only enhanced upon shrimp TM or OVA, but not chicken TM, exposure. Shrimp TM enhanced the maturation of moDC and chemokine secretion in the presence or absence of HT-29 cells, while only in the absence of epithelial cells chicken TM activated moDC. Direct exposure of moDC to shrimp TM increased IL13 and TNFα secretion by Th cells cocultured with these primed moDC, while shrimp TM exposure via HT-29 cells cocultured with moDC sequentially increased IL13 expression and IL4 secretion in Th cells. CONCLUSIONS Shrimp TM, but not chicken TM, disrupted the epithelial barrier while triggering type 2 mucosal immune activation, both of which are key events in allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Anna M. Ogrodowczyk
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sara Benedé
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 1359 Kirchberg, Luxembourg
| | - Simona Lucia Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (Ispa-Cnr), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefanie Randow
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Lidia H. Markiewicz
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elena Molina
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Holzhauser
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Färdig M, Hoyer A, Almqvist C, Bains KES, Carlsen KCL, Gudmundsdóttir HK, Granum B, Haugen GN, Hedlin G, Jonassen CM, Konradsen JR, Lie A, Rehbinder EM, Skjerven HO, Staff AC, Vettukattil R, Söderhäll C, Nordlund B. Infant lung function and early skin barrier impairment in the development of asthma at age 3 years. Allergy 2024; 79:667-678. [PMID: 38239099 DOI: 10.1111/all.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Largely unexplored, we investigated if lower lung function, impaired skin barrier function by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), eczema, and filaggrin (FLG) mutations in infancy were associated with asthma in early childhood. METHODS From the factorially designed randomized controlled intervention study PreventADALL, we evaluated 1337/2394 children from all randomization groups with information on asthma at age 3 years, and at age 3 months either lung function, TEWL, eczema, and/or FLG mutations. Lower lung function was defined as the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF /tE ) <0.25, and skin barrier impairment as a high TEWL >9.50 g/m2 /h. Eczema was clinically observed, and DNA genotyped for FLG mutations. Asthma was defined as asthma-like symptoms (≥3 episodes of bronchial obstruction) between age 2-3 years as well as a history of doctor-diagnosed asthma and/or asthma medication use. Associations were analyzed in logistic regression models, presented with adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Lower lung function and skin barrier impairment were associated with asthma in general; aOR (95% CI) 5.4 (2.1, 13.7) and 1.6 (1.1, 2.5), while eczema and FLG mutations were associated with asthma in children with atopic dermatitis or allergic sensitization only. Stratifying for sex, the risk of asthma was only increased in boys with lower lung function; aOR (95% CI) 7.7 (2.5, 23.6), and in girls with FLG mutations; aOR (95% CI) 3.5 (1.5, 8.2). CONCLUSION Lower lung function and impaired skin barrier function in infancy may increase the risk of asthma at age 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Färdig
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Hoyer
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Eline S Bains
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin C Lødrup Carlsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hrefna Katrín Gudmundsdóttir
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berit Granum
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Nils Haugen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunilla Hedlin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine Monceyron Jonassen
- Department of Virology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Genetic Unit, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Jon R Konradsen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anine Lie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Rehbinder
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Dermatology and Vaenerology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard O Skjerven
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Riyas Vettukattil
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Nordlund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Ren J, Liu T, Bi B, Sohail S, Din FU. Development and Evaluation of Tacrolimus Loaded Nano-Transferosomes for Skin Targeting and Dermatitis Treatment. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:471-485. [PMID: 37898166 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TRL) is used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) due to its T-cell stimulation effect. However, its significantly poor water solubility, low penetration and cytotoxicity have reduced its topical applications. Herein, tacrolimus loaded nano transfersomes (TRL-NTs) were prepared, followed by their incorporation into chitosan gel to prepare tacrolimus loaded nano transfersomal gel (TRL-NTsG). TEM analysis of the TRL-NTs was performed to check their morphology. DSC, XRD and FTIR analysis of the TRL-NTs were executed after lyophilization. Similarly, rheology, spreadability and deformability of the TRL-NTsG were investigated. In vitro release, ex vivo permeation and in vitro interaction of TRL-NTsG with keratinocytes and fibroblasts as well as their co-cultures were investigated along with their in vitro cell viability analysis. Moreover, in vivo skin deposition, ear thickness, histopathology and IgE level were also determined. Besides, 6 months stability study was also performed. Results demonstrated the uniformly distributed negatively charged nanovesicles with a mean particle size distribution of 163 nm and zeta potential of -27 mV. DSC and XRD exhibited the thermal stability and amorphous form of the drug, respectively. The TRL-NTsG showed excellent deformability, spreadability and rheological behavior. In vitro release studies exhibited an 8-fold better release of TRL from the TRL-NTsG. Similarly, 6-fold better permeation and stability of the TRL-NTsG with keratinocytes and fibroblasts as well as their co-cultures was observed. Furthermore, the ear thickness (0.6 mm) of the TRL-NTsG was found significantly reduced when compared with the untreated (1.7 mm) and TRL conventional gel treated mice (1.3 mm). The H&E staining showed no toxicity of the TRL-NTsG with significantly reduced IgE levels (120 ng/mL). The formulation was found stable for at least 6 months. These results suggested the efficacy of TRL in AD-induced animal models most importantly when incorporated in NTsG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Ren
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial Inspection and Testing Center, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Bo Bi
- Department of Dermatology, Yangquan Coalmine Group General Hospital, Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, 045000, China.
| | - Saba Sohail
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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11
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Tohgasaki T, Aihara S, Ikeda M, Takahashi M, Eto M, Kudo R, Taira H, Kido A, Kondo S, Ishiwatari S. Investigation of stratum corneum cell morphology and content using novel machine-learning image analysis. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13565. [PMID: 38279539 PMCID: PMC10818130 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphology and content of stratum corneum (SC) cells provide information on the physiological condition of the skin. Although the morphological and biochemical properties of the SC are known, no method is available to fully access and interpret this information. This study aimed to develop a method to comprehensively decode the physiological information of the skin, based on the SC. Therefore, we established a novel image analysis technique based on artificial intelligence (AI) and multivariate analysis to predict skin conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS SC samples were collected from participants, imaged, and annotated. Nine biomarkers were measured in the samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were then used to teach machine-learning models to recognize individual SC cell regions and estimate the levels of the nine biomarkers from the images. Skin physiological indicators (e.g., skin barrier function, facial analysis, and questionnaires) were measured or obtained from the participants. Multivariate analysis, including biomarker levels and structural parameters of the SC as variables, was used to estimate these physiological indicators. RESULTS We established two machine-learning models. The accuracy of recognition was assessed according to the average intersection over union (0.613), precision (0.953), recall (0.640), and F-value (0.766). The predicted biomarker levels significantly correlated with the measured levels. Skin physiological indicators and questionnaire answers were predicted with strong correlations and correct answer rates. CONCLUSION Various physiological skin conditions can be predicted from images of the SC using AI models and multivariate analysis. Our method is expected to be useful for dermatological treatment optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saki Aihara
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Mariko Ikeda
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Masaya Eto
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Riki Kudo
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Taira
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Ai Kido
- Software and AI Technology CenterToshiba Digital Solutions CorporationKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Shinya Kondo
- FANCL Research InstituteFANCL CorporationYokohamaKanagawaJapan
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12
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Kim CH, Hong SM, Kim S, Yu JI, Jung SH, Bang CH, Lee JH, Kim TG. Skin repair and immunoregulatory effects of myeloid suppressor cells from human cord blood in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1263646. [PMID: 38264643 PMCID: PMC10803405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1263646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previously, we achieved large-scale expansion of bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) derived from cluster of differentiation (CD)34+ cells cultured in human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) and demonstrated their immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of hUCB-MDSCs in atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-induced NC/Nga mice (clinical score of 7) were treated with hUCB-MDSCs or a control drug. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of hUCB-MDSCs were evaluated. Results and discussion hUCB-MDSCs demonstrated immunosuppressive effects in both human and mouse CD4+ T cells. hUCB-MDSCs significantly reduced the clinical severity scores, which were associated with histopathological changes, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, epidermal hyperplasia, and fibrosis. Furthermore, hUCB-MDSCs decreased the serum levels of immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokines, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Additionally, they altered the expression of the skin barrier function-related proteins filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, cytokeratin 10, and cytokeratin 14 and suppressed the activation of Df-restimulated T-cells via cell-cell interactions. hUCB-MDSCs promoted skin recovery and maintained their therapeutic effect even after recurrence. Consequently, hUCB-MDSC administration improved Df-induced AD-like skin lesions and restored skin barrier function. Our findings support the potential of hUCB-MDSCs as a novel treatment strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyun Kim
- ViMedier Platform Group, ViGenCell Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- ViMedier Platform Group, ViGenCell Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sueon Kim
- ViMedier Platform Group, ViGenCell Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ik Yu
- ViMedier Platform Group, ViGenCell Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Jung
- ViMedier Platform Group, ViGenCell Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- ViMedier Platform Group, ViGenCell Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L, Tomić L, Parać E, Pedić L, Lazić-Mosler E. Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:236. [PMID: 38203406 PMCID: PMC10779394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis. Skin keratinization disorders (histologically characterized predominantly by dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperkeratosis) may be categorized into three groups: defects in the α-helical rod pattern, defects outside the α-helical rod domain, and disorders of keratin-associated proteins. Understanding the process of keratinization is essential for the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases because improper desquamation and epidermopoiesis/keratinization (due to genetic mutations of factors or due to immune pathological processes) can lead to various conditions (ichthyoses, palmoplantar keratodermas, psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pondeljak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Tomić
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ena Parać
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lovre Pedić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Elvira Lazić-Mosler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Mok B, Jang YS, Moon JH, Moon S, Jang YK, Kim SY, Jang SJ, Moh SH, Kim DH, Shin JU. The Potential of Campanula takesimana Callus Extract to Enhance Skin Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17333. [PMID: 38139162 PMCID: PMC10743976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction and Th2-skewed inflammation. Campanula takesimana (C. takesimana), a Korean endemic plant grown on Ulleng Island, has long been associated with a traditional alternative medicine for asthma, tonsillitis, and sore throat. In this study, we reported the effect of C. takesimana callus extract on upregulating epidermal barrier-related proteins dysregulated by Th2 cytokines. C. takesimana callus extract induced the expression of skin barrier proteins, such as filaggrin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1, in both human primary keratinocytes and Th2-induced AD-like skin-equivalent models. Additionally, RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that C. takesimana callus extract partially restored Th2 cytokine-induced dysregulation of the epidermal development and lipid metabolic pathways. Considering the advantages of callus as a sustainable eco-friendly source of bioactive substances, and its effect on skin barrier proteins and lipid metabolic pathways, C. takesimana callus extracts can possibly be utilized to improve the integrity of the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Mok
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Su Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yun Kim
- Plant Cell Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joo Jang
- Plant Cell Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Plant Cell Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung U Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
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15
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Matsui T. Epidermal Barrier Development via Corneoptosis: A Unique Form of Cell Death in Stratum Granulosum Cells. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:43. [PMID: 38132711 PMCID: PMC10744242 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal development is responsible for the formation of the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis. The establishment of the epidermal barrier is a critical aspect of mammalian development. Proper formation of the epidermis, which is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells, is essential for the survival of terrestrial vertebrates because it acts as a crucial protective barrier against external threats such as pathogens, toxins, and physical trauma. In mammals, epidermal development begins from the embryonic surface ectoderm, which gives rise to the basal layer of the epidermis. This layer undergoes a series of complex processes that lead to the formation of subsequent layers, including the stratum intermedium, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. The stratum corneum, which is the topmost layer of the epidermis, is formed by corneoptosis, a specialized form of cell death. This process involves the transformation of epidermal keratinocytes in the granular layer into flattened dead cells, which constitute the protective barrier. In this review, we focus on the intricate mechanisms that drive the development and establishment of the mammalian epidermis to gain insight into the complex processes that govern this vital biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Cell Biology of the Skin, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1, Katakura-cho, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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16
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Sivakumar A, Sharma R, Thota C, Ding D, Fan X. WASP: Wearable Analytical Skin Probe for Dynamic Monitoring of Transepidermal Water Loss. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4407-4416. [PMID: 37953512 PMCID: PMC10683758 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of skin barrier dysfunction helps provide timely preventive care against diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, food allergies, and other atopic skin disorders. Skin barrier function is commonly evaluated by measuring the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) through stratum corneum due to its noninvasive characteristics. However, existing commercial TEWL devices are significantly affected by many factors, such as ambient temperature, humidity, air flow, water accumulation, initial water contents on the skin surface, bulky sizes, high costs, and requirements for well-controlled environments. Here, we developed a wearable closed-chamber hygrometer-based TEWL device (Wearable Analytical Skin Probe, WASP) and the related algorithm for accurate and continuous monitoring of skin water vapor flux. The WASP uses short dry air purges to dry the skin surface and chamber before each water vapor flux measurement. Its design ensures a highly controlled local environment, such as consistent initial dry conditions for the skin surface and the chamber. We further applied WASP to measure the water vapor flux from six different locations of a small group of human participants. It is found that the WASP can not only measure and distinguish between insensible sweating (i.e., TEWL) and sensible sweating (i.e., thermal sweating) but also track skin dehydration-rehydration cycles. Comparisons with a commercial TEWL device, AquaFlux, show that the results obtained by both devices agree well. The WASP will be broadly applicable to clinical, cosmetic, and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali
Devi Sivakumar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chandrakalavathi Thota
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ding Ding
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Center
for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Max
Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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Rajkumar J, Chandan N, Lio P, Shi V. The Skin Barrier and Moisturization: Function, Disruption, and Mechanisms of Repair. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 36:174-185. [PMID: 37717558 DOI: 10.1159/000534136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anatomic layers of the skin are well-defined, and a functional model of the skin barrier has recently been described. Barrier disruption plays a key role in several skin conditions, and moisturization is recommended as an initial treatment in conditions such as atopic dermatitis. This review aimed to analyze the skin barrier in the context of the function model, with a focus on the mechanisms by which moisturizers support each of the functional layers of the skin barrier to promote homeostasis and repair. SUMMARY The skin barrier is comprised of four interdependent layers - physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic - which maintain barrier structure and function. Moisturizers target disruption affecting each of these four layers through several mechanisms and were shown to improve transepidermal water loss in several studies. Occlusives, humectants, and emollients occlude the surface of the stratum corneum (SC), draw water from the dermis into the epidermis, and assimilate into the SC, respectively, in order to strengthen the physical skin barrier. Acidic moisturizers bolster the chemical skin barrier by supporting optimal enzymatic function, increasing ceramide production, and facilitating ideal conditions for commensal microorganisms. Regular moisturization may strengthen the immunologic skin barrier by reducing permeability and subsequent allergen penetration and sensitization. KEY MESSAGES The physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic layers of the skin barrier are each uniquely impacted in states of skin barrier disruption. Moisturizers target each of the layers of the skin barrier to maintain homeostasis and facilitate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rajkumar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neha Chandan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Lio
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vivian Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Alaska, USA
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18
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Tamagawa-Mineoka R. Toll-like receptors: their roles in pathomechanisms of atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239244. [PMID: 37731494 PMCID: PMC10508237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin functions as a physical barrier and represents the first line of the innate immune system. There is increasing evidence that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the pathomechanisms of not only infectious diseases, but also non-infectious inflammatory diseases. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that TLRs recognize both exogenous threats, e.g. bacteria and viruses, and endogenous danger signals related to inflammation, cell necrosis, or tissue damage. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, which is associated with impaired skin barrier function, increased skin irritability to non-specific stimuli, and percutaneous sensitization. The impairment of skin barrier function in AD allows various stimuli, such as potential allergens and pathogens, to penetrate the skin and activate the innate immune system, including TLR signaling, which can lead to the development of adaptive immune reactions. In this review, I summarize the current understanding of the roles of TLR signaling in the pathogenesis of AD, with special emphasis on skin barrier function and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Rübsam M, Püllen R, Tellkamp F, Bianco A, Peskoller M, Bloch W, Green KJ, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Wickström SA, Niessen CM. Polarity signaling balances epithelial contractility and mechanical resistance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7743. [PMID: 37173371 PMCID: PMC10182030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia maintain a functional barrier during tissue turnover while facing varying mechanical stress. This maintenance requires both dynamic cell rearrangements driven by actomyosin-linked intercellular adherens junctions and ability to adapt to and resist extrinsic mechanical forces enabled by keratin filament-linked desmosomes. How these two systems crosstalk to coordinate cellular movement and mechanical resilience is not known. Here we show that in stratifying epithelia the polarity protein aPKCλ controls the reorganization from stress fibers to cortical actomyosin during differentiation and upward movement of cells. Without aPKC, stress fibers are retained resulting in increased contractile prestress. This aberrant stress is counterbalanced by reorganization and bundling of keratins, thereby increasing mechanical resilience. Inhibiting contractility in aPKCλ-/- cells restores normal cortical keratin networks but also normalizes resilience. Consistently, increasing contractile stress is sufficient to induce keratin bundling and enhance resilience, mimicking aPKC loss. In conclusion, our data indicate that keratins sense the contractile stress state of stratified epithelia and balance increased contractility by mounting a protective response to maintain tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rübsam
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Robin Püllen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frederik Tellkamp
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessandra Bianco
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Peskoller
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Department Cell Biology of the Skin, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Murashkin NN, Namazova-Baranova LS, Makarova SG, Ivanov RA, Grigorev SG, Fedorov DV, Ambarchian ET, Epishev RV, Materikin AI, Opryatin LA, Savelova AA. Observational study of pimecrolimus 1% cream for prevention of transcutaneous sensitization in children with atopic dermatitis during their first year of life. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1102354. [PMID: 37181420 PMCID: PMC10167287 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidermal barrier dysfunction in children with atopic dermatitis can cause transcutaneous sensitization to allergens and allergic diseases. We evaluated the effectiveness of an early-intervention algorithm for atopic dermatitis treatment, utilizing pimecrolimus for long-term maintenance therapy, in reducing transcutaneous sensitization in infants. Method This was a single-center cohort observational study that enrolled children aged 1-4 months with family history of allergic diseases, moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, and sensitization to ≥ 1 of the investigated allergens. Patients who sought medical attention at atopic dermatitis onset (within 10 days) were group 1 "baseline therapy with topical glucocorticoids with subsequent transition to pimecrolimus as maintenance therapy"; patients who sought medical attention later were group 2 "baseline and maintenance therapy with topical glucocorticoids, without subsequent use of pimecrolimus". Sensitization class and level of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E were determined at baseline, and 6 and 12 months of age. Atopic dermatitis severity was evaluated using the Eczema Area and Severity Index score at baseline and 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Results Fifty-six and 52 patients were enrolled in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Compared with group 2, group 1 demonstrated a lower level of sensitization to cow's milk protein, egg white and house dust mite allergen at 6 and 12 months of age, and a more pronounced decrease in atopic dermatitis severity at 6, 9 and 12 months of age. No adverse events occurred. Discussion The pimecrolimus-containing algorithm was effective in treating atopic dermatitis and prophylaxis of early forms of allergic diseases in infants. Trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ NCT04900948, retrospectively registered, 25 May 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay N. Murashkin
- National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Central State Medical Academy of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Pediatrics and Children’s Health Protection, Federal National Public Healthcare Institution “Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova
- Research Institute for Pediatrics and Children’s Health Protection, Federal National Public Healthcare Institution “Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Roman A. Ivanov
- National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan G. Grigorev
- Kirov Military Medical Academy, St Petersburg, Russia
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Clinical Research Center of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Fedorov
- National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard T. Ambarchian
- National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Pediatrics and Children’s Health Protection, Federal National Public Healthcare Institution “Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V. Epishev
- National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Pediatrics and Children’s Health Protection, Federal National Public Healthcare Institution “Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alena A. Savelova
- National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Thoma G, Duthaler RO, Waelchli R, Hauchard A, Bruno S, Strittmatter-Keller U, Orjuela Leon A, Viebrock S, Aichholz R, Beltz K, Grove K, Hoque S, Rudewicz PJ, Zerwes HG. Discovery and Characterization of the Topical Soft JAK Inhibitor CEE321 for Atopic Dermatitis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2161-2168. [PMID: 36657024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The JAK kinases JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 play key roles in cytokine signaling. Activation of the JAK/STAT pathways is linked to many diseases involving the immune system, including atopic dermatitis. As systemic JAK inhibitor pharmacology is associated with side effects, topical administration to the skin has been considered to locally restrict the site of action. Several orally bioavailable JAK inhibitors repurposed for topical use have been recently approved or are in clinical development. Here, we disclose our clinical candidate CEE321, which is a potent pan JAK inhibitor in enzyme and cellular assays. In contrast to repurposed oral drugs, CEE321 does not display high potency in blood and has a high clearance in vivo. Therefore, we consider CEE321 to be a "soft drug". When applied topically to human skin that was stimulated with the cytokines IL4 and IL13 ex vivo, CEE321 potently inhibited biomarkers relevant to atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebhard Thoma
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf O Duthaler
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Waelchli
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alice Hauchard
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Bruno
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Strittmatter-Keller
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anette Orjuela Leon
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Viebrock
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Aichholz
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Beltz
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kerri Grove
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Shaila Hoque
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Patrick J Rudewicz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Hans-Guenter Zerwes
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Probing the human epidermis by combining ToF-SIMS and multivariate analysis. Biointerphases 2023; 18:011002. [PMID: 36754779 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian organism is continuously exposed to various biological and chemical threats from its surroundings. In order to provide protection against these threats, mammals have developed a specialized defense system at the interface with their environment. This system, known as the epidermis, is mainly composed of stratified keratinocytes organized in a complex self-renewing structure providing a mechanical and chemical barrier at the skin surface. However, numerous skin-related pathologies can interfere with the proper formation and function of the epidermal barrier. The pathogenesis of these alterations is often very complex. Understanding the changes induced in epidermal tissues by these pathologies at a molecular level is key for their treatment and prevention. In this context, this work aims at developing a thorough and reproducible characterization methodology of the human epidermis by applying ToF-SIMS to the study of an in vitro epidermal model known as reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). Indeed, although the potential of ToF-SIMS for the characterization of the mammalian skin has already been demonstrated, very few studies focus their efforts on the human epidermis itself. Here, we performed static ToF-SIMS characterizations of RHE cryosections, combining both high mass and high lateral resolution acquisitions. In addition, principal components analysis was used as a multivariate analysis tool. This contributed to the decorrelation of the complex datasets obtained from these biological systems and allowed capturing of their most statistically representative spectral features. Remarkably, this tool proved to be successful in extracting meaningful biological information from the datasets by yielding principal components distinguishing the cornified layers from the metabolically active epidermal cells. Finally, on the basis of multiple ToF-SIMS acquisitions, we showed that this methodology allows for the convenient production of experimental replicates, a key feature often difficult to achieve in ex vivo approaches.
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23
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SIRT5 reduces the inflammatory response and barrier dysfunction in IL-17A-induced epidermal keratinocytes. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2023; 51:30-36. [PMID: 36617819 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v51i1.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic multisystemic inflammatory disease with inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in skin lesions, and epidermal barrier dysfunction. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were stimulated with interleukin 17A (IL-17A). The expression levels of sirtuin-5 (SIRT5) were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blot assay. The proliferation levels of NHEKs were assessed by EdU staining. The expression of ELOVL1 and ELOVL4 was analyzed by RT-Qpcr, and the expression levels of filaggrin, loricrin, and aquaporin-3 were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blot. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activator t-butylhydroquinone was used to activate ERK1/2. Here, we show that SIRT5 overexpression reduces cell viability and cell proliferation, and improves barrier dysfunction in IL-17A-treated human epidermal keratinocytes, this effect of which is significantly blunted by the ERK1/2 activator. In epidermal keratinocytes, SIRT5 decreases cell proliferation and inflammation and improves barrier dysfunction via ERK/STAT3. This study reveals the role of SIRT5 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, epidermal hyperplasia, keratinocyte-mediated inflammatory responses, and barrier dysfunction, the role of which is mediated by ERK/STAT3.
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24
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Eczema phenotypes and IgE component sensitization in adolescents: A population-based birth cohort. Allergol Int 2023; 72:107-115. [PMID: 35781407 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema patients are commonly immunoglobulin (Ig)E polysensitized. Although atopic dermatitis (AD) phenotypes have been recognized, IgE sensitization patterns based on AD phenotypes have not been well illustrated. We aimed to investigate how eczema phenotypes impact IgE component sensitization patterns. METHODS This birth cohort study investigated a general population in the Tokyo Children's Health, Illness, and Development Study (T-Child Study) until children reached the age of 13 years. Eczema was assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Allergen component specific IgE antibody titers were measured using a multiplex array ImmunoCAP ISAC. RESULTS Persistent eczema phenotype until adolescence was strongly associated with allergic march symptoms, such as wheezing and hay fever, and oral allergy symptoms, and IgE component sensitizations of airborne (Japanese cedar, house dust mite, Timothy, cat, and dog) and cross-reactive allergens (Bet v 1 family) compared to early-remission and late-onset eczema. On the other hand, late-onset eczema did not show any strong associations with allergic symptoms and IgE sensitization. Adolescents with persistent eczema have high comorbidity of symptoms of pollen-food allergy syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Early-onset eczema is deeply connected with the later allergic march, and late-onset eczema differs from the phenotype of allergic march. Early-onset eczema characterizing IgE sensitization was likely to be an extrinsic type, and late-onset eczema, which was not related to IgE sensitization, was likely an intrinsic type. Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome is one of the allergic features in allergic march.
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25
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Skin Barrier Function and Infant Tidal Flow-Volume Loops-A Population-Based Observational Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010088. [PMID: 36670639 PMCID: PMC9856825 DOI: 10.3390/children10010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: The relationship between the skin barrier- and lung function in infancy is largely unexplored. We aimed to explore if reduced skin barrier function by high transepidermal water loss (TEWL), or manifestations of eczema or Filaggrin (FLG) mutations, were associated with lower lung function in three-month-old infants. Methods: From the population-based PreventADALL cohort, 899 infants with lung function measurements and information on either TEWL, eczema at three months of age and/or FLG mutations were included. Lower lung function by tidal flow-volume loops was defined as a ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) <0.25 and a tPTEF <0.17 s (<25th percentile). A high TEWL >8.83 g/m2/h (>75th percentile) denoted reduced skin barrier function, and DNA was genotyped for FLG mutations (R501X, 2282del4 and R2447X). Results: Neither a high TEWL, nor eczema or FLG mutations, were associated with a lower tPTEF/tE. While a high TEWL was associated with a lower tPTEF; adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.61 (1.08, 2.42), the presence of eczema or FLG mutations were not. Conclusions: Overall, a high TEWL, eczema or FLG mutations were not associated with lower lung function in healthy three-month-old infants. However, an inverse association between high TEWL and tPTEF was observed, indicating a possible link between the skin barrier- and lung function in early infancy.
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26
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Fleischer MI, Röhrig N, Raker VK, Springer J, Becker D, Ritz S, Bros M, Stege H, Haist M, Grabbe S, Haub J, Becker C, Reyda S, Disse J, Schmidt T, Mahnke K, Weiler H, Ruf W, Steinbrink K. Protease- and cell type-specific activation of protease-activated receptor 2 in cutaneous inflammation. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2823-2836. [PMID: 36161697 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling controls skin barrier function and inflammation, but the roles of immune cells and PAR2-activating proteases in cutaneous diseases are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To dissect PAR2 signaling contributions to skin inflammation with new genetic and pharmacological tools. METHODS/RESULTS We found markedly increased numbers of PAR2+ infiltrating myeloid cells in skin lesions of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) patients and in the skin of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice, a murine ACD model for T cell-mediated allergic skin inflammation. Cell type-specific deletion of PAR2 in myeloid immune cells as well as mutation-induced complete PAR2 cleavage insensitivity significantly reduced skin inflammation and hapten-specific Tc1/Th1 cell response. Pharmacological approaches identified individual proteases involved in PAR2 cleavage and demonstrated a pivotal role of tissue factor (TF) and coagulation factor Xa (FXa) as upstream activators of PAR2 in both the induction and effector phase of CHS. PAR2 mutant mouse strains with differential cleavage sensitivity for FXa versus skin epithelial cell-expressed proteases furthermore uncovered a time-dependent regulation of CHS development with an important function of FXa-induced PAR2 activation during the late phase of skin inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Myeloid cells and the TF-FXa-PAR2 axis are key mediators and potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Fleischer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Röhrig
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena K Raker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Juliane Springer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Ritz
- Institute of Molecular Biology Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henner Stege
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Haist
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Haub
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Disse
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Talkea Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Versity Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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27
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Murashkin NN, Nezhvedilova RY, Fedorov DV, Epishev RV, Ivanov RA, Materikin AI, Opryatin LA, Savelova AA, Rusakova LL. Scientific and Practical Innovations in Restoring Skin Barrier Properties in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. CURRENT PEDIATRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.15690/vsp.v21i5.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease. Its pathogenetic basis is epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, as well as skin microbiome diversity decrease that occurs due to genetic predisposition. Considering these factors, the skin of patients with AD requires constant care and use of medications with active regenerative properties. The inclusion of anti-inflammatory components in the composition of modern emollients (zinc sulfate and sucralfate) is crucial for restoring the microbiome and immune mechanisms controlling the skin. This article presents data on pathogenetic applicability and clinical efficacy of emollients with anti-inflammatory compounds in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay N. Murashkin
- National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Central State Medical Academy of Department of Presidential Affairs
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28
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Liu Y, Zienkiewicz J, Qiao H, Gibson-Corley KN, Boyd KL, Veach RA, Hawiger J. Genomic control of inflammation in experimental atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18891. [PMID: 36344555 PMCID: PMC9640569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) or eczema, a recurrent allergic inflammation of the skin, afflicts 10-20% of children and 5% adults of all racial and ethnic groups globally. We report a new topical treatment of AD by a Nuclear Transport Checkpoint Inhibitor (NTCI), which targets two nuclear transport shuttles, importin α5 and importin β1. In the preclinical model of AD, induced by the active vitamin D3 analog MC903 (calcipotriol), NTCI suppressed the expression of keratinocyte-derived cytokine, Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), the key gene in AD development. Moreover, the genes encoding mediators of TH2 response, IL-4 and its receptor IL-4Rα were also silenced together with the genes encoding cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13, IL-23α, IL-33, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, VEGF A, the chemokines RANTES and IL-8, and intracellular signal transducers COX-2 and iNOS. Consequently, NTCI suppressed skin infiltration by inflammatory cells (eosinophils, macrophages, and CD4 + T lymphocytes), and reduced MC903-evoked proliferation of Ki-67-positive cells. Thus, we highlight the mechanism of action and the potential utility of topical NTCI for treatment of AD undergoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial (AMTX-100 CF, NCT04313400).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 21St Avenue South, T-1218, MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jozef Zienkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 21St Avenue South, T-1218, MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Huan Qiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 21St Avenue South, T-1218, MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ruth Ann Veach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacek Hawiger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 21St Avenue South, T-1218, MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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29
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Du W, Dong Y, Wang Z, Yao S, Wang M, Ji J, Ruan H, Quan R. Study on the mechanism of cadmium chloride pollution accelerating skin tissue metabolism disorder, aging and inhibiting hair regeneration. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1035301. [PMID: 36339210 PMCID: PMC9627278 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drinking water contaminated by Cd2+ is one of the main pathways for Cd to enter the body. The skin barrier is destroyed when the skin is contaminated by environmental Cd2+, however, the detailed mechanism by which Cd2+ induces skin metabolic disorder, and senescence and affects hair regeneration is not completely understood. In this study, 18 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a Control group, a Low-dose group, and a High-dose group with 6 mice in each group, and intragastrically administered with different concentrations of cadmium chloride once a day, respectively. After 1 month of intervention, the skin tissues on the back of mice were collected for non-targeted metabolomics analysis, and the related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence assay. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis result showed that compared with the Control group, there were 29 different metabolites, mainly including lysophospholipids, fatty acids, and bile acids, in the Low-dose group, and 39 differential metabolites in the High-dose group, in addition to the above compounds, there were more amino acid compounds, and most of the metabolites had a reduced response after administration. Immunofluorescence assay result showed that the higher the concentration of cadmium chloride led to the more obvious the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis promotion effects of skin cells, and the more significant damage to hair follicle stem cells. Thus, our findings demonstrate that cadmium chloride pollution can accelerate skin metabolism disorder, and aging and impair hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Du
- Research Institute of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Weibin Du
| | - Yi Dong
- Shaoxing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Research Institute of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sai Yao
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinjun Ji
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongfeng Ruan
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Hongfeng Ruan
| | - Renfu Quan
- Research Institute of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,Hangzhou Xiaoshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Wang J, Pajulas A, Fu Y, Adom D, Zhang W, Nelson AS, Spandau DF, Kaplan MH. γδ T Cell‒Mediated Wound Healing Is Diminished by Allergic Skin Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2805-2816.e4. [PMID: 35378112 PMCID: PMC9509419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis results in profound changes in the function of the skin that include diminished barrier function and altered production of antimicrobial peptides. Our previous work in a model of allergic skin inflammation identified a defect in the wound healing process that was dependent on IL-4. In this report, we show that allergic skin inflammation results in a dramatic decrease in the presence of the Vγ3+ dendritic epidermal T-cell (DETC) population of γδ T cells in the skin. In mice that express an active signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 in T cells, DETCs are lost early in life. The loss of DETCs is entirely dependent on IL-4 and is recovered with a genetic deficiency of IL-4. Moreover, injection of IL-4 into wild-type mice results in acute loss of the DETC population. A similar loss of DETCs was observed in mice treated topically with MC903. Wounding of skin from Stat6VT-transgenic or MC903-treated mice resulted in decreased production of DETC-dependent cytokines in the skin, coincident with diminished wound closure. Importantly, intradermal injection of the DETC-produced cytokine fibroblast GF 7 rescued the rate of wound closure in mice with allergic skin inflammation. Together, these results suggest that the atopic environment diminishes prohealing T-cell populations in the skin, resulting in attenuated wound healing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yongyao Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Djamilatou Adom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew S Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dan F Spandau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Genetic Variants in Epidermal Differentiation Complex Genes as Predictive Biomarkers for Atopic Eczema, Allergic Sensitization, and Eczema-Associated Asthma in a 6-Year Follow-Up Case-Control Study in Children. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164865. [PMID: 36013110 PMCID: PMC9410399 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic eczema is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease of early childhood and is often the first manifestation of atopic march. Therefore, one challenge is to identify the risk factors associated with atopic eczema that may also be predictors of atopic disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SNPs in hornerin (HRNR) and filaggrin-2 (FLG2) genes with childhood atopic eczema, as well as other atopic phenotypes. Genotyping for HRNR and FLG2 was performed in 188 children younger than 2 years of age, previously screened for the FLG null mutations, and followed at yearly intervals until the age of 6. We demonstrated that risk variants of HRNR rs877776[C] and FLG2 rs12568784[T] were associated with atopic eczema, allergic sensitization, and susceptibility to the complex phenotype—asthma plus eczema. These effects seem to be supplementary to the well-known associations for FLG mutations and may be modulated by gene–gene interactions. Additionally, in children with eczema, these genetic variants may also be considered, along with FLG mutations, as predictive biomarkers for eczema-associated asthma. In conclusion, our results indicate that genetic variants in the epidermal differentiation complex gene could contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic eczema and progression to subsequent allergic disease.
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32
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Wang J, Cui B, Chen Z, Ding X. The regulation of skin homeostasis, repair and the pathogenesis of skin diseases by spatiotemporal activation of epidermal mTOR signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950973. [PMID: 35938153 PMCID: PMC9355246 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outmost layer of the skin, is a stratified squamous epithelium that protects the body from the external world. The epidermis and its appendages need constantly renew themselves and replace the damaged tissues caused by environmental assaults. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a central controller of cell growth and metabolism that plays a critical role in development, homeostasis and diseases. Recent findings suggest that mTOR signaling is activated in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner in the epidermis, coordinating diverse skin homeostatic processes. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling underlies the pathogenesis of skin diseases, including psoriasis and skin cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of epidermal mTOR signaling activity and function in skin, with a focus on skin barrier formation, hair regeneration, wound repair, as well as skin pathological disorders. We propose that fine-tuned control of mTOR signaling is essential for epidermal structural and functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baiping Cui
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolei Ding,
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Wang J, Eming SA, Ding X. Role of mTOR Signaling Cascade in Epidermal Morphogenesis and Skin Barrier Formation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060931. [PMID: 35741452 PMCID: PMC9220260 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The skin epidermis is a stratified multilayered epithelium that provides a life-sustaining protective and defensive barrier for our body. The barrier machinery is established and maintained through a tightly regulated keratinocyte differentiation program. Under normal conditions, the basal layer keratinocytes undergo active proliferation and migration upward, differentiating into the suprabasal layer cells. Perturbation of the epidermal differentiation program often results in skin barrier defects and inflammatory skin disorders. The protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the central hub of cell growth, metabolism and nutrient signaling. Over the past several years, we and others using transgenic mouse models have unraveled that mTOR signaling is critical for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that disturbed activation of mTOR signaling is significantly implicated in the development of various skin diseases. In this review, we focus on the formation of skin barrier and discuss the current understanding on how mTOR signaling networks, including upstream inputs, kinases and downstream effectors, regulate epidermal differentiation and skin barrier formation. We hope this review will help us better understand the metabolic signaling in the epidermis, which may open new vistas for epidermal barrier defect-associated disease therapy. Abstract The skin epidermis, with its capacity for lifelong self-renewal and rapid repairing response upon injury, must maintain an active status in metabolism. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a central controller of cellular growth and metabolism that coordinates diverse physiological and pathological processes in a variety of tissues and organs. Recent evidence with genetic mouse models highlights an essential role of the mTOR signaling network in epidermal morphogenesis and barrier formation. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in understanding how mTOR signaling networks, including upstream inputs, kinases and downstream effectors, regulate epidermal morphogenesis and skin barrier formation. Understanding the details of the metabolic signaling will be critical for the development of novel pharmacological approaches to promote skin barrier regeneration and to treat epidermal barrier defect-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sabine A. Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-137-6457-1130 (X.D.)
| | - Xiaolei Ding
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.A.E.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-137-6457-1130 (X.D.)
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Nelson RW, Geha RS, McDonald DR. Inborn Errors of the Immune System Associated With Atopy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860821. [PMID: 35572516 PMCID: PMC9094424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, food and environmental allergies, and asthma, are increasingly prevalent diseases. Atopic disorders are often associated with eosinophilia, driven by T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses, and triggered by disrupted barrier function leading to abnormal immune priming in a susceptible host. Immune deficiencies, in contrast, occur with a significantly lower incidence, but are associated with greater morbidity and mortality. A subset of atopic disorders with eosinophilia and elevated IgE are associated with monogenic inborn errors of immunity (IEI). In this review, we discuss current knowledge of IEI that are associated with atopy and the lessons these immunologic disorders provide regarding the fundamental mechanisms that regulate type 2 immunity in humans. We also discuss further mechanistic insights provided by animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Nelson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas R McDonald
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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35
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Jung K, Pawluk MA, Lane M, Nabai L, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Related Skin Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C170-C189. [PMID: 35442832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The predominant function of the skin is to serve as a barrier - to protect against external insults and to prevent water loss. Junctional and structural proteins in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are critical to the integrity of the epidermal barrier as it balances ongoing outward migration, differentiation, and desquamation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. As such, epidermal barrier function is highly susceptible to upsurges of proteolytic activity in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Granzyme B is a serine protease scarce in healthy tissues but present at high levels in tissues encumbered by chronic inflammation. Discovered in the 1980s, Granzyme B is currently recognized for its intracellular roles in immune cell-mediated targeted apoptosis as well as extracellular roles in inflammation, chronic injuries, tissue remodeling, and processing of cytokines, matrix proteins, and autoantigens. Increasing evidence has emerged in recent years supporting a role for Granzyme B in promoting barrier dysfunction in the epidermis by direct cleavage of barrier proteins and eliciting immunoreactivity. Likewise, Granzyme B contributes to impaired epithelial function of the airways, retina, gut and vessels. In the present review, the role of Granzyme B in cutaneous epithelial dysfunction is discussed in the context of specific conditions with an overview of underlying mechanisms as well as utility of current experimental and therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan A Pawluk
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Lane
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Layla Nabai
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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36
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Potential Clinical Applications of the Postbiotic Butyrate in Human Skin Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061849. [PMID: 35335213 PMCID: PMC8949901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin is the largest organ and the most external interface between the environment and the body. Vast communities of viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and mites, collectively named the skin microbiome (SM), cover the skin surface and connected structures. Skin-resident microorganisms contribute to the establishment of cutaneous homeostasis and can modulate host inflammatory responses. Imbalances in the SM structure and function (dysbiosis) are associated with several skin conditions. Therefore, novel target for the skincare field could be represented by strategies, which restore or preserve the SM natural/individual balance. Several of the beneficial effects exerted by the SM are aroused by the microbial metabolite butyrate. Since butyrate exerts a pivotal role in preserving skin health, it could be used as a postbiotic strategy for preventing or treating skin diseases. Herein, we describe and share perspectives of the potential clinical applications of therapeutic strategies using the postbiotic butyrate against human skin diseases.
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37
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Topical Ectoine Application in Children and Adults to Treat Inflammatory Diseases Associated with an Impaired Skin Barrier: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:295-313. [PMID: 35038127 PMCID: PMC8850511 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory skin diseases are a significant burden on affected patients. Inflammation is caused by various stress factors to the epidermis resulting in, e.g., dryness, redness, and pruritus. Emollients are used in basic therapy to restore the natural skin barrier and relieve symptoms. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ectoine-containing topical formulations in inflammatory skin diseases characterized by an impaired skin barrier. Methods A systematic review was carried out in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Microsoft Academic up to October 2021. Inclusion criteria were ectoine-containing topical formulations (creams, emollients) used for (adjuvant) therapy of inflammatory skin diseases. Clinical studies of any design published in any language were included. Results A total of 230 references were screened for eligibility, of which six were selected for inclusion in the review (five studies on atopic dermatitis and one study on prevention and management of retinoid dermatitis). The application of topical formulations containing 5.5–7.0% ectoine positively influenced skin dryness and, consequently, pruritus and dermatitis-specific scores in patients with atopic dermatitis. Especially in infants and children, who belong to the most frequently affected group, the formulations were well-tolerated when applied for up to 4 weeks. In studies where ectoine was used as an adjuvant therapy, application was associated with a decreased need for pharmacological therapy and also improved the effectiveness of, e.g., topical corticosteroids. In patients undergoing isotretinoin therapy, ectoine was as effective as dexpanthenol in reducing retinoid dermatitis or improving symptoms. Conclusion Ectoine is an effective natural substance with an excellent tolerability and safety profile, representing a beneficial alternative as basic therapy or to increase the efficacy of the pharmacological treatment regimen for patients with inflammatory skin diseases, including infants and children.
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38
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Pereira MS, Redanz S, Kriegel MA. Skin Deep: The Role of the Microbiota in Cutaneous Autoimmunity. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:834-840. [PMID: 35027173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skin microbiota is thought to possibly contribute to the pathogenesis of skin autoimmune diseases. The gut microbiota affects systemically the development and function of the immune system, thereby potentially influencing cutaneous autoimmunity as well. In this paper, we review the role of the gut and skin microbiota in cutaneous autoimmune diseases. Besides direct inflammatory effects at the skin barrier, microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of skin autoimmune diseases by metabolites, recall immune cell responses, and permeation of antigens to the subepidermal space. Skin and gut barrier dysfunction may represent a common pathophysiologic process allowing microbiota or its particles to promote autoimmune diseases at barrier surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia S Pereira
- Department of Translational Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sylvio Redanz
- Department of Translational Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin A Kriegel
- Department of Translational Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Tan KJ, Nakamizo S, Lee-Okada HC, Sato R, Chow Z, Nakajima S, Common JEA, Saeki K, Yokomizo T, Ginhoux F, Kabashima K. A western diet alters skin ceramides and compromises the skin barrier in ears. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2020-2023.e2. [PMID: 34999108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kahbing Jasmine Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore
| | - Satoshi Nakamizo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Reiko Sato
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Zachary Chow
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - John E A Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore
| | - Kazuko Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building, Biopolis, 138648 Singapore; Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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40
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Zhang W, Pajulas A, Kaplan MH. γδ T Cells in Skin Inflammation. Crit Rev Immunol 2022; 42:43-56. [PMID: 37075018 PMCID: PMC10439530 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2022047288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that express T cell receptor γ and 5 chains and display structural and functional heterogeneity. γδ T cells are typically of low abundance in the body and account for 1-5% of the blood lymphocytes and peripheral lymphoid tissues. As a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, γδ T cells are uniquely poised to rapidly respond to stimulation and can regulate immune responses in peripheral tissues. The dendritic epidermal T cells in the skin epidermis can secrete growth factors to regulate skin homeostasis and re-epithelization and release inflammatory factors to mediate wound healing during skin inflammatory responses. Dermal γδ T cells can regulate the inflammatory process by producing interleukin-17 and other cytokines or chemokines. Here, we offer a review of the immune functions of γδ T cells, intending to understand their role in regulating skin barrier integrity and skin wound healing, which may be crucial for the development of novel therapeutics in skin diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Ishitsuka Y, Roop DR. The Epidermis: Redox Governor of Health and Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:47. [PMID: 35052551 PMCID: PMC8772843 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional epithelial barrier necessitates protection against dehydration, and ichthyoses are caused by defects in maintaining the permeability barrier in the stratum corneum (SC), the uppermost protective layer composed of dead cells and secretory materials from the living layer stratum granulosum (SG). We have found that loricrin (LOR) is an essential effector of cornification that occurs in the uppermost layer of SG (SG1). LOR promotes the maturation of corneocytes and extracellular adhesion structure through organizing disulfide cross-linkages, albeit being dispensable for the SC permeability barrier. This review takes psoriasis and AD as the prototype of impaired cornification. Despite exhibiting immunological traits that oppose each other, both conditions share the epidermal differentiation complex as a susceptible locus. We also review recent mechanistic insights on skin diseases, focusing on the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with the cap "n" collar homology-associated protein 1/NFE2-related factor 2 signaling pathway, as they coordinate the epidermis-intrinsic xenobiotic metabolism. Finally, we refine the theoretical framework of thiol-mediated crosstalk between keratinocytes and leukocytes in the epidermis that was put forward earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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A Pilot Study To Establish an Ovalbumin-induced Atopic Dermatitis Minipig Model. J Vet Res 2021; 65:307-313. [PMID: 34917843 PMCID: PMC8643094 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because minipig skin is similar to human skin in anatomy and physiology, establishing an atopic dermatitis (AD) minipig model seems meaningful. Material and Methods We applied 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) or ovalbumin onto the back skin of five Yucatan minipigs aged 8-10 months and 19 kg in median weight. Two minipigs with the same parameters served as controls. Results Both DNFB and ovalbumin mediated epithelial hyperplasia, spongiosis, and immune cell infiltration in the dermis, which is a typical histopathological feature of AD. Moreover, AD upregulated the Th1- and Th2-related cytokine expressions in DNFB- or in ovalbumin-treated skin. Notably, AD-induced minipigs exhibited greater cytokine serum concentrations. Conclusion Histopathological finding and cytokine analysis revealed that DNFB or ovalbumin mediates AD. However, ovalbumin-treated minipig is a more reliable and precise AD model owing to the DNFB-induced severe skin damage. In summary, ovalbumin-treated skin shows similar AD as human in histopathological and molecular analysis.
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Cracking the Skin Barrier: Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Shines under the Skin. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100036. [PMID: 34909733 PMCID: PMC8659386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to forming and sustaining the skin’s barrier, epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) fluxing to the skin surface undergo a rapid and enigmatic transformation into flat, enucleated squames. At the crux of this transformation are intracellular keratohyalin granules (KGs) that suddenly disappear as terminally differentiating KCs transition to the cornified skin surface. Defects in KGs have long been linked to skin barrier disorders. Through the biophysical lens of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), these enigmatic KGs recently emerged as liquid-like membraneless organelles whose assembly and subsequent pH-triggered disassembly drive squame formation. To stimulate future efforts toward cracking the complex process of skin barrier formation, in this review, we integrate the key concepts and foundational work spanning the fields of LLPS and epidermal biology. We review the current progress in the skin and discuss implications in the broader context of membraneless organelles across stratifying epithelia. The discovery of environmentally sensitive LLPS dynamics in the skin points to new avenues for dissecting the skin barrier and for addressing skin barrier disorders. We argue that skin and its appendages offer outstanding models to uncover LLPS-driven mechanisms in tissue biology.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CE, cornified envelope
- EDC, epidermal differentiation complex
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IDP, intrinsically-disordered protein
- KC, keratinocyte
- KG, keratohyalin granule
- LCST, lower critical solution temperature
- LLPS, liquid-liquid phase separation
- PTM, post-translational modification
- TG, trichohyalin granule
- UCST, upper critical solution temperature
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Zeng HR, Zhao B, Rui X, Jia GH, Wu Y, Zhang D, Yu HN, Zhang BR, Yuan Y. A TCM formula VYAC ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis via blocking mast cell degranulation and suppressing NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114454. [PMID: 34329716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula (VYAC) consists of three herbs including Viola yedoensis Makino, herb (Violaceae, Viola), Sophora flavescens Aiton, root (Fabaceae, Sophora) and Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz, root and rhizome (Rutaceae, Dictamnus), has been traditionally prescribed to treat various skin diseases in clinic. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of VYAC on the 2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS VYAC was extracted with 70 % aqueous ethanol and lyophilized powder was used. AD-like mice were challenged by DNCB, VYAC (150 and 300 mg/kg) were oral administration daily from day 7 to day 28. At the end of experiment, the clinical scores were recorded, serum and skin in the dorsal were isolated to evaluate the therapeutic effects of VYAC. RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with C48/80 for degranulation and plasmids expressing constitutively active form of Syk (Silence or overexpression) were transfected into RBL-2H3 cells to explore the underlying mechanisms in vitro. RESULTS VYAC significantly ameliorated the cardinal symptoms in the DNCB-induced AD-like mice by repairing the skin barrier function, inhibiting mast cells infiltration, restraining the serum IgE and histamine release and decreasing TNF-α, IL-4 as well as Syk mRNA level in dorsal skin and alleviating inflammation. Besides, VYAC significantly blocked RBL-2H3 cells degranulation, reduced β-hexosaminidase and histamine release, and suppressed NF-κB pathway. What's more, the degranulation of RBL-2H3 was reduced after Syk silence and increased after Syk overexpression. CONCLUSION Our findings clearly suggested that VYAC treat AD through inhibiting the inflammatory mediator productions and blocking mast cell degranulation via suppressing Syk mediated NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Rong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bei Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xing Rui
- Baoshan Branch, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Gui Hua Jia
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Die Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hao Nao Yu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ben Rui Zhang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Fanfaret IS, Boda D, Ion LM, Hosseyni D, Leru P, Ali S, Corcea S, Bumbacea R. Probiotics and prebiotics in atopic dermatitis: Pros and cons (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1376. [PMID: 34650624 PMCID: PMC8506923 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents a chronic inflammatory skin condition in which the skin barrier is impaired; thus, the permeability is increased. Hence, there is a greater risk of allergic sensitization, as well as a higher pH and lower protection against resident microbes. Since this condition is currently increasing among children, it requires further study, as little is known regarding the pathogenesis that makes the skin prone to chronic relapsing inflammation. Trying to standardize the data regarding the use of prebiotics and probiotics in AD, we encountered tremendous variability in the literature data. Literature abounds in conflicting data: studies regarding prophylactic and therapeutic applications, different types of strains and dosages, applications in young children up to 5 years of age and above, usage of probiotics alone, prebiotics alone or synbiotics combined. There are also conflicting data regarding the outcome of these studies; some confirming a positive effect of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics and some showing no efficacy at all. The articles were divided into those assessing probiotics or prebiotics alone and a combination of the two, with studies showing a positive effect and studies proving no efficacy at all. We tried to critically analyze those articles showing weak and strong points. In summary, the most studied probiotics were the strains of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. The Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index was used to measure the efficacy of the treatment. Most studies compared their results with a placebo group and the efficacy when seen in moderate to severe forms of AD in patients with other allergic diseases present. However, the results are difficult to interpret, as in many studies the authors suggest that the disease may have a tendency to improve in time in some groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Ion
- Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Hosseyni
- Public Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, ECPE, PPCR Program, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Poliana Leru
- Internal Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Selda Ali
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Corcea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Bumbacea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
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Sakamoto K, Jin SP, Goel S, Jo JH, Voisin B, Kim D, Nadella V, Liang H, Kobayashi T, Huang X, Deming C, Horiuchi K, Segre JA, Kong HH, Nagao K. Disruption of the endopeptidase ADAM10-Notch signaling axis leads to skin dysbiosis and innate lymphoid cell-mediated hair follicle destruction. Immunity 2021; 54:2321-2337.e10. [PMID: 34582748 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) function as hubs for stem cells, immune cells, and commensal microbes, which must be tightly regulated during homeostasis and transient inflammation. Here we found that transmembrane endopeptidase ADAM10 expression in upper HFs was crucial for regulating the skin microbiota and protecting HFs and their stem cell niche from inflammatory destruction. Ablation of the ADAM10-Notch signaling axis impaired the innate epithelial barrier and enabled Corynebacterium species to predominate the microbiome. Dysbiosis triggered group 2 innate lymphoid cell-mediated inflammation in an interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor-, S1P receptor 1-, and CCR6-dependent manner, leading to pyroptotic cell death of HFs and irreversible alopecia. Double-stranded RNA-induced ablation models indicated that the ADAM10-Notch signaling axis bolsters epithelial innate immunity by promoting β-defensin-6 expression downstream of type I interferon responses. Thus, ADAM10-Notch signaling axis-mediated regulation of host-microbial symbiosis crucially protects HFs from inflammatory destruction, which has implications for strategies to sustain tissue integrity during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sakamoto
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seon-Pil Jin
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shubham Goel
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Cutaneous Microbiome and Inflammation Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Voisin
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Doyoung Kim
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vinod Nadella
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hai Liang
- Cutaneous Microbiome and Inflammation Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clay Deming
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Cutaneous Microbiome and Inflammation Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Tang L, Gao J, Cao X, Chen L, Wang H, Ding H. TRPV1 mediates itch-associated scratching and skin barrier dysfunction in DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis mice. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:398-405. [PMID: 34608683 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In chronic pruritic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), pruritus and skin lesions are exacerbated by scratching in clinical and experimental settings. TRPV1 is known to mediate itch and neurogenic inflammation, but the role of TRPV1 in itch-associated scratching in AD is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the efficacy of cutting off nails and TRPV1 antagonist, ruthenium red (RR) in a murine model of AD induced by DNFB and further investigated the underlying mechanism. Nail clipping or RR could markedly ameliorate the general AD-like symptoms as manifested by the reduced clinical severity of dermatitis, IgE and Th2-related cytokine levels, and mast cell degranulation. Moreover, scratching behaviour, the levels of pruritogenic mediators, including HIS, TSLP, IL-31 and SP, and skin pH and TEWL were all significantly decreased in nail clipping or RR-treated mice, suggesting a reduction in itch-associated scratching and skin barrier defects. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot results revealed that antipruritic effect of nail clipping or RR in AD may be explained, at least in part, by the suppression of TRPV1 activation. In summary, these data show that TRPV1 mediates itch-associated scratching and subsequent skin barrier defects, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiefang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Cao
- College of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Abe M, Iizuka H, Nemoto‐Hasebe I, Nemoto O, Toyama H, Ohashi‐Doi K, Kabashima K. Clinical effect of delgocitinib 0.5% ointment on atopic dermatitis eczema intensity and skin barrier function. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Toyama
- Medical affairs Department TORII Pharmaceutical Co Ltd Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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The Association of Bullous Pemphigoid With Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Rhinitis-A Population-Based Study. Dermatitis 2021; 33:268-276. [PMID: 34570736 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although bullous pemphigoid (BP), atopic dermatitis (AD), and allergic rhinitis (AR) are associated with shared pathogenic mechanisms the epidemiological relationship between these conditions remains to be investigated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the bidirectional association of BP with AD and AR. METHODS A population-based retrospective cohort study was performed comparing BP patients (n = 3924) with age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects (n = 19,280), with respect to incident cases of AD and AR. A case-control design was additionally adopted to assess the odds of BP in individuals with a preexisting diagnosis of AD and AR. RESULTS The odds of BP was increased after a preexisting diagnosis of AD (fully adjusted odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-2.15; P < 0.001) and AR (fully adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.28; P = 0.047). Patients with BP were at an increased risk of subsequent AD (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.60-2.51; P < 0.001) but not AR (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.83-1.20; P = 0.997). Compared with other patients with BP, those with BP and comorbid AD and AR were more frequently managed by adjuvant drugs and long-term systemic and topical corticosteroids and had decreased all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS A history of AD and AR confers susceptibility to the development of BP. Awareness of this association may be of help for physicians managing patients with these diseases.
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Keng BMH, Gan WH, Tam YC, Oh CC. Personal protective equipment-related occupational dermatoses during COVID-19 among health care workers: A worldwide systematic review. JAAD Int 2021; 5:85-95. [PMID: 34485949 PMCID: PMC8407949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational dermatoses caused by personal protective equipment (PPE) in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are emerging occupational health challenges that must be promptly and effectively addressed to ease burden on our health care workers. Objective A systematic review was conducted to determine common PPE-related dermatoses, affected body sites, and implicated occupational contactants. We further proposed solutions to mitigate this problem. Methods Online databases were searched for articles on PPE-related dermatoses in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic written in English and published from January 1, 2020, to January 30, 2021. Results Sixteen studies, including a total of 3958 participants, were included. The most common dermatoses were xerosis, pressure-related erythema, and contact dermatitis, mainly affecting the face and hands. The most widely implicated contactants were increased frequency of hand hygiene, gloves, N95 masks, and goggles. Proposed solutions were categorized as individual self-care, protection of the workforce, and long-term preventive measures. Conclusion Through measures such as regular basic skin care education, early access to specialty clinics via telemedicine, and designing of better-fit PPE, the challenges posed by PPE-related occupational dermatoses can be significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wee Hoe Gan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yew Chong Tam
- Education Resource Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Chiat Oh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Dermatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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