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Li Y, Gao W, Yang Z, Hu Z, Li J. Multi-omics pan-cancer analyses identify MCM4 as a promising prognostic and diagnostic biomarker. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6517. [PMID: 38499612 PMCID: PMC10948783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 4 (MCM4) is a vital component of the mini-chromosome maintenance complex family, crucial for initiating the replication of eukaryotic genomes. Recently, there has been a growing interest in investigating the significance of MCM4 in different types of cancer. Despite the existing research on this topic, a comprehensive analysis of MCM4 across various cancer types has been lacking. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by presenting a thorough pan-cancer analysis of MCM4, shedding light on its functional implications and potential clinical applications. The study utilized multi-omics samples from various databases. Bioinformatic tools were employed to explore the expression profiles, genetic alterations, phosphorylation states, immune cell infiltration patterns, immune subtypes, functional enrichment, disease prognosis, as well as the diagnostic potential of MCM4 and its responsiveness to drugs in a range of cancers. Our research demonstrates that MCM4 is closely associated with the oncogenesis, prognosis and diagnosis of various tumors and proposes that MCM4 may function as a potential biomarker in pan-cancer, providing a deeper understanding of its potential role in cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Gao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Hu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Jincheng People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Jincheng, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Shin E, Bak SH, Park T, Kim JW, Yoon SR, Jung H, Noh JY. Understanding NK cell biology for harnessing NK cell therapies: targeting cancer and beyond. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192907. [PMID: 37539051 PMCID: PMC10395517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-engineered immune cell therapies have partially transformed cancer treatment, as exemplified by the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells in certain hematologic malignancies. However, there are several limitations that need to be addressed to target more cancer types. Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of innate immune cells that represent a unique biology in cancer immune surveillance. In particular, NK cells obtained from heathy donors can serve as a source for genetically engineered immune cell therapies. Therefore, NK-based therapies, including NK cells, CAR-NK cells, and antibodies that induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of NK cells, have emerged. With recent advances in genetic engineering and cell biology techniques, NK cell-based therapies have become promising approaches for a wide range of cancers, viral infections, and senescence. This review provides a brief overview of NK cell characteristics and summarizes diseases that could benefit from NK-based therapies. In addition, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical investigations on the use of adoptive NK cell transfer and agents that can modulate NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Shin
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Bak
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Park
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ran Yoon
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ruder J, Rex J, Obahor S, Docampo MJ, Müller AMS, Schanz U, Jelcic I, Martin R. NK Cells and Innate-Like T Cells After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794077. [PMID: 34975899 PMCID: PMC8716406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, in which autoreactive T and B cells play important roles. Other lymphocytes such as NK cells and innate-like T cells appear to be involved as well. To name a few examples, CD56bright NK cells were described as an immunoregulatory NK cell subset in MS while innate-like T cells in MS were described in brain lesions and with proinflammatory signatures. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is a procedure used to treat MS. This procedure includes hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization, then high-dose chemotherapy combined with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and subsequent infusion of the patients own HSPCs to reconstitute a functional immune system. aHSCT inhibits MS disease activity very effectively and for long time, presumably due to elimination of autoreactive T cells. Here, we performed multidimensional flow cytometry experiments in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 27 MS patients before and after aHSCT to address its potential influence on NK and innate-like T cells. After aHSCT, the relative frequency and absolute numbers of CD56bright NK cells rise above pre-aHSCT levels while all studied innate-like T cell populations decrease. Hence, our data support an enhanced immune regulation by CD56bright NK cells and the efficient reduction of proinflammatory innate-like T cells by aHSCT in MS. These observations contribute to our current understanding of the immunological effects of aHSCT in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Ruder
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jordan Rex
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Obahor
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - María José Docampo
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia M S Müller
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Schanz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Research Section (NIMS), Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Disease-associated Mutations in Topoisomerase IIβ Result in Defective NK cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:2171-2176.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Han W, Wu YZ, Zhao XY, Gong ZH, Shen GL. Integrative Analysis of Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins and Their Prognostic Significance in Melanoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:715173. [PMID: 34490114 PMCID: PMC8417415 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.715173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) is known for participating in cell cycle progression, as well as DNA replication. While the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of MCMs in melanoma still remained unclear. Methods In the present study, the transcriptional and clinical profiles of MCMs were explored in patients with melanoma from multiple databases, including GEO, TCGA, ONCOMINE, GEPIA, UALCAN, cBioPortal, and TIMER databases. Results We found that the elevated expressions of MCM2–6 and MCM10 were significantly expressed in melanoma compared to normal skin. High mRNA levels of MCM4, MCM5, and MCM10 were closely related to worse prognosis in patients with melanoma. GSEA showed hallmark pathways were most involved in mTORC1 signaling, G2M checkpoint, E2F targets, and mitotic spindle. Furthermore, we found potential correlations between the MCM expression and the immune cell infiltration, including B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Conclusion Upregulated MCM gene expression in melanoma probably played a crucial part in the development and progression of melanoma. The upregulated MCM4/5/10 expressions could be used as potential prognostic markers to improve the poor outcome and prognostic accuracy in patients with melanoma. Our study might shed light on the selection of prognostic biomarkers as well as the underlying molecular pathogenesis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhu Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Gong
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, The First People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Lenart M, Kluczewska A, Szaflarska A, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Wąsik M, Ziemiańska-Pięta A, Kobylarz K, Pituch-Noworolska A, Siedlar M. Selective downregulation of natural killer activating receptors on NK cells and upregulation of PD-1 expression on T cells in children with severe and/or recurrent Herpes simplex virus infections. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152097. [PMID: 34015527 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Severe, recurrent or atypical Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are still posing clinical and diagnostic problem in clinical immunology facilities. However, the molecular background of this disorder is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of activating receptors on NK cells (CD16, NKp46, NKG2D, NKp80, 2B4, CD48 and NTB-A) and checkpoint molecule PD-1 on T lymphocytes and NK cells, in patients with severe and/or recurrent infections with HSV and age-matched healthy control subjects. As a result, we noticed that patients with severe and/or recurrent infection with HSV had significantly lower percentage of CD16brightCD56dim and higher percentage of CD16dimCD56bright NK cell subsets, when compared to control subjects, which may be associated with abnormal NK cell maturation during chronic HSV infection. Patients had also significantly downregulated expression of CD16 receptor on CD16bright NK cells. The expression of activating receptors was significantly reduced on patients' NK cells - either both the percentage of NK cells expressing the receptor and MFI of its expression (NKp46, NKp80 and 2B4 on CD16brightCD56dim cells and NKp46 on CD16dimCD56bright cells) or only MFI (NKG2D on both NK cell subsets). It should be noted that the reduction of receptor expression was limited to NK cells, since there was no differences in the percentage of receptor-positive cells or MFI on T cells. However, NTB-A receptor was the only one which expression was not only simultaneously changed in patients' NK and T cells, but also significantly upregulated on CD16dimCD56bright NK cell and CD8+ cell subsets. Patients had also upregulated proportion of CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1. Thus, we suggest that an increased percentage of PD-1+ cells may represent an independent indirect mechanism of downregulation of antiviral response, separate from the reduction of NK cell activating receptors expression. Altogether, our studies indicate two possible mechanisms which may promote perpetuation of HSV infection: 1) selective inhibition of activating receptors on NK cells, but not on T cells, and 2) upregulation of checkpoint molecule PD-1 on CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kluczewska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Szaflarska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wąsik
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Ziemiańska-Pięta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kobylarz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pituch-Noworolska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, Krakow, Poland.
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Merkt W, Salzer U, Thiel J, Jandova I, Bergner R, Venhoff AC, Venhoff N. Blood CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ natural killer cell distributions are heterogeneous in healthy adults and suppressed by azathioprine in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:26. [PMID: 33840389 PMCID: PMC8040212 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cells are increasingly recognized as a powerful tool to induce targeted cell death in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Still, basic blood NK cell parameters are poorly defined. The aims of this study were 1) to establish reference values of NK cell counts and percentages in healthy adults; 2) to describe these parameters in the prototype autoimmune disease group ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV); and 3) to investigate whether NK cell counts and percentages may be used as activity biomarkers in the care of AAV patients, as suggested by a preceding study. Methods CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ NK cell counts and percentages were determined in 120 healthy adults. Lymphocyte subset and clinical data from two German vasculitis centers were analyzed retrospectively (in total 407 measurements, including 201/49/157 measurements from 64/16/39 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), respectively). Results CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ NK cell counts and percentages in healthy adults were highly variable, not Gaussian distributed and independent of age and sex. NK cell percentages ranged from 1.9 to 37.9% of lymphocytes, and were significantly more dispersed in AAV (0.3 to 57.6%), while the median percentage was not different between AAV and healthy donors. In contrast, median NK cell counts were significantly lower in AAV compared to healthy donors. Sub-group analyses revealed that NK cell counts were low independent of AAV entity and disease activity. Azathioprine therapy was associated with significantly lower NK cell counts and percentages compared to non-azathioprine therapies. In 13.6% of azathioprine-treated patients, percentages were </= 1% which may be interpreted as temporary NK cell deficiency. NK cell counts and percentages could not separate active from inactive AAV. Conclusions NK cell counts and percentages in blood are heterogeneous and can presently not be recommended as biomarker in clinical care of AAV patients. Azathioprine treatment was associated with significantly low NK cells. These findings may be relevant for the development of drugs that aim at exploiting NK cell cytotoxicity and may help to identify patients at risk to develop malignant or infectious co-morbidities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00416-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Merkt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ilona Jandova
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Raoul Bergner
- Department of Rheumatology, Nephrology, Haemato-Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ana C Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Lenart M, Działo E, Kluczewska A, Węglarczyk K, Szaflarska A, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Surmiak M, Sanak M, Pituch-Noworolska A, Siedlar M. miRNA Regulation of NK Cells Antiviral Response in Children With Severe and/or Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 11:589866. [PMID: 33679688 PMCID: PMC7931645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and/or recurrent infection with Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is observed in a large group of patients treated in clinical immunology facilities. Atypical and prolonged HSV infection is the most common clinical manifestation of disturbed NK cell development and functions, yet the molecular basis of these disorders is still largely unknown. Since recent findings indicated the importance of miRNA in regulating NK cell development, maturation and functions, the aim of our study was to investigate miRNA expression pattern in NK cells in patients with severe and/or recurrent infections with HSV and analyze the role of these miRNAs in NK cell antiviral response. As a result, miRNA expression pattern analysis of human best known 754 miRNAs revealed that patients with severe and/or recurrent HSV infection had substantially upregulated expression of four miRNAs: miR-27b, miR-199b, miR-369-3p and miR-491-3p, when compared to healthy controls. Selective inhibition of miR-27b, miR-199b, miR-369-3p and miR-491-3p expression in NK-92 cells resulted in profound upregulation of 4 genes (APOBEC3G, MAP2K3, MAVS and TLR7) and downregulation of 36 genes taking part in antiviral response or associated with signaling pathways of Toll-like receptors (TLR), NOD-like receptors, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and type I IFN-related response. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis revealed that miR-369-3p and miR-491-3p inhibitors downregulated NK cell intracellular perforin expression, while the expression of granzyme B and IFNγ remained unchanged. Taken together, our study suggests a novel mechanism which may promote recurrence and severity of HSV infection, based on miRNAs-dependent posttranscriptional regulation of genes taking part in antiviral response of human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Edyta Działo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kluczewska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Szaflarska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pituch-Noworolska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Barnes S, Schilizzi O, Audsley KM, Newnes HV, Foley B. Deciphering the Immunological Phenomenon of Adaptive Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228864. [PMID: 33238550 PMCID: PMC7700325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant and vital role in the first line of defense against infection through their ability to target cells without prior sensitization. They also contribute significantly to the activation and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of a range of cytokines and chemokines. In the context of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, NK cells and CMV have co-evolved side by side to employ several mechanisms to evade one another. However, during this co-evolution the discovery of a subset of long-lived NK cells with enhanced effector potential, increased antibody-dependent responses and the potential to mediate immune memory has revolutionized the field of NK cell biology. The ability of a virus to imprint on the NK cell receptor repertoire resulting in the expansion of diverse, highly functional NK cells to this day remains a significant immunological phenomenon that only occurs in the context of CMV. Here we review our current understanding of the development of these NK cells, commonly referred to as adaptive NK cells and their current role in transplantation, infection, vaccination and cancer immunotherapy to decipher the complex role of CMV in dictating NK cell functional fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Barnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ophelia Schilizzi
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Katherine M. Audsley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hannah V. Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bree Foley
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (O.S.); (K.M.A.); (H.V.N.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Li H, Ma Z, Che Z, Li Q, Fan J, Zhou Z, Wu Y, Jin Y, Liang P, Che X. Comprehensive role of prostate-specific antigen identified with proteomic analysis in prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10202-10215. [PMID: 33107155 PMCID: PMC7520270 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments including androgen deprivation fail to prevent prostate cancer (PrCa) from progressing to castration-resistant PrCa (CRPC). Accumulating evidence highlights the relevance of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the development and progression of PrCa. The underlying mechanism whereby PSA functions in PrCa, however, has yet been elucidated. We demonstrated that PSA knockdown attenuated tumorigenesis and metastasis of PrCa C4-2 cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas promoted the apoptosis in vitro. To illuminate the comprehensive role of PSA in PrCa, we performed an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis to explore the proteomic change induced by PSA knockdown. Among 121 differentially expressed proteins, 67 proteins were up-regulated, while 54 proteins down-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis was used to explore the mechanism through which PSA exerts influence on PrCa. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that PSA may mediate POTEF, EPHA3, RAD51C, HPGD and MCM4 to promote the initiation and progression of PrCa. We confirmed that PSA knockdown induced the up-regulation of MCM4 and RAD51C, while it down-regulated POTEF and EPHA3; meanwhile, MCM4 was higher in PrCa para-cancerous tissue than in cancerous tissue, suggesting that PSA may facilitate the tumorigenesis by mediating MCM4. Our findings suggest that PSA plays a comprehensive role in the development and progression of PrCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhifei Che
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinfeng Fan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yaoxi Wu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yingxia Jin
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xianping Che
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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11
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Starokadomskyy P, Wilton KM, Krzewski K, Lopez A, Sifuentes-Dominguez L, Overlee B, Chen Q, Ray A, Gil-Krzewska A, Peterson M, Kinch LN, Rohena L, Grunebaum E, Zinn AR, Grishin NV, Billadeau DD, Burstein E. NK cell defects in X-linked pigmentary reticulate disorder. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125688. [PMID: 31672938 PMCID: PMC6948767 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (XLPDR, Mendelian Inheritance in Man #301220) is a rare syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and sterile multiorgan inflammation. The syndrome is caused by an intronic mutation in POLA1, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase-α (Pol-α), which is responsible for Okazaki fragment synthesis during DNA replication. Reduced POLA1 expression in this condition triggers spontaneous type I interferon expression, which can be linked to the autoinflammatory manifestations of the disease. However, the history of recurrent infections in this syndrome is as yet unexplained. Here we report that patients with XLPDR have reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity and decreased numbers of NK cells, particularly differentiated, stage V, cells (CD3–CD56dim). This phenotype is reminiscent of hypomorphic mutations in MCM4, which encodes a component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase complex that is functionally linked to Pol-α during the DNA replication process. We find that POLA1 deficiency leads to MCM4 depletion and that both can impair NK cell natural cytotoxicity and show that this is due to a defect in lytic granule polarization. Altogether, our study provides mechanistic connections between Pol-α and the MCM complex and demonstrates their relevance in NK cell function. X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder is associated with functional NK cell defect due to abnormal lytic granule polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Katelynn M Wilton
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Brittany Overlee
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Tongji University affiliated Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ann Ray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Peterson
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Rohena
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy and Department of Pediatrics, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R Zinn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry.,Department of Biophysics, and
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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12
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Disturbances in NK Cells in Various Types of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Population of Polish Children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019; 41:e277-e283. [PMID: 31107368 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disease associated with immune system hyperactivation and the appearance of serious systemic disturbances. The purpose of this study was an assessment of natural killer (NK) cell disturbances in a group of children with clinical signs of HLH. A total of 43 children with HLH and 17 healthy children were enrolled in the study. NK phenotyping, intracellular perforin staining, and cytotoxicity tests were performed by using the flow cytometry method. HLH patients were divided into 6 HLH types: 9% infection-related HLH; 7% malignancy-related HLH; 21% macrophage activating syndrome; 12% familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; 2% X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome; and 49% as HLH of unknown background. A positive correlation was observed between cytotoxicity and NK cells in children with HLH (P=0.01). In all HLH groups, the percentage of NK cells was significantly lower than in the control population. The spontaneous cytotoxicity was significantly lower in HLH patients. The results presented in this study indicate the importance of impaired function and the number of NK cells in the pathogenesis of HLH. Nonetheless, the background of disturbances seems to be different in various cases.
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13
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Abstract
Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that prevents formation of high-affinity interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (IL-2R). Because activated T cells up-regulate high-affinity IL-2R and IL-2 is used to grow activated T cells in vitro, daclizumab was envisioned to selectively inhibit activated T cells. However, the mechanism of action (MOA) of daclizumab is surprisingly broad and it includes many unanticipated effects on innate immunity. Specifically, daclizumab modulates the development of innate lymphoid cells, leading to expansion of immunoregulatory CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells. Activated CD56bright NK cells migrate to the intrathecal compartment in multiple sclerosis (MS) and regulate autoreactive T cells via cytotoxicity. Finally, daclizumab also restricts initial steps of T-cell activation by blocking trans-presentation of IL-2 by dendritic cells to antigen-specific T cells. In conclusion, daclizumab has complex immunomodulatory effects with resultant inhibition of central nervous system inflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit (NDU), Neuroimmunology Branch (NIB), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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14
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Brown MG, Gamache A, Nash WT, Cronk J. Natural selection for killer receptors and their MHC class I ligands: In pursuit of gene pairs that fit well in tandem. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:489-495. [PMID: 30500089 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ri0818-315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic basis of host resistance to viral infection and disease has progressed significantly over the last century. Numerous genes coding for modifiers of immune functions have been identified, which impact a variety of critical cellular processes, including signaling via lymphocyte receptors and their ligands, signal transduction, cytokine signaling, production and release of cytotoxic effectors, transcriptional regulation, and proliferation. Genome-wide association studies implicate an important role for both highly polymorphic NK cell receptors and their MHC class I ligands in modifying host resistance. These findings indicate NK cells are critical mediators of viral control with considerable potential to affect morbidity and mortality outcomes. They further suggest that both stimulatory and inhibitory NK receptor polymorphisms alter NK cell sensing of MHC I ligands on viral targets, which influences how NK cells respond to infection. In many cases, however, the underlying causes associated with host outcomes remain elusive. Herein, we discuss several modes of NK cell sensing of MHC I and MHC I-like molecules on viral targets, and the role of genetic diversity in this evolutionarily dynamic process. We further suggest that natural selection for paired NK receptors with opposing function, but shared MHC I ligands may give rise to rare, but highly effective MHC I-dependent modes of NK cell sensing of viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Awndre Gamache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William T Nash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John Cronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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15
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Keating N, Nicholson SE. SOCS-mediated immunomodulation of natural killer cells. Cytokine 2018; 118:64-70. [PMID: 29609875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells with an intrinsic ability to detect and kill infected and cancerous cells. The success of therapies targeting immune checkpoints on CD8 cells has intensified interest in harnessing the cytolytic effector functions of NK cells for new cancer treatments. NK cell development, survival and effector activity is dependent on exposure to the cytokine interleukin (IL)-15. The suppressor of cytokine (SOCS) proteins (CIS; SOCS1-7) are important negative regulators of cytokine signaling, and both CIS and SOCS2 are reported to have roles in regulating NK cell responses. Their immunomodulatory effects on NK cells suggest that these SOCS proteins are promising targets that can potentially form the basis of novel cancer therapies. Here we discuss the role of NK cells in tumor immunity as well as review the role of the SOCS proteins in regulating IL-15 signaling and NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Keating
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia.
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16
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Yu K, Davidson CL, Wójtowicz A, Lisboa L, Wang T, Airo AM, Villard J, Buratto J, Sandalova T, Achour A, Humar A, Boggian K, Cusini A, van Delden C, Egli A, Manuel O, Mueller N, Bochud PY, Burshtyn DN. LILRB1 polymorphisms influence posttransplant HCMV susceptibility and ligand interactions. J Clin Invest 2018. [PMID: 29528338 DOI: 10.1172/jci96174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UL18 is a human CMV (HCMV) MHC class I (MHCI) homolog that efficiently inhibits leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 (LILRB1)+ NK cells. We found an association of LILRB1 polymorphisms in the regulatory regions and ligand-binding domains with control of HCMV in transplant patients. Naturally occurring LILRB1 variants expressed in model NK cells showed functional differences with UL18 and classical MHCI, but not with HLA-G. The altered functional recognition was recapitulated in binding assays with the binding domains of LILRB1. Each of 4 nonsynonymous substitutions in the first 2 LILRB1 immunoglobulin domains contributed to binding with UL18, classical MHCI, and HLA-G. One of the polymorphisms controlled addition of an N-linked glycan, and that mutation of the glycosylation site altered binding to all ligands tested, including enhancing binding to UL18. Together, these findings indicate that specific LILRB1 alleles that allow for superior immune evasion by HCMV are restricted by mutations that limit LILRB1 expression selectively on NK cells. The polymorphisms also maintained an appropriate interaction with HLA-G, fitting with a principal role of LILRB1 in fetal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yu
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsea L Davidson
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Wójtowicz
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Lisboa
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ting Wang
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adriana M Airo
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean Villard
- Immunology and Transplant Unit, Service of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremie Buratto
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atul Humar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katia Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Cusini
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Deborah N Burshtyn
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Sharma P, Kumar P, Sharma R. Natural Killer Cells - Their Role in Tumour Immunosurveillance. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:BE01-BE05. [PMID: 28969116 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26748.10469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An important component of the innate immune system, the natural killer cells that originate from the lymphoid cell lineage, hold tremendous potential as an effective therapeutic tool to combat a variety of cancers. Their vast capability to kill altered cells such as opsonized cells (antibody coated), tumour cells, genotoxically changed cells without affecting the healthy cells of the body, make them an effective therapeutic agent for various types of cancers. Besides, through interplay and molecular crosstalk via several cytokines, they also augment the adaptive immune response by, promoting the differentiation, activation and recruitment of component cells of the system. With the current advance knowledge of Natural Killer (NK) cells, their receptor-ligand interactions involved in functional regulation, various mechanistic approaches involving the role of cytokines led to desired modulation of NK cell activity in a tailor-made manner, for triggering clinically relevant responces. Several strategies have been adopted by researchers, to augment the efficacy of NK cells. Still many challenges exist for increasing the therapeutic relevance of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical University, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical University, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rachna Sharma
- Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, TSM Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Zwirner NW, Ziblat A. Regulation of NK Cell Activation and Effector Functions by the IL-12 Family of Cytokines: The Case of IL-27. Front Immunol 2017; 8:25. [PMID: 28154569 PMCID: PMC5243847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are characterized by their ability to detect and induce apoptosis of susceptible target cells and by secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines such as IFN-γ. Activation of these effector functions is triggered upon recognition of tumor and pathogen (mostly virus)-infected cells and because of a bidirectional cross talk that NK cells establish with other cells of myeloid origin such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. A common characteristic of these myeloid cells is their ability to secrete different members of the IL-12 family of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27 and cytokines such as IL-15 and IL-18. Although the effect of IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 has been characterized, the effect of IL-23 and IL-27 on NK cells (especially human) remains ill-defined. Particularly, IL-27 is a cytokine with dual functions as it has been described as pro- and as anti-inflammatory in different experimental settings. Recent evidence indicates that this cytokine indeed promotes human NK cell activation, IFN-γ secretion, NKp46-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and antibody (Ab)-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against monoclonal Ab-coated tumor cells. Remarkably, IL-27 also primes NK cells for IL-18 responsiveness, enhancing these functional responses. Consequently, IL-27 acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that, in concert with other DC-derived cytokines, hierarchically contributes to NK cells activation and effector functions, which likely contributes to foster the adaptive immune response in different physiopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME, CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Ziblat
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME, CONICET) , Ciudad de Buenos Aires , Argentina
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19
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Genetic Causes of Human NK Cell Deficiency and Their Effect on NK Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:545. [PMID: 27994588 PMCID: PMC5133264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cells play critical roles in human host defense, particularly the control of viral infection and malignancy, and patients with congenital immunodeficiency affecting NK cell function or number can suffer from severe illness. The importance of NK cell function is particularly underscored in patients with primary immunodeficiency in which NK cells are the primary or sole affected population (NK cell deficiency, NKD). While NKD may lead to the absence of NK cells, we are also gaining an increasing appreciation of the effect that NKD may have on the generation of specific NK cell subsets. In turn, this leads to improved insights into the requirements for human NK cell subset generation, as well as their importance in immune homeostasis. The presence of inherently abnormally developed or functionally impaired NK cells, in particular, appears to be problematic in the way of interfering with normal human host defense and may be more impactful than low numbers of NK cells alone. Here, we review the known genetic causes of NKD and the insight that is derived by these into the requirements for human subset generation and, by extension, for NK cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX , USA
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20
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Mace EM, Bigley V, Gunesch JT, Chinn IK, Angelo LS, Care MA, Maisuria S, Keller MD, Togi S, Watkin LB, LaRosa DF, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Stray-Pedersen A, Coban Akdemir Z, Smith JB, Hernández-Sanabria M, Le DT, Hogg GD, Cao TN, Freud AG, Szymanski EP, Savic S, Collin M, Cant AJ, Gibbs RA, Holland SM, Caligiuri MA, Ozato K, Paust S, Doody GM, Lupski JR, Orange JS. Biallelic mutations in IRF8 impair human NK cell maturation and function. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:306-320. [PMID: 27893462 DOI: 10.1172/jci86276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cell deficiencies are rare yet result in severe and often fatal disease, particularly as a result of viral susceptibility. NK cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells, and few monogenic errors that specifically interrupt NK cell development have been reported. Here we have described biallelic mutations in IRF8, which encodes an interferon regulatory factor, as a cause of familial NK cell deficiency that results in fatal and severe viral disease. Compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in IRF8 in 3 unrelated families resulted in a paucity of mature CD56dim NK cells and an increase in the frequency of the immature CD56bright NK cells, and this impairment in terminal maturation was also observed in Irf8-/-, but not Irf8+/-, mice. We then determined that impaired maturation was NK cell intrinsic, and gene expression analysis of human NK cell developmental subsets showed that multiple genes were dysregulated by IRF8 mutation. The phenotype was accompanied by deficient NK cell function and was stable over time. Together, these data indicate that human NK cells require IRF8 for development and functional maturation and that dysregulation of this function results in severe human disease, thereby emphasizing a critical role for NK cells in human antiviral defense.
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21
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22
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Zhang J, Dunk C, Croy AB, Lye SJ. To serve and to protect: the role of decidual innate immune cells on human pregnancy. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:249-265. [PMID: 26572540 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The maternal-fetal interface undergoes dynamic changes that promote successful development of the embryo/fetal allograft during pregnancy. This immune privilege of the conceptus is mediated through local and systemic cellular responses. In species in which endometrial decidualization accompanies pregnancy, unique immune cell niches are found. Many studies have addressed the enigmatic roles of uterine (u)NK cells as killers and helpers because they are frequently found in the uterine lining and decidua of normal and pathological pregnancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that uNK cells are induced and transformed by sensing signals within their microenvironment to both protect the mother from the fetal allograft and support the fetus during its development. Here, we review the mechanisms that modulate these functions of uNK cells during pregnancy. We suggest that uNK cells must be tightly regulated in order to serve these two roles and support a healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhang
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St., Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.
| | - Caroline Dunk
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St., Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne B Croy
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St., Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Bonilla FA, Khan DA, Ballas ZK, Chinen J, Frank MM, Hsu JT, Keller M, Kobrynski LJ, Komarow HD, Mazer B, Nelson RP, Orange JS, Routes JM, Shearer WT, Sorensen RU, Verbsky JW, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Lang D, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph CR, Schuller D, Spector SL, Tilles S, Wallace D. Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1186-205.e1-78. [PMID: 26371839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing the "Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion.
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24
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Brown MG, Erickson LD. Editorial: NK cell reaping of Tfh cells: reckless slaughter or sensible pruning? J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:139-42. [PMID: 26048981 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ce0415-175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Brown
- Departments of *Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, and Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Loren D Erickson
- Departments of *Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, and Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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25
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Hanna S, Béziat V, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Etzioni A. A homozygous mutation of RTEL1 in a child presenting with an apparently isolated natural killer cell deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1113-4. [PMID: 26025130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suheir Hanna
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatrics and Immunology, Ruth Rappaport Children Hospital, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean Laurent Casanova
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St Giles Lab of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Amos Etzioni
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatrics and Immunology, Ruth Rappaport Children Hospital, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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26
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El-Sherbiny YM, Holmes TD, Wetherill LF, Black EVI, Wilson EB, Phillips SL, Scott GB, Adair RA, Dave R, Scott KJ, Morgan RSM, Coffey M, Toogood GJ, Melcher AA, Cook GP. Controlled infection with a therapeutic virus defines the activation kinetics of human natural killer cells in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:98-107. [PMID: 25469725 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in anti-viral immunity. However, studying their activation kinetics during infection is highly problematic. A clinical trial of a therapeutic virus provided an opportunity to study human NK cell activation in vivo in a controlled manner. Ten colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases received between one and five doses of oncolytic reovirus prior to surgical resection of their tumour. NK cell surface expression of the interferon-inducible molecules CD69 and tetherin peaked 24-48 h post-infection, coincident with a peak of interferon-induced gene expression. The interferon response and NK cell activation were transient, declining by 96 h post-infection. Furthermore, neither NK cell activation nor the interferon response were sustained in patients undergoing multiple rounds of virus treatment. These results show that reovirus modulates human NK cell activity in vivo and suggest that this may contribute to any therapeutic effect of this oncolytic virus. Detection of a single, transient peak of activation, despite multiple treatment rounds, has implications for the design of reovirus-based therapy. Furthermore, our results suggest the existence of a post-infection refractory period when the interferon response and NK cell activation are blunted. This refractory period has been observed previously in animal models and may underlie the enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections that is seen following viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M El-Sherbiny
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK; Affiliated with the Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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27
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Yan C, Laguna BA, Marlowe LE, Keller MD, Treat JR. Herpes zoster duplex bilateralis in an immunocompetent adolescent boy: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol 2014; 31:341-4. [PMID: 24641775 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous involvement of herpes zoster in multiple dermatomes is uncommon, and even more so in immunocompetent individuals. We report a case wherein a healthy adolescent boy presented with herpes zoster in two distinct dermatomes, raising concern for immunodeficiency, but he was found to be immunocompetent on further testing. A 14-year-old boy with no significant past medical history developed painless vesicular eruptions in two distinct distributions. Varicella zoster virus polymerase chain reaction was positive from unroofed vesicles in both regions. Initial laboratory studies disclosed abnormalities of unknown significance in natural killer (NK) cell percentage and function. The patient was treated with appropriate antiviral therapy. Repeat studies while healthy were not suggestive of an underlying NK cell defect. There are few case reports describing herpes zoster in two or more dermatomes in children. Previously described presentations most commonly occurred in the context of primary immunodeficiency, acquired immunodeficiency, or immunosuppressive medications. Because of the rarity of this presentation in immunocompetent patients, the authors recommend a thorough immune evaluation of all children presenting with isolated multidermatomal zoster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yan
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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28
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Nash WT, Teoh J, Wei H, Gamache A, Brown MG. Know Thyself: NK-Cell Inhibitory Receptors Prompt Self-Tolerance, Education, and Viral Control. Front Immunol 2014; 5:175. [PMID: 24795719 PMCID: PMC3997006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide essential protection against viral infections. One of the defining features of this lymphocyte population is the expression of a wide array of variable cell surface stimulatory and inhibitory NK receptors (sNKR and iNKR, respectively). The iNKR are particularly important in terms of NK-cell education. As receptors specific for MHC class I (MHC I) molecules, they are responsible for self-tolerance and adjusting NK-cell reactivity based on the expression level of self-MHC I. The end result of this education is twofold: (1) inhibitory signaling tunes the functional capacity of the NK cell, endowing greater potency with greater education, and (2) education on self allows the NK cell to detect aberrations in MHC I expression, a common occurrence during many viral infections. Many studies have indicated an important role for iNKR and MHC I in disease, making these receptors attractive targets for manipulating NK-cell reactivity in the clinic. A greater understanding of iNKR and their ability to regulate NK cells will provide a basis for future attempts at translating their potential utility into benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Nash
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Jeffrey Teoh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Hairong Wei
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Awndre Gamache
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Michael G Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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29
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The Role of CD2 Family Members in NK-Cell Regulation of B-Cell Antibody Production. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Orange JS. Natural killer cell deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:515-525. [PMID: 23993353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune defense against infection and cancer and are especially useful in combating certain viral pathogens. The utility of NK cells in human health has been underscored by a growing number of persons who are deficient in NK cells and/or their functions. This can be in the context of a broader genetically defined congenital immunodeficiency, of which there are more than 40 presently known to impair NK cells. However, the abnormality of NK cells in certain cases represents the majority immunologic defect. In aggregate, these conditions are termed NK cell deficiency. Recent advances have added clarity to this diagnosis and identified defects in 3 genes that can cause NK cell deficiency, as well as some of the underlying biology. Appropriate consideration of these diagnoses and patients raises the potential for rational therapeutic options and further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
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31
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Prince J, Lundgren A, Stadnisky MD, Nash WT, Beeber A, Turner SD, Brown MG. Multiparametric analysis of host response to murine cytomegalovirus in MHC class I-disparate mice reveals primacy of Dk-licensed Ly49G2+ NK cells in viral control. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4709-19. [PMID: 24068668 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
MHC class I D(k) and Ly49G2 (G2) inhibitory receptor-expressing NK cells are essential to murine CMV (MCMV) resistance in MA/My mice. Without D(k), G2(+) NK cells in C57L mice fail to protect against MCMV infection. As a cognate ligand of G2, D(k) licenses G2(+) NK cells for effector activity. These data suggested that D(k)-licensed G2(+) NK cells might recognize and control MCMV infection. However, a role for licensed NK cells in viral immunity is uncertain. We combined classical genetics with flow cytometry to visualize the host response to MCMV. Immune cells collected from individuals of a diverse cohort of MA/My × C57L offspring segregating D(k) were examined before infection and postinfection, including Ly49(+) NK subsets, receptor expression features, and other phenotypic traits. To identify critical NK cell features, automated analysis of 110 traits was performed in R using the Pearson correlation, followed with a Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. Hierarchical clustering of trait associations and principal component analyses were used to discern shared immune response and genetic relationships. The results demonstrate that G2 expression on naive blood NK cells was predictive of MCMV resistance. However, rapid G2(+) NK cell expansion following viral exposure occurred selectively in D(k) offspring; this response was more highly correlated with MCMV control than all other immune cell features. We infer that D(k)-licensed G2(+) NK cells efficiently detected missing-self MHC cues on viral targets, which elicited cellular expansion and target cell killing. Therefore, MHC polymorphism regulates licensing and detection of viral targets by distinct subsets of NK cells required in innate viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Prince
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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32
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Primary immunodeficiencies: a rapidly evolving story. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:314-23. [PMID: 23374262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) in human subjects is crucial for a better understanding of the biology of the immune response. New achievements in this field have been possible in light of collaborative studies; attention paid to new phenotypes, infectious and otherwise; improved immunologic techniques; and use of exome sequencing technology. The International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee on PIDs recently reported on the updated classification of PIDs. However, new PIDs are being discovered at an ever-increasing rate. A series of 19 novel primary defects of immunity that have been discovered after release of the International Union of Immunological Societies report are discussed here. These new findings highlight the molecular pathways that are associated with clinical phenotypes and suggest potential therapies for affected patients.
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Abstract
Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody of IgG1 subtype that binds to the Tac epitope on the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α-chain (CD25), thus, effectively blocking the formation of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. Because the high-affinity IL-2 receptor signaling promotes expansion of activated T cells in vitro, daclizumab was designed as a therapy that selectively inhibits T-cell activation. Assuming the previous statement, daclizumab received regulatory approval as add-on therapy to standard immunosuppressive regimen for the prevention of acute allograft rejection in renal transplantation. Based on its putative mechanism of action (MOA), daclizumab represented an ideal therapy for T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and was subsequently tested in inflammatory uveitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). In both of these diseases, daclizumab therapy significantly inhibited target organ inflammation. Mechanistic studies in MS demonstrated that the MOA of daclizumab is surprisingly broad and that the drug exerts unexpected effects on multiple components of the innate immune system. Specifically, daclizumab dramatically expands and activates immunoregulatory CD56(bright) NK cells, which gain access to the intrathecal compartment in MS and can kill autologous activated T cells. Daclizumab also blocks trans-presentation of IL-2 by mature dendritic cells to primed T cells, resulting in profound inhibition of antigen-specific T cells. Finally, daclizumab modulates the development of innate lymphoid cells. In conclusion, daclizumab therapy, which is currently in phase III testing for inflammatory MS, has a unique MOA that does not limit migration of immune cells into the intrathecal compartment, but rather provides multifactorial immunomodulatory effects with resultant inhibition of MS-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit (NDU), Neuroimmunology Branch (NIB), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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