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Pierce CF, Brown VR, Olsen SC, Boggiatto P, Pedersen K, Miller RS, Speidel SE, Smyser TJ. Loci Associated With Antibody Response in Feral Swine ( Sus scrofa) Infected With Brucella suis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:554674. [PMID: 33324693 PMCID: PMC7724110 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.554674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are a destructive invasive species widespread throughout the United States that disrupt ecosystems, damage crops, and carry pathogens of concern for the health of domestic stock and humans including Brucella suis-the causative organism for swine brucellosis. In domestic swine, brucellosis results in reproductive failure due to abortions and infertility. Contact with infected feral swine poses spillover risks to domestic pigs as well as humans, companion animals, wildlife, and other livestock. Genetic factors influence the outcome of infectious diseases; therefore, genome wide association studies (GWAS) of differential immune responses among feral swine can provide an understanding of disease dynamics and inform management to prevent the spillover of brucellosis from feral swine to domestic pigs. We sought to identify loci associated with differential antibody responses among feral swine naturally infected with B. suis using a case-control GWAS. Tissue, serum, and genotype data (68,516 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms) collected from 47 feral swine were analyzed in this study. The 47 feral swine were culture positive for Brucella spp. Of these 47, 16 were antibody positive (cases) whereas 31 were antibody negative (controls). Single-locus GWAS were performed using efficient mixed-model association eXpedited (EMMAX) methodology with three genetic models: additive, dominant, and recessive. Eight loci associated with seroconversion were identified on chromosome 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 18. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses revealed nine putative candidate genes related to immune function, most notably phagocytosis and induction of an inflammatory response. Identified loci and putative candidate genes may play an important role in host immune responses to B. suis infection, characterized by a detectable bacterial presence yet a differential antibody response. Given that antibody tests are used to evaluate brucellosis infection in domestic pigs and for disease surveillance in invasive feral swine, additional studies are needed to fully understand the genetic component of the response to B. suis infection and to more effectively translate estimates of Brucella spp. antibody prevalence among feral swine to disease control management action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney F. Pierce
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Vienna R. Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven C. Olsen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola Boggiatto
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kerri Pedersen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ryan S. Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Scott E. Speidel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Timothy J. Smyser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Maseda D, Ricciotti E, Crofford LJ. Prostaglandin regulation of T cell biology. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104456. [PMID: 31553935 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) are pleiotropic bioactive lipids involved in the control of many physiological processes, including key roles in regulating inflammation. This links PG to the modulation of the quality and magnitude of immune responses. T cells, as a core part of the immune system, respond readily to inflammatory cues from their environment, and express a diverse array of PG receptors that contribute to their function and phenotype. Here we put in context our knowledge about how PG affect T cell biology, and review advances that bring light into how specific T cell functions that have been newly discovered are modulated through PG. We will also comment on drugs that target PG metabolism and sensing, their effect on T cell function during disease, and we will finally discuss how we can design new approaches that modulate PG in order to maximize desired therapeutic T cell effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 8-138 Smillow Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Alfajaro MM, Cho EH, Park JG, Kim JY, Soliman M, Baek YB, Kang MI, Park SI, Cho KO. Feline calicivirus- and murine norovirus-induced COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway has proviral effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200726. [PMID: 30021004 PMCID: PMC6051663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COXs)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathways are known to modulate a variety of homeostatic processes and are involved in various pathophysiological conditions. COXs/PGE2 signaling pathways have also been demonstrated to have proviral or antiviral effects, which appeared different even in the same virus family. A porcine sapovirus Cowden strain, a member of genus Sapovirus within the Caliciviridae family, induces strong COX-2/PGE2 but transient COX-1/PGE2 signaling to enhance virus replication. However, whether infections of other viruses in the different genera activate COXs/PGE2 signaling, and thus affect the replication of viruses, remains unknown. In the present study, infections of cells with the feline calicivirus (FCV) F9 strain in the genus Vesivirus and murine norovirus (MNV) CW-1 strain in the genus Norovirus only activated the COX-2/PGE2 signaling in a time-dependent manner. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors or transfection of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against COX-2 enzyme significantly reduced the production of PGE2 as well as FCV and MNV replications. The inhibitory effects of these pharmacological inhibitors against COX-2 enzyme on the replication of both viruses were restored by the addition of PGE2. Silencing of COX-1 via siRNAs and inhibition of COX-1 via an inhibitor also decrease the production of PGE2 and replication of both viruses, which can be attributed to the inhibition COX-1/PGE2 signaling pathway. These data indicate that the COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway has proviral effects for the replication of FCV and MNV, and pharmacological inhibitors against these enzymes serve as potential therapeutic candidates for treating FCV and MNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyo Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Bin Baek
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Benelli R, Venè R, Ferrari N. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (cyclooxygenase-2), a complex target for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy. Transl Res 2018; 196:42-61. [PMID: 29421522 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A plentiful literature has linked colorectal cancer (CRC) to inflammation and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS)2 expression. Accordingly, several nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been tested often successfully in CRC chemoprevention despite their different ability to specifically target PTGS2 and the low or null expression of PTGS2 in early colon adenomas. Some observational studies showed an increased survival for patients with CRC assuming NSAIDs after diagnosis, but no clinical trial has yet demonstrated the efficacy of NSAIDs against established CRC, where PTGS2 is expressed at high levels. The major limits for the application of NSAIDs, or specific PTGS2 inhibitors, as adjuvant drugs in CRC are (1) a frequent confusion about the physiological role of PTGS1 and PTGS2, reflecting in CRC pathology and therapy; (2) the presence of unavoidable side effects linked to the intrinsic function of these enzymes; (3) the need of established criteria and markers for patient selection; and (4) the evaluation of the immunomodulatory potential of PTGS2 inhibitors as possible adjuvants for immunotherapy. This review has been written to rediscover the multifaceted potential of PTGS2 targeting, hoping it could act as a starting point for a new and more aware application of NSAIDs against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Benelli
- OU Immunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy.
| | - Roberta Venè
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
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Rousseau M, Naika GS, Perron J, Jacques F, Gelb MH, Boilard E. Study of the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha in eicosanoid generation and thymocyte maturation in the thymus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126204. [PMID: 25969996 PMCID: PMC4430275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ, home of maturation and selection of thymocytes for generation of functional T-cells. Multiple factors are involved throughout the different stages of the maturation process to tightly regulate T-cell production. The metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and specific isomerases generates eicosanoids, lipid mediators capable of triggering cellular responses. In this study, we determined the profile of expression of the eicosanoids present in the mouse thymus at different stages of thymocyte development. As the group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids, thereby generating arachidonic acid, we further verified its contribution by including cPLA2α deficient mice to our investigations. We found that a vast array of eicosanoids is expressed in the thymus, which expression is substantially modulated through thymocyte development. The cPLA2α was dispensable in the generation of most eicosanoids in the thymus and consistently, the ablation of the cPLA2α gene in mouse thymus and the culture of thymuses from human newborns in presence of the cPLA2α inhibitor pyrrophenone did not impact thymocyte maturation. This study provides information on the eicosanoid repertoire present during thymocyte development and suggests that thymocyte maturation can occur independently of cPLA2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Rousseau
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gajendra S. Naika
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, the United States of America
| | - Jean Perron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frederic Jacques
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, the United States of America
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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6
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Synthesis, structure–activity relationships, and bioactivity evaluation of 6-bromo-quinazolinone derivatives. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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8
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COX-2 protects against atherosclerosis independently of local vascular prostacyclin: identification of COX-2 associated pathways implicate Rgl1 and lymphocyte networks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98165. [PMID: 24887395 PMCID: PMC4041570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyxlo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, including traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with increased cardiovascular side effects, including myocardial infarction. We and others have shown that COX-1 and not COX-2 drives vascular prostacyclin in the healthy cardiovascular system, re-opening the question of how COX-2 might regulate cardiovascular health. In diseased, atherosclerotic vessels, the relative contribution of COX-2 to prostacyclin formation is not clear. Here we have used apoE(-/-)/COX-2(-/-) mice to show that, whilst COX-2 profoundly limits atherosclerosis, this protection is independent of local prostacyclin release. These data further illustrate the need to look for new explanations, targets and pathways to define the COX/NSAID/cardiovascular risk axis. Gene expression profiles in tissues from apoE(-/-)/COX-2(-/-) mice showed increased lymphocyte pathways that were validated by showing increased T-lymphocytes in plaques and elevated plasma Th1-type cytokines. In addition, we identified a novel target gene, rgl1, whose expression was strongly reduced by COX-2 deletion across all examined tissues. This study is the first to demonstrate that COX-2 protects vessels against atherosclerotic lesions independently of local vascular prostacyclin and uses systems biology approaches to identify new mechanisms relevant to development of next generation NSAIDs.
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Nicolaou A, Mauro C, Urquhart P, Marelli-Berg F. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-derived lipid mediators and T cell function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24611066 PMCID: PMC3933826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in T cell biology both as nutrients important for energy production as well as signaling molecules. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to exhibit a range of immunomodulatory properties that progress through T cell mediated events, although the molecular mechanisms of these actions have not yet been fully elucidated. Some of these immune activities are linked to polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced alteration of the composition of cellular membranes and the consequent changes in signaling pathways linked to membrane raft-associated proteins. However, significant aspects of the polyunsaturated fatty acid bioactivities are mediated through their transformation to specific lipid mediators, products of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or cytochrome P450 enzymatic reactions. Resulting bioactive metabolites including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and endocannabinoids are produced by and/or act upon T leukocytes through cell surface receptors and have been shown to alter T cell activation and differentiation, proliferation, cytokine production, motility, and homing events. Detailed appreciation of the mode of action of these lipids presents opportunities for the design and development of therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Paula Urquhart
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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10
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Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Neural Stem Cells, Cell Proliferation, and Neuroblast Differentiation in the Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus in Cyclooxygenase-2 Knockout Mice. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2559-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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The immunobiology of prostanoid receptor signaling in connecting innate and adaptive immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:683405. [PMID: 24024207 PMCID: PMC3762073 DOI: 10.1155/2013/683405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and prostacyclins, are synthesized from arachidonic acid (AA) by the action of Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. They are bioactive inflammatory lipid mediators that play a key role in immunity and immunopathology. Prostanoids exert their effects on immune and inflammatory cells by binding to membrane receptors that are widely expressed throughout the immune system and act at multiple levels in innate and adaptive immunity. The immunoregulatory role of prostanoids results from their ability to regulate cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, cytokine production, cytokine receptor expression, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, cell-surface molecule levels, and cell migration in both autocrine and paracrine manners. By acting on immune cells of both systems, prostanoids and their receptors have great impact on immune regulation and play a pivotal role in connecting innate and adaptive immunity. This paper focuses on the immunobiology of prostanoid receptor signaling because of their potential clinical relevance for various disorders including inflammation, autoimmunity, and tumorigenesis. We mainly discuss the effects of major COX metabolites, PGD2, PGE2, their signaling during dendritic cell (DC)-natural killer (NK) reciprocal crosstalk, DC-T cell interaction, and subsequent consequences on determining crucial aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in normal and pathological settings.
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Li H, Edin ML, Bradbury JA, Graves JP, DeGraff LM, Gruzdev A, Cheng J, Dackor RT, Wang PM, Bortner CD, Garantziotis S, Jetten AM, Zeldin DC. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits T helper cell type 9 differentiation during allergic lung inflammation via down-regulation of IL-17RB. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:812-22. [PMID: 23449692 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201211-2073oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Helper CD4(+) T cell subsets, including IL-9- and IL-10-producing T helper cell type 9 (Th9) cells, exist under certain inflammatory conditions. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 play important roles in allergic lung inflammation and asthma. It is unknown whether COX-derived eicosanoids regulate Th9 cells during allergic lung inflammation. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of COX metabolites in regulating Th9 cell differentiation and function during allergic lung inflammation. METHODS COX-1(-/-), COX-2(-/-), and wild-type (WT) mice were studied in an in vivo model of ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation and an in vitro model of Th9 differentiation using flow cytometry, cytokine assays, confocal microscopy, real-time PCR, and immunoblotting. In addition, the role of specific eicosanoids and their receptors was examined using synthetic prostaglandins (PGs), selective inhibitors, and siRNA knockdown. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Experimental endpoints were not different between COX-1(-/-) and WT mice; however, the percentage of IL-9(+) CD4(+) T cells was increased in lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lymph nodes, and blood of allergic COX-2(-/-) mice relative to WT. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-9 and IL-10, serum IL-9, and lung IL-17RB levels were significantly increased in allergic COX-2(-/-) mice or in WT mice treated with COX-2 inhibitors. IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17RB expression in vivo was inhibited by PGD2 and PGE2, which also reduced Th9 cell differentiation of murine and human naive CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Inhibition of protein kinase A significantly increased Th9 cell differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells isolated from WT mice in vitro. CONCLUSIONS COX-2-derived PGD2 and PGE2 regulate Th9 cell differentiation by suppressing IL-17RB expression via a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Vitale P, Tacconelli S, Perrone MG, Malerba P, Simone L, Scilimati A, Lavecchia A, Dovizio M, Marcantoni E, Bruno A, Patrignani P. Synthesis, Pharmacological Characterization, and Docking Analysis of a Novel Family of Diarylisoxazoles as Highly Selective Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4277-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Malerba
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Simone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, “Drug
Discovery” Laboratory, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131
Napoli, Italy
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14
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Barone M, Graziano ACE, Marrazzo A, Gemmellaro P, Santagati A, Cardile V. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new benzo-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one sulphonamide thio-derivatives as potential selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Mol Divers 2013; 17:445-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Reciprocal crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells under the effects of PGE2 in immunity and immunopathology. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:213-21. [PMID: 23524652 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal activating crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells plays a pivotal role in regulating immune defense against viruses and tumors. The cytokine-producing capacity, Th-cell polarizing ability and chemokine expression, migration and stimulatory functions of DCs are regulated by activated NK cells. Conversely, the innate and effector functions of NK cells require close interactions with activated DCs. Cell membrane-associated molecules and soluble mediators, including cytokines and prostaglandins (PGs), contribute to the bidirectional crosstalk between DCs and NK cells. One of the most well-known and well-studied PGs is PGE2. Produced by many cell types, PGE2 has been shown to affect various aspects of the immune and inflammatory responses by acting on all components of the immune system. There is emerging evidence that PGE2 plays crucial roles in DC and NK cell biology. Several studies have shown that DCs are not only a source of PGE2, but also a target of its immunomodulatory action in normal immune response and during immune disorders. Although NK cells appear to be unable to produce PGE2, they are described as powerful PGE2-responding cells, as they express all PGE2 E-prostanoid (EP) receptors. Several NK cell functions (lysis, migration, proliferation, cytokine production) are influenced by PGE2. This review highlights the effects of PGE2 on DC-NK cell crosstalk and its subsequent impact on immune regulations in normal and immunopathological processes.
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Prostaglandin E2 regulates murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells directly via EP4 receptor and indirectly through mesenchymal progenitor cells. Blood 2013; 121:1995-2007. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-437889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
PGE2 signaling positively regulates hematopoietic stem cells both directly and via activation of a nonhematopoietic cell population. EP4 is a major receptor for the PGE2-mediated regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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17
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Sevigny MB, Graham K, Ponce E, Louie MC, Mitchell K. Glycosylation of human cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) decreases the efficacy of certain COX-2 inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:445-50. [PMID: 22245433 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids play an important role in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation and cancer. The rate-limiting step in the prostanoid biosynthesis pathway is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 exists as two glycoforms, 72 and 74 kDa, the latter resulting from an additional glycosylation at Asn(580). In this study, Asn(580) was mutated, and the mutant and wild-type COX-2 genes were expressed in COS-1 cells to determine how glycosylation affects the inhibition of COX-2 activity by aspirin, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, celecoxib, and etoricoxib. Results indicate that certain inhibitors were 2-5 times more effective at inhibiting COX-2 activity when the glycosylation site was eliminated, indicating that glycosylation of COX-2 at Asn(580) decreases the efficacy of some inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Sevigny
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA.
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Patrignani P, Tacconelli S, Capone ML. Risk management profile of etoricoxib: an example of personalized medicine. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 4:983-97. [PMID: 19209280 PMCID: PMC2621416 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) selective for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (named coxibs) has been driven by the aim of reducing the incidence of serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events associated with the administration of traditional (t) NSAIDs – mainly dependent on the inhibition of COX-1 in GI tract and platelets. However, their use has unravelled the important protective role of COX-2 for the cardiovascular (CV) system, mainly through the generation of prostacyclin. In a recent nested-case control study, we found that patients taking NSAIDs (both coxibs and tNSAIDs) had a 35% increase risk of myocardial infarction. The increased incidence of thrombotic events associated with profound inhibition of COX-2-dependent prostacyclin by coxibs and tNSAIDs can be mitigated, even if not obliterated, by a complete suppression of platelet COX-1 activity. However, most tNSAIDs and coxibs are functional COX-2 selective for the platelet (ie, they cause a profound suppression of COX-2 associated with insufficient inhibition of platelet COX-1 to translate into inhibition of platelet function), which explains their shared CV toxicity. The development of genetic and biochemical markers will help to identify the responders to NSAIDs or who are uniquely susceptible at developing thrombotic or GI events by COX inhibition. We will describe possible strategies to reduce the side effects of etoricoxib by using biochemical markers of COX inhibition, such as whole blood COX-2 and the assessment of prostacyclin biosynthesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Patrignani
- Department of Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University School of Medicine, and "Gabriele D'Annunzio" University Foundation, CeSI, Chieti, Italy
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Courivaud C, Bamoulid J, Ferrand C, Tiberghien P, Chalopin JM, Saas P, Ducloux D. The COX-2 gene promoter polymorphism -765 delays CD4 T-cell reconstitution after lymphocyte depletion with antithymocyte globulins. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1060-3. [PMID: 21782872 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal antithymocyte globulins (ATG) induce persistent changes in T-lymphocyte subsets characterized by low CD4 T. The mechanisms remain partly unknown. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is involved in lymphocyte homeostasis. Whether PGE(2) may be involved in persistent CD4 T-cell lymphopenia after ATG is unknown. We examined the association between this polymorphism and CD4 T-cell count in 159 renal transplant recipients (RTR) who received ATG. Analysis of these patients identified 6 CC (3.8%), 32 GC (22.6%), and 117 GG (73.6%) genotypes. Patients with the GG genotype had significantly higher serum PGE(2) concentrations, leading us to compare C carriers with GG patients. Carriers of the C allele had lower CD4 T cell count 1 year (235 ± 96 vs 323 ± 227/mm(3); p = 0.022) and 2 years posttransplant (325 ± 79 vs 422 ± 231/mm(3); p = 0.024). In multivariate analysis, the C allele (p = 0.029) conferred an increased risk of posttransplant CD4 T-cell lymphocytopenia. Pretransplant T-cell receptor excision circle levels were lower in C carriers. COX-2 gene promoter polymorphism at position -765 (G → C) is associated with persistent CD4 T-cell lymphopenia after ATG in RTR. This effect is likely to be mediated by the actions of PGE(2) on thymus function and viability.
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Gruia AT, Barbu-Tudoran L, Mic AA, Ordodi VL, Paunescu V, Mic FA. Arachidonic acid accumulates in the stromal macrophages during thymus involution in diabetes. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:79-92. [PMID: 21626126 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a debilitating disease with chronic evolution that affects many tissues and organs over its course. Thymus is an organ that is affected early after the onset of diabetes, gradually involuting until it loses most of its thymocyte populations. We show evidence of accumulating free fatty acids with generation of eicosanoids in the diabetic thymus and we present a possible mechanism for the involution of the organ during the disease. Young rats were injected with streptozotocin and their thymuses examined for cell death by flow cytometry and TUNEL reaction. Accumulation of lipids in the diabetic thymus was investigated by histology and electron microscopy. The identity and quantitation of accumulating lipids was done with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography. The expression and dynamics of the enzymes were monitored via immunohistochemistry. Diabetes causes thymus involution by elevating the thymocyte apoptosis. Exposure of thymocytes to elevated concentration of glucose causes apoptosis. After the onset of diabetes, there is a gradual accumulation of free fatty acids in the stromal macrophages including arachidonic acid, the substrate for eicosanoids. The eicosanoids do not cause thymocyte apoptosis but administration of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor reduces the staining for ED1, a macrophage marker whose intensity correlates with phagocytic activity. Diabetes causes thymus involution that is accompanied by accumulation of free fatty acids in the thymic macrophages. Excess glucose is able to induce thymocyte apoptosis but eicosanoids are involved in the chemoattraction of macrophage to remove the dead thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Gruia
- Regional Center for Immunology and Transplant, Timisoara County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
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Li H, Bradbury JA, Dackor RT, Edin ML, Graves JP, DeGraff LM, Wang PM, Bortner CD, Maruoka S, Lih FB, Cook DN, Tomer KB, Jetten AM, Zeldin DC. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation during allergic lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:37-49. [PMID: 21474648 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1637oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Th17 cells comprise a distinct lineage of proinflammatory T helper cells that are major contributors to allergic responses. It is unknown whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived eicosanoids regulate Th17 cells during allergic lung inflammation. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of COX metabolites in regulating Th17 cell differentiation and function during allergic lung inflammation. METHODS COX-1(-/-), COX-2(-/-), and wild-type mice were studied in an in vivo model of ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation and an in vitro model of Th17 differentiation using flow cytometry, cytokine assays, confocal microscopy, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting. In addition, the role of specific eicosanoids and their receptors was examined using synthetic prostaglandins (PGs), selective inhibitors, and siRNA knockdown. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Th17 cell differentiation in lung, lymph nodes, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly lower in COX-2(-/-) mice after ovalbumin sensitization and exposure in vivo. In vitro studies revealed significantly impaired Th17 cell differentiation of COX-2(-/-) naive CD4(+) T cells with decreased Stat3 phosphorylation and RORγt expression. Synthetic PGF(2α) and PGI(2) enhanced Th17 cell differentiation of COX-2(-/-) CD4(+) T cells in vitro. The selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and PGF(2α) receptor and PGI(2) receptor siRNA knockdown significantly decreased Th17 cell differentiation in vitro. Administration of synthetic PGs restored accumulation of Th17 cells in lungs of allergic COX-2(-/-) mice in vivo. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 is a critical regulator of Th17 cell differentiation during allergic lung inflammation via autocrine signaling of PGI(2) and PGF(2α) through their respective cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Laboratories of Respiratory Biology; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Chang M, Smith S, Thorpe A, Barratt MJ, Karim F. Evaluation of phenoxybenzamine in the CFA model of pain following gene expression studies and connectivity mapping. Mol Pain 2010; 6:56. [PMID: 20846436 PMCID: PMC2949723 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously used the rat 4 day Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model to screen compounds with potential to reduce osteoarthritic pain. The aim of this study was to identify genes altered in this model of osteoarthritic pain and use this information to infer analgesic potential of compounds based on their own gene expression profiles using the Connectivity Map approach. Results Using microarrays, we identified differentially expressed genes in L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from rats that had received intraplantar CFA for 4 days compared to matched, untreated control animals. Analysis of these data indicated that the two groups were distinguishable by differences in genes important in immune responses, nerve growth and regeneration. This list of differentially expressed genes defined a "CFA signature". We used the Connectivity Map approach to identify pharmacologic agents in the Broad Institute Build02 database that had gene expression signatures that were inversely related ('negatively connected') with our CFA signature. To test the predictive nature of the Connectivity Map methodology, we tested phenoxybenzamine (an alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist) - one of the most negatively connected compounds identified in this database - for analgesic activity in the CFA model. Our results indicate that at 10 mg/kg, phenoxybenzamine demonstrated analgesia comparable to that of Naproxen in this model. Conclusion Evaluation of phenoxybenzamine-induced analgesia in the current study lends support to the utility of the Connectivity Map approach for identifying compounds with analgesic properties in the CFA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Chang
- Indications Discovery Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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Pharmacologic inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 in influenza A viral infection in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11610. [PMID: 20657653 PMCID: PMC2904706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 deficiency results in greater morbidity and inflammation, whereas COX-2 deficiency leads to reduced morbidity, inflammation and mortality in influenza infected mice. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the effects of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in influenza A viral infection. Mice were given a COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560), a COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) or no inhibitor beginning 2 weeks prior to influenza A viral infection (200 PFU) and throughout the course of the experiment. Body weight and temperature were measured daily as indicators of morbidity. Animals were sacrificed on days 1 and 4 post-infection and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected or daily mortality was recorded up to 2 weeks post-infection. Treatment with SC-560 significantly increased mortality and was associated with profound hypothermia and greater weight loss compared to celecoxib or control groups. On day 4 of infection, BAL fluid cells were modestly elevated in celecoxib treated mice compared to SC-560 or control groups. Viral titres were similar between treatment groups. Levels of TNF-α and G-CSF were significantly attenuated in the SC-560 and celecoxib groups versus control and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in BAL fluid of celecoxib treated mice versus control and versus the SC-560 group. The chemokine KC was significantly lower in SC-560 group versus control. Conclusions/Significance Treatment with a COX-1 inhibitor during influenza A viral infection is detrimental to the host whereas inhibition of COX-2 does not significantly modulate disease severity. COX-1 plays a critical role in controlling the thermoregulatory response to influenza A viral infection in mice.
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Hui Y, Ricciotti E, Crichton I, Yu Z, Wang D, Stubbe J, Wang M, Puré E, FitzGerald GA. Targeted deletions of cyclooxygenase-2 and atherogenesis in mice. Circulation 2010; 121:2654-60. [PMID: 20530000 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.910687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the dominant product of vascular Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), restrains atherogenesis, inhibition and deletion of COX-2 have yielded conflicting results in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Floxed mice were used to parse distinct cellular contributions of COX-2 in macrophages and T cells (TCs) to atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Deletion of macrophage-COX-2 (Mac-COX-2KOs) was attained with LysMCre mice and completely suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage prostaglandin (PG) formation and lipopolysaccharide-evoked systemic PG biosynthesis by approximately 30%. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated COX-2 expression was suppressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from MacKOs, but PG formation was not even detected in polymorphonuclear leukocyte supernatants from control mice. Atherogenesis was attenuated when MacKOs were crossed into hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knockouts. Deletion of Mac-COX-2 appeared to remove a restraint on COX-2 expression in lesional nonleukocyte (CD45- and CD11b-negative) vascular cells that express vascular cell adhesion molecule and variably alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, portending a shift in PG profile and consequent atheroprotection. Basal expression of COX-2 was minimal in TCs, but use of CD4Cre to generate TC knockouts depressed its modest upregulation by anti-CD3epsilon. However, biosynthesis of PGs, TC composition in lymphatic organs, and atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockouts were unaltered in TC knockouts. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage-COX-2, primarily a source of thromboxane A(2) and prostaglandin (PG)E(2), promotes atherogenesis and exerts a restraint on enzyme expression by lesional cells suggestive of vascular smooth muscle cells, a prominent source of atheroprotective prostacyclin. TC COX-2 does not detectably influence TC development or function or atherogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Hui
- School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 153 Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Hara S, Kamei D, Sasaki Y, Tanemoto A, Nakatani Y, Murakami M. Prostaglandin E synthases: Understanding their pathophysiological roles through mouse genetic models. Biochimie 2010; 92:651-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Blaho VA, Buczynski MW, Dennis EA, Brown CR. Cyclooxygenase-1 orchestrates germinal center formation and antibody class-switch via regulation of IL-17. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5644-53. [PMID: 19843949 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are known modulators of innate immune cell function; however, their contributions to adaptive immunity are relatively unknown. We investigated the roles of COX-1 and COX-2 in the humoral immune response to infection with the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi. We report that in vitro, murine B cells constitutively expressed COX-1 and up-regulated expression of both COX-1 and COX-2 as well as their products PGE(2), PGF(2alpha), and thromboxane B(2) and their receptors following stimulation with B. burgdorferi or anti-CD40. In vitro inhibition of COX-1 and/or COX-2 in murine B cells resulted in decreased eicosanoid production and altered Ab production. Importantly, infection of mice lacking COX-1, but not COX-2, activity resulted in a defect in Ig class-switching and a lack of Borrelia-specific IgG production. This defect correlated with decreased germinal center formation and IL-6 and IL-17 production, and it could be partially recovered by restoration of IL-6, but fully recovered by IL-17. Furthermore, sera from COX-1 inhibitor-treated mice were dramatically less effective in killing B. burgdorferi, but borreliacidal activity was restored in COX-1 inhibitor-treated mice administered IL-17. We conclude that IL-17 plays a role in Ab production and Ig class-switching in response to infection and that COX-1 is a critical, previously unrecognized regulator of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Blaho
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Johansson AS, Pawelzik SC, Larefalk A, Jakobsson PJ, Holmberg D, Lindskog M. Lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma in mice is unaffected by Celecoxib as single agent or in combination with cyclophosphamide. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:1198-203. [PMID: 19557641 DOI: 10.1080/10428190902946930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Celecoxib, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, is a promising novel antitumor agent with pleitropic mechanisms of action. Whereas this drug induces growth arrest and apoptosis of B-lymphoma cells, its effect against aggressive T-cell neoplasms remains to be studied. We therefore evaluated Celecoxib therapy of immunocompetent mice transplanted with lymphoblastic T-cell lymphomas. Oral Celecoxib in clinically relevant and non-toxic doses did not affect the degree of hypersplenism or the number of viable lymphoma cells. The clinical deterioration of Celecoxib-treated mice was not different from untreated controls. The impact of adding Celecoxib (60 mg/kg) to cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg x 1, i.p.) was assessed but showed no benefit compared to cyclophosphamide alone. Thus, Celecoxib lacks effect against lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma in mice.
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Tian L, Suzuki M, Nakajima T, Kubo R, Sekine Y, Shibuya K, Hiroshima K, Nakatani Y, Fujisawa T, Yoshino I. Clinical significance of aberrant methylation of prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) in nonsmall cell lung cancer: association with prognosis, PTGER2 expression, and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Cancer 2008; 113:1396-403. [PMID: 18666211 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) affects the biologic behavior of various types of malignant tumors. Recently, transactivation of both PTGER2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been reported in some tumors. METHODS PTGER2 gene expression and possible aberrant methylation of the PTGER2 gene were investigated in 10 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, 233 primary tumors, and 168 adjacent nonmalignant lung tissues. They were analyzed with reference to an association with EGFR mutation in 133 clinical lung adenocarcinomas and were correlated with patient survival. RESULTS Down-regulation of PTGER2 expression was observed in 8 of 10 NSCLC cell lines. Demethylation of 5 expression-negative cell lines restored the expression of PTGER2. Aberrant methylation of the PTGER2 gene was reversely concordant with its messenger RNA expression. PTGER2 methylation was detected in 137 of 233 NSCLC specimens (58%) but was detected in only 2 of 168 nonmalignant lung tissues (1%). Both NSCLCs and adenocarcinomas that had PTGER2 methylation predicted a significantly better prognosis than those without PTGER2 methylation (P = .0051 and P = .0171, respectively). PTGER2 methylation was present with greater frequency in tumors with EGFR mutation than in non-EGFR mutated tumors (P = .0095), and the significance of the correlation was independent after adjusting for sex and smoking status (P = .0144). CONCLUSIONS Aberrant methylation of the PTGER2 gene was observed frequently in NSCLC tissues and was associated with the presence of EGFR mutation and a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Chen M, Boilard E, Nigrovic PA, Clark P, Xu D, Fitzgerald GA, Audoly LP, Lee DM. Predominance of cyclooxygenase 1 over cyclooxygenase 2 in the generation of proinflammatory prostaglandins in autoantibody-driven K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1354-65. [PMID: 18438856 DOI: 10.1002/art.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostaglandins (PGs) are found in high levels in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and nonsteroidal blockade of these bioactive lipids plays a role in patient care. The aim of this study was to explore the relative contribution of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms and PG species in the autoantibody-driven K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis. METHODS The prostanoid content of arthritic ankles was assessed in ankle homogenates, and the importance of this pathway was confirmed with pharmacologic blockade. The presence of COX isoforms was assessed by Western blotting and their functional contribution was compared using COX-1-/- and COX-2-/- mice as well as isoform-specific inhibitors. The relative importance of PGE2 and PGI2 (prostacyclin) was determined using mice deficient in microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES-1) and in the receptors for PGI2. RESULTS High levels of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1alpha (a stable metabolite of PGI2) were detected in arthritic joint tissues, correlating strongly with the intensity of synovitis. Pharmacologic inhibition of PG synthesis prevented arthritis and ameliorated active disease. While both COX isoforms were found in inflamed joint tissues, only COX-1 contributed substantially to clinical disease; COX-1-/- mice were fully resistant to disease, whereas COX-2-/- mice remained susceptible. These findings were confirmed by isoform-specific pharmacologic inhibition. Mice lacking mPGES-1 (and therefore PGE2) developed arthritis normally, whereas mice incapable of responding to PGI2 exhibited a significantly attenuated arthritis course, confirming a role of PGI2 in this arthritis model. CONCLUSION These findings challenge previous paradigms of distinct "housekeeping" versus inflammatory functions of the COX isoforms and highlight the potential pathogenic contribution of prostanoids synthesized via COX-1, in particular PGI2, to inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Calin A. Celecoxib and ankylosing spondylitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2008; 4:339-49. [PMID: 20476924 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is now over 100 years since the arrival of aspirin and, from the mid-20th Century onwards, we have seen numerous attempts at providing society with safer and more efficacious nonsteroidal drugs. Ironically, while aspirin went from strength to strength with an ever-increasing pharmaceutical profile, new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs arrived and disappeared with rapid succession. Finally, there appears to have been a breakthrough with the development of the coxibs but concern has recently developed because of potential toxic cardiovascular reactions. Although originally studied in rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative arthropathy, the coxibs have now been investigated in ankylosing spondylitis and efficacy appears to be favorable and, to date, there is little evidence of toxicity, although problems in the nonspondylarthropathic arena may spill over into the seronegative spondylarthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Calin
- The Coach House, Linden Gardens, Bath, BA1 2YB, UK.
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Habib A, Hamade E, Mahfouz R, Nasrallah MS, de Thé H, Bazarbachi A. Arsenic trioxide inhibits ATRA-induced prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase-1 in NB4 cells, a model of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2008; 22:1125-30. [PMID: 18354491 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) triggers cell differentiation, while arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) generates partial differentiation and apoptosis. Animal and human studies suggest that newly diagnosed APL patients can be cured using As(2)O(3) combined with ATRA. Cyclooxygenases are involved in prostaglandins and thromboxane synthesis. We have recently demonstrated that ATRA induces cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) expression and prostaglandin synthesis in NB4 cells and in blasts from patients with APL. In the present study we investigated the effect of ATRA and As(2)O(3) co-treatment on COX-1 expression and prostaglandin formation and tested the effect of the COX-1/COX-2 nonselective inhibitor indomethacin on cell differentiation. Arsenic treatment of NB4 cells resulted in a partial but significant reduction of ATRA-dependent induction of COX-1 expression and activity. Pretreatment of NB4 cells with indomethacin significantly impaired ATRA/As(2)O(3)-induced differentiation, as assessed by cell morphology, nitroblue tetrazolium test or CD11c expression. PGE(2) reversed the negative effect of indomethacin on differentiation of ATRA/As(2)O(3)-treated NB4 cells. In conclusion, COX-1 contributes to ATRA-dependent maturation of NB4 cells and is affected by As(2)O(3). These results also suggest that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs should be avoided in APL patients treated with the combination of ATRA and As(2)O(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Singh-Ranger G, Salhab M, Mokbel K. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer: review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 109:189-98. [PMID: 17624587 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that COX-2 expression s a fundamental step in breast cancer pathogenesis acting through prostaglandin-dependent and independent mechanisms. Epidemiological studies suggest that NSAIDs confer a moderate degree of benefit against breast cancer. However further work is required to establish how this enzyme system can be best manipulated for therapeutic benefit.
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Villablanca EJ, Pistocchi A, Court FA, Cotelli F, Bordignon C, Allende ML, Traversari C, Russo V. Abrogation of Prostaglandin E2/EP4 Signaling Impairs the Development of rag1+ Lymphoid Precursors in the Thymus of Zebrafish Embryos. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:357-64. [PMID: 17579056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGE(2) is involved in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes; however, deciphering its role in early mammalian development has been difficult due to the maternal contribution of PGE(2). To overcome this limitation we have investigated the role of PGE(2) during T cell development in zebrafish. In this study, we show that zebrafish ep4a, a PGE(2) receptor isoform of EP4, is expressed at 26 h postfertilization in the dorsal aorta-posterior cardinal vein joint region, which has a high homology with the mammal aorta-gonad-mesonephros area and where definitive hemopoiesis arises. Furthermore, it is expressed in the presumptive thymus rudiment by 48 h postfertilization. Supplementation of PGE(2) results in a strong increase in rag1 levels and cell proliferation in the thymus. In contrast, the inhibition of PGE(2) production, as well as EP4 blockade, abrogates the expression of rag1 in the thymus and that of the lymphoid precursor marker ikaros, not only in the dorsal aorta-posterior cardinal vein joint region but also in the newly identified caudal hemopoietic tissue without affecting early hemopoietic (scl, gata2) and erythropoietic (gata1) markers. These results identify ep4a as the earliest thymus marker and define a novel role for the PGE(2)/EP4 pathway in controlling T cell precursor development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Villablanca
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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Fatokun AA, Stone TW, Smith RA. Cell death in rat cerebellar granule neurons induced by hydrogen peroxide in vitro: mechanisms and protection by adenosine receptor ligands. Brain Res 2006; 1132:193-202. [PMID: 17188658 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a pathological state that causes profound cellular damage and eventual death resulting from the overactivation of glutamate receptors, and the generation of nitric oxide, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). As such, H(2)O(2) represents an important model for studying the neuropathology of oxidative stress in a variety of CNS disorders. The effects of H(2)O(2) on the viability of post-natal cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), the nature of the cell death involved and the potential protection by adenosine receptors against the damage were examined in the current study. Hydrogen peroxide (10-400 microM) reduced CGN viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The addition of catalase (100 U/ml) prevented this effect, and the non-specific COX inhibitor aspirin (1 mM) also alleviated the damage. A combination of H(2)O(2) (5 microM) and Cu(2+) (0.5 mM) resulted in a significant damage that was not prevented by the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol (50 mM). The permeability transition pore blocker cyclosporin A, the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk (40 microM) and the PARP-1 inhibitor DPQ (10 microM) each significantly protected against peroxide damage. While the A(1) adenosine receptor agonist CPA and the A(2A) receptor antagonist ZM241385 (each at 100 nM) elicited protection, the A(1) adenosine receptor blocker DPCPX and the A(2A) receptor agonist CGS21680 (each at 100 nM) showed no effect. The data demonstrate that H(2)O(2) induced oxidative stress in CGNs, involving both apoptotic and necrotic death, and this can be ameliorated by A(1) receptor activation or A(2A) receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Card JW, Carey MA, Bradbury JA, Graves JP, Lih FB, Moorman MP, Morgan DL, DeGraff LM, Zhao Y, Foley JF, Zeldin DC. Cyclooxygenase-1 overexpression decreases Basal airway responsiveness but not allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4785-93. [PMID: 16982919 PMCID: PMC2222891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition or genetic disruption of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 exacerbates the inflammatory and functional responses of the lung to environmentally relevant stimuli. To further examine the contribution of COX-derived eicosanoids to basal lung function and to allergic lung inflammation, transgenic (Tr) mice were generated in which overexpression of human COX-1 was targeted to airway epithelium. Although no differences in basal respiratory or lung mechanical parameters were observed, COX-1 Tr mice had increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid PGE(2) content compared with wild-type littermates (23.0 +/- 3.6 vs 8.4 +/- 1.4 pg/ml; p < 0.05) and exhibited decreased airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine. In an OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation model, comparable up-regulation of COX-2 protein was observed in the lungs of allergic wild-type and COX-1 Tr mice. Furthermore, no genotype differences were observed in allergic mice in total cell number, eosinophil content (70 vs 76% of total cells, respectively), and inflammatory cytokine content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or in airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine (p > 0.05). To eliminate the presumed confounding effects of COX-2 up-regulation, COX-1 Tr mice were bred into a COX-2 null background. In these mice, the presence of the COX-1 transgene did not alter allergen-induced inflammation but significantly attenuated allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, coincident with reduced airway leukotriene levels. Collectively, these data indicate that COX-1 overexpression attenuates airway responsiveness under basal conditions but does not influence allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Darryl C. Zeldin, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Building 101, Room D236, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. E-mail address:
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most professional APC, which induce and coordinate immune responses. The principal task of DC is T cell activation, although DC also interact with and regulate other cell types. The present review serves to illustrate the increasing evidence that lipids play an important role in DC biology. In addition to being fuel stores and structural components of cellular membranes such as in other cell types, lipids act as second messengers and as effectors throughout all steps of DC differentiation and regulate important DC functions. The recent finding that DC synthesize lipid antigens in response to bacterial stimulation and induce antibacterial, CD1-restricted T cells through antigenic mimicry further emphasizes the important role of lipids and DC at the blurring boundaries of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thurnher
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, and Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol, Austria.
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El Mezayen R, El Gazzar M, Nicolls MR, Marecki JC, Dreskin SC, Nomiyama H. Effect of thymoquinone on cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglandin production in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. Immunol Lett 2006; 106:72-81. [PMID: 16762422 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are potent proinflammatory mediators generated through arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) in response to different stimuli and play an important role in modulating the inflammatory responses in a number of conditions, including allergic airway inflammation. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the main active constituent of the volatile oil extract of Nigella sativa seeds and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. We examined the effect of TQ on the in vivo production of PGs and lung inflammation in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. Mice sensitized and challenged through the airways with ovalbumin (OVA) exhibited a significant increase in PGD2 and PGE2 production in the airways. The inflammatory response was characterized by an increase in the inflammatory cell numbers and Th2 cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung airway eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia, as well as the induction of COX-2 protein expression in the lung. Intraperitoneal injection of TQ for 5 days before the first OVA challenge attenuated airway inflammation as demonstrated by the significant decrease in Th2 cytokines, lung eosinophilia, and goblet cell hyperplasia. This attenuation of airway inflammation was concomitant to the inhibition of COX-2 protein expression and PGD2 production. However, TQ had a slight inhibitory effect on COX-1 expression and PGE2 production. These findings suggest that TQ has an anti-inflammatory effect during the allergic response in the lung through the inhibition of PGD2 synthesis and Th2-driven immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab El Mezayen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80262, USA
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Nakata J, Kondo M, Tamaoki J, Takemiya T, Nohara M, Yamagata K, Nagai A. Augmentation of allergic inflammation in the airways of cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice. Respirology 2006; 10:149-56. [PMID: 15823178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Airway cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced by cytokine-mediated inflammation such as occurs in asthma. However, the role of COX-2 in the pathophysiology of asthma is not fully understood. METHODS Allergic inflammation, airway responsiveness to methacholine and mucous cell metaplasia after ovalbumin sensitization in the airways of COX-2 deficient (-/-) mice, COX-2 (+/+) mice and C57BL/6J mice treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide were assessed. Histology, cell analysis, measurements of arachidonic acid metabolites and Th2 cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and measurement of serum IgE were performed. RESULTS Eosinophil infiltration into the airway wall, and the number of eosinophils in BALF were greater in sensitized COX-2 (-/-) mice than in sensitized COX-2 (+/+) mice. The levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4/D4/E4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin (IL)-13 as well as airway responsiveness did not differ in COX-2 (-/-) mice and COX-2 (+/+) mice. However, sensitized COX-2 (-/-) mice had higher LTC4/D4/E4 and lower PGE2 concentrations compared with non-sensitized COX-2 (-/-) mice. The number of PAS/alcian blue-positive airway epithelial cells and serum IgE were elevated in COX-2 (-/-) mice. Nimesulide-treated mice showed augmented eosinophilic inflammation, LTC4/D4/E4 concentrations and mucous cell metaplasia. CONCLUSION These data indicate that COX-2 deficiency augments allergic inflammation and mucous cell metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nakata
- First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo
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Babaev VR, Ding L, Reese J, Morrow JD, Breyer MD, Dey SK, Fazio S, Linton MF. Cyclooxygenase-1 deficiency in bone marrow cells increases early atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E- and low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice. Circulation 2005; 113:108-17. [PMID: 16380543 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.591537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and is expressed by the major cell types of atherosclerotic lesions. COX-1-mediated platelet thromboxane (TX) production has been proposed to promote both early atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Here, we examined the impact of COX-1 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells on early atherogenesis in the mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS LDL receptor (LDLR)(-/-) and apolipoprotein E (apoE)(-/-) recipient mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with COX-1(-/-) bone marrow. Mice reconstituted with COX-1(-/-) marrow had nearly complete (99.7%) loss of platelet TXA2 and significantly suppressed levels of macrophage and urinary TXA2 metabolites. Serum lipid levels and lipoprotein distributions did not differ between recipients reconstituted with COX-1(+/+) and COX-1(-/-) marrow. Surprisingly, the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in both LDLR(-/-) and apoE(-/-) mice reconstituted with COX-1(-/-) marrow was increased significantly compared with control mice transplanted with COX-1(+/+) marrow. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from LDLR(-/-) mice reconstituted with COX-1(-/-) marrow had increased lipopolysaccharide-induced levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. Fetal liver cell transplantation studies revealed a 30% increase in atherosclerosis in COX-1(-/-)-->LDLR(-/-)mice compared with COX-1(+/+)-->LDLR(-/-)mice, whereas the extent of atherosclerosis was unchanged in COX-1(-/-)/COX-2(-/-)-->LDLR(-/-)mice. CONCLUSIONS COX-1 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells worsens early atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) and LDLR(-/-) mice despite virtual elimination of platelet TX production. These data demonstrate that platelet TX production does not aggravate early atherosclerotic lesion formation and that upregulation of COX-2 expression in COX-1(-/-) macrophages is proatherogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Babaev
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Rocha PN, Plumb TJ, Robinson LA, Spurney R, Pisetsky D, Koller BH, Coffman TM. Role of thromboxane A2 in the induction of apoptosis of immature thymocytes by lipopolysaccharide. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:896-903. [PMID: 16085905 PMCID: PMC1182190 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.8.896-903.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes apoptotic deletion of CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes, a phenomenon that has been linked to immune dysfunction and poor survival during sepsis. Given the abundance of thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors in CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes and in vitro evidence that thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) causes apoptosis of these cells, we tested whether enhanced generation of TXA(2) plays a role in LPS-induced thymocyte apoptosis. Mice injected with 50 micro LPS intraperitoneally displayed a marked increase in generation of TXA(2) and prostaglandin E(2) in the thymus as well as apoptotic deletion of CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes. Administration of indomethacin or rofecoxib inhibited prostanoid synthesis but did not affect thymocyte death. In contrast, thymocyte apoptosis in response to LPS was significantly attenuated in TP-deficient mice. These studies indicate that TXA(2) mediates a portion of apoptotic thymocyte death caused by LPS. The absence of an effect of global inhibition of prostanoid synthesis suggests a complex role for prostanoids in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo N Rocha
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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Ueno N, Takegoshi Y, Kamei D, Kudo I, Murakami M. Coupling between cyclooxygenases and terminal prostanoid synthases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:70-6. [PMID: 16140261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of prostanoids is regulated by three sequential enzymatic steps, namely phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase (COX), and terminal prostanoid synthase. Recent evidence suggests that lineage-specific terminal prostanoid synthases, including prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGD2, PGF2alpha, PGI2, and thromboxane synthases, show distinct functional coupling with upstream COX isozymes, COX-1 and COX-2. This can account, at least in part, for segregated utilization of the two COX isozymes in distinct phases of PG-biosynthetic responses. In terms of their localization and COX preference, terminal prostanoid synthases are classified into three categories: (i) the perinuclear enzymes that prefer COX-2, (ii) the cytosolic enzyme that prefers COX-1, and (iii) the translocating enzyme that utilizes both COXs depending on the stimulus. Additionally, altered supply of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2s significantly affects the efficiency of COX-terminal prostanoid synthase coupling. In this review, we summarize our recent understanding of the coupling profiles between the two COXs and various terminal prostanoid synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ueno
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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42
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Abstract
Biosynthesis of prostanoids is regulated by three sequential enzymatic steps, namely phospholipase A2 enzymes, cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, and various lineagespecific terminal prostanoid synthases. Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), which isomerizes COX-derived PGH2 specifically to PGE2, occurs in multiple forms with distinct enzymatic properties, expressions, localizations and functions. Two of them are membrane-bound enzymes and have been designated as mPGES-1 and mPGES-2. mPGES-1 is a perinuclear protein that is markedly induced by proinflammatory stimuli, is down-regulated by antiinflammatory glucocorticoids, and is functionally coupled with COX-2 in marked preference to COX-1. Recent gene targeting studies of mPGES-1 have revealed that this enzyme represents a novel target for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs. mPGES-2 is synthesized as a Golgi membrane-associated protein, and the proteolytic removal of the N-terminal hydrophobic domain leads to the formation of a mature cytosolic enzyme. This enzyme is rather constitutively expressed in various cells and tissues and is functionally coupled with both COX-1 and COX-2. Cytosolic PGES (cPGES) is constitutively expressed in a wide variety of cells and is functionally linked to COX-1 to promote immediate PGE2 production. This review highlights the latest understanding of the expression, regulation and functions of these three PGES enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kudo
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Etoricoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib) approved in Europe for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis and acute gouty arthritis. Etoricoxib is an effective analgesic drug that has shown some improved efficacy versus traditional NSAIDs and it is the only coxib approved for the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. Moreover, recent studies evidence its efficacy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. In the Etoricoxib Diclofenac Gastrointestinal Evaluation study performed in patients with OA, etoricoxib significantly reduced the rate of discontinuation by 50% due to gastrointestinal adverse events versus diclofenac. Comparable rates of thrombotic cardiovascular events were detected. Rates of discontinuation due to hypertension-related adverse effects were higher on etoricoxib than diclofenac. Similarly to other selective COX-2 inhibitors, etoricoxib is contraindicated in patients with ischaemic heart disease or stroke and it should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for heart disease. The European Medicines Agency has contraindicated the use of etoricoxib in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Selective COX-2 inhibitors remain an appropriate choice in patients at low cardiovascular risk, but with increased risk of gastrointestinal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta L Capone
- Department of Medicine and Center of Excellence on ageing, G.d' Annunzio' University School of Medicine and Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, c/o Palazzina Se.B.I., Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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Patrignani P, Tacconelli S, Sciulli MG, Capone ML. New insights into COX-2 biology and inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 48:352-9. [PMID: 15850674 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is now established that prostanoids play important roles in many cellular responses and pathophysiologic processes including modulation of the inflammatory reaction, erosion of cartilage and juxtaarticular bone, gastrointestinal cytoprotection and ulceration, angiogenesis and cancer, hemostasis and thrombosis, renal hemodynamics, and progression of kidney disease. The initial step in the formation of prostanoids, i.e., the conversion of free arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin (PG)G(2) and then to PGH(2), is controlled by two PGH synthases (COX-1 and COX-2). Selective inhibitors of COX-2 (coxibs) have established efficacy in the treatment of pain and inflammation comparable to that of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) but exhibit enhanced gastrointestinal safety. Several lines of evidence suggest a critical role of COX-2 expression in cancer and selective COX-2 inhibitors may represent novel chemopreventive tools. Moreover, it has been suggested that COX-2 inhibitors may contribute to maintain high levels of chemotherapeutics in tumor tissues by preventing the overexpression of the multidrug resistance protein MDR1/P-gp. The place of COX-2 inhibitors in neurological diseases continues to attract basic and clinical investigation. The possible involvement of COX-2 in neurodegeneration, substained by the results of epidemiological studies with nonselective NSAIDs, has not been confirmed by the results of initial clinical trials with coxibs in Alzheimer's disease. Recently, the involvement of COX-2 in endogenous cannabinoid system has been suggested. Interestingly, COX-2-mediated oxygenation of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) provides diverse sets of novel lipids that are structurally related to prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Patrignani
- Department of Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, G.d'Annunzio University, School of Medicine, Chieti, Italy.
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Dou W, Thompson-Jaeger S, Laulederkind SJF, Becker JW, Montgomery J, Ruiz-Bustos E, Hasty DL, Ballou LR, Eastman PS, Srichai B, Breyer MD, Raghow R. Defective expression of Tamm-Horsfall protein/uromodulin in COX-2-deficient mice increases their susceptibility to urinary tract infections. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F49-60. [PMID: 15741608 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking a functional cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene develop abnormal kidneys that contain hypoplastic glomeruli and reduced proximal tubular mass, and they often die of renal failure. A comparison of kidney-specific gene expression between wild-type and COX-2-deficient mice by cDNA microarrays revealed that although more than 500 mRNAs were differentially expressed between the two strains of mice depending on their ages, the genes encoding pre-pro-epidermal growth factor (pre-pro-EGF) and Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP)/uromodulin were aberrantly expressed in the kidneys of COX-2 −/− mice at all stages of their development. Downregulation of EGF could potentially affect renal development, and THP/uromodulin gene has been implicated in abnormal kidney development and end-stage renal failure in humans. We assessed in detail mechanism of defective THP/uromodulin gene expression and its potential consequences in COX-2-deficient mice. Consistent with the microarray data, the steady-state levels of THP/uromodulin mRNA were severely reduced in the COX-2 −/− kidney. Furthermore, reduced expression of renal THP/uromodulin, as assessed by Western blot and immunohistological methods, was closely corroborated by a corresponding decline in the urinary secretion of THP/uromodulin in COX-2 −/− mice. Finally, we demonstrate that the bladders of COX-2 −/− mice, in contrast to those of the wild-type mice, are highly susceptible to colonization by uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Dou
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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Delarge J, Dogné JM, Julémont F, Leval XD, Pirotte B, Sanna V. Advances in the field of COX-2 inhibition. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.7.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hedner T, Samulesson O, Währborg P, Wadenvik H, Ung KA, Ekbom A. Nabumetone: therapeutic use and safety profile in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs 2005; 64:2315-43; discussion 2344-5. [PMID: 15456329 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200464200-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nabumetone is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prodrug, which exerts its pharmacological effects via the metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA). Nabumetone itself is non-acidic and, following absorption, it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to form the main circulating active metabolite (6-MNA) which is a much more potent inhibitor of preferentially cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2. The three major metabolic pathways of nabumetone are O-demethylation, reduction of the ketone to an alcohol, and an oxidative cleavage of the side-chain occurs to yield acetic acid derivatives. Essentially no unchanged nabumetone and < 1% of the major 6-MNA metabolite are excreted unchanged in the urine from which 80% of the dose can be recovered and another 10% in faeces. Nabumetone is clinically used mainly for the management of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to reduce pain and inflammation. The clinical efficacy of nabumetone has also been evaluated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, soft tissue injuries and juvenile RA. The optimum oral dosage of nabumetone for OA patients is 1 g once daily, which is well tolerated. The therapeutic response is superior to placebo and similar to nonselective COX inhibitors. In RA patients, nabumetone 1 g at bedtime is optimal, but an additional 0.5-1 g can be administered in the morning for patients with persistent symptoms. In RA, nabumetone has shown a comparable clinical efficacy to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), diclofenac, piroxicam, ibuprofen and naproxen. Clinical trials and a decade of worldwide safety data and long-term postmarketing surveillance studies show that nabumetone is generally well tolerated. The most frequent adverse effects are those commonly seen with COX inhibitors, which include diarrhoea, dyspepsia, headache, abdominal pain and nausea. In common with other COX inhibitors, nabumetone may increase the risk of GI perforations, ulcerations and bleedings (PUBs). However, several studies show a low incidence of PUBs, and on a par with the numbers reported from studies with COX-2 selective inhibitors and considerably lower than for nonselective COX inhibitors. This has been attributed mainly to the non-acidic chemical properties of nabumetone but also to its COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor profile. Through its metabolite 6-MNA, nabumetone has a dose-related effect on platelet aggregation, but no effect on bleeding time in clinical studies. Furthermore, several short-term studies have shown little to no effect on renal function. Compared with COX-2 selective inhibitors, nabumetone exhibits similar anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in patients with arthritis and there is no evidence of excess GI or other forms of complications to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hedner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Shibata Y, Nishiyama A, Ohata H, Gabbard J, Myrvik QN, Henriksen RA. Differential effects of IL-10 on prostaglandin H synthase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis between spleen and bone marrow macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:544-51. [PMID: 15657087 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0504311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Different populations of mononuclear phagocytes (MO) show considerable diversity of cellular function including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis. Certain bacterial components enhance PGE2 biosynthesis differentially in selected populations of MO. Interleukin (IL)-10 is proposed to inhibit modulation of PGE2 biosynthesis by down-regulating prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) expression. To assess whether IL-10 regulates PGE2 biosynthesis and PGHS-2 expression, splenic and bone marrow MO were isolated from IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)), C57Bl/6 [wild-type (WT) control], and Balb/c (comparison control) mice and were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as a model of bacterial inflammation. LPS-induced PGHS-2 expression was similar for splenic MO isolated from the three strains of mice. However, PGE2 released by LPS-treated splenic MO was significantly higher in IL-10(-/-) and Balb/c than in WT cells. In the presence of LPS and IFN-gamma, PGHS-2 expression and PGE2 release by IL-10(-/-) and Balb/c splenic MO were enhanced compared with stimulation with LPS alone or IFN-gamma alone. However, there was no significant increase in PGE2 release from WT splenic MO treated with LPS plus IFN-gamma despite increased PGHS-2 expression. In sharp contrast, PGHS-2 expression and PGE2 release by bone marrow MO were greatly enhanced in IL-10(-/-) cells compared with control cells. Our results indicate that IL-10 regulation of MO PGE2 biosynthesis and PGHS-2 expression is compartment-dependent and that PGE2 production is not linked directly to PGHS-2 levels. Furthermore, our findings emphasize strain-specific differences between C57Bl/6 and Balb/c mice, and Balb/c appears more similar to the IL-10(-/-) than to the C57Bl/6 with respect to prostanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA.
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Hata AN, Breyer RM. Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors: multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 103:147-66. [PMID: 15369681 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are lipid-derived autacoids that modulate many physiological systems including the CNS, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, endocrine, respiratory, and immune systems. In addition, prostaglandins have been implicated in a broad array of diseases including cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Prostaglandins exert their effects by activating rhodopsin-like seven transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The prostanoid receptor subfamily is comprised of eight members (DP, EP1-4, FP, IP, and TP), and recently, a ninth prostaglandin receptor was identified-the chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). The precise roles prostaglandin receptors play in physiologic and pathologic settings are determined by multiple factors including cellular context, receptor expression profile, ligand affinity, and differential coupling to signal transduction pathways. This complexity is highlighted by the diverse and often opposing effects of prostaglandins within the immune system. In certain settings, prostaglandins function as pro-inflammatory mediators, but in others, they appear to have anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we will discuss the pharmacology and signaling of the nine known prostaglandin GPCRs and highlight the specific roles that these receptors play in inflammation and immune modulation.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Prostaglandins/physiology
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/genetics
- Receptors, Epoprostenol/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/genetics
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Hata
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence from recent years support the existence of cancer immunosurveillance, especially studies of natural killer (NK) cells and the IFN-gamma pathway. However, immune suppression is clearly observed in cancer patients and tumor-bearing animals as well. The fact is that although cancers often elicit a vigorous immune response during the early part of their growth, the immune response is soon down-regulated, permitting progressive tumor growth. Apparently, the intrinsic plasticity of tumors allows the immune system to sculpt the immunogenic phenotypes of tumors to escape efficient immune destruction. But most evidently, several mechanisms have now been found to contribute to the failure of immune control of tumor growth. Tumor cells have a very low level of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and weak antigens. They also produce immune suppressive factors (VEGF, IL-10, PGE(2)) that exert systemic effects on immune cell function. In particular, disabled dendritic cell differentiation, maturation, migration, and function are fundamental to this defect, as they are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, interacting with T and B lymphocyte as well as NK cells to induce and modulate immune responses. In addition, tumors also alter host hematopoiesis and produce large numbers of immature dendritic cells, and evidence shows that these cells are directly immune suppressive. Harnessing the immune system for effective cancer therapy has remained a great challenge. DC-based vaccines, or DC-based vaccines in combination with treatments designed to improve the host immune environment, may offer hope for more effective cancer immunotherapy. Tumor-host interactions are an important determinant of tumor behavior and response to therapy. How tumors interact with their hosts is thus a very broad and complex topic. In this chapter, we will focus on tumor-host immune interactions and the roles of dendritic cell dysfunction in tumor avoidance of host immune responses. We will survey recent findings regarding tumor immune surveillance, antitumor host immune responses, and how the immune system also functions to promote or select tumor variants with reduced immunogenicity. We will then discuss immune suppression caused by tumors, which is clearly observed in tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients. Finally, we will discuss altered dendritic cell function and differentiation in some detail, as it is likely to be one of the most fundamental mechanisms by which tumors escape immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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