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Li X, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhou J, Wu X, Zhao J, Zhang J, Guo X, Shao M, Song M, Su X, Han Y, Liu Q, Chen T, Zhang L, Liu B, Yue W, Lv L, Li W. Elevated plasma matrix metalloproteinase 9 in schizophrenia patients associated with poor antipsychotic treatment response and white matter density deficits. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 39191778 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation contribute to schizophrenia (SCZ) pathology and may influence treatment efficacy. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is a critical molecular node mediating the interaction between oxidative stress and inflammation, and so may influence treatment efficacy. Here we examined the associations of plasma MMP9 concentration with antipsychotic drug responses, clinical symptoms, and brain structure. A total of 129 healthy controls and 124 patients with SCZ were included in this study. Patients were monitored clinically during 8 weeks of antipsychotic treatment and classified as poor responders (n = 49) or good responders (n = 75). We then compared plasma MMP9 concentrations in healthy controls at baseline and both SCZ responder groups at baseline and after the 8-week antipsychotic treatment regimen. Cognitive function was also examined using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. In addition, we extracted regional white matter density from magnetic resonance images of patients. Compared to healthy controls, plasma MMP9 levels were significantly elevated in poor responders at baseline and negatively correlated with both white matter density in the right superior temporal gyrus and the change in cognitive symptoms after treatment. Conversely, there was no significant difference in plasma MMP9 between good responders and healthy controls, and no associations of plasma MMP9 with cognitive symptoms or regional white matter density among good responders. Elevated plasma MMP9 is associated with poor antipsychotic drug efficacy and white matter deficits in SCZ patients, and so may be a useful biomarker to guide personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Xufei Wu
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Xiaoge Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Meng Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Tengfei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Mental Health, Ministry of Health, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang, 453002, China.
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Zveik O, Rechtman A, Ganz T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. The interplay of inflammation and remyelination: rethinking MS treatment with a focus on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:53. [PMID: 38997755 PMCID: PMC11245841 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) therapeutic goals have traditionally been dichotomized into two distinct avenues: immune-modulatory-centric interventions and pro-regenerative strategies. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were regarded for many years solely in concern to their potential to generate oligodendrocytes and myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). However, accumulating data elucidate the multifaceted roles of OPCs, including their immunomodulatory functions, positioning them as cardinal constituents of the CNS's immune landscape. MAIN BODY In this review, we will discuss how the two therapeutic approaches converge. We present a model by which (1) an inflammation is required for the appropriate pro-myelinating immune function of OPCs in the chronically inflamed CNS, and (2) the immune function of OPCs is crucial for their ability to differentiate and promote remyelination. This model highlights the reciprocal interactions between OPCs' pro-myelinating and immune-modulating functions. Additionally, we review the specific effects of anti- and pro-inflammatory interventions on OPCs, suggesting that immunosuppression adversely affects OPCs' differentiation and immune functions. CONCLUSION We suggest a multi-systemic therapeutic approach, which necessitates not a unidimensional focus but a harmonious balance between OPCs' pro-myelinating and immune-modulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Zveik
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ariel Rechtman
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Tal Ganz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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3
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Haroon A, Seerapu H, Fang LP, Weß JH, Bai X. Unlocking the Potential: immune functions of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425706. [PMID: 39044821 PMCID: PMC11263107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) have long been regarded as progenitors of oligodendrocytes, yet recent advances have illuminated their multifaceted nature including their emerging immune functions. This review seeks to shed light on the immune functions exhibited by OPCs, spanning from phagocytosis to immune modulation and direct engagement with immune cells across various pathological scenarios. Comprehensive understanding of the immune functions of OPCs alongside their other roles will pave the way for targeted therapies in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Haroon
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Harsha Seerapu
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Li-Pao Fang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Heinrich Weß
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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4
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Wang Y, Liu W, Geng P, Du W, Guo C, Wang Q, Zheng GQ, Jin X. Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1010. [PMID: 37962453 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is the main pathological basis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-induced cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes (OLs) play critical roles in BBB damage and protection. Recent evidence indicates that immune cells also have an important role in BBB damage, vasogenic edema and HT. Therefore, regulating the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells would hold the promise to alleviate AIS-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the roles of glia cells, pericytes, and crosstalk between glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS, emphasizing the polarization, inflammatory response and crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, and other glia cells. We then describe the role of glial cell-derived exosomes in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells after AIS. Finally, we propose that glial cells could be a potential target for alleviating BBB damage after AIS and we discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies to alleviate BBB damage by regulating glial cells after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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5
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Fang LP, Bai X. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells: the multitaskers in the brain. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1035-1044. [PMID: 37401986 PMCID: PMC10409806 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are recognized as the progenitors responsible for the generation of oligodendrocytes, which play a critical role in myelination. Extensive research has shed light on the mechanisms underlying OPC proliferation and differentiation into mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. However, recent advances in the field have revealed that OPCs have multiple functions beyond their role as progenitors, exerting control over neural circuits and brain function through distinct pathways. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of OPCs by first introducing their well-established features. Subsequently, we delve into the emerging roles of OPCs in modulating brain function in both healthy and diseased states. Unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which OPCs influence brain function holds great promise for identifying novel therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Pao Fang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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6
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Fraga E, Medina V, Cuartero MI, García-Culebras A, Bravo-Ferrer I, Hernández-Jiménez M, Garcia-Segura JM, Hurtado O, Pradillo JM, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Defective hippocampal neurogenesis underlies cognitive impairment by carotid stenosis-induced cerebral hypoperfusion in mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1219847. [PMID: 37636586 PMCID: PMC10457159 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1219847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion due to carotid artery stenosis is a major cause of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) in rodents is a well-established model of VCID where most studies have focused on white matter pathology and subsequent cognitive deficit. Therefore, our aim was to study the implication of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in hypoperfusion-induced VCID in mice, and its relationship with cognitive hippocampal deficits. Mice were subjected to BCAS; 1 and 3 months later, hippocampal memory and neurogenesis/cell death were assessed, respectively, by the novel object location (NOL) and spontaneous alternation performance (SAP) tests and by immunohistology. Hypoperfusion was assessed by arterial spin labeling-magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI). Hypoperfused mice displayed spatial memory deficits with decreased NOL recognition index. Along with the cognitive deficit, a reduced number of newborn neurons and their aberrant morphology indicated a remarkable impairment of the hippocampal neurogenesis. Both increased cell death in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and reduced neuroblast proliferation rate may account for newborn neurons number reduction. Our data demonstrate quantitative and qualitative impairment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis disturbances associated with cerebral hypoperfusion-cognitive deficits in mice. These findings pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Fraga
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Medina
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Cuartero
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Bravo-Ferrer
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Hernández-Jiménez
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- ICTS Bioimagen Complutense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Hurtado
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Miguel Pradillo
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology Group, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Hong H, Guo C, Liu X, Yang L, Ren W, Zhao H, Li Y, Zhou Z, Lam SM, Mi J, Zuo Z, Liu C, Wang GD, Zhuo Y, Zhang YP, Li Y, Shui G, Zhang YQ, Xiong Y. Differential effects of social isolation on oligodendrocyte development in different brain regions: insights from a canine model. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1201295. [PMID: 37538851 PMCID: PMC10393781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1201295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) exerts diverse adverse effects on brain structure and function in humans. To gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying these effects, we conducted a systematic analysis of multiple brain regions from socially isolated and group-housed dogs, whose brain and behavior are similar to humans. Our transcriptomic analysis revealed reduced expression of myelin-related genes specifically in the white matter of prefrontal cortex (PFC) after SI during the juvenile stage. Despite these gene expression changes, myelin fiber organization in PFC remained unchanged. Surprisingly, we observed more mature oligodendrocytes and thicker myelin bundles in the somatosensory parietal cortex in socially isolated dogs, which may be linked to an increased expression of ADORA2A, a gene known to promote oligodendrocyte maturation. Additionally, we found a reduced expression of blood-brain barrier (BBB) structural components Aquaporin-4, Occludin, and Claudin1 in both PFC and parietal cortices, indicating BBB disruption after SI. In agreement with BBB disruption, myelin-related sphingolipids were increased in cerebrospinal fluid in the socially isolated group. These unexpected findings show that SI induces distinct alterations in oligodendrocyte development and shared disruption in BBB integrity in different cortices, demonstrating the value of dogs as a complementary animal model to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying SI-induced brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xueru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liguang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing Sinogene Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jidong Mi
- Beijing Sinogene Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhentao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cirong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Q. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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9
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White Matter Injury: An Emerging Potential Target for Treatment after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:3842493. [PMID: 36798684 PMCID: PMC9928519 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3842493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) refers to vascular brain injury mainly from a ruptured aneurysm, which has a high lifetime risk and imposes a substantial burden on patients, families, and society. Previous studies on SAH mainly focused on neurons in gray matter (GM). However, according to literature reports in recent years, in-depth research on the mechanism of white matter (WM) is of great significance to injury and recovery after SAH. In terms of functional recovery after SAH, all kinds of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) should be protected. In other words, it is necessary to protect not only GM but also WM, not only neurons but also glial cells and axons, and not only for the lesion itself but also for the prevention and treatment of remote damage. Clarifying the mechanism of white matter injury (WMI) and repair after SAH is of great importance. Therefore, this present review systematically summarizes the current research on WMI after SAH, which might provide therapeutic targets for treatment after SAH.
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10
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Gao L, Pan X, Zhang JH, Xia Y. Glial cells: an important switch for the vascular function of the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1166770. [PMID: 37206667 PMCID: PMC10188976 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1166770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we first describe the current understanding of glial-mediated vascular function affecting the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. BBB, mainly composed of glial and endothelial cells (ECs), is the protective structure that orchestrates the transport of substances, including ions, molecules, and cells from brain vessels into or out of the CNS. Then, we display the multiple communication between glial and vascular function based on angiogenesis, vascular wrapping, and blood perfusion in the brain. Glial can support microvascular ECs to form a blood network connecting to neurons. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes are the common types of glial surrounding the brain vessel. Glial-vessel interaction is required for the permeability and integrity of BBB. Glial cells surrounding the cerebral blood vessels can transmit communication signals to ECs and regulate the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or Wnt-dependent endothelial angiogenesis mechanism. In addition, these glial cells monitor the blood flow in the brain via Ca2+/K+-dependent pathways. Finally, we provide a potential research direction for the glial-vessel axis in CNS disorders. Microglial activation can trigger astrocyte activation, which suggests that microglia-astrocyte interaction may play a key role in monitoring cerebral blood flow. Thus, microglia-astrocyte interaction can be the key point of follow-up studies focusing on the microglia-blood mechanism. More investigations focus on the mechanism of how oligodendrocyte progenitor cells communicate and interact with ECs. The direct role of oligodendrocytes in modulating vascular function needs to be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xuezhen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- John H. Zhang,
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Xia,
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11
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He Y, Chen X, Wu M, Hou X, Zhou Z. What type of cell death occurs in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion? A review focusing on pyroptosis and its potential therapeutic implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1073511. [PMID: 36937182 PMCID: PMC10017988 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1073511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a major global disease with chronic cerebral blood flow reduction. It is also the main cause of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. Pyroptosis, a novel form of cell death, is characterized by the rupture of the cell membrane and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have identified the involvement of pyroptosis and its mediated inflammatory response in the pathological process of CCH. Therefore, preventing the activation of pyroptosis following CCH is beneficial to inhibit the inflammatory cascade and reduce brain injury. In this review, we discuss the research progress on the relationship between pyroptosis and CCH, in order to provide a reference for research in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan He
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xianhua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xianhua Hou Zhenhua Zhou
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xianhua Hou Zhenhua Zhou
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12
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Han S, Gim Y, Jang EH, Hur EM. Functions and dysfunctions of oligodendrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1083159. [PMID: 36605616 PMCID: PMC9807813 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1083159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which is responsible for the clinical symptoms. Although degeneration of neurons is a prominent feature that undoubtedly contributes to and defines NDD pathology, it is now clear that neuronal cell death is by no means mediated solely by cell-autonomous mechanisms. Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), enable rapid transmission of electrical signals and provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons. Recent evidence suggests that OLs and their progenitor population play a role in the onset and progression of NDDs. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence suggesting a role of OL lineage cells in the pathogenesis of age-related NDDs. We start with multiple system atrophy, an NDD with a well-known oligodendroglial pathology, and then discuss Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), NDDs which have been thought of as neuronal origins. Understanding the functions and dysfunctions of OLs might lead to the advent of disease-modifying strategies against NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwan Han
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunho Gim
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Zhao Y, Zhu W, Wan T, Zhang X, Li Y, Huang Z, Xu P, Huang K, Ye R, Xie Y, Liu X. Vascular endothelium deploys caveolin-1 to regulate oligodendrogenesis after chronic cerebral ischemia in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6813. [PMID: 36357389 PMCID: PMC9649811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligovascular coupling contributes to white matter vascular homeostasis. However, little is known about the effects of oligovascular interaction on oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) changes in chronic cerebral ischemia. Here, using a mouse of bilateral carotid artery stenosis, we show a gradual accumulation of OPCs on vasculature with impaired oligodendrogenesis. Mechanistically, chronic ischemia induces a substantial loss of endothelial caveolin-1 (Cav-1), leading to vascular secretion of heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α). Endothelial-specific over-expression of Cav-1 or genetic knockdown of vascular HSP90α restores normal vascular-OPC interaction, promotes oligodendrogenesis and attenuates ischemic myelin damage. miR-3074(-1)-3p is identified as a direct inducer of Cav-1 reduction in mice and humans. Endothelial uptake of nanoparticle-antagomir improves myelin damage and cognitive deficits dependent on Cav-1. In summary, our findings demonstrate that vascular abnormality may compromise oligodendrogenesis and myelin regeneration through endothelial Cav-1, which may provide an intercellular mechanism in ischemic demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Ting Wan
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi 710032 China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Yunzi Li
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Zhenqian Huang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
| | - Kangmo Huang
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Yi Xie
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XDepartment of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036 Anhui China
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14
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Feng D, Zhou J, Liu H, Wu X, Li F, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Chao M, Wang Q, Qin H, Ge S, Liu Q, Zhang J, Qu Y. Astrocytic NDRG2-PPM1A interaction exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption after subarachnoid hemorrhage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2423. [PMID: 36179025 PMCID: PMC9524825 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury critically exacerbates the poor prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The massively increased matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) plays a deleterious role in BBB. However, the main source and mechanism of MMP-9 production after SAH remain unclear. We reported that the increased MMP-9 was mainly derived from reactive astrocytes after SAH. Ndrg2 knockout in astrocytes inhibited MMP-9 expression after SAH and attenuated BBB damage. Astrocytic Ndrg2 knockout decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and the transcription of MMP-9. Notably, cytoplasmic NDRG2 bound to the protein phosphatase PPM1A and restricted the dephosphorylation of Smad2/3. Accordingly, TAT-QFNP12, a novel engineered peptide that could block the NDRG2-PPM1A binding and reduce Smad2/3 dephosphorylation, decreased astrocytic MMP-9 production and BBB disruption after SAH. In conclusion, this study identified NDRG2-PPM1A signaling in reactive astrocytes as a key switch for MMP-9 production and provided a novel therapeutic avenue for BBB protection after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Development Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Min Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Huaizhou Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Shunnan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
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15
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Hu X, Wang Y, Du W, Liang LJ, Wang W, Jin X. Role of Glial Cell-Derived Oxidative Stress in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage after Acute Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7762078. [PMID: 36092167 PMCID: PMC9463007 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7762078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly maintained by endothelial cells and basement membrane and could be regulated by pericytes, neurons, and glial cells including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). BBB damage is the main pathological basis of hemorrhage transformation (HT) and vasogenic edema after stroke. In addition, BBB damage-induced HT and vasogenic edema will aggravate the secondary brain tissue damage. Of note, after reperfusion, oxidative stress-initiated cascade plays a critical role in the BBB damage after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although endothelial cells are the target of oxidative stress, the role of glial cell-derived oxidative stress in BBB damage after AIS also should receive more attention. In the current review, we first introduce the physiology and pathophysiology of the BBB, then we summarize the possible mechanisms related to BBB damage after AIS. We aim to characterize the role of glial cell-derived oxidative stress in BBB damage after AIS and discuss the role of oxidative stress in astrocytes, microglia cells and oligodendrocytes in after AIS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing, 314000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Jun Liang
- Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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16
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Yu W, Li Y, Hu J, Wu J, Huang Y. A Study on the Pathogenesis of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Hypothesis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164742. [PMID: 36012981 PMCID: PMC9409771 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) remain controversial due to the heterogeneity of vascular causes and complexity of disease neuropathology. However, one common feature shared among all these vascular causes is cerebral blood flow (CBF) dysregulation, and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is the universal consequence of CBF dysregulation, which subsequently results in an insufficient blood supply to the brain, ultimately contributing to VCID. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to emphasize the important contributions of CCH to VCID and illustrate the current findings about the mechanisms involved in CCH-induced VCID pathological changes. Specifically, evidence is mainly provided to support the molecular mechanisms, including Aβ accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, trophic uncoupling and white matter lesions (WMLs). Notably, there are close interactions among these multiple mechanisms, and further research is necessary to elucidate the hitherto unsolved questions regarding these interactions. An enhanced understanding of the pathological features in preclinical models could provide a theoretical basis, ultimately achieving the shift from treatment to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +86-0755-8392-2833 (J.W.); +86-010-83572857 (Y.H.)
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +86-0755-8392-2833 (J.W.); +86-010-83572857 (Y.H.)
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17
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Testa E, Palazzo C, Mastrantonio R, Viscomi MT. Dynamic Interactions between Tumor Cells and Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3128. [PMID: 35804908 PMCID: PMC9265028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GBM is the most aggressive brain tumor among adults. It is characterized by extensive vascularization, and its further growth and recurrence depend on the formation of new blood vessels. In GBM, tumor angiogenesis is a multi-step process involving the proliferation, migration and differentiation of BMECs under the stimulation of specific signals derived from the cancer cells through a wide variety of communication routes. In this review, we discuss the dynamic interaction between BMECs and tumor cells by providing evidence of how tumor cells hijack the BMECs for the formation of new vessels. Tumor cell-BMECs interplay involves multiple routes of communication, including soluble factors, such as chemokines and cytokines, direct cell-cell contact and extracellular vesicles that participate in and fuel this cooperation. We also describe how this interaction is able to modify the BMECs structure, metabolism and physiology in a way that favors tumor growth and invasiveness. Finally, we briefly reviewed the recent advances and the potential future implications of some high-throughput 3D models to better understanding the complexity of BMECs-tumor cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Testa
- Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Claudia Palazzo
- Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberta Mastrantonio
- Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (R.M.)
- IRCCS, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli”, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy
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18
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Reciprocal Interactions between Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121954. [PMID: 35741083 PMCID: PMC9221698 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are mostly known for their capability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. However, they have been observed to frequently interact with cells of the neurovascular unit during development, homeostasis, and under pathological conditions. The functional consequences of these interactions are largely unclear, but are increasingly studied. Although OPCs appear to be a rather homogenous cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), they present with an enormous potential to adapt to their microenvironment. In this review, it is summarized what is known about the various roles of OPC-vascular interactions, and the circumstances under which they have been observed.
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19
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Tian Z, Ji X, Liu J. Neuroinflammation in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Current Evidence, Advances, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116224. [PMID: 35682903 PMCID: PMC9181710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a major heterogeneous brain disease caused by multiple factors, and it is the second most common type of dementia in the world. It is caused by long-term chronic low perfusion in the whole brain or local brain area, and it eventually develops into severe cognitive dysfunction syndrome. Because of the disease’s ambiguous classification and diagnostic criteria, there is no clear treatment strategy for VCID, and the association between cerebrovascular pathology and cognitive impairment is controversial. Neuroinflammation is an immunological cascade reaction mediated by glial cells in the central nervous system where innate immunity resides. Inflammatory reactions could be triggered by various damaging events, including hypoxia, ischemia, and infection. Long-term chronic hypoperfusion-induced ischemia and hypoxia can overactivate neuroinflammation, causing apoptosis, blood–brain barrier damage and other pathological changes, triggering or aggravating the occurrence and development of VCID. In this review, we will explore the mechanisms of neuroinflammation induced by ischemia and hypoxia caused by chronic hypoperfusion and emphasize the important role of neuroinflammation in the development of VCID from the perspective of immune cells, immune mediators and immune signaling pathways, so as to provide valuable ideas for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Tian
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Xunming Ji
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-13520729063 (J.L.)
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-13520729063 (J.L.)
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20
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Shang S, Liu Z, Gao J, Wang J, Lu W, Fei Y, Zhang B, Mi B, Li P, Ma L, Jiang Y, Chen C, Dang L, Liu J, Qu Q. The Relationship Between Pre-existing Coronary Heart Disease and Cognitive Impairment Is Partly Explained by Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in the Subjects Without Clinical Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:835900. [PMID: 35634203 PMCID: PMC9130859 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.835900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) is closely associated with cognitive impairment, especially in severe cases of heart failure. However, it is unclear whether cardiac systolic function plays a role in the relationship between pre-existing CHD and cognitive impairment in subjects without clinical heart failure. Methods In total, 208 subjects from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University were recruited from June 2014 to January 2015, and were divided into CHD (n = 118) and non-CHD (n = 90) groups according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The global cognitive function of all subjects was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and cognitive impairment was defined as the score lower than the cutoff value. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured using transthoracic echocardiograms. The relationship among pre-existing CHD, LVEF, and cognitive impairment was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results In total, 34 subjects met the criteria of cognitive impairment. Univariate analysis showed that the cognitive impairment prevalence in the CHD group was significantly higher than that in the non-CHD group (22.0 vs. 8.9%, p = 0.011). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that CHD was significantly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] = 3.284 [95% CI, 1.032–10.450], p = 0.044) after adjusting for confounds except for LVEF. However, the OR of CHD decreased (OR = 2.127 [95% CI, 0.624–7.254], p = 0.228) when LVEF was further corrected as a continuous variable, and LVEF was negatively associated with the risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 0.928 [95% CI, 0.882–0.976], p = 0.004). Conclusion Pre-existing CHD is associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment, and such an association can be considerably explained by reduced LVEF. An impaired cardiac systolic function may play a key role in the relationship between CHD and cognitive impairment among patients with pre-heart failure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhang Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinying Gao
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Ankang, Ankang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yulang Fei
- Medical College, Xijing University, Xi’an, China
| | - Binyan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Baibing Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Pei Li
- The Assisted Reproductive Technology Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Louyan Ma
- The Second Department of Geriatrics, Xi’an No 9 Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liangjun Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiumin Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Qiumin Qu,
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21
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Small Vessel Disease: Ancient Description, Novel Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073508. [PMID: 35408867 PMCID: PMC8998274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small vessel disease (SVD) is one of the most frequent pathological conditions which lead to dementia. Biochemical and neuroimaging might help correctly identify the clinical diagnosis of this relevant brain disease. The microvascular alterations which underlie SVD have common origins, similar cognitive outcomes, and common vascular risk factors. Nevertheless, the arteriolosclerosis process, which underlines SVD development, is based on different mechanisms, not all completely understood, which start from a chronic hypoperfusion state and pass through a chronic brain inflammatory condition, inducing a significant endothelium activation and a consequent tissue remodeling action. In a recent review, we focused on the pathophysiology of SVD, which is complex, involving genetic conditions and different co-morbidities (i.e., diabetes, chronic hypoxia condition, and obesity). Currently, many points still remain unclear and discordant. In this paper, we wanted to focus on new biomarkers, which can be the expression of the endothelial dysfunction, or of the oxidative damage, which could be employed as markers of disease progression or for future targets of therapies. Therefore, we described the altered response to the endothelium-derived nitric oxide-vasodilators (ENOV), prostacyclin, C-reactive proteins, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF). At the same time, due to the concomitant endothelial activation and chronic neuroinflammatory status, we described hypoxia-endothelial-related markers, such as HIF 1 alpha, VEGFR2, and neuroglobin, and MMPs. We also described blood–brain barrier disruption biomarkers and imaging techniques, which can also describe perivascular spaces enlargement and dysfunction. More studies should be necessary, in order to implement these results and give them a clinical benefit.
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22
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Perdaens O, van Pesch V. Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosenescene and Inflammaging: Relevance to the Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 12:811518. [PMID: 35281989 PMCID: PMC8913495 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.811518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized, amongst other features, by a complex process of cellular senescence involving both innate and adaptive immunity, called immunosenescence and associated to inflammaging, a low-grade chronic inflammation. Both processes fuel each other and partially explain increasing incidence of cancers, infections, age-related autoimmunity, and vascular disease as well as a reduced response to vaccination. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong disease, for which considerable progress in disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and management has improved long-term survival. However, disability progression, increasing with age and disease duration, remains. Neurologists are now involved in caring for elderly MS patients, with increasing comorbidities. Aging of the immune system therefore has relevant implications for MS pathogenesis, response to DMTs and the risks mediated by these treatments. We propose to review current evidence regarding markers and molecular mechanisms of immunosenescence and their relevance to understanding MS pathogenesis. We will focus on age-related changes in the innate and adaptive immune system in MS and other auto-immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The consequences of these immune changes on MS pathology, in interaction with the intrinsic aging process of central nervous system resident cells will be discussed. Finally, the impact of immunosenescence on disease evolution and on the safety and efficacy of current DMTs will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Vincent van Pesch
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23
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Hollis F, Pope BS, Gorman-Sandler E, Wood SK. Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Link Social Stress to Depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 54:59-93. [PMID: 35184261 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating mental illness and a leading cause of global disease burden. While many etiological factors have been identified, social stress is a highly prevalent causative factor for the onset of depression. Unfortunately, rates of depression continue to increase around the world, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated this mental health crisis. Though several therapeutic strategies are available, nearly 50% of patients who receive treatment never reach remission. The exact mechanisms by which social stress exposure promotes the development of depression are unclear, making it challenging to develop novel and more effective therapeutics. However, accumulating evidence points to a role for stress-induced neuroinflammation, particularly in treatment-resistant patients. Moreover, recent evidence has expanded the concept of the pathogenesis of depression to mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the combined effects of social stress on mitochondria and inflammation may synergize to facilitate stress-related depression. In this chapter, we review evidence for neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of social stress-induced depression and discuss these in the context of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hollis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brittany S Pope
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erin Gorman-Sandler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
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24
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Babaee A, Vaghefi SHE, Dehghani Soltani S, Asadi Shekaari M, Shahrokhi N, Basiri M. Hippocampal Astrocyte Response to Melatonin Following Neural Damage Induction in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:177-186. [PMID: 34925714 PMCID: PMC8672670 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.12.2.986.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brain injury induces an almost immediate response from glial cells, especially astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species that may result in secondary neuronal damage. Melatonin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and it has been reported to exert neuroprotection through the prevention of neuronal death in several models of central nervous system injury. This study aimed to investigate the effect of melatonin on astrocyte activation induced by Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups; Sham group, TBI group, vehicle group, and melatonin-treated TBI groups (TBI+Mel5, TBI+Mel20). Immunohistochemical method (GFAP marker) and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate astrocyte reactivity and neuronal death, respectively. Results: The results demonstrated that the astrocyte number was reduced significantly in melatonin-treated groups compared to the vehicle group. Additionally, based on TUNEL results, melatonin administration noticeably reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Conclusion: In general, our findings suggest that melatonin treatment after brain injury reduces astrocyte reactivity as well as neuronal cell apoptosis in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Babaee
- Department of Anatomy, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Samereh Dehghani Soltani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Majid Asadi Shekaari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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25
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Sherafat A, Pfeiffer F, Nishiyama A. Shaping of Regional Differences in Oligodendrocyte Dynamics by Regional Heterogeneity of the Pericellular Microenvironment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:721376. [PMID: 34690700 PMCID: PMC8531270 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.721376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are glial cells that differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) to generate new myelin sheaths. While OPCs are distributed uniformly throughout the gray and white matter in the developing and adult brain, those in white matter proliferate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes at a greater rate than those in gray matter. There is currently lack of evidence to suggest that OPCs comprise genetically and transcriptionally distinct subtypes. Rather, the emerging view is that they exist in different cell and functional states, depending on their location and age. Contrary to the normal brain, demyelinated lesions in the gray matter of multiple sclerosis brains contain more OPCs and OLs and are remyelinated more robustly than those in white matter. The differences in the dynamic behavior of OL lineage cells are likely to be influenced by their microenvironment. There are regional differences in astrocytes, microglia, the vasculature, and the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We will discuss how the regional differences in these elements surrounding OPCs might shape their phenotypic variability in normal and demyelinated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Friederike Pfeiffer
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,The Institute of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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26
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Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Amplifies the Development of Neuroinflammation: Understanding of Cellular Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prevention and Treatment of BBB Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661838. [PMID: 34588955 PMCID: PMC8475767 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or exogenous pathogens. Activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) is widely recognized as a hallmark of neuroinflammation and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction. Another feature associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB, which is composed of brain endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, maintains brain homeostasis and protects neurons. Impairment of this barrier allows trafficking of immune cells or plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma and subsequent inflammatory processes in the brain. Besides neurons, activated glial cells also affect BBB integrity. Therefore, BBB dysfunction can amplify neuroinflammation and act as a key process in the development of neuroinflammation. BBB integrity is determined by the integration of multiple signaling pathways within brain endothelial cells through intercellular communication between brain endothelial cells and brain perivascular cells (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). For prevention of BBB disruption, both cellular components, such as signaling molecules in brain endothelial cells, and non-cellular components, such as inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells, should be considered. Thus, understanding of intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt the BBB can provide novel treatments for neurological diseases associated with neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in BBB impairment by inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Cognitive Dysfunction after Heart Disease: A Manifestation of the Heart-Brain Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4899688. [PMID: 34457113 PMCID: PMC8387198 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4899688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The functions of the brain and heart, which are the two main supporting organs of human life, are closely linked. Numerous studies have expounded the mechanisms of the brain-heart axis and its related clinical applications. However, the effect of heart disease on brain function, defined as the heart-brain axis, is less studied even though cognitive dysfunction after heart disease is one of its most frequently reported manifestations. Hypoperfusion caused by heart failure appears to be an important risk factor for cognitive decline. Blood perfusion, the immune response, and oxidative stress are the possible main mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction, indicating that the blood-brain barrier, glial cells, and amyloid-β may play active roles in these mechanisms. Clinicians should pay more attention to the cognitive function of patients with heart disease, especially those with heart failure. In addition, further research elucidating the associated mechanisms would help discover new therapeutic targets to intervene in the process of cognitive dysfunction after heart disease. This review discusses cognitive dysfunction in relation to heart disease and its potential mechanisms.
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28
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Kim J, Lee KT, Lee JS, Shin J, Cui B, Yang K, Choi YS, Choi N, Lee SH, Lee JH, Bahn YS, Cho SW. Fungal brain infection modelled in a human-neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip with a functional blood-brain barrier. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:830-846. [PMID: 34127820 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit, which consists of vascular cells surrounded by astrocytic end-feet and neurons, controls cerebral blood flow and the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to maintain homeostasis in the neuronal milieu. Studying how some pathogens and drugs can penetrate the human BBB and disrupt neuronal homeostasis requires in vitro microphysiological models of the neurovascular unit. Here we show that the neurotropism of Cryptococcus neoformans-the most common pathogen causing fungal meningitis-and its ability to penetrate the BBB can be modelled by the co-culture of human neural stem cells, brain microvascular endothelial cells and brain vascular pericytes in a human-neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip maintained by a stepwise gravity-driven unidirectional flow and recapitulating the structural and functional features of the BBB. We found that the pathogen forms clusters of cells that penetrate the BBB without altering tight junctions, suggesting a transcytosis-mediated mechanism. The neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip may facilitate the study of the mechanisms of brain infection by pathogens, and the development of drugs for a range of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baofang Cui
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisuk Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Sun Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Center for Nanomedicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Center for Nanomedicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Psenicka MW, Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Williams JL. Connecting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells a Nexus of Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654284. [PMID: 34234647 PMCID: PMC8255483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is often accompanied by inflammation. It is well-known that many cells within the central nervous system (CNS) also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, which can promote neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is both an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which there is a complex interplay between resident CNS cells to mediate myelin and axonal damage, and this communication network can vary depending on the subtype and chronicity of disease. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell of the CNS, and their precursors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are often thought of as the targets of autoimmune pathology during MS and in several animal models of MS; however, there is emerging evidence that OPCs actively contribute to inflammation that directly and indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we discuss several contributors to MS disease progression starting with lesion pathology and murine models amenable to studying particular aspects of disease. We then review how OPCs themselves can play an active role in promoting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and how other resident CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons can impact OPC function. Further, we outline the very complex and pleiotropic role(s) of several inflammatory cytokines and other secreted factors classically described as solely deleterious during MS and its animal models, but in fact, have many neuroprotective functions and promote a return to homeostasis, in part via modulation of OPC function. Finally, since MS affects patients from the onset of disease throughout their lifespan, we discuss the impact of aging on OPC function and CNS recovery. It is becoming clear that OPCs are not simply a bystander during MS progression and uncovering the active roles they play during different stages of disease will help uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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30
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Pfeiffer F, Sherafat A, Nishiyama A. The Impact of Fixation on the Detection of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Morphology and Vascular Associations. Cells 2021; 10:1302. [PMID: 34073801 PMCID: PMC8225113 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) display numerous protrusions that extend into the surrounding parenchyma in the brain. Depending on the preparation of the tissue analyzed, these protrusions are more or less visible. We applied six different fixation methods and compared the effect of prolonged and stronger fixation on fluorescence intensity of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, a surface marker of OPCs. Importantly, the fluorescence signal is mostly lost on protrusions as compared to the cell body, which has to be considered for specific analyses. Additionally, we show numerous contacts established between OPCs and the brain vasculature, which will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between these two elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Pfeiffer
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institue of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- The Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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31
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Galichet C, Clayton RW, Lovell-Badge R. Novel Tools and Investigative Approaches for the Study of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (NG2-Glia) in CNS Development and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:673132. [PMID: 33994951 PMCID: PMC8116629 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.673132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), also referred to as NG2-glia, are the most proliferative cell type in the adult central nervous system. While the primary role of OPCs is to serve as progenitors for oligodendrocytes, in recent years, it has become increasingly clear that OPCs fulfil a number of other functions. Indeed, independent of their role as stem cells, it is evident that OPCs can regulate the metabolic environment, directly interact with and modulate neuronal function, maintain the blood brain barrier (BBB) and regulate inflammation. In this review article, we discuss the state-of-the-art tools and investigative approaches being used to characterize the biology and function of OPCs. From functional genetic investigation to single cell sequencing and from lineage tracing to functional imaging, we discuss the important discoveries uncovered by these techniques, such as functional and spatial OPC heterogeneity, novel OPC marker genes, the interaction of OPCs with other cells types, and how OPCs integrate and respond to signals from neighboring cells. Finally, we review the use of in vitro assay to assess OPC functions. These methodologies promise to lead to ever greater understanding of this enigmatic cell type, which in turn will shed light on the pathogenesis and potential treatment strategies for a number of diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Galichet
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Ohashi K, Shibasaki K, Nakazawa H, Kunimasa R, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, Kaneko S. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 Is Functionally Expressed in Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and Is Upregulated in Ischemic Demyelinated Lesions. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:181-187. [PMID: 33518671 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are glial cells that differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. The number of OPCs is reportedly increased in brain lesions in some demyelinating diseases and during ischemia; however, these cells also secrete cytokines and elicit both protective and deleterious effects in response to brain injury. The mechanism regulating the behaviors of OPCs in physiological and pathological conditions must be elucidated to control these cells and to treat demyelinating diseases. Here, we focused on transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3), a Ca2+-permeable channel that is activated by the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and body temperature. Trpm3+/Pdgfra+ OPCs were detected in the cerebral cortex (CTX) and corpus callosum (CC) of P4 and adult rats by in situ hybridization. Trpm3 expression was detected in primary cultured rat OPCs and was increased by treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Application of PS (30-100 µM) increased the Ca2+ concentration in OPCs and this effect was inhibited by co-treatment with the TRP channel blocker Gd3+ (100 µM) or the TRPM3 inhibitor isosakuranetin (10 µM). Stimulation of TRPM3 with PS (50 µM) did not affect the differentiation or migration of OPCs. The number of Trpm3+ OPCs was markedly increased in demyelinated lesions in an endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemic rat model. In conclusion, TRPM3 is functionally expressed in OPCs in vivo and in vitro and is upregulated in inflammatory conditions such as ischemic insults and TNFα treatment, implying that TRPM3 is involved in the regulation of specific behaviors of OPCs in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ohashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Division of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Human Health Science, University of Nagasaki
| | - Hayaki Nakazawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Ryotaro Kunimasa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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Akay LA, Effenberger AH, Tsai LH. Cell of all trades: oligodendrocyte precursor cells in synaptic, vascular, and immune function. Genes Dev 2021; 35:180-198. [PMID: 33526585 PMCID: PMC7849363 DOI: 10.1101/gad.344218.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are not merely a transitory progenitor cell type, but rather a distinct and heterogeneous population of glia with various functions in the developing and adult central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the fate and function of OPCs in the brain beyond their contribution to myelination. OPCs are electrically sensitive, form synapses with neurons, support blood-brain barrier integrity, and mediate neuroinflammation. We explore how sex and age may influence OPC activity, and we review how OPC dysfunction may play a primary role in numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Finally, we highlight areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Anne Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Audrey H Effenberger
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Zhou B, Zhu Z, Ransom BR, Tong X. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:103-117. [PMID: 33144710 PMCID: PMC7815509 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental illness, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Decades of investigation have yielded symptomatic therapies for this disabling condition but have not led to a consensus about its pathogenesis. There are data to support several different theories of causation, including the monoamine hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, inflammation and immune system alterations, abnormalities of neurogenesis and a conducive environmental milieu. Research in these areas and others has greatly advanced the current understanding of depression; however, there are other, less widely known theories of pathogenesis. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells, including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes, have numerous important functions, which include forming myelin sheaths that enwrap central nervous system axons, supporting axons metabolically, and mediating certain forms of neuroplasticity. These specialized glial cells have been implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression. In this review, we summarize recent findings that shed light on how oligodendrocyte lineage cells might participate in the pathogenesis of depression, and we discuss new approaches for targeting these cells as a novel strategy to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butian Zhou
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqun Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bruce R Ransom
- Neuroscience Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Gou X, Ying J, Yue Y, Qiu X, Hu P, Qu Y, Li J, Mu D. The Roles of High Mobility Group Box 1 in Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:600280. [PMID: 33384585 PMCID: PMC7770223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that plays an important role in stabilizing nucleosomes and DNA repair. HMGB1 can be passively released from necrotic neurons or actively secreted by microglia, macrophages/monocytes, and neutrophils. Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, and its outcome depends on the number of neurons dying due to hypoxia in the ischemic area. HMGB1 contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia via mediating neuroinflammatory responses to cerebral ischemic injury. Extracellular HMGB1 regulates many neuroinflammatory events by interacting with its different cell surface receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end products, toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, and TLR-4. Additionally, HMGB1 can be redox-modified, thus exerting specific cellular functions in the ischemic brain and has different roles in the acute and late stages of cerebral ischemic injury. However, the role of HMGB1 in cerebral ischemia is complex and remains unclear. Herein, we summarize and review the research on HMGB1 in cerebral ischemia, focusing especially on the role of HMGB1 in hypoxic ischemia in the immature brain and in white matter ischemic injury. We also outline the possible mechanisms of HMGB1 in cerebral ischemia and the main strategies to inhibit HMGB1 pertaining to its potential as a novel critical molecular target in cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Gou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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AKAP12 Supports Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity against Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239078. [PMID: 33260683 PMCID: PMC7730430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) is a scaffolding protein that associates with intracellular molecules to regulate multiple signal transductions. Although the roles of AKAP12 in the central nervous system are still relatively understudied, it was previously shown that AKAP12 regulates blood-retinal barrier formation. In this study, we asked whether AKAP12 also supports the function and integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a mouse model of focal ischemia, the expression level of AKAP12 in cerebral endothelial cells was upregulated during the acute phase of stroke. Also, in cultured cerebral endothelial cells, oxygen-glucose deprivation induced the upregulation of AKAP12. When AKAP12 expression was suppressed by an siRNA approach in cultured endothelial cells, endothelial permeability was increased along with the dysregulation of ZO-1/Claudin 5 expression. In addition, the loss of AKAP12 expression caused an upregulation/activation of the Rho kinase pathway, and treatment of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 mitigated the increase of endothelial permeability in AKAP12-deficient endothelial cell cultures. These in vitro findings were confirmed by our in vivo experiments using Akap12 knockout mice. Compared to wild-type mice, Akap12 knockout mice showed a larger extent of BBB damage after stroke. However, the inhibition of rho kinase by Y-27632 tightened the BBB in Akap12 knockout mice. These data may suggest that endogenous AKAP12 works to alleviate the damage and dysfunction of the BBB caused by ischemic stress. Therefore, the AKAP12-rho-kinase signaling pathway represents a novel therapeutic target for stroke.
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. An Overview on the Differential Interplay Among Neurons-Astrocytes-Microglia in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampus in Hypoxia/Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:585833. [PMID: 33262692 PMCID: PMC7686560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.585833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have been long regarded as the basic functional cells of the brain, whereas astrocytes and microglia have been regarded only as elements of support. However, proper intercommunication among neurons-astrocytes-microglia is of fundamental importance for the functional organization of the brain. Perturbation in the regulation of brain energy metabolism not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and microglia may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration, especially in hypoxia/ischemia. Glial activation has long been considered detrimental for survival of neurons, but recently it appears that glial responses to an insult are not equal but vary in different brain areas. In this review, we first take into consideration the modifications of the vascular unit of the glymphatic system and glial metabolism in hypoxic conditions. Using the method of triple-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy (TIC), we recently studied the interplay among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in chronic brain hypoperfusion. We evaluated the quantitative and morpho-functional alterations of the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads comparing the hippocampal CA1 area, more vulnerable to ischemia, to the CA3 area, less vulnerable. In these contiguous and interconnected areas, in the same experimental hypoxic conditions, astrocytes and microglia show differential, finely regulated, region-specific reactivities. In both areas, astrocytes and microglia form triad clusters with apoptotic, degenerating neurons. In the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads, the cell body of a damaged neuron is infiltrated and bisected by branches of astrocyte that create a microscar around it while a microglial cell phagocytoses the damaged neuron. These coordinated actions are consistent with the scavenging and protective activities of microglia. In hypoxia, the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads are more numerous in CA3 than in CA1, further indicating their protective effects. These data, taken from contiguous and interconnected hippocampal areas, demonstrate that glial response to the same hypoxic insult is not equal but varies significantly. Understanding the differences of glial reactivity is of great interest to explain the differential susceptibility of hippocampal areas to hypoxia/ischemia. Further studies may evidence the differential reactivity of glia in different brain areas, explaining the higher or lower sensitivity of these areas to different insults and whether glia may represent a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria G Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207533. [PMID: 33066029 PMCID: PMC7589539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches.
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Papaneophytou C, Georgiou E, Kleopa KA. The role of oligodendrocyte gap junctions in neuroinflammation. Channels (Austin) 2020; 13:247-263. [PMID: 31232168 PMCID: PMC6602578 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1631107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) provide channels for direct cell-to-cell connectivity serving the homeostasis in several organs of vertebrates including the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. GJs are composed of connexins (Cx), which show a highly distinct cellular and subcellular expression pattern. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS, are characterized by extensive GJ connectivity with each other as well as with astrocytes. The main oligodendrocyte connexins forming these GJ channels are Cx47 and Cx32. The importance of these channels has been highlighted by the discovery of human diseases caused by mutations in oligodendrocyte connexins, manifesting with leukodystrophy or transient encephalopathy. Experimental models have provided further evidence that oligodendrocyte GJs are essential for CNS myelination and homeostasis, while a strong inflammatory component has been recognized in the absence of oligodendrocyte connexins. Further studies revealed that connexins are also disrupted in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain, and in experimental models of induced inflammatory demyelination. Moreover, induced demyelination was more severe and associated with higher degree of CNS inflammation in models with oligodendrocyte GJ deficiency, suggesting that disrupted connexin expression in oligodendrocytes is not only a consequence but can also drive a pro-inflammatory environment in acquired demyelinating disorders such as MS. In this review, we summarize the current insights from human disorders as well as from genetic and acquired models of demyelination related to oligodendrocyte connexins, with the remaining challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Papaneophytou
- a Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus.,b Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering , University of Nicosia , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Elena Georgiou
- a Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- a Neuroscience Laboratory, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus.,c Neurology Clinics , the Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, and the Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus
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Manukjan N, Ahmed Z, Fulton D, Blankesteijn WM, Foulquier S. A Systematic Review of WNT Signaling in Endothelial Cell Oligodendrocyte Interactions: Potential Relevance to Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061545. [PMID: 32630426 PMCID: PMC7349551 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key pathological features of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) include impairment of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the progression of white matter lesions (WMLs) amongst other structural lesions, leading to the clinical manifestations of cSVD. The function of endothelial cells (ECs) is of major importance to maintain a proper BBB. ECs interact with several cell types to provide structural and functional support to the brain. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) myelinate axons in the central nervous system and are crucial in sustaining the integrity of white matter. The interplay between ECs and OLs and their precursor cells (OPCs) has received limited attention yet seems of relevance for the study of BBB dysfunction and white matter injury in cSVD. Emerging evidence shows a crosstalk between ECs and OPCs/OLs, mediated by signaling through the Wingless and Int-1 (WNT)/β-catenin pathway. As the latter is involved in EC function (e.g., angiogenesis) and oligodendrogenesis, we reviewed the role of WNT/β-catenin signaling for both cell types and performed a systematic search to identify studies describing a WNT-mediated interplay between ECs and OPCs/OLs. Dysregulation of this interaction may limit remyelination of WMLs and render the BBB leaky, thereby initiating a vicious neuroinflammatory cycle. A better understanding of the role of this signaling pathway in EC-OL crosstalk is essential in understanding cSVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narek Manukjan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; or (W.M.B.)
- CARIM—School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (Z.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (Z.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (Z.A.); (D.F.)
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; or (W.M.B.)
- CARIM—School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; or (W.M.B.)
- CARIM—School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, MHeNs—School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3881409
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Functional Heterogeneity of Mouse and Human Brain OPCs: Relevance for Preclinical Studies in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061681. [PMID: 32498223 PMCID: PMC7355819 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides giving rise to oligodendrocytes (the only myelin-forming cell in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in physiological conditions), Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) are responsible for spontaneous remyelination after a demyelinating lesion. They are present along the mouse and human CNS, both during development and in adulthood, yet how OPC physiological behavior is modified throughout life is not fully understood. The activity of adult human OPCs is still particularly unexplored. Significantly, most of the molecules involved in OPC-mediated remyelination are also involved in their development, a phenomenon that may be clinically relevant. In the present article, we have compared the intrinsic properties of OPCs isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal, postnatal and adult mice, as well as those recovered from neurosurgical adult human cerebral cortex tissue. By analyzing intact OPCs for the first time with 1H High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, we show that these cells behave distinctly and that they have different metabolic patterns in function for their stage of maturity. Moreover, their response to Fibroblast Growth Gactor-2 (FGF-2) and anosmin-1 (two molecules that have known effects on OPC biology during development and that are overexpressed in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)) differs in relation to their developmental stage and in the function of the species. Our data reveal that the behavior of adult human and mouse OPCs differs in a very dynamic way that should be very relevant when testing drugs and for the proper design of effective pharmacological and/or cell therapies for MS.
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A Clonal NG2-Glia Cell Response in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051279. [PMID: 32455842 PMCID: PMC7291195 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2-glia, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), have the potential to generate new mature oligodendrocytes and thus, to contribute to tissue repair in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). Once activated in response to brain damage, NG2-glial cells proliferate, and they acquire a reactive phenotype and a heterogeneous appearance. Here, we set out to investigate the distribution and phenotypic diversity of NG2-glia relative to their ontogenic origin, and whether there is a clonal NG2-glial response to lesion in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS. As such, we performed in utero electroporation of the genomic lineage tracer, StarTrack, to follow the fate of NG2-glia derived from single progenitors and to evaluate their response to brain damage after EAE induction. We then analyzed the dispersion of the NG2-glia derived clonally from single pallial progenitors in the brain of EAE mice. In addition, we examined several morphological parameters to assess the degree of NG2-glia reactivity in clonally-related cells. Our results reveal the heterogeneity of these progenitors and their cell progeny in a scenario of autoimmune demyelination, revealing the ontogenic phenomena at play in these processes.
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Uemura MT, Maki T, Ihara M, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Brain Microvascular Pericytes in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:80. [PMID: 32317958 PMCID: PMC7171590 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are unique, multi-functional mural cells localized at the abluminal side of the perivascular space in microvessels. Originally discovered in 19th century, pericytes had drawn less attention until decades ago mainly due to lack of specific markers. Recently, however, a growing body of evidence has revealed that pericytes play various important roles: development and maintenance of blood–brain barrier (BBB), regulation of the neurovascular system (e.g., vascular stability, vessel formation, cerebral blood flow, etc.), trafficking of inflammatory cells, clearance of toxic waste products from the brain, and acquisition of stem cell-like properties. In the neurovascular unit, pericytes perform these functions through coordinated crosstalk with neighboring cells including endothelial, glial, and neuronal cells. Dysfunction of pericytes contribute to a wide variety of diseases that lead to cognitive impairments such as cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), acute stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and other neurological disorders. For instance, in SVDs, pericyte degeneration leads to microvessel instability and demyelination while in stroke, pericyte constriction after ischemia causes a no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries. In AD, which shares some common risk factors with vascular dementia, reduction in pericyte coverage and subsequent microvascular impairments are observed in association with white matter attenuation and contribute to impaired cognition. Pericyte loss causes BBB-breakdown, which stagnates amyloid β clearance and the leakage of neurotoxic molecules into the brain parenchyma. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of brain microvessel pericytes, and their roles in the central nervous system. Then, we focus on how dysfunctional pericytes contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment including cerebral ‘small vessel’ and ‘large vessel’ diseases, as well as AD. Finally, we discuss therapeutic implications for these disorders by targeting pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko T Uemura
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,JSPS Overseas Research Fellowship Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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44
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Du X, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Zhou J. Differential Modulators of NG2-Glia Differentiation into Neurons and Glia and Their Crosstalk. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1-15. [PMID: 32285247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the fifth main cell population in the brain, NG2-glia are also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels for fast modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which are of functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia also participate in fast signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic contacts in the brain. These distinctive glia have the unique capability of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes, which are critical for axonal myelination in the early developing brain. In neurodegenerative diseases, NG2-glia play an important role and undergo morphological modification, adapt the expression of their membrane receptors and ion channels, and display gene-modulated cell reprogramming and excitotoxicity-caused cell death. These modifications directly and indirectly influence populations of neurons and other glial cells. NG2-glia regulate their action and dynamics in response to neuronal behavior and disease, indicating a critical function to preserve and remodel myelin in physiological states and to repair it in pathological states. Here, we review in detail the differential modulators of NG2-glia into neurons and astrocytes, as well as interactions of NG2-glia with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. We will also summarize a future potential exploitation of NG2-glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuang Du
- Department of Scientific Research, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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45
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Coulibaly AP, Provencio JJ. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: an Overview of Inflammation-Induced Cellular Changes. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:436-445. [PMID: 31907877 PMCID: PMC7283430 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease that leads to poor neurological outcomes and is characterized by both vascular and neural pathologies. Recent evidence demonstrates that inflammation mediates many of the vascular and neural changes observed after SAH. Although most studies focus on inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, the ultimate effectors of inflammation in SAH are parenchymal brain and peripheral immune cells. As such, the present review will summarize our current understanding of the cellular changes of both CNS parenchymal and peripheral immune cells after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Coulibaly
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J J Provencio
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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46
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Xu S, Lu J, Shao A, Zhang JH, Zhang J. Glial Cells: Role of the Immune Response in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 32174916 PMCID: PMC7055422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 75-80% of all strokes, is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The post-stroke immune response has recently emerged as a new breakthrough target in the treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, are the primary components of the peri-infarct environment in the central nervous system (CNS) and have been implicated in post-stroke immune regulation. However, increasing evidence suggests that glial cells exert beneficial and detrimental effects during ischemic stroke. Microglia, which survey CNS homeostasis and regulate innate immune responses, are rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. Activated microglia release inflammatory cytokines that induce neuronal tissue injury. By contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors secreted by alternatively activated microglia are beneficial for recovery after ischemic stroke. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in ischemic stroke contribute to limiting brain injury and re-establishing CNS homeostasis. However, glial scarring hinders neuronal reconnection and extension. Neuroinflammation affects the demyelination and remyelination of oligodendrocytes. Myelin-associated antigens released from oligodendrocytes activate peripheral T cells, thereby resulting in the autoimmune response. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which can differentiate into oligodendrocytes, follow an ischemic stroke and may result in functional recovery. Herein, we discuss the mechanisms of post-stroke immune regulation mediated by glial cells and the interaction between glial cells and neurons. In addition, we describe the potential roles of various glial cells at different stages of ischemic stroke and discuss future intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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47
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Hamanaka G, Kubo T, Ohtomo R, Takase H, Reyes-Bricio E, Oribe S, Osumi N, Lok J, Lo EH, Arai K. Microglial responses after phagocytosis: Escherichia coli bioparticles, but not cell debris or amyloid beta, induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion in cultured rat primary microglial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1435-1444. [PMID: 32057146 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection or brain damage, microglia are activated to play roles in immune responses, including phagocytosis and soluble factor release. However, little is known whether the event of phagocytosis could be a trigger for releasing soluble factors from microglia. In this study, we tested if microglia secrete a neurovascular mediator matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after phagocytosis in vitro. Primary microglial cultures were prepared from neonatal rat brains. Cultured microglia phagocytosed Escherichia coli bioparticles within 2 hr after incubation and started to secrete MMP-9 at around 12 hr after the phagocytosis. A TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 suppressed the E. coli-bioparticle-induced MMP-9 secretion. However, TAK242 did not change the engulfment of E. coli bioparticles in microglial cultures. Because lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of E. coli, also induced MMP-9 secretion in a dose-response manner and because the response was inhibited by TAK242 treatment, we assumed that the LPS-TLR4 pathway, which was activated by adhering to the substance, but not through the engulfing process of phagocytosis, would play a role in releasing MMP-9 from microglia after E. coli bioparticle treatment. To support the finding that the engulfing step would not be a critical trigger for MMP-9 secretion after the event of phagocytosis in microglia, we confirmed that cell debris and amyloid beta were both captured into microglia via phagocytosis, but neither of them induced MMP-9 secretion from microglia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that microglial response in MMP-9 secretion after phagocytosis differs depending on the types of particles/substances that microglia encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tomoya Kubo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryo Ohtomo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Estefania Reyes-Bricio
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuntaro Oribe
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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48
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Hernandez-Gerez E, Fleming IN, Parson SH. A role for spinal cord hypoxia in neurodegeneration. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:861. [PMID: 31723121 PMCID: PMC6853899 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system of the spinal cord is particularly complex and vulnerable. Damage to the main vessels or alterations to the regulation of blood flow will result in a reduction or temporary cessation of blood supply. The resulting tissue hypoxia may be brief: acute, or long lasting: chronic. Damage to the vascular system of the spinal cord will develop after a traumatic event or as a result of pathology. Traumatic events such as road traffic accidents, serious falls and surgical procedures, including aortic cross-clamping, will lead to an immediate cessation of perfusion, the result of which may not be evident for several days, but may have long-term consequences including neurodegeneration. Pathological events such as arterial sclerosis, venous occlusion and spinal cord compression will result in a progressive reduction of blood flow, leading to chronic hypoxia. While in some situations the initial pathology is exclusively vascular, recent research in neurodegenerative disease has drawn attention to concomitant vascular anomalies in disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and muscular sclerosis. Understanding the role of, and tissue response to, chronic hypoxia is particularly important in these cases, where inherent neural damage exacerbates the vulnerability of the nervous system to stressors including hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hernandez-Gerez
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Ian N Fleming
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon H Parson
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Aberdeen Foresterhill Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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49
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Girolamo F, Errede M, Longo G, Annese T, Alias C, Ferrara G, Morando S, Trojano M, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Uccelli A, Virgintino D. Defining the role of NG2-expressing cells in experimental models of multiple sclerosis. A biofunctional analysis of the neurovascular unit in wild type and NG2 null mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213508. [PMID: 30870435 PMCID: PMC6417733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) overexpress proteoglycan nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2), proliferate, and make contacts with the microvessel wall. To explore whether OPCs may actually be recruited within the neurovascular unit (NVU), de facto intervening in its cellular and molecular composition, we quantified by immunoconfocal morphometry the presence of OPCs in contact with brain microvessels, during postnatal cerebral cortex vascularization at postnatal day 6, in wild-type (WT) and NG2 knock-out (NG2KO) mice, and in the cortex of adult naïve and EAE-affected WT and NG2KO mice. As observed in WT mice during postnatal development, a higher number of juxtavascular and perivascular OPCs was revealed in adult WT mice during EAE compared to adult naïve WT mice. In EAE-affected mice, OPCs were mostly associated with microvessels that showed altered claudin-5 and occludin tight junction (TJ) staining patterns and barrier leakage. In contrast, EAE-affected NG2KO mice, which did not show any significant increase in vessel-associated OPCs, seemed to retain better preserved TJs and BBB integrity. As expected, absence of NG2, in both OPCs and pericytes, led to a reduced content of vessel basal lamina molecules, laminin, collagen VI, and collagen IV. In addition, analysis of the major ligand/receptor systems known to promote OPC proliferation and migration indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), and the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were the molecules most likely involved in proliferation and recruitment of vascular OPCs during EAE. These results were confirmed by real time-PCR that showed Fgf2, Pdgfa and Tgfb expression on isolated cerebral cortex microvessels and by dual RNAscope-immunohistochemistry/in situ hybridization (IHC/ISH), which detected Vegfa and Vegfr2 transcripts on cerebral cortex sections. Overall, this study suggests that vascular OPCs, in virtue of their developmental arrangement and response to neuroinflammation and growth factors, could be integrated among the classical NVU cell components. Moreover, the synchronized activation of vascular OPCs and pericytes during both BBB development and dysfunction, points to NG2 as a key regulator of vascular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: (DV); (FG)
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlotta Alias
- B+LabNet—Environmental Sustainability Lab, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ferrara
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Morando
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino–IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail: (DV); (FG)
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50
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Lee ES, Yoon JH, Choi J, Andika FR, Lee T, Jeong Y. A mouse model of subcortical vascular dementia reflecting degeneration of cerebral white matter and microcirculation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:44-57. [PMID: 29053032 PMCID: PMC6311665 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17736963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Subcortical vascular dementia(SVaD) is associated with white matter damage, lacunar infarction, and degeneration of cerebral microcirculation. Currently available mouse models can mimic only partial aspects of human SVaD features. Here, we combined bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with a hyperlipidaemia model in order to develop a mouse model of SVaD; 10- to 12-week-old apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient or wild-type C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham operation or chronic cerebral hypoperfusion with BCAS using micro-coils. Behavioural performance (locomotion, spatial working memory, and recognition memory), histopathological findings (white matter damage, microinfarctions, astrogliosis), and cerebral microcirculation (microvascular density and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity) were investigated. ApoE-deficient mice subjected to BCAS showed impaired locomotion, spatial working memory, and recognition memory. They also showed white matter damage, multiple microinfarctions, astrogliosis, reduction in microvascular density, and BBB breakdown. The combination of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and ApoE deficiency induced cognitive decline and cerebrovascular pathology, including white matter damage, multiple microinfarctions, and degeneration of cerebral microcirculation. Together, these features are all compatible with those of patients with SVaD. Thus, the proposed animal model is plausible for investigating SVaD pathophysiology and for application in preclinical drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eek-Sung Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang
University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hui Yoon
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
| | - Jiye Choi
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
| | - Faris R Andika
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
| | - Taekwan Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center,
Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, Republic of
Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
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