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Zhu Y, Xiang M, Brulois KF, Lazarus NH, Pan J, Butcher EC. Endothelial cell Notch signaling programs cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote tumor immune evasion. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4538031. [PMID: 38947054 PMCID: PMC11213189 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4538031/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Stromal cells within the tumor tissue promote immune evasion as a critical strategy for cancer development and progression, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we explore the role of endothelial cells (ECs) in the regulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Using mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models, we found that canonical Notch signaling in endothelial cells suppresses the recruitment of antitumor T cells and promotes tumor progression by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory functions of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Abrogation of endothelial Notch signaling modulates EC-derived angiocrine factors to enhance the pro-inflammatory activities of CAFs, which drive CXCL9/10-CXCR3-mediated T cell recruitment to inhibit tumor growth. Additionally, abrogation of endothelial Notch unleashed interferon gamma responses in the tumor microenvironment, upregulated PDL1 expression on tumor cells, and sensitized PDAC to PD1-based immunotherapy. Collectively, these data uncover a pivotal role of endothelial cells in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and suggest the potential of targeting EC-CAF interaction as a novel therapeutic modality to boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Menglan Xiang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kevin F. Brulois
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicole H. Lazarus
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Eugene C. Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Ye Y, Li L, Kang H, Wan Z, Zhang M, Gang B, Liu J, Liu G, Gu W. LAMP1 controls CXCL10-CXCR3 axis mediated inflammatory regulation of macrophage polarization during inflammatory stimulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111929. [PMID: 38555817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Increased expression of CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 represents an inflammatory response in cells and tissues. Macrophage polarization and autophagy are major functions in inflammatory macrophages; however, the cellular functions of the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis in macrophages are not well understood. Here, we examined the role of CXCL10-CXCR3-axis-regulated autophagy in macrophage polarization. First, in non-inflammatory macrophages, whereas CXCL10 promotes M2 polarization and inhibits M1 polarization, CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 induces the opposite macrophage polarization. Next, CXCL10 promotes the expression of autophagy proteins (Atg5-Atg12 complex, p62, LC3-II, and LAMP1) and AMG487 inhibits their expression. Knockdown of LAMP1 by short interfering RNA switches the CXCL10-induced polarization from M2 to M1 in non-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, in inflammatory macrophages stimulated by poly(I:C), CXCL10 induces M1 polarization and AMG487 induces M2 polarization in association with a decrease in LAMP1. Finally, AMG487 alleviates lung injury after poly(I:C) treatment in mice. In conclusion, CXCL10-CXCR3 axis differentially directs macrophage polarization in inflammatory and non-inflammatory states, and autophagy protein LAMP1 acts as the switch controlling the direction of macrophage polarization by CXCL10-CXCR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Translational Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China; Reproduction Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, China
| | - Lexing Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hu Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Translational Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Ziyu Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Translational Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Translational Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Baocai Gang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Translational Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Translational Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China.
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Translational Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China.
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Teng O, Quek AML, Nguyen TM, Wang S, Ng IXQ, Fragata L, Mohd-Abu-Bucker FB, Tambyah PA, Seet RCS. Biomarkers of early SARS-CoV-2 infection before the onset of respiratory symptoms. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:540-547. [PMID: 38160754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently, limited data exist regarding the pathological changes occurring during the incubation phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We utilized proteomic analysis to explore changes in the circulatory host response in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection before the onset of symptoms. METHODS Participants were individuals from a randomized clinical trial of prophylaxis for COVID-19 in a workers' dormitory. Proteomic signatures of blood samples collected within 7 days before symptom onset (incubation group) were compared with those collected >21 days (non-incubation group) to derive candidate biomarkers of incubation. Candidate biomarkers were assessed by comparing levels in the incubation group with both infected individuals (positive controls) and non-infected individuals (negative controls). RESULTS The study included men (mean age 34.2 years and standard deviation 7.1) who were divided into three groups: an incubation group consisting of 44 men, and two control groups-positive (n = 56) and negative (n = 67) controls. Through proteomic analysis, we identified 49 proteins that, upon pathway analyses, indicated an upregulation of the renin-angiotensin and innate immune systems during the virus incubation period. Biomarker analyses revealed increased concentrations of plasma angiotensin II (mean 731 vs. 139 pg/mL), angiotensin (1-7) (302 vs. 9 pg/mL), CXCL10 (423 vs. 85 pg/mL), CXCL11 (82.7 vs. 32.1 pg/mL), interferon-gamma (0.49 vs. 0.20 pg/mL), legumain (914 vs. 743 pg/mL), galectin-9 (1443 vs. 836 pg/mL), and tumour necrosis factor (20.3 vs. 17.0 pg/mL) during virus incubation compared with non-infected controls (all p < 0.05). Plasma angiotensin (1-7) exhibited a significant increase before the onset of symptoms when compared with uninfected controls (area under the curve 0.99, sensitivity 0.97, and specificity 0.99). DISCUSSION Angiotensin (1-7) could play a crucial role in the progression of symptomatic COVID-19 infection, and its assessment could help identify individuals who would benefit from enhanced monitoring and early antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooiean Teng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy May Lin Quek
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuong Minh Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suqing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabel Xue Qi Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lorivie Fragata
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Chee Seong Seet
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Zhang H, Dhalla NS. The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1082. [PMID: 38256155 PMCID: PMC10817020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease (CVD) being a primary source of global morbidity and mortality, it is crucial that we understand the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms at play. Recently, numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines have been linked to several different CVDs, which are now often considered an adversely pro-inflammatory state. These cytokines most notably include interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family, amongst others. Not only does inflammation have intricate and complex interactions with pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress and calcium mishandling, but it also plays a role in the balance between tissue repair and destruction. In this regard, pre-clinical and clinical evidence has clearly demonstrated the involvement and dynamic nature of pro-inflammatory cytokines in many heart conditions; however, the clinical utility of the findings so far remains unclear. Whether these cytokines can serve as markers or risk predictors of disease states or act as potential therapeutic targets, further extensive research is needed to fully understand the complex network of interactions that these molecules encompass in the context of heart disease. This review will highlight the significant advances in our understanding of the contributions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CVDs, including ischemic heart disease (atherosclerosis, thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemia-reperfusion injury), cardiac remodeling (hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, cardiac apoptosis, and heart failure), different cardiomyopathies as well as ventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation. In addition, this article is focused on discussing the shortcomings in both pathological and therapeutic aspects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CVD that still need to be addressed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Shamsi A, Roghani SA, Abdan Z, Soufivand P, Pournazari M, Bahrehmand F, Vafaei A, Salari N, Soroush MG, Taghadosi M. CXCL9 and its Receptor CXCR3, an Important Link Between Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risks in RA Patients. Inflammation 2023; 46:2374-2385. [PMID: 37542661 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Inflammation has a decisive role in its pathogenesis. CXCL9 contributes to multi aspects of inflammatory reactions associated with the pathogenesis of CVD. In the current study, we evaluated the association of plasma CXCL9 and CXCR3 gene expression with Cardiovascular risk factors in RA patients for the first time. Thirty newly diagnosed, 30 on-treatment RA patients, and 30 healthy subjects were recruited in this study. The plasma concentration of CXCL9 and CXCR3 gene expression were measured using ELISA and Real-Time PCR, respectively. The CVD risk was evaluated using Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). The plasma levels of CXCL9 were significantly higher in the newly diagnosed and on-treatment RA patients compared to the control group (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Also, The CXCR3 gene expression was strongly elevated in newly diagnosed and on-treatment patients (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). The CXCL9 and CXCR3 were significantly associated with RA disease activity (P = 0.0005, r = 0.436; P = 0.0002, r = 0.463, respectively). The FRS was remarkably higher in newly diagnosed and on-treatment patients (P = 0.014 and P = 0.035, respectively). The CXCR3 gene expression significantly correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, FRS, and SCORE (P = 0.020, r = 0.298; P = 0.006, r = 0.346; P = 0.006, r = 0.349; P = 0.007, r = 0.341, respectively). The CXCL9 plasma concentration had a significant negative correlation with plasma HDL and LDL levels (P = 0.033, r = -0.275; P = 0.021, r = -0.296, respectively). CXCL9 and CXCR3 correlates with different variables of CVD in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Shamsi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Askar Roghani
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Abdan
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parviz Soufivand
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehran Pournazari
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fariborz Bahrehmand
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Vafaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Salari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masood Ghasemzade Soroush
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Taghadosi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Berendzen A, Grisanti LA, Watkinson LD, Singh K, Hoffman TJ, Carmack T, Devanny EA, Tanner M, Kil KE. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel fluorine-18 labeled small-molecule PET radiotracer for imaging of CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:67. [PMID: 37438543 PMCID: PMC10338423 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor and is expressed in innate and adaptive immune cells. It promotes the recruitment of T-lymphocytes and other immune cells to the inflammatory site in response to the binding of cognate chemokines. Upregulation of CXCR3 and its chemokines has been found during atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, detection of CXCR3 by positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer can be a useful tool for detecting the development of atherosclerosis in a noninvasive manner. Herein, we report the synthesis, radiosynthesis, and characterization of a novel fluorine-18 (F-18, 18F) labeled small-molecule radiotracer for the imaging of the CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. RESULTS The reference standard 1 and its precursor 9 were synthesized over 5 steps from starting materials in good to moderate yields. The measured Ki values of CXCR3A and CXCR3B were 0.81 ± 0.02 nM and 0.31 ± 0.02 nM, respectively. [18F]1 was prepared by a two-step radiosynthesis with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 13 ± 2%, radiochemical purity > 99%, and specific activity of 44.4 ± 3.7 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (n = 6). The baseline studies showed that [18F]1 displayed high uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta and brown adipose tissue in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice fed with a high-fat diet over 12 weeks. The uptake of [18F]1 in these regions was reduced significantly in self-blocking studies, demonstrating CXCR3 binding specificity. Contrary to this, no significant differences in uptake of [18F]1 in the abdominal aorta of C57BL/6 control mice fed with a normal diet were observed in both baseline and blocking studies, indicating increased CXCR3 expression in atherosclerotic lesions. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated that [18F]1-positive regions were correlated with CXCR3 expression, but some atherosclerotic plaques with significant size were not detected by [18F]1, and their CXCR3 expressions were minimal. CONCLUSION [18F]1 was synthesized with good radiochemical yield and high radiochemical purity. In PET imaging studies, [18F]1 displayed CXCR3-specific uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta in ApoE KO mice. [18F]1 visualized CXCR3 expression in different regions in mice aligned with the tissue histology studies. Taken together, [18F]1 is a potential PET radiotracer for imaging CXCR3 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, 1513 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ashley Berendzen
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Laurel A Grisanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lisa D Watkinson
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Kamlendra Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Terry Carmack
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Devanny
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Miles Tanner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, 1513 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Dong R, Li J, Jiang G, Han N, Zhang Y, Shi X. Novel immune cell infiltration-related biomarkers in atherosclerosis diagnosis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15341. [PMID: 37151293 PMCID: PMC10158768 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cell infiltration (ICI) has a close relationship with the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Therefore, the current study was aimed to explore the role of genes related to ICI and to investigate potential mechanisms in AS. Methods Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was applied to explore immune infiltration in AS and controls. Genes related to immune infitration were mined by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The function of those genes were analyzed by enrichment analyses of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO). The interactions among those genes were visualized in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, followed by identification of hub genes through Cytoscape software. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot was generated to assess the performance of hub genes in AS diagnosis. The expressions of hub genes were measured by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) in human leukemia monocyticcell line (THP-1) derived foam cells and macrophages, which mimic AS and control, respectively. Results We observed that the proportions of 27 immune cells were significantly elevated in AS. Subsequent integrative analyses of differential expression and WGCNA identified 99 immune cell-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AS and control. Those DEGs were associated with tryptophan metabolism and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related functions. Moreover, by constructing the PPI network, we found 11 hub immune cell-related genes in AS. The expression pattern and receiver ROC analyses in two independent datasets showed that calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2), nexilin F-Actin binding protein (NEXN), matrix metallopeptidase 12 (MMP12), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), phospholamban (PLN), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2), chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), actin alpha cardiac muscle 1 (ACTC1) had good performance in distinguishing AS from control samples. Furthermore, those biomarkers were shown to be correlated with angiogenesis and immune checkpoints. In addition, we found 239 miRNAs and 47 transcription factor s (TFs), which may target those biomarkers and regulate their expressions. Finally, we found that RT-qPCR results were consistent with sequencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jikuan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guangwei Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Neurointervention, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yaochao Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Sirtuins and chemokines as markers of replicative and induced senescence of human endotheliocytes. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.5-2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. One of the factors of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases is induced endothelial senescence. In this regard, the urgent task of molecular biology and medicine is the search for molecules that affect the process of vascular endotheliocytes senescence.The aim. To assess the expression of Sirt-1,3,6 and chemokines IL-4, CXCL11 in the replicative and induced senescence of human endotheliocytes.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the primary culture of isolated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were cultured under conditions of replicative (natural) and lipopolysaccharide induced senescence.Results. The synthesis of Sirt-1,3,6, IL-4 and CXCL11 was evaluated using western blot analysis. We revealed a decrease in Sirt-1,3,6 synthesis by 1.6–1.8 times (р < 0.05) in the conditions of HUVEC replicative senescence. Induced senescence of endotheliocytes is characterized by a more pronounced decrease (1.7–3.4 times; р < 0.05) in the Sirt-1,3,6 synthesis. CXCL11 synthesis increases by 1.4 times (р < 0.05) in replicative and by 3.4 times (р < 0.05) in induced HUVEC senescence. IL-4 synthesis increases by 4.7 times in conditions of induced HUVEC senescence and doesn’t have changes in replicative senescence of endotheliocytes.Conclusion. These data obtained indicate that sirtuins and chemokines play an important role in the development of endothelial dysfunction observed in natural and induced senescence.
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deAndrés-Galiana EJ, Fernández-Martínez JL, Álvarez-Machancoses Ó, Bea G, Galmarini CM, Kloczkowski A. Analysis of transcriptomic responses to SARS-CoV-2 reveals plausible defective pathways responsible for increased susceptibility to infection and complications and helps to develop fast-track repositioning of drugs against COVID-19. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106029. [PMID: 36067633 PMCID: PMC9423878 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background To understand the transcriptomic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, is of the utmost importance to design diagnostic tools predicting the severity of the infection. Methods We have performed a deep sampling analysis of the viral transcriptomic data oriented towards drug repositioning. Using different samplers, the basic principle of this methodology the biological invariance, which means that the pathways altered by the disease, should be independent on the algorithm used to unravel them. Results The transcriptomic analysis of the altered pathways, reveals a distinctive inflammatory response and potential side effects of infection. The virus replication causes, in some cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome in the lungs, and affects other organs such as heart, brain, and kidneys. Therefore, the repositioned drugs to fight COVID-19 should, not only target the interferon signalling pathway and the control of the inflammation, but also the altered genetic pathways related to the side effects of infection. We also show via Principal Component Analysis that the transcriptome signatures are different from influenza and RSV. The gene COL1A1, which controls collagen production, seems to play a key/vital role in the regulation of the immune system. Additionally, other small-scale signature genes appear to be involved in the development of other COVID-19 comorbidities. Conclusions Transcriptome-based drug repositioning offers possible fast-track antiviral therapy for COVID-19 patients. It calls for additional clinical studies using FDA approved drugs for patients with increased susceptibility to infection and with serious medical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique J deAndrés-Galiana
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain; Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis Fernández-Martínez
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain; DeepBioInsights, Spain.
| | - Óscar Álvarez-Machancoses
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Guillermina Bea
- Group of Inverse Problems, Optimization and Machine Learning. Department of Mathematics, University of Oviedo, C. Federico García Lorca, 18, 33007, Oviedo, Spain; DeepBioInsights, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Galmarini
- Topazium Artificial Intelligence, Paseo de la Castellana 40, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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10
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Satarkar D, Patra C. Evolution, Expression and Functional Analysis of CXCR3 in Neuronal and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:882017. [PMID: 35794867 PMCID: PMC9252580 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.882017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines form a sophisticated communication network wherein they maneuver the spatiotemporal migration of immune cells across a system. These chemical messengers are recognized by chemokine receptors, which can trigger a cascade of reactions upon binding to its respective ligand. CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) is a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, which can selectively bind to CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. CXCR3 is predominantly expressed on immune cells, including activated T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. It thus plays a crucial role in immunological processes like homing of effector cells to infection sites and for pathogen clearance. Additionally, it is expressed on several cell types of the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, due to which it has been implicated in several central nervous system disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, dengue viral disease, and glioblastoma, as well as cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis, Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy, and hypertension. This review provides a narrative description of the evolution, structure, function, and expression of CXCR3 and its corresponding ligands in mammals and zebrafish and the association of CXCR3 receptors with cardiovascular and neuronal disorders. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying the connection of CXCR3 and disease could help researchers investigate the potential of CXCR3 as a biomarker for early diagnosis and as a therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention, along with developing robust zebrafish disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Satarkar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
- SP Phule University, Pune, India
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11
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The Most Promising Biomarkers of Allogeneic Kidney Transplant Rejection. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:6572338. [PMID: 35669103 PMCID: PMC9167141 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6572338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical transplantology is a constantly evolving field of medicine. Kidney transplantation has become standard clinical practice, and it has a significant impact on reducing mortality and improving the quality of life of patients. Allogenic transplantation induces an immune response, which may lead to the rejection of the transplanted organ. The gold standard for evaluating rejection of the transplanted kidney by the recipient's organism is a biopsy of this organ. However, due to the high invasiveness of this procedure, alternative diagnostic methods are being sought. Therefore, the biomarkers may play an essential predictive role in transplant rejection. A review of the most promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of allogenic kidney transplant rejection summarizes novel data on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL-10), cystatin C (CysC), osteopontin (OPN), and clusterin (CLU) and analyses the dynamics of changes of the biomarkers mentioned above in kidney diseases and the mechanism of rejection of the transplanted kidney.
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12
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Lu X, Wang Z, Ye D, Feng Y, Liu M, Xu Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhao M, Xu S, Ye J, Wan J. The Role of CXC Chemokines in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:765768. [PMID: 35668739 PMCID: PMC9163960 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.765768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases with high disability and mortality rates. In the elderly population, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is increasing annually. Between 1990 and 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of CVD in China significantly increased by 14.7%, and the number of cardiovascular disease deaths increased from 2.51 million to 3.97 million. Much research has indicated that cardiovascular disease is closely related to inflammation, immunity, injury and repair. Chemokines, which induce directed chemotaxis of reactive cells, are divided into four subfamilies: CXC, CC, CX3C, and XC. As cytokines, CXC chemokines are similarly involved in inflammation, immunity, injury, and repair and play a role in many cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, hypertension, aortic aneurysm, cardiac fibrosis, postcardiac rejection, and atrial fibrillation. Here, we explored the relationship between the chemokine CXC subset and cardiovascular disease and its mechanism of action with the goal of further understanding the onset of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Ye
- *Correspondence: Jing Ye, ; Jun Wan,
| | - Jun Wan
- *Correspondence: Jing Ye, ; Jun Wan,
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13
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Evans BR, Yerly A, van der Vorst EPC, Baumgartner I, Bernhard SM, Schindewolf M, Döring Y. Inflammatory Mediators in Atherosclerotic Vascular Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:868934. [PMID: 35600479 PMCID: PMC9114307 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.868934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease remains the most common cause of ischemia, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Vascular function is determined by structural and functional properties of the arterial vessel wall, which consists of three layers, namely the adventitia, media, and intima. Key cells in shaping the vascular wall architecture and warranting proper vessel function are vascular smooth muscle cells in the arterial media and endothelial cells lining the intima. Pathological alterations of this vessel wall architecture called vascular remodeling can lead to insufficient vascular function and subsequent ischemia and organ damage. One major pathomechanism driving this detrimental vascular remodeling is atherosclerosis, which is initiated by endothelial dysfunction allowing the accumulation of intimal lipids and leukocytes. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and modified lipids further drive vascular remodeling ultimately leading to thrombus formation and/or vessel occlusion which can cause major cardiovascular events. Although it is clear that vascular wall remodeling is an elementary mechanism of atherosclerotic vascular disease, the diverse underlying pathomechanisms and its consequences are still insufficiently understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce R. Evans
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Yerly
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Iris Baumgartner
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Maike Bernhard
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schindewolf
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yvonne Döring
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14
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Kalinskaya A, Dukhin O, Lebedeva A, Maryukhnich E, Rusakovich G, Vorobyeva D, Shpektor A, Margolis L, Vasilieva E. Circulating Cytokines in Myocardial Infarction Are Associated With Coronary Blood Flow. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837642. [PMID: 35242141 PMCID: PMC8886043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The level of systemic inflammation correlates with the severity of the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It has been shown that circulating cytokines and endothelial dysfunction play an important role in the process of clot formation. The aim of our study was to assess the concentration of various circulating cytokines, endothelial function and blood clotting in AMI patients depending on the blood flow through the infarction-related artery (IRA). Methods We included 75 patients with AMI. 58 presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 17 had non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI). A flow-mediated dilation test (FMD test), thrombodynamics and rotational thromboelastometry as well as assessment of 14 serum cytokines using xMAP technology were performed. Findings Non-STEMI-patients were characterized by higher levels of MDC, MIP-1β, TNF-α. Moreover, we observed that patients with impaired blood flow through the IRA (TIMI flow 0-1) had higher average and initial clot growth rates, earlier onset of spontaneous clots, C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-10 compared to patients with preserved blood flow through the IRA (TIMI flow 2-3). Patients with TIMI 2-3 blood flow had higher level of IP-10. IL-10 correlated with CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, initial clot growth rate and clot lysis time in TIMI 0-1 patients. All these differences were statistically significant. Interpretation We demonstrated that concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines correlate not only with the form of myocardial infarction (STEMI or non-STEMI), but also with the blood flow through the infarct-related artery. Inflammatory response, functional state of endothelium, and clot formation are closely linked with each other. A combination of these parameters affects the patency of the infarct-related artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kalinskaya
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia.,Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Dukhin
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia.,Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Maryukhnich
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Rusakovich
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Vorobyeva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Shpektor
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia.,Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia.,Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Başar EZ, Sönmez HE, Uzuner H, Karadenizli A, Güngör HS, Akgün G, Yetimakman AF, Öncel S, Babaoğlu K. CXCL10/IP10 as a Biomarker Linking Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Children with SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051416. [PMID: 35268506 PMCID: PMC8911504 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of CXCL10/IP10 for left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Methods: This cross-sectional, longitudinal study included 36 patients with MIS-C. Patients were classified as follows: (1) patients presenting with Kawasaki-like features (group I = 11); (2) patients presenting with LV systolic dysfunction (group II = 9); and (3) other presentations (group III = 3). CXCL10/IP10 levels were measured upon admission and on days 3 and 7 of treatment. Results: Twenty patients were male and 16 were female. The median age of patients at diagnosis was 7.5 (1.5–17) years. All patients had a fever lasting for a median of 4 (2–7) days. Ten patients had LV systolic dysfunction. The duration of hospitalization was longer in group II. Lymphocyte and platelet counts were lower, whereas NT-pro-BNP, troponin-I, D-dimer, and CXCL10/IP10 levels were higher in group II. Baseline levels of CXCL10/IP10 were weakly negatively correlated with ejection fraction (r = −0.387, p = 0.022). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis yielded a cutoff value of CXCL10/IP10 to discriminate patients with LV dysfunction was 1839 pg/mL with sensitivity 88% and specificity 68% (Area under curve (AUC) = 0.827, 95% CI 0.682–0.972, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Having a good correlation with cardiac function, CXCL10/IP10 is a potential biomarker to predict LV dysfunction in MIS-C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eviç Zeynep Başar
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Internal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey; (H.S.G.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-507-463-0082
| | - Hafize Emine Sönmez
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Internal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
| | - Hüseyin Uzuner
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Section of Medical Services and Techniques, Kocaeli Vocational School of Health Services, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
- Antibody Research and Production Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
| | - Aynur Karadenizli
- Antibody Research and Production Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Salih Güngör
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Internal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey; (H.S.G.); (K.B.)
| | - Gökmen Akgün
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Darıca Farabi Training and Research Hospital, Kocaeli 41700, Turkey;
| | - Ayşe Filiz Yetimakman
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Internal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
| | - Selim Öncel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Internal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
| | - Kadir Babaoğlu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Internal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey; (H.S.G.); (K.B.)
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The Involvement of CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) and Its Related Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease and in the COVID-19 Vaccination: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111224. [PMID: 34835155 PMCID: PMC8623875 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) constitute two of the leading causes of death in Europe, USA and the rest of the world. According to the latest reports of the Iranian National Health Ministry, CAD is the main cause of death in Iranian patients with an age over 35 years despite a significant reduction in mortality due to early interventional treatments in the context of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Inflammation plays a fundamental role in coronary atherogenesis, atherosclerotic plaque formation, acute coronary thrombosis and CAD establishment. Chemokines are well-recognized mediators of inflammation involved in several bio-functions such as leucocyte migration in response to inflammatory signals and oxidative vascular injury. Different chemokines serve as chemo-attractants for a wide variety of cell types including immune cells. CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXLC10), is a chemokine with inflammatory features whereas CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) serves as a shared receptor for CXCL9, 10 and 11. These chemokines mediate immune responses through the activation and recruitment of leukocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. CXCL10, interleukin (IL-15) and interferon (IFN-g) are increased after a COVID-19 vaccination with a BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine and are enriched by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 after the second vaccination. The aim of the present study is the presentation of the elucidation of the crucial role of CXCL10 in the patho-physiology and pathogenesis of CAD and in identifying markers associated with the vaccination resulting in antibody development.
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Kil KE. PET Imaging Radiotracers of Chemokine Receptors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175174. [PMID: 34500609 PMCID: PMC8434599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors have been recognized as critical signal components that maintain the physiological functions of various cells, particularly the immune cells. The signals of chemokines/chemokine receptors guide various leukocytes to respond to inflammatory reactions and infectious agents. Many chemokine receptors play supportive roles in the differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of diverse tumor cells. In addition, the signaling functions of a few chemokine receptors are associated with cardiac, pulmonary, and brain disorders. Over the years, numerous promising molecules ranging from small molecules to short peptides and antibodies have been developed to study the role of chemokine receptors in healthy states and diseased states. These drug-like candidates are in turn exploited as radiolabeled probes for the imaging of chemokine receptors using noninvasive in vivo imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Recent advances in the development of radiotracers for various chemokine receptors, particularly of CXCR4, CCR2, and CCR5, shed new light on chemokine-related cancer and cardiovascular research and the subsequent drug development. Here, we present the recent progress in PET radiotracer development for imaging of various chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R. Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(573)-884-7885
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X‑irradiation induces acute and early term inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis‑prone ApoE‑/‑ mice and in endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:399. [PMID: 33786610 PMCID: PMC8025474 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic radiotherapy is an effective treatment for many types of cancer; however it is also associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), appearing mainly ≥10 years after radiation exposure. The present study investigated acute and early term physiological and molecular changes in the cardiovascular system after ionizing radiation exposure. Female and male ApoE‑/‑ mice received a single exposure of low or high dose X‑ray thoracic irradiation (0.1 and 10 Gy). The level of cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as a large panel of inflammatory markers, were analyzed in serum samples obtained at 24 h and 1 month after irradiation. The secretion of inflammatory markers was further verified in vitro in coronary artery and microvascular endothelial cell lines after exposure to low and high dose of ionizing radiation (0.1 and 5 Gy). Local thoracic irradiation of ApoE‑/‑ mice increased serum growth differentiation factor‑15 (GDF‑15) and C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels in both female and male mice 24 h after high dose irradiation, which were also secreted from coronary artery and microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Sex‑specific responses were observed for triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and some of the assessed inflammatory markers as detailed below. Male ApoE‑/‑ mice demonstrated elevated intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 and P‑selectin at 24 h, and adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 at 1 month after irradiation, while female ApoE‑/‑ mice exhibited decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 and urokinase‑type plasminogen activator receptor at 24 h, and basic fibroblast growth factor 1 month after irradiation. The inflammatory responses were mainly significant following high dose irradiation, but certain markers showed significant changes after low dose exposure. The present study revealed that acute/early inflammatory responses occurred after low and high dose thoracic irradiation. However, further research is required to elucidate early asymptomatic changes in the cardiovascular system post thoracic X‑irradiation and to investigate whether GDF‑15 and CXCL10 could be considered as potential biomarkers for the early detection of CVD risk in thoracic radiotherapy‑treated patients.
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Kötting C, Hofmann L, Lotfi R, Engelhardt D, Laban S, Schuler PJ, Hoffmann TK, Brunner C, Theodoraki MN. Immune-Stimulatory Effects of Curcumin on the Tumor Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061335. [PMID: 33809574 PMCID: PMC8001767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has been shown to downregulate the host’s antitumor immune response as well as inherent anticancer immunity, inter alia, via increased activation of nuclear factor kappa of activated B-cells (NF-κB). The aim of this study is to examine curcumin’s effects on certain pro- and antitumoral chemokines via NF-κB, as well as the combined effects of curcumin and toll-like receptor 3 agonist Poly I:C on NF-κB and regulatory T-cell attraction. Furthermore, we compare curcumin with established NF-κB inhibitors caffeic acid phenethyl ester and BAY 11-7082. We demonstrate that curcumin has immune-modulating effects, with potent inhibition of the regulatory T-cell-attracting effects of Poly I:C. Therefore, curcumin presents an adjuvant that not only improves the effects of established therapies but also holds the potential to reduce negative side effects in tumor entities with increased NF-κB activation. Abstract Curcumin is known to have immune-modulatory and antitumor effects by interacting with more than 30 different proteins. An important feature of curcumin is the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa of activated B-cells (NF-κB). Here, we evaluate the potential of curcumin to reverse the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells as a part of tumor escape mechanisms. We examined the impact of curcumin on the expression of different pro- and antitumoral chemokines in ex vivo HNSCC tumor tissue and primary macrophage cultures. Further, we evaluated the combinatorial effect of curcumin and toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist Poly I:C (PIC) on NF-κB inhibition and regulatory T-cell (Treg) attraction. Mesenchymal markers were significantly reduced in cancer specimens after incubation with curcumin, with simultaneous reduction of key transcription factors of EMT, Snail, and Twist. Furthermore, a decrease of the Treg-attracting chemokine CCL22 was observed. Additionally, curcumin-related inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation was evident. The combination of PIC with curcumin resulted in further NF-κB inhibition, whereas PIC alone contrarily resulted in NF-κB activation. Furthermore, curcumin was more effective in inhibiting PIC-dependent NF-κB activation and Treg attraction compared to known NF-κB inhibitors BAY 11-7082 or caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The presented results show, for the first time, the immune-modulating effects of curcumin in HNSCC, with potent inhibition of the Treg-attracting effects of PIC. Hence, curcumin presents a promising drug in cancer therapy as a supplement to already established treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kötting
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Linda Hofmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daphne Engelhardt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Simon Laban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Patrick J. Schuler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Thomas K. Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany; (C.K.); (L.H.); (D.E.); (S.L.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-500-59521
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Wang YZ, Ngowi EE, Wang D, Qi HW, Jing MR, Zhang YX, Cai CB, He QL, Khattak S, Khan NH, Jiang QY, Ji XY, Wu DD. The Potential of Hydrogen Sulfide Donors in Treating Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2194. [PMID: 33672103 PMCID: PMC7927090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been considered as a toxic gas, but as research progressed, the idea has been updated and it has now been shown to have potent protective effects at reasonable concentrations. H2S is an endogenous gas signaling molecule in mammals and is produced by specific enzymes in different cell types. An increasing number of studies indicate that H2S plays an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis, and in most cases, H2S has been reported to be downregulated in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Similarly, in preclinical studies, H2S has been shown to prevent CVDs and improve heart function after heart failure. Recently, many H2S donors have been synthesized and tested in cellular and animal models. Moreover, numerous molecular mechanisms have been proposed to demonstrate the effects of these donors. In this review, we will provide an update on the role of H2S in cardiovascular activities and its involvement in pathological states, with a special focus on the roles of exogenous H2S in cardiac protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam 2329, Tanzania
| | - Di Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Hui-Wen Qi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Mi-Rong Jing
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Yan-Xia Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Chun-Bo Cai
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Qing-Lin He
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
- Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Nazeer Hussain Khan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
- Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qi-Ying Jiang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Y.-Z.W.); (E.E.N.); (D.W.); (H.-W.Q.); (M.-R.J.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-B.C.); (Q.-L.H.); (S.K.); (N.H.K.)
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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21
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Marchini T, Mitre LS, Wolf D. Inflammatory Cell Recruitment in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635527. [PMID: 33681219 PMCID: PMC7930487 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the main underlying pathology for myocardial infarction and stroke, is a chronic inflammatory disease of middle-sized to large arteries that is initiated and maintained by leukocytes infiltrating into the subendothelial space. It is now clear that the accumulation of pro-inflammatory leukocytes drives progression of atherosclerosis, its clinical complications, and directly modulates tissue-healing in the infarcted heart after myocardial infarction. This inflammatory response is orchestrated by multiple soluble mediators that enhance inflammation systemically and locally, as well as by a multitude of partially tissue-specific molecules that regulate homing, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes. While numerous experimental studies in the mouse have refined our understanding of leukocyte accumulation from a conceptual perspective, only a few anti-leukocyte therapies have been directly validated in humans. Lack of tissue-tropism of targeted factors required for leukocyte accumulation and unspecific inhibition strategies remain the major challenges to ultimately translate therapies that modulate leukocytes accumulation into clinical practice. Here, we carefully describe receptor and ligand pairs that guide leukocyte accumulation into the atherosclerotic plaque and the infarcted myocardium, and comment on potential future medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Marchini
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Sol Mitre
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Gencer S, Evans BR, van der Vorst EP, Döring Y, Weber C. Inflammatory Chemokines in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020226. [PMID: 33503867 PMCID: PMC7911854 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a long-term, chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall leading to the formation of occlusive or rupture-prone lesions in large arteries. Complications of atherosclerosis can become severe and lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with lethal consequences. During the last three decades, chemokines and their receptors earned great attention in the research of atherosclerosis as they play a key role in development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. They orchestrate activation, recruitment, and infiltration of immune cells and subsequent phenotypic changes, e.g., increased uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages, promoting the development of foam cells, a key feature developing plaques. In addition, chemokines and their receptors maintain homing of adaptive immune cells but also drive pro-atherosclerotic leukocyte responses. Recently, specific targeting, e.g., by applying cell specific knock out models have shed new light on their functions in chronic vascular inflammation. This article reviews recent findings on the role of immunomodulatory chemokines in the development of atherosclerosis and their potential for targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Gencer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
| | - Bryce R. Evans
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (B.R.E.)
| | - Emiel P.C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (B.R.E.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (E.P.C.v.d.V.); (Y.D.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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23
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Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239322. [PMID: 33297441 PMCID: PMC7731312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the deposition and accumulation of low-density lipoproteins in the artery wall. In this review, we will discuss the role of T- and B-cells in human plaques at different stages of atherosclerosis and the utility of profiling circulating immune cells to monitor atherosclerosis progression. Evidence supports a proatherogenic role for intraplaque T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, CD4+CD28null T-cells, and natural killer T-cells, whereas Th2 cells and regulatory T-cells (Treg) have an atheroprotective role. Several studies indicate that intraplaque T-cells are activated upon recognition of endogenous antigens including heat shock protein 60 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, but antigens derived from pathogens can also trigger T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Future studies are needed to assess whether circulating cellular biomarkers can improve identification of vulnerable lesions so that effective intervention can be implemented before clinical manifestations are apparent.
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24
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Dubé MP, Chan ES, Lake JE, Williams B, Kinslow J, Landay A, Coombs RW, Floris-Moore M, Ribaudo HJ, Yarasheski KE. A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Trial of Sitagliptin for Reducing Inflammation and Immune Activation in Treated and Suppressed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1165-1172. [PMID: 30535188 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have pleotropic anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects in addition to glucoregulation. We evaluated inflammation and immune markers in suppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection during treatment with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin. METHODS Virologically suppressed adults with HIV without diabetes on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with ≥100/μL CD4 cells were randomized to 16 weeks of sitagliptin 100 mg/day vs placebo in a multicenter trial. The primary endpoint was the change in plasma soluble CD14 (sCD14) from baseline to week 15-16. RESULTS Ninety participants were randomized, and 42 from each arm were included in per-protocol analyses. Participants were 45% non-Hispanic white, 38% non-Hispanic black, and 15% Hispanic, with a median age of 51 years; 83% were male; and the median CD4 count was 602 cells/μL. At week 15-16, there was no difference in sCD14 change between the 2 arms (P = .69). Relative to placebo, the sitagliptin arm had 47% greater decline in CXCL10 (95% confidence interval, -57% to -35%) at week 15 (P < .001). There were no significant between-arm differences in other soluble biomarkers, total CD4 and CD8 counts, or markers of lymphocyte or monocyte activation. Sitagliptin was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Sixteen weeks of sitagliptin had no effect on sCD14 levels in virologically suppressed participants with HIV. CXCL10, a chemokine involved in atherogenesis that predicts non-AIDS events during ART, declined markedly with sitagliptin. This suggests that DPP-4 inhibition has the potential to reduce cardiovascular morbidity in treated HIV infection. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01426438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dubé
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Ellen S Chan
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Alan Landay
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall and the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Data from in vivo imaging, cell-lineage tracing and knockout studies in mice, as well as clinical interventional studies and advanced mRNA sequencing techniques, have drawn attention to the role of T cells as critical drivers and modifiers of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. CD4+ T cells are commonly found in atherosclerotic plaques. A large body of evidence indicates that T helper 1 (TH1) cells have pro-atherogenic roles and regulatory T (Treg) cells have anti-atherogenic roles. However, Treg cells can become pro-atherogenic. The roles in atherosclerosis of other TH cell subsets such as TH2, TH9, TH17, TH22, follicular helper T cells and CD28null T cells, as well as other T cell subsets including CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, are less well understood. Moreover, some T cells seem to have both pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic functions. In this Review, we summarize the knowledge on T cell subsets, their functions in atherosclerosis and the process of T cell homing to atherosclerotic plaques. Much of our understanding of the roles of T cells in atherosclerosis is based on findings from experimental models. Translating these findings into human disease is challenging but much needed. T cells and their specific cytokines are attractive targets for developing new preventive and therapeutic approaches including potential T cell-related therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Saigusa
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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26
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Leavitt C, Zakai NA, Auer P, Cushman M, Lange EM, Levitan EB, Olson N, Thornton TA, Tracy RP, Wilson JG, Lange LA, Reiner AP, Raffield LM. Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231013. [PMID: 32240245 PMCID: PMC7117698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers of chronic inflammation (such as C-reactive protein) have long been associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality; however, biomarkers involved in antiviral cytokine induction and adaptive immune system activation remain largely unexamined. We hypothesized the cytokine interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) would be associated with clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in African Americans. We assessed these associations in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) cohort and the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. There was a modest association of IP-10 with higher odds of left ventricular hypertrophy (OR = 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.41) per standard deviation (SD) higher natural log-transformed IP-10 in JHS). We did not observe associations with ankle brachial index, intima-media thickness, or arterial calcification. Each SD higher increment of ln-transformed IP-10 concentration was associated with incident heart failure (hazard ratio (HR) 1.26; 95% CI 1.11, 1.42, p = 4x10-4) in JHS, and with overall mortality in both JHS (HR 1.12 per SD, 95% CI 1.03, 1.21, p = 7.5x10-3) and REGARDS (HR 1.31 per SD, 95% CI 1.10, 1.55, p = 2.0 x 10-3), adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein. However, we found no association between IP-10 and stroke or coronary heart disease. These results suggest a role of IP-10 in heart failure and mortality risk independent of C-reactive protein. Further research is needed to investigate how the body's response to chronic viral infection may mediate heart failure and overall mortality risk in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton Leavitt
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Neil A. Zakai
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Paul Auer
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Ethan M. Lange
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Emily B. Levitan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Nels Olson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Thornton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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27
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Amirfakhryan H. Vaccination against atherosclerosis: An overview. Hellenic J Cardiol 2020; 61:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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28
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Gerlza T, Nagele M, Gschwandtner M, Winkler S, Kungl A. Designing an improved T-cell mobilising CXCL10 mutant through enhanced GAG binding affinity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 32:367-373. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL10 is released by a plethora of cells, including immune and metastatic cancer cells, following stimulation with interferon-gamma. It acts via its GPC receptor on T-cells attracting them to various target tissues. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are regarded as co-receptors of chemokines, which enable the establishment of a chemotactic gradient for target cell migration. We have engineered human CXCL10 towards improved T-cell mobilisation by implementing a single site-directed mutation N20K into the protein, which leads to a higher GAG binding affinity compared to the wild type. Interestingly, this mutation not only increased T-cell migration in a transendothelial migration assay, the mutant intensified T-cell chemotaxis also in a Boyden chamber set-up thereby indicating a strong role of T-cell-localised GAGs on leukocyte migration. A CXCL10 mutant with increased GAG-binding affinity could therefore potentially serve as a T-cell mobiliser in pathological conditions where the immune surveillance of the target tissue is impaired, as is the case for most solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Gerlza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Michael Nagele
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Martha Gschwandtner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Sophie Winkler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Andreas Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz A-8010, Austria
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, Graz A-8045, Austria
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29
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Masson W, Rossi E, Mora-Crespo LM, Cornejo-Peña G, Pessio C, Gago M, Alvarado RN, Scolnik M. Cardiovascular risk stratification and appropriate use of statins in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus according to different strategies. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:455-462. [PMID: 31802350 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular risk management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is medically relevant. The objectives were to estimate the cardiovascular risk by different strategies in patients with SLE, analyzing which proportion of patients would be candidates to receive statin therapy, and identify how many patients with statin indication received such drugs. METHOD A cross-sectional study was performed from a secondary database. Following the recommendations of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines and the Argentine Consensus, the QRISK-3 and the adjusted Framingham (multiplying factor × 2) scores were calculated in primary prevention subjects. The indications for statin therapy according to these recommendations were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 110 patients were included. Regarding patients without previous cardiovascular history, the median adjusted Framingham score was 12.8% (4.1-21.9), and 45.2%, 22.6%, and 32.2% of them were classified at low, moderate, or high risk. The median QRISK-3 score was 6.0% (2.1-14.1) and 42.1% of subjects were classified "at risk". Only 60% of subjects in secondary prevention received statins, although no patient received the recommended doses. Analyzing patients in primary prevention who did not receive statins (87%), 43.4% and 45.2% of the patients were eligible for statin therapy according to NICE guidelines and Argentine Consensus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that a large proportion of patients with SLE have a considerable cardiovascular risk and many of them would be eligible for statin therapy. However, the statin use observed was low.Key Points• A large proportion of patients with lupus have a considerable cardiovascular risk, explained in part by dyslipidemia.• Many patients with SLE would be eligible for statin therapy according to risk stratification based on conventional risk factors.• The use of statins in this population is inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Masson
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Emiliano Rossi
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena M Mora-Crespo
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Cornejo-Peña
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Pessio
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Gago
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo N Alvarado
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Scolnik
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199ABB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Peng LP, Cao Y, Zhao SL, Huang YX, Yang K, Huang W. Memory T cells delay the progression of atherosclerosis via AMPK signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:782. [PMID: 32042798 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Memory T cells play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). This study aimed to investigate the role of AMPK signaling pathway of spleen memory T cells in the pathogenesis of AS in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice. Methods Mice were divided into 5 groups: normal group, AS group, AS + solvent group, AS + Compound C (AMPK inhibitor) group and AS + A-769662 (AMPK agonist) group. HFD animals were intraperitoneally treated with Compound C at 20 mg/kg thrice weekly or A-769662 at 30 mg/kg once daily for 15 weeks. Then, the degree of AS was assessed, and the proportion of memory T cell was determined by flow cytometry. Results AS was evident in the aorta of HFD mice. The areas of plaque formation in both AS + Compound C group and AS + A-769662 group reduced as compared to the AS group and AS + solvent group. After intervention of AMPK activity, the proportion of memory T cells in the spleen reduced as compared to the AS group and AS + solvent group; the pro proportion of memory T cells in HFD groups was markedly higher than in the normal group and this increase was more evident in the AS + Compound C than in the AS + A-769662 group. Conclusions The decreased memory T cells can improve AS, which may be related to the AMPK signaling pathway. Thus, AMPK in the memory T cells may serve as a target in the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shao-Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yu-Xi Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Kan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Bhattacharya S, Kawamura A. Using evasins to target the chemokine network in inflammation. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:1-38. [PMID: 31997766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, is driven by a network comprising cytokines, chemokines, their target receptors and leukocytes, and is a major pathologic mechanism that adversely affects organ function in diverse human diseases. Despite being supported by substantial target validation, no successful anti-chemokine therapeutic to treat inflammatory disease has yet been developed. This is in part because of the robustness of the chemokine network, which emerges from a large total chemokine load in disease, promiscuous expression of receptors on leukocytes, promiscuous and synergistic interactions between chemokines and receptors, and feedforward loops created by secretion of chemokines by leukocytes themselves. Many parasites, including viruses, helminths and ticks, evade the chemokine network by producing proteins that bind promiscuously to chemokines or their receptors. Evasins - three small glycoproteins identified in the saliva of the brown dog tick - bind multiple chemokines, and are active in several animal models of inflammatory disease. Over 50 evasin homologs have recently been identified from diverse tick species. Characterization of the chemokine binding patterns of evasins show that several have anti-chemokine activities that extend substantially beyond those previously described. These studies indicate that evasins function at the site of the tick bite by reducing total chemokine load. This not only reduces chemokine signaling to receptors, but also interrupts feedforward loops, thus disabling the chemokine network. Taking the lead from nature, a goal for the development of new anti-chemokine therapeutics would be to reduce the total chemokine load in disease. This could be achieved by administering appropriate evasin combinations or by smaller peptides that mimic evasin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumo Bhattacharya
- RDM Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- RDM Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ticagrelor induces paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and better protects hypercholesterolemic mice against atherosclerosis compared to clopidogrel. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218934. [PMID: 31242230 PMCID: PMC6594647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticagrelor (TIC), a P2Y purinoceptor 12 (P2Y12)-receptor antagonist, has been widely used to treat patients with acute coronary syndrome. Although animal studies suggest that TIC protects against atherosclerosis, it remains unknown whether it does so through its potent platelet inhibition or through other pathways. Here, we placed hypercholesterolemic Ldlr-/-Apobec1-/- mice on a high-fat diet and treated them with either 25 mg/kg/day of clopidogrel (CLO) or 180 mg/kg/day of TIC for 16 weeks and evaluated the extent of atherosclerosis. Both treatments equally inhibited platelets as determined by ex vivo platelet aggregation assays. The extent of atherosclerosis, however, was significantly less in the TIC group than in the CLO group. Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA showed that TIC treatment was associated with less macrophage infiltration to the atherosclerotic intima and lower serum levels of CCL4, CXCL10, and TNFα, respectively, than CLO treatment. Treatment with TIC, but not CLO, was associated with higher serum activity and tissue level of paraoxonase-1 (PON1), an anti-atherosclerotic molecule, suggesting that TIC might exert greater anti-atherosclerotic activity, compared with CLO, through its unique ability to induce PON1. Although further studies are needed, TIC may prove to be a viable strategy in the prevention and treatment of chronic stable human atherosclerosis.
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FAK and Pyk2 activity promote TNF-α and IL-1β-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression and vascular inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7617. [PMID: 31110200 PMCID: PMC6527705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity has been implicated in pro-inflammatory gene expression following tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interkeukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation. However, the identity of responsible PTK(s) in cytokine signaling have not been elucidated. To evaluate which PTK is critical to promote the cytokine-induced inflammatory cell adhesion molecule (CAM) expression including VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in human aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs), we have tested pharmacological inhibitors of major PTKs: Src and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family kinases - FAK and proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2). We found that a dual inhibitor of FAK/Pyk2 (PF-271) most effectively reduced all three CAMs upon TNF-α or IL-1β stimulation compared to FAK or Src specific inhibitors (PF-228 or Dasatinib), which inhibited only VCAM-1 expression. In vitro inflammation assays showed PF-271 reduced monocyte attachment and transmigration on HAoECs. Furthermore, FAK/Pyk2 activity was not limited to CAM expression but was also required for expression of various pro-inflammatory molecules including MCP-1 and IP-10. Both TNF-α and IL-1β signaling requires FAK/Pyk2 activity to activate ERK and JNK MAPKs leading to inflammatory gene expression. Knockdown of either FAK or Pyk2 reduced TNF-α-stimulated ERK and JNK activation and CAM expression, suggesting that activation of ERK or JNK is specific through FAK and Pyk2. Finally, FAK/Pyk2 activity is required for VCAM-1 expression and macrophage recruitment to the vessel wall in a carotid ligation model in ApoE-/- mice. Our findings define critical roles of FAK/Pyk2 in mediating inflammatory cytokine signaling and implicate FAK/Pyk2 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents to treat vascular inflammatory disease such as atherosclerosis.
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Lin CF, Su CJ, Liu JH, Chen ST, Huang HL, Pan SL. Potential Effects of CXCL9 and CCL20 on Cardiac Fibrosis in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Isoproterenol-Treated Rats. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050659. [PMID: 31083544 PMCID: PMC6572441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokines CXCL9 and CCL20 have been reported to be associated with ventricular dysfunction. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of CXCL9/CCL20 on cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI). Blood samples of patients with MI were obtained to determine the serum CXCL9, CCL20, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The expression of CXCL9 and CCL20 in hypoxia-incubated H9c2 cells and TNF-α/TGF-β-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were examined. The experimental MI of rats was produced by the intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (ISO) (85 mg/kg/day) for two consecutive days. The growth and migration of CXCL9/CCL20-incubated cardiac fibroblasts in vitro were evaluated. TNF-α/TGF-β-activated PBMCs showed an enhanced expression of CXCL9 and CCL20, while hypoxic H9c2 cells did not. Patients with MI had significantly enhanced levels of serum TGF-β and CXCL9 compared to healthy subjects. ISO-treated rats had increased serum CXCL9 levels and marked cardiac fibrosis compared to control rats. The trend of increased serum CCL20 in patients with MI and ISO-treated rats was not significant. CXCL9-incubated cardiac fibroblasts showed enhanced proliferation and migration. The findings of this study suggest that an enhanced expression of CXCL9 following MI might play a role in post-MI cardiac fibrosis by activating cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Feng Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Jou Su
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Hong Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Shui-Tien Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Li Huang
- TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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35
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The Potential Use of Metformin, Dipyridamole, N-Acetylcysteine and Statins as Adjunctive Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040323. [PMID: 30959892 PMCID: PMC6523351 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune condition that can potentially affect every single organ during the course of the disease, leading to increased morbidity and mortality, and reduced health-related quality of life. While curative treatment is currently non-existent for SLE, therapeutic agents such as glucocorticoids, mycophenolate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide and various biologics are the mainstay of treatment based on their immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive properties. As a result of global immunosuppression, the side-effect profile of the current therapeutic approach is unfavourable, with adverse effects including myelosuppression, infection and malignancies. Hydroxychloroquine, one of the very few Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for the treatment of SLE, has been shown to offer a number of therapeutic benefits to SLE patients independent of its immunomodulatory effect. As such, it is worth exploring drugs similar to hydroxychloroquine that confer additional clinical benefits unrelated to immunosuppressive mechanisms. Indeed, apart from hydroxychloroquine, a number of studies have explored the use of a few conventionally non-immunosuppressive drugs that are potentially useful in the management of SLE. In this review, non-immunosuppressive therapeutic agents, namely metformin, dipyridamole, N-acetylcysteine and statins, will be critically discussed with regard to their mechanisms of action and efficacy pertaining to their potential therapeutic role in SLE.
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36
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Dyck GJB, Raj P, Zieroth S, Dyck JRB, Ezekowitz JA. The Effects of Resveratrol in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040904. [PMID: 30791450 PMCID: PMC6413130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death globally and responsible for the second highest number of deaths in Canada. Medical advancements in the treatment of CVD have led to patients living longer with CVD but often progressing to another condition called heart failure (HF). As a result, HF has emerged in the last decade as a major medical concern. Fortunately, various “traditional” pharmacotherapies for HF exist and have shown success in reducing HF-associated mortality. However, to augment the treatment of patients with CVD and/or HF, alternative pharmacotherapies using nutraceuticals have also shown promise in the prevention and treatment of these two conditions. One of these natural compounds considered to potentially help treat HF and CVD and prevent their development is resveratrol. Herein, we review the clinical findings of resveratrol’s ability to be used as an effective treatment to potentially help treat HF and CVD. This will allow us to gain a more fulsome appreciation for the effects of resveratrol in the health outcomes of specific patient populations who have various disorders that constitute CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison J B Dyck
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Pema Raj
- St Boniface Hospital, Department of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Shelley Zieroth
- St Boniface Hospital, Department of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Canadian VIGOUR Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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37
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Szentes V, Gazdag M, Szokodi I, Dézsi CA. The Role of CXCR3 and Associated Chemokines in the Development of Atherosclerosis and During Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1932. [PMID: 30210493 PMCID: PMC6119714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and associated CXC chemokines have been extensively investigated in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as in tumor development. Recent studies have indicated the role of these chemokines also in cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to present current knowledge regarding the role of CXCR3-binding chemokines in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and during acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Szentes
- Department of Cardiology, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Győr, Hungary
| | | | - István Szokodi
- Heart Institute, Medical School, and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba A Dézsi
- Department of Cardiology, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Győr, Hungary
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38
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Belov YV, Sinyavin GV, Bredikhina AI, Guseva EV, Barinov EV, Lukyanova EA, Luzan PY. [Imaging of neoangiogenesis of internal carotid artery's atherosclerotic plaque by contrast-enhanced sonography and histological examination]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2018:90-95. [PMID: 30113602 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia2018890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, atherosclerosis was considered a disease accompanied exclusively by lipids accumulation. At present time success of fundamental and experimental science confirmed that atherosclerotic process is also associated with neovascularization and prolonged inflammatory response at all stages of atherogenesis from initial manifestations to thrombotic complications. The cause of atherosclerotic plaque instability is neovascularization, which is accompanied by intra-plaque hemorrhage and damage. Complications of carotid arteries atherosclerosis are strokes and transient ischemic attacks. The use of a wide range of diagnostic and pathohistological techniques is required for assessing this pathology. The most promising diagnostic technique is Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) which allows to assess neovascularization degree in atherosclerotic plaque through the injection of a contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Belov
- Petrovsky Russian Research Center for Surgery, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Medical Faculty, Department of Hospital-Based Surgery #1, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Sinyavin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Medical Faculty, Department of Hospital-Based Surgery #1, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Bredikhina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Medical Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Guseva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Medical Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Barinov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Medical Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Lukyanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Pediatric Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - P Yu Luzan
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Pediatric Faculty, Moscow, Russia
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Crescioli C, Corinaldesi C, Riccieri V, Raparelli V, Vasile M, Del Galdo F, Valesini G, Lenzi A, Basili S, Antinozzi C. Association of circulating CXCL10 and CXCL11 with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1845-1846. [PMID: 29760155 PMCID: PMC6241615 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Crescioli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Corinaldesi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Valeria Riccieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Raparelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Vasile
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Scleroderma Programme, NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds, UK
| | - Guido Valesini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Antinozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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40
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Wu XB, He LN, Jiang BC, Shi H, Bai XQ, Zhang WW, Gao YJ. Spinal CXCL9 and CXCL11 are not involved in neuropathic pain despite an upregulation in the spinal cord following spinal nerve injury. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918777401. [PMID: 29712506 PMCID: PMC5967156 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918777401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Chemokine CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 have been identified as a same subfamily chemokine which bind to CXC chemokine receptor 3 to exert functions. Our recent work found that CXCL10 is upregulated in spinal astrocytes after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and acts on chemokine receptor CXCR3 on neurons to contribute to central sensitization and neuropathic pain, but less is known about CXCL9 and CXCL11 in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Here, we report that CXCL9 and CXCL11, same as CXCL10, were increased in spinal astrocytes after SNL. Surprisingly, inhibition of CXCL9 or CXCL11 by spinal injection of shRNA lentivirus did not attenuate SNL-induced neuropathic pain. In addition, intrathecal injection of CXCL9 and CXCL11 did not produce hyperalgesia or allodynia behaviors, and neither of them induced ERK activation, a marker of central sensitization. Whole-cell patch clamp recording on spinal neurons showed that CXCL9 and CXCL11 enhanced both excitatory synaptic transmission and inhibitory synaptic transmission, whereas CXCL10 only produced an increase in excitatory synaptic transmission. These results suggest that, although the expression of CXCL9 and CXCL11 are increased after SNL, they may not contribute to the maintenance of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Wu
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Na He
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Shi
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Bai
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- 1 Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,2 Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Miteva K, Madonna R, De Caterina R, Van Linthout S. Innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 107:S1537-1891(17)30464-0. [PMID: 29684642 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the large and medium-size arteries characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of cholesterol, immune cells, and extracellular matrix. At the early onset of atherogenesis, endothelial dysfunction takes place. Atherogenesis is further triggered by the accumulation of cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoproteins, which acquire properties of damage-associated molecular patterns and thereby trigger an inflammatory response. Following activation of the innate immune response, mainly governed by monocytes and macrophages, the adaptive immune response is started which further promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation. In this review, an overview is given describing the role of damage-associated molecular patterns, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and innate and adaptive immune cells in the atherogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Brox R, Milanos L, Saleh N, Baumeister P, Buschauer A, Hofmann D, Heinrich MR, Clark T, Tschammer N. Molecular Mechanisms of Biased and Probe-Dependent Signaling at CXC-Motif Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Induced by Negative Allosteric Modulators. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:309-322. [PMID: 29343553 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent explorations of allosteric modulators with improved properties resulted in the identification of two biased negative allosteric modulators, BD103 (N-1-{[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimi-din2yl]ethyl}-4-(4-fluorobutoxy)-N-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl}]butanamide) and BD064 (5-[(N-{1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]ethyl-2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamido)methyl]-2-fluorophenyl}boronic acid), that exhibited probe-dependent inhibition of CXC-motif chemokine receptor CXCR3 signaling. With the intention to elucidate the structural mechanisms underlying their selectivity and probe dependence, we used site-directed mutagenesis combined with homology modeling and docking to identify amino acids of CXCR3 that contribute to modulator binding, signaling, and transmission of cooperativity. With the use of allosteric radioligand RAMX3 ([3H]N-{1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]ethyl}-2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]acetamide), we identified that F1313.32 and Y3087.43 contribute specifically to the binding pocket of BD064, whereas D1864.60 solely participates in the stabilization of binding conformation of BD103. The influence of mutations on the ability of negative allosteric modulators to inhibit chemokine-mediated activation (CXCL11 and CXCL10) was assessed with the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based cAMP and β-arrestin recruitment assay. Obtained data revealed complex molecular mechanisms governing biased and probe-dependent signaling at CXCR3. In particular, F1313.32, S3047.39, and Y3087.43 emerged as key residues for the compounds to modulate the chemokine response. Notably, D1864.60, W2686.48, and S3047.39 turned out to play a role in signal pathway selectivity of CXCL10, as mutations of these residues led to a G protein-active but β-arrestin-inactive conformation. These diverse effects of mutations suggest the existence of ligand- and pathway-specific receptor conformations and give new insights in the sophisticated signaling machinery between allosteric ligands, chemokines, and their receptors, which can provide a powerful platform for the development of new allosteric drugs with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Brox
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Lampros Milanos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Noureldin Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Paul Baumeister
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Dagmar Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
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Wu MY, Li CJ, Hou MF, Chu PY. New Insights into the Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102034. [PMID: 28937652 PMCID: PMC5666716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis, and local inflammation. Immune and inflammatory responses have significant effects on every phase of atherosclerosis, and increasing evidence shows that immunity plays a more important role in atherosclerosis by tightly regulating its progression. Therefore, understanding the relationship between immune responses and the atherosclerotic microenvironment is extremely important. This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment, and the immune mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis formation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Breast Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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Chandran S, Watkins J, Abdul-Aziz A, Shafat M, Calvert PA, Bowles KM, Flather MD, Rushworth SA, Ryding AD. Inflammatory Differences in Plaque Erosion and Rupture in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.005868. [PMID: 28468787 PMCID: PMC5524113 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Plaque erosion causes 30% of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarctions, but the underlying cause is unknown. Inflammatory infiltrates are less abundant in erosion compared with rupture in autopsy studies. We hypothesized that erosion and rupture are associated with significant differences in intracoronary cytokines in vivo. Methods and Results Forty ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with <6 hours of chest pain were classified as ruptured fibrous cap (RFC) or intact fibrous cap (IFC) using optical coherence tomography. Plasma samples from the infarct‐related artery and a peripheral artery were analyzed for expression of 102 cytokines using arrays; results were confirmed with ELISA. Thrombectomy samples were analyzed for differential mRNA expression using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Twenty‐three lesions were classified as RFC (58%), 15 as IFC (38%), and 2 were undefined (4%). In addition, 12% (12 of 102) of cytokines were differentially expressed in both coronary and peripheral plasma. I‐TAC was preferentially expressed in RFC (significance analysis of microarrays adjusted P<0.001; ELISA IFC 10.2 versus RFC 10.8 log2 pg/mL; P=0.042). IFC was associated with preferential expression of epidermal growth factor (significance analysis of microarrays adjusted P<0.001; ELISA IFC 7.42 versus RFC 6.63 log2 pg/mL, P=0.036) and thrombospondin 1 (significance analysis of microarrays adjusted P=0.03; ELISA IFC 10.4 versus RFC 8.65 log2 ng/mL, P=0.0041). Thrombectomy mRNA showed elevated I‐TAC in RFC (P=0.0007) epidermal growth factor expression in IFC (P=0.0264) but no differences in expression of thrombospondin 1. Conclusions These results demonstrate differential intracoronary cytokine expression in RFC and IFC. Elevated thrombospondin 1 and epidermal growth factor may play an etiological role in erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Chandran
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amina Abdul-Aziz
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Manar Shafat
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A Calvert
- Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian M Bowles
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus D Flather
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Rushworth
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Boshtam M, Asgary S, Kouhpayeh S, Shariati L, Khanahmad H. Aptamers Against Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Review. Inflammation 2017; 40:340-349. [PMID: 27878687 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders result from continuous inflammation in injured sites. Many molecules are involved in this process; the inhibition of which could prevent the inflammation. Chemokines are a group of these biological mediators which are categorized into pro-, anti-, and pro-/anti-inflammatory. Thus, targeting these essential molecules can be an effective way for prevention and control of inflammatory diseases. Various therapeutic agents have been developed for primary and secondary prevention of these disorders, but each of them has its own limitations. Aptamers, as novel therapeutic agents, are a new generation of drugs which could replace other medications even antibodies. Aptamer can bind to its target molecule to trap it and prohibit its function. Among large group of inflammatory cytokines, only 11 aptamers have been selected either against cytokines or their related receptors. These cytokines include interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-17, IL-32, TGF-β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCL2, and IP-10. Most of the isolated aptamers are against pro-inflammatory or dual function cytokines, and it seems that they could be used for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the related inflammatory diseases. Most of the aptamers have been tested in vitro, but so far, none of them has been approved for in vivo use. Given a vast number of inflammatory cytokines, more aptamers against this group of biological molecules will be selected in the near future. The available aptamers will also be tested in clinical trials. Therefore, a significant improvement is expected for the prevention and control of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seddigheh Asgary
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Guo G, Peng Y, Xiong B, Liu D, Bu H, Tian X, Yang H, Wu Z, Cao F, Gao F. Involvement of chemokine CXCL11 in the development of morphine tolerance in rats with cancer-induced bone pain. J Neurochem 2017; 141:553-564. [PMID: 27926984 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Genhua Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
- Department of Anesthesiology; The Central People's Hospital of Ji'an City; Ji'an China
| | - Yawen Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Bingrui Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Huilian Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology; The first affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science; UT Health Medical School; Houston Texas USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan China
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Liang Y, Yang C, Zhou Q, Pan W, Zhong W, Ding R, Wang A. Serum Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon Is Associated With Severity of Coronary Artery Disease. Int Heart J 2017; 58:24-29. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.15-472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Hefei Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Cadre Cardiology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Command
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Heart Function Examinations, Hefei Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University
| | - Wenbo Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Hefei Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University
| | - Wansheng Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Hefei Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University
| | - Ruyue Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Hefei Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University
| | - Ailing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION By virtue of its specificity for chemokines induced in Th1-associated pathologies, CXCR3 has attracted considerable attention as a target for therapeutic intervention. Several pharmacologically distinct small molecules with in vitro and in vivo potency have been described in the literature, although to date, none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Areas covered: In this article, the author outlines the rationale for targeting CXCR3 and discusses the potential pitfalls in targeting receptors in poorly understood areas of chemokine biology. Furthermore, they cover emerging therapeutic areas outside of the 'traditional' Th1 arena in which CXCR3 antagonists may ultimately bear fruit. Finally, they discuss the design of recently discovered small molecules targeting CXCR3. Expert opinion: CXCR3 and its ligands appear to play roles in a multitude of diverse diseases in humans. In vitro studies suggest that CXCR3 is inherently 'druggable' and that potent, efficacious small molecules targeting CXCR3 antagonists will find a clinical niche. However, the well-trodden path to failure of small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists in clinical trials suggests that a cautious approach should be undertaken. Ideally, unequivocal evidence elucidating the precise role of CXCR3 should be obtained before targeting the receptor in a particular disease cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- a Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
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Zielińska KA, Van Moortel L, Opdenakker G, De Bosscher K, Van den Steen PE. Endothelial Response to Glucocorticoids in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:592. [PMID: 28018358 PMCID: PMC5155119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a crucial role in inflammation. A balanced control of inflammation requires the action of glucocorticoids (GCs), steroidal hormones with potent cell-specific anti-inflammatory properties. Besides the classic anti-inflammatory effects of GCs on leukocytes, recent studies confirm that endothelial cells also represent an important target for GCs. GCs regulate different aspects of endothelial physiology including expression of adhesion molecules, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity. However, the regulation of endothelial GC sensitivity remains incompletely understood. In this review, we specifically examine the endothelial response to GCs in various inflammatory diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis, stroke, sepsis, and vasculitis to atherosclerosis. Shedding more light on the cross talk between GCs and endothelium will help to improve existing therapeutic strategies and develop new therapies better tailored to the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A. Zielińska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Moortel
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Ghent, Belgium
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The CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis and Cardiac Inflammation: Implications for Immunotherapy to Treat Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases of the Heart. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4396368. [PMID: 27795961 PMCID: PMC5066021 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4396368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals involvement of T lymphocytes and adaptive immunity in the chronic inflammation associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases of the heart, including coronary artery disease, Kawasaki disease, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathies, Chagas, hypertensive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and nonischemic heart failure. Chemokine CXCL10 is elevated in cardiovascular diseases, along with increased cardiac infiltration of proinflammatory Th1 and cytotoxic T cells. CXCL10 is a chemoattractant for these T cells and polarizing factor for the proinflammatory phenotype. Thus, targeting the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 is a promising therapeutic approach to treating cardiac inflammation. Due to biased signaling CXCR3 also couples to anti-inflammatory signaling and immunosuppressive regulatory T cell formation when activated by CXCL11. Numbers and functionality of regulatory T cells are reduced in patients with cardiac inflammation, supporting the utility of biased agonists or biologicals to simultaneously block the pro-inflammatory and activate the anti-inflammatory actions of CXCR3. Other immunotherapy strategies to boost regulatory T cell actions include intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, adoptive transfer, immunoadsorption, and low-dose interleukin-2/interleukin-2 antibody complexes. Pharmacological approaches include sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists and vitamin D supplementation. A combined strategy of switching CXCR3 signaling from pro- to anti-inflammatory and improving Treg functionality is predicted to synergistically lessen adverse cardiac remodeling.
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