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Fioretzaki R, Sarantis P, Charalampakis N, Christofidis K, Mylonakis A, Koustas E, Karamouzis MV, Sakellariou S, Schizas D. Progastrin: An Overview of Its Crucial Role in the Tumorigenesis of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Biomedicines 2024; 12:885. [PMID: 38672239 PMCID: PMC11047876 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Defining predictive biomarkers for targeted therapies and optimizing anti-tumor immune response is a main challenge in ongoing investigations. Progastrin has been studied as a potential biomarker for detecting and diagnosing various malignancies, and its secretion has been associated with cell proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract that may promote tumorigenesis. Progastrin is a precursor molecule of gastrin, synthesized as pre-progastrin, converted to progastrin after cleavage, and transformed into amidated gastrin via biosynthetic intermediates. In cancer, progastrin does not maturate in gastrin and becomes a circulating and detectable protein (hPG80). The development of cancer is thought to be dependent on the progressive dysregulation of normal signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, thus conferring a growth advantage to the cells. Understanding the interaction between progastrin and the immune system is essential for developing future cancer strategies. To that end, the present review will approach the interlink between gastrointestinal cancers and progastrin by exploring the underlying molecular steps involved in the initiation, evolution, and progression of gastrointestinal cancers. Finally, this review will focus on the clinical applications of progastrin and investigate its possible use as a diagnostic and prognostic tumor circulating biomarker for disease progression and treatment effectiveness, as well as its potential role as an innovative cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodanthi Fioretzaki
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (R.F.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Nikolaos Charalampakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital of Piraeus, 18537 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Christofidis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Adam Mylonakis
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (R.F.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.S.); (M.V.K.)
| | - Stratigoula Sakellariou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (R.F.); (A.M.); (D.S.)
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Guo Y, Tian J, Guo Y, Wang C, Chen C, Cai S, Yu W, Sun B, Yan J, Li Z, Fan J, Qi Q, Zhang D, Jin W, Hua Z, Chen G. Oncogenic KRAS effector USP13 promotes metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer through deubiquitinating β-catenin. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113511. [PMID: 38043062 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are frequently detected in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Although covalent KRASG12C inhibitors have been developed to treat KRASG12C-mutant cancers, effective treatments are still lacking for other KRAS-mutant NSCLCs. Thus, identifying a KRAS effector that confers poor prognosis would provide an alternative strategy for the treatment of KRAS-driven cancers. Here, we show that KRAS drives expression of deubiquitinase USP13 through Ras-responsive element-binding protein 1 (RREB1). Elevated USP13 promotes KRAS-mutant NSCLC metastasis, which is associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Mechanistically, USP13 interacts with and removes the K63-linked polyubiquitination of β-catenin at lysine 508, which enhances the binding between β-catenin and transcription factor TCF4. Importantly, we identify 2-methoxyestradiol as an effective inhibitor for USP13 from a natural compound library, and it could potently suppress the metastasis of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify USP13 as a therapeutic target for metastatic NSCLC with KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguan Guo
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery and Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Guo
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Songwang Cai
- Department of General Surgery and Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Wenliang Yu
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Binghe Sun
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yan
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zichun Hua
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China; School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Guo Chen
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China.
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Poplaski V, Bomidi C, Kambal A, Nguyen-Phuc H, Di Rienzi SC, Danhof HA, Zeng XL, Feagins LA, Deng N, Vilar E, McAllister F, Coarfa C, Min S, Kim HJ, Shukla R, Britton R, Estes MK, Blutt SE. Human intestinal organoids from Cronkhite-Canada syndrome patients reveal link between serotonin and proliferation. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166884. [PMID: 37909332 PMCID: PMC10617781 DOI: 10.1172/jci166884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome (CCS) is a rare, noninherited polyposis syndrome affecting 1 in every million individuals. Despite over 50 years of CCS cases, the etiopathogenesis and optimal treatment for CCS remains unknown due to the rarity of the disease and lack of model systems. To better understand the etiology of CCS, we generated human intestinal organoids (HIOs) from intestinal stem cells isolated from 2 patients. We discovered that CCS HIOs are highly proliferative and have increased numbers of enteroendocrine cells producing serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT). These features were also confirmed in patient tissue biopsies. Recombinant 5HT increased proliferation of non-CCS donor HIOs and inhibition of 5HT production in the CCS HIOs resulted in decreased proliferation, suggesting a link between local epithelial 5HT production and control of epithelial stem cell proliferation. This link was confirmed in genetically engineered HIOs with an increased number of enteroendocrine cells. This work provides a new mechanism to explain the pathogenesis of CCS and illustrates the important contribution of HIO cultures to understanding disease etiology and in the identification of novel therapies. Our work demonstrates the principle of using organoids for personalized medicine and sheds light on how intestinal hormones can play a role in intestinal epithelial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Poplaski
- Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
| | | | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
| | | | - Sara C. Di Rienzi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heather A. Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
| | - Linda A. Feagins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Inflammatory Bowl Diseases, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Soyoun Min
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richa Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gasteroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gasteroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas, USA
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Tsai HW, Cheng SW, Chen CC, Chen IW, Ho CL. A combined bioinformatics and experimental approach identifies RMI2 as a Wnt/β-catenin signaling target gene related to hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1025. [PMID: 37875822 PMCID: PMC10594864 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. In human cancer, abnormal activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induces overexpressed of downstream genes, and initiate oncogene. There are several target genes known to be key players in tumorigenesis, such as c-myc, cyclin D1, MMPs or survivin. Therefore, identifying the target genes of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is important to understanding Wnt/β-catenin-mediated carcinogenesis. In this study, we developed a combined bioinformatics and experimental approach to find potential target genes. METHODS Luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the promoter activity of RMI2. WST1 cell proliferation assays and transwell assays were performed to determine the proliferation and migration capacities of RMI2 overexpressing or knockdown stable hepatic cells. Finally, xenograft experiments were performed to measure the tumor formation capacity in vivo. RESULTS The results showed that RMI2 mRNA was upregulated after LiCl treatment and Wnt3a-conditioned medium in a culture of SK-hep-1 cell lines. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that the β-catenin/T cell-specific factor (TCF) complex binds to the putative TCF binding site of the RMI2 promoter. We then found a TCF binding site at - 333/- 326 of the RMI2 promoter, which is crucial for β-catenin responsiveness in liver cell lines. RMI2 was overexpressed in hepatoma tissue and cell lines, and it promoted the migration and invasion of HCC cells. Moreover, RMI2 upregulated the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the Wnt3a/β-catenin-related genes, but silencing RMI2 had the opposite effects. Notably, the expression of RMI2 was positively correlated with the clinical data of HCC patients who had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (Both: P < 0.05). In addition, a total of 373 HCC patients' data from the Caner Genome Atlas project (TCGA) were used to validate our findings. CONCLUSIONS Taking all these findings together, we determined that RMI2 was a new target gene of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We also found that RMI2 promotes EMT markers, HCC cell invasion, and metastasis, which indicated that RMI2 is a potential target for preventing or at least mitigating the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan City, 704, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Cheng
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan City, 704, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Business Management, CTBC Business School, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan City, 704, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan City, 704, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Doucet L, Cailleteau A, Vaugier L, Gourmelon C, Bureau M, Salaud C, Roualdes V, Samarut E, Aumont M, Zenatri M, Loussouarn D, Quillien V, Bocquet F, Payen-Gay L, Joubert D, Prieur A, Robert M, Frenel JS. Association between post-operative hPG 80 (circulating progastrin) detectable level and worse prognosis in glioblastoma. ESMO Open 2023; 8:101626. [PMID: 37713930 PMCID: PMC10594012 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with glioblastomas have a dismal prognosis, and there is no circulating predictive or prognostic biomarker. Circulating progastrin, hPG80, is a tumor-promoting peptide present in the blood of patients with various cancers that has been shown to have prognostic value. We evaluated the prognostic value of plasma hPG80 in patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild type glioblastoma after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS A multicentric retrospective study in glioblastoma patients treated with standard radio-chemotherapy was conducted. The hPG80 levels were measured in plasma EDTA samples collected after surgery with an ELISA DxPG80.lab kit (Biodena Care, Montpellier, France), which has a detection threshold of 1.2 pM. The relationship between post-operative hPG80 plasma levels, in combination with other known prognostic factors, and patients' progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients were assessable. Plasma samples were collected after tumor biopsy (B), partial resection (PR), and complete resection (CR) for 22, 25, and 22 patients, respectively. At a median concentration of 5.37 pM (interquartile range 0.00-13.90 pM), hPG80 was detected in 48 (70%) patients (hPG80+). CR was associated with significant lower values of hPG80 levels: the median value was 0.7 versus 9.1 pM for PR (P = 0.02) and 8.3 pM for B (P = 0.004). The hPG80 detection rate was also significantly lower: 50% (CR) versus 72% (PR) versus 86% (B) (P = 0.005). The median follow-up was 39 months [22.4 months-not reached]. hPG80 post-operative detection was associated with numerically shorter PFS (6.4 versus 9.4 months, P = 0.13) and OS (14.5 versus 20.9 months, P = 0.11). In multivariate analysis, hPG80 was a prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS Circulating hPG80 could serve as a new prognostic biomarker after surgery in patients with glioblastoma treated with radio-chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Doucet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - A Cailleteau
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - L Vaugier
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - C Gourmelon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - M Bureau
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - C Salaud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - V Roualdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - E Samarut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - M Aumont
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - M Zenatri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - D Loussouarn
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - V Quillien
- Department of Biology, Centre Eugene Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - F Bocquet
- Data Factory & Analytics, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - L Payen-Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Oncology and Transfer Unit, Cancer Institute of Hospices Civils De Lyon, Pierre Benite, France
| | | | | | - M Robert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - J-S Frenel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
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Won A, Choi S, Kim A, Hong J. Effect of DNA aptamer through blocking of negative regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13326. [PMID: 37231925 PMCID: PMC10182398 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When Wnt binds to the N-terminal of Frizzled, a conformational change occurs in the C-terminal of Frizzled, which binds to Dishevelled1 (Dvl1), a Wnt signaling component protein. When Dvl1 binds to the C-terminal of Frizzled, the concentration of β-catenin increases and it enters the nucleus to transmit cell proliferation signals. CXXC-type zinc finger protein 5 (CXXC5) binds to the Frizzled binding site of Dvl1 and interferes with Dvl1-Frizzled binding. Therefore, blocking CXXC5-Dvl1 binding may induce Wnt signal transduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used WD-aptamer, a DNA aptamer that specifically binds to Dvl1 and interferes with CXXC5-Dvl1 interaction. We confirmed the penetration of WD-aptamer into human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and measured β-catenin expression following treatment with WD-aptamer in HFDPCs, wherein Wnt signaling was activated by Wnt3a. In addition, MTT assay was performed to investigate the effect of WD-aptamer on cell proliferation. RESULTS WD-aptamer penetrated the cell, affected Wnt signaling, and increased β-catenin expression, which plays an important role in signaling. Additionally, WD-aptamer induced HFDPC proliferation. CONCLUSION CXXC5-associated negative feedback of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be regulated by interfering with CXXC5-Dvl1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areum Won
- Nexmos, Inc.Sinsu‐ro, Suji‐guYongin‐siGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - Sooho Choi
- Nexmos, Inc.Sinsu‐ro, Suji‐guYongin‐siGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - A‐Ru Kim
- Nexmos, Inc.Sinsu‐ro, Suji‐guYongin‐siGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - Junkee Hong
- Nexmos, Inc.Sinsu‐ro, Suji‐guYongin‐siGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
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Prieur A, Harper A, Khan M, Vire B, Joubert D, Payen L, Kopciuk K. Plasma hPG 80 (Circulating Progastrin) as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker for early-stage breast cancer in a breast cancer cohort. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:305. [PMID: 37016331 PMCID: PMC10071601 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence and metastases are still frequent outcomes after initial tumour control in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Although therapies are selected based on tumour characteristics measured at baseline, prognostic biomarkers can identify those at risk of poor outcomes. Circulating progastrin or hPG80 was found to be associated with survival outcomes in renal and hepatocellular carcinomas and was a plausible prognostic biomarker for breast cancer. METHODS Women with incident breast cancers from Calgary, Alberta, Canada enrolled in the Breast to Bone (B2B) study between 2010 to 2016 and provided blood samples prior to any treatment initiation. Plasma from these baseline samples were analysed for circulating progastrin or hPG80. Participant characteristics as well as tumour ones were evaluated for their association with hPG80 and survival outcomes (time to recurrence, recurrence - free survival, breast cancer specific survival and overall survival) in Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS The 464 participants with measurable hPG80 in this study had an average age of 57.03 years (standard deviation of 11.17 years) and were predominantly diagnosed with Stage I (52.2%) and Stage II (40.1%) disease. A total of 50 recurrences and 50 deaths were recorded as of June 2022. In Cox PH regression models adjusted for chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cancer stage and age at diagnosis, log hPG80 (pmol/L) significantly increased the risks for recurrence (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.330, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = (0.995 - 1.777, p = 0.054)), recurrence-free survival (HR = 1.399, 95% CI = (1.106 - 1.770), p = 0.005) and overall survival (HR = 1.385, 95% CI = (1.046 - 1.834), = 0.023) but not for breast cancer specific survival (HR = 1.015, 95% CI = (0.684 - 1.505), p = 0.942). CONCLUSIONS hPG80 levels measured at diagnosis were significantly associated with the risk of recurrence or death from any cause in women with breast cancer. Since the recurrence rates of breast cancer are still relatively high amongst women diagnosed at an early stage, identifying women at high risk of recurrence at their time of diagnosis is important. hPG80 is a promising new prognostic biomarker that could improve the identification of women at higher risk of poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Prieur
- Biodena Care, 2040 Avenue du Père Soulas, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrew Harper
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, 2210 - 2 Street SW, Calgary, AB, T2S 3C3, Canada
| | - Momtafin Khan
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, 2210 - 2 Street SW, Calgary, AB, T2S 3C3, Canada
| | - Bérengère Vire
- Biodena Care, 2040 Avenue du Père Soulas, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Joubert
- Biodena Care, 2040 Avenue du Père Soulas, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Léa Payen
- Lyon Sud Hospital, 69310, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Karen Kopciuk
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, 2210 - 2 Street SW, Calgary, AB, T2S 3C3, Canada.
- Departments of Oncology, Mathematics and Statistics, Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Amjadi O, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Rezapour M, Omrani-Nava V, Moosazadeh M, Azadeh H, Zaboli E, Ahmadi M, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A. Association between Serum Progastrin Biomarker Level and Gastric Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3595-3599. [PMID: 36308387 PMCID: PMC9924311 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.10.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE gastric cancer is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the fourth cause of death because of cancer. In Iran, northern and northwestern regions are considered gastric cancer hot spots. Identifying serum biomarkers could be helpful in early diagnosis of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Increase in progastrin level has been reported in different cancers. Given the diagnostic value of this biomarker, this study aimed to determine the diagnostic role of progastrin serum biomarker in patients with gastric cancer. METHODOLOGY In this case-control study, forty patients with gastric cancer who were diagnosed by endoscopy and pathologic findings and visited Mazandaran Comprehensive Cancer Center. The participants had received no treatment yet and entered this study. The participants in case group were compared with the control group including forty-two individuals with no history of gastrointestinal cancer in their first-degree relatives and visiting the lab for routine tests. Progastrin serum level was assessed using ELISA kit. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann Whitney test, both non-parametric) were used for statistical analysis and the relation between the variables was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient at 95% confidence level in SPSS 16. FINDINGS In this study, progastrin serum level was significantly higher in patients with gastric cancer compared with normal participants (P = 0.035). Progastrin serum level had no significant relation with tumor clinicopathologic parameters (p-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION Increase in progastrin may be utilized as a predictive factor for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolbanin Amjadi
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Rezapour
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Versa Omrani-Nava
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Hossein Azadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Zaboli
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mohadeseh Ahmadi
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. ,For Correspondence:
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9
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Xu R, Höß C, Swiercz JM, Brandt DT, Lutz V, Petersen N, Li R, Zhao D, Oleksy A, Creigh-Pulatmen T, Trokter M, Fedorova M, Atzberger A, Strandby RB, Olsen AA, Achiam MP, Matthews D, Huber M, Gröne HJ, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T. A semaphorin-plexin-Rasal1 signaling pathway inhibits gastrin expression and protects against peptic ulcers. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabf1922. [PMID: 35857828 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease is a frequent clinical problem with potentially serious complications such as bleeding or perforation. A decisive factor in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers is gastric acid, the secretion of which is controlled by the hormone gastrin released from gastric G cells. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating gastrin plasma concentrations are poorly understood. Here, we identified a semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that operates in gastric G cells to inhibit gastrin expression on a transcriptional level, thereby limiting food-stimulated gastrin release and gastric acid secretion. Using a systematic siRNA screening approach combined with biochemical, cell biology, and in vivo mouse experiments, we found that the RasGAP protein Rasal1 is a central mediator of plexin signal transduction, which suppresses gastrin expression through inactivation of the small GTPase R-Ras. Moreover, we show that Rasal1 is pathophysiologically relevant for the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a main risk factor of peptic ulcers in humans. Last, we show that application of recombinant semaphorin 4D alleviates peptic ulcer disease in mice in vivo, demonstrating that this signaling pathway can be harnessed pharmacologically. This study unravels a mode of G cell regulation that is functionally important in gastric homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Carsten Höß
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Jakub M Swiercz
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Dominique T Brandt
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Veronika Lutz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann Atzberger
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Rune B Strandby
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - August A Olsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Michael P Achiam
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
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10
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You B, Assenat E, Payen L, Mazard T, Glehen O, Calattini S, Villeneuve L, Lescuyer G, Vire B, Ychou M. [hPG 80 and cancer: A new blood biomarker in development for patient monitoring]. Bull Cancer 2022; 109:707-713. [PMID: 35597620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances coupled with our improved understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with cancer development have enabled better overall patient care. Among the newly identified biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA or circulating tumor cells, hPG80 (circulating progastrin) that is easy to detect and quantify by a simple ELISA assay has the potential to become a new routine clinical tool in oncology if on-going studies validated its utility. Indeed, on the one hand, hPG80 was found in the blood of patients with different tumors (colorectal, pancreatic, liver, lung, stomach, kidney cancers) at a significantly higher concentration than in healthy donors. Moreover, some studies suggested a potential association between hPG80 concentration changes and anti-cancer treatment efficacy in patients with gastro-intestinal and hepatocellular carcinomas. Finally, hPG80 might be a prognostic factor for overall survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma cancer (mRCC) and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). If these hypotheses were validated, hPG80 might help better stratify patients according to their prognosis, and also become a tool to monitor relapse and predict treatment response. Prospective validation studies are on-going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit You
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, HCL, CITOHL, UR 3738 CICLY, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- Hôpital Saint-Éloi, CNRS UMR 5535, Département d'Oncologie Médicale, 80, avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Léa Payen
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, HCL, CITOHL, UR 3738 CICLY, Lyon, France
| | - Thibault Mazard
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Unité d'Oncologie Médicale, Val d'Aurelle, 208, avenue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Olivier Glehen
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, HCL, CITOHL, UR 3738 CICLY, Lyon, France; Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Oncologique, Lyon, France
| | - Sara Calattini
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, HCL, CITOHL, UR 3738 CICLY, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Villeneuve
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, HCL, CITOHL, UR 3738 CICLY, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Recherche et d'Epidémiologie Cliniques, Lyon, France
| | - Gaëlle Lescuyer
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, HCL, CITOHL, UR 3738 CICLY, Lyon, France
| | - Bérengère Vire
- Biodena Care, 2040, avenue du Père-Soulas, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Marc Ychou
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Unité d'Oncologie Médicale, Val d'Aurelle, 208, avenue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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11
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Zheng C, Liu M, Ge Y, Qian Y, Fan H. HBx increases chromatin accessibility and ETV4 expression to regulate dishevelled-2 and promote HCC progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:116. [PMID: 35121725 PMCID: PMC8816937 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the predominant causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV X protein (HBx), as the most frequently integrated viral gene sequence following HBV infection, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HCC. H3K27ac is a characteristic marker for identifying active enhancers and even indicates chromatin accessibility associated with super-enhancers (SEs). In this study, H3K27ac ChIP-seq was applied for high-quality SE annotation of HBx-induced SEs and chromatin accessibility evaluation. The results indicated that HBx preferentially affects enrichment of H3K27ac in transcription factor signaling pathway genes, including ETV4. RNA-seq indicated that ETV4 is upregulated by HBx and that upregulated ETV4 promotes HCC progression. Interestingly, ETV4 was also included in the 568 cancer driver gene pool obtained by the Integrative OncoGenomics pipeline. However, the biological function and mechanism of ETV4 remain incompletely understood. In vivo and in vitro, we found that increased ETV4 expression promotes HCC cell migration and invasion by upregulating DVL2 and activating Wnt/β-catenin. The mRNA and protein levels of ETV4 are higher in tumor tissues compared with adjacent tissues, and high expression of ETV4 is associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. In summary, we first confirm that ETV4 is significantly upregulated by HBx and involved in SE-associated chromatin accessibility. Increased expression of ETV4 promotes HCC cell invasion and metastasis by upregulating DVL2. The present study provides insight into the ETV4-DVL2-β-catenin axis in HBV-related HCC, which will be helpful for treating patients with aggressive HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqian Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanping Ge
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Giraud J, Foroutan M, Boubaker-Vitre J, Grillet F, Homayed Z, Jadhav U, Crespy P, Breuker C, Bourgaux JF, Hazerbroucq J, Pignodel C, Brulin B, Shivdasani RA, Jay P, Hollande F, Pannequin J. Progastrin production transitions from Bmi1 +/Prox1 + to Lgr5 high cells during early intestinal tumorigenesis. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:101001. [PMID: 33360299 PMCID: PMC7772574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of progastrin is a signature event of early malignant transformation in the colon. In the healthy epithelium, progastrin is produced by a subset of enteroendocrine cells expressing both Bmi1 and Prox1. LGR5-high intestinal stem cells are a primary source of progastrin production in early mouse and human intestinal adenomas.
Progastrin is an unprocessed soluble peptide precursor with a well-described tumor-promoting role in colorectal cancer. It is expressed at small levels in the healthy intestinal mucosa, and its expression is enhanced at early stages of intestinal tumor development, with high levels of this peptide in hyperplastic intestinal polyps being associated with poor neoplasm-free survival in patients. Yet, the precise type of progastrin-producing cells in the healthy intestinal mucosa and in early adenomas remains unclear. Here, we used a combination of immunostaining, RNAscope labelling and retrospective analysis of single cell RNAseq results to demonstrate that progastrin is produced within intestinal crypts by a subset of Bmi1+/Prox1+/LGR5low endocrine cells, previously shown to act as replacement stem cells in case of mucosal injury. In contrast, our findings indicate that intestinal stem cells, specified by expression of the Wnt signaling target LGR5, become the main source of progastrin production in early mouse and human intestinal adenomas. Collectively our results suggest that the previously identified feed-forward mechanisms between progastrin and Wnt signaling is a hallmark of early neoplastic transformation in mouse and human colonic adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Giraud
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - M Foroutan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | | | - F Grillet
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Z Homayed
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - U Jadhav
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Crespy
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - C Breuker
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Bourgaux
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - J Hazerbroucq
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - C Pignodel
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - B Brulin
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - R A Shivdasani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Jay
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - F Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - J Pannequin
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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13
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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You B, Mercier F, Assenat E, Langlois-Jacques C, Glehen O, Soulé J, Payen L, Kepenekian V, Dupuy M, Belouin F, Morency E, Saywell V, Flacelière M, Elies P, Liaud P, Mazard T, Maucort-Boulch D, Tan W, Vire B, Villeneuve L, Ychou M, Kohli M, Joubert D, Prieur A. The oncogenic and druggable hPG80 (Progastrin) is overexpressed in multiple cancers and detected in the blood of patients. EBioMedicine 2019; 51:102574. [PMID: 31877416 PMCID: PMC6938867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In colorectal cancer, hPG80 (progastrin) is released from tumor cells, promotes cancer stem cells (CSC) self-renewal and is detected in the blood of patients. Because the gene GAST that encodes hPG80 is a target gene of oncogenic pathways that are activated in many tumor types, we hypothesized that hPG80 could be expressed by tumors from various origins other than colorectal cancers, be a drug target and be detectable in the blood of these patients. METHODS hPG80 expression was monitored by fluorescent immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression in tumors from various origins. Cancer cell lines were used in sphere forming assay to analyze CSC self-renewal. Blood samples were obtained from 1546 patients with 11 different cancer origins and from two retrospective kinetic studies in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis or hepatocellular carcinomas. These patients were regularly sampled during treatments and assayed for hPG80. FINDINGS We showed that hPG80 was present in the 11 tumor types tested. In cell lines originating from these tumor types, hPG80 neutralization decreased significantly CSC self-renewal by 28 to 54%. hPG80 was detected in the blood of patients at significantly higher concentration than in healthy blood donors (median hPG80: 4.88 pM versus 1.05 pM; p < 0.0001) and shown to be correlated to GAST mRNA levels in the matched tumor (i.e., lung cancers, Spearman r = 0.8; p = 0.0023). Furthermore, we showed a strong association between longitudinal hPG80 concentration changes and anti-cancer treatment efficacy in two independent retrospective studies. In the peritoneal carcinomatosis cohort, median hPG80 from inclusion to the post-operative period decreased from 5.36 to 3.00 pM (p < 0.0001, n = 62) and in the hepatocellular carcinoma cohort, median hPG80 from inclusion to remission decreased from 11.54 pM to 1.99 pM (p < 0.0001, n = 63). INTERPRETATION Because oncogenic hPG80 is expressed in tumor cells from different origins and because circulating hPG80 in the blood is related to the burden/activity of the tumor, it is a promising cancer target for therapy and for disease monitoring. FUNDINGS ECS-Progastrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit You
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre d'Investigation de Thérapeutiques en Oncologie et Hématologie de Lyon (CITOHL), Groupe des Investigateurs Nationaux pour les Cancers de l'Ovaire et du sein (GINECO), Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon (IC-HCL), Lyon, France; EMR UCBL/HCL 3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Mercier
- Eurobiodev, 2040 avenue du Père Soulas, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- Department of Medical Oncology, CNRS UMR 5535St-Eloi University Hospital-Montpellier School of Medicine, 80, Avenue Augustin Fliche 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Langlois-Jacques
- Service de Biostatistique, Bioinformatique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69424, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Équipe Biostatistique-Santé, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Glehen
- General and Oncologic Surgery Department, Lyon Sud University Hospital, France; EMR UCBL/HCL 3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Soulé
- Eurobiodev, 2040 avenue du Père Soulas, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Léa Payen
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire, Institut de Cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon (IC-HCL), France; CITOHL, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Vahan Kepenekian
- General and Oncologic Surgery Department, Lyon Sud University Hospital, France
| | - Marie Dupuy
- Department of Medical Oncology, CNRS UMR 5535St-Eloi University Hospital-Montpellier School of Medicine, 80, Avenue Augustin Fliche 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Belouin
- Eurobiodev, 2040 avenue du Père Soulas, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Morency
- Eurobiodev, 2040 avenue du Père Soulas, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Maud Flacelière
- Eurobiodev, 2040 avenue du Père Soulas, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Elies
- Plateforme Imagerie Médicale, Univ de Bretagne occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Pierre Liaud
- Eurobiodev, 2040 avenue du Père Soulas, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Mazard
- Medical Oncology Unit, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Val d'Aurelle, 208 Avenue des Apothicaires, 34298, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; IRCM, Inserm, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Maucort-Boulch
- Service de Biostatistique, Bioinformatique, Pôle Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69424, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Équipe Biostatistique-Santé, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Winston Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bérengère Vire
- Eurobiodev, 2040 avenue du Père Soulas, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Villeneuve
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Recherche Clinique Pôle de Santé Publique, Lyon, France; EMR UCBL/HCL 3738, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Ychou
- Medical Oncology Unit, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Val d'Aurelle, 208 Avenue des Apothicaires, 34298, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; IRCM, Inserm, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Manish Kohli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Prieur
- ECS-Progastrin, Chemin de la Meunière 12, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland.
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15
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Comprehensive Analysis of the Canonical and Non-canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2830-2842. [PMID: 30997579 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that dysregulation of Wnt signaling by gene mutation and abnormal gene expression is one of the causative factors for gastric cancer (GC). So far, a systematic and comprehensive analysis of gene mutation, gene expression, and DNA methylation profiles of the Wnt pathway associated with gastric carcinogenesis, however, has not yet been reported. AIMS To this end, we investigated all the above-mentioned genetic alterations associated with the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways in GC tumors, in order to understand the molecular mechanism underlying gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS The information on gene mutations and expression was obtained from data resources, such as TCGA, GSEA, and TCGA-STAD, and was analyzed with the cBioPortal platform. We also performed in vitro analysis on DDK2 gene, a Wnt inhibitor, to characterize its role in GC tumor cells. RESULTS We found that gene mutations of 43 Wnt genes and abnormal expression of 13 Wnt genes occurred at a high frequency in GC tumors, and gene amplification and deletion are the major mutation types. Clusters of DNA methylation associated with Wnt signaling genes and GC tumors were also revealed, and a significant increase in β-catenin activity was found in the hypermethylated group of GC tumors. In addition, overexpression of DKK2 gene significantly inhibited multiple biological processes of the GC cells, including their growth, clonal forming, migration, and invasion ability, and induced apoptosis of the GC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our current study suggested that gene mutation, abnormal gene expression, and altered DNA methylation profiles associated with the Wnt signaling may play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis, and DKK2 gene may act as a tumor suppressor in gastric cells.
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16
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Wu X, Shen J, Xiao Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhao Q, Cho CH, Li M. An overview of the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in gastric cancer: Spotlight on novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:425-439. [PMID: 30857828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that have displayed strong association with gastric cancer (GC). Through the repression of target mRNAs, miRNAs regulate many biological pathways that are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, metastasis as well as drug resistance. The detection of miRNAs in tissues and in body fluids emerges as a promising method in the diagnosis and prognosis of GC, due to their unique expression pattern in correlation with GC. Notably, miRNAs are also identified as potential therapeutic targets for GC therapy. The present review is thus to highlight the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in GC and in GC therapies, which would give indications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M.) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
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17
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Huang YF, Niu WB, Hu R, Wang LJ, Huang ZY, Ni SH, Wang MQ, Yang Y, Huang YS, Feng WJ, Xiao W, Zhu DJ, Xian SX, Lu L. FIBP knockdown attenuates growth and enhances chemotherapy in colorectal cancer via regulating GSK3β-related pathways. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:77. [PMID: 30275459 PMCID: PMC6167373 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs), characterized by self-renewal ability and high expression of proliferative genes, contribute to the chemoresistance of colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC chemoresistance through comprehensive bioinformatics screenings and experimental confirmation of gene functions. We found that high expression of FGF1 intracellular binding protein (FIBP) was correlated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in CRC patients. Therefore, the chemoresistant CRC cell line HCT116-CSC with high expression of the stem cell markers CD44 and CD133 was established for further phenotypic tests. FIBP knockdown inhibited proliferation, enhanced chemotherapy effects, and attenuated the stemness markers of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. Through RNA-seq and gene set enrichment analysis, we identified cyclin D1 as a key downstream target in FIBP-regulated cell cycle progression and proliferation. Moreover, FIBP bound to GSK3β, inhibited its phosphorylation at Tyr216, and activated β-catenin/TCF/cyclin D1 signaling in HCT116-CSCs. Additional GSK3β knockdown reversed the FIBP silencing-induced inhibition of proliferation and decreased stemness marker expression in HCT116-CSCs. Furthermore, DNA methylation profiling suggested that FIBP regulated the stemness of CRC cells via methylation activity that was dependent on GSK3β but independent of β-catenin signaling. Our data illuminate the potential of FIBP as a novel therapeutic target for treating chemoresistant CRC through inhibition of GSK3β-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Shunde Hospital (The first People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Southern Medical University, 528300, Foshan, China
| | - Wen-Bo Niu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Jun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeng-Yan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Hao Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Qing Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Da-Jian Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital, 528300, Foshan, China.
| | - Shao-Xiang Xian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Cisplatin suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro by repressing the Wnt/β-catenin/Endothelin-1 axis via activating B cell translocation gene 1. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29536130 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide with significantly high prevalence in Southern China. Chemoprevention of cancer with alkylating agent compounds could potentially reverse, suppress, or prevent cancer progression. Cisplatin (CIS) is an antineoplastic or cytotoxic platinum-based drug used for chemotherapy of different types of human cancers such as NPC. Nevertheless, the effects of CIS on the migration and invasion of human NPC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully scrutinized. METHODS In this work, we tested the effect of CIS on the proliferation, migration and invasion of NPC cells. The results exhibited that this drug exerts remarkable inhibitory effects on the proliferation, migration and invasion of NPC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blotting and real time RT-PCR were used for expression analyses. RESULTS We found that CIS treatment led to a dose-dependent inhibition of Endothelin-1 (ET1) expression, at protein as well as mRNA levels in NPC cells. CIS was also found to activate the expression of BTG1 in NPC cells. Moreover, mechanistic analyses revealed that CIS increased the expression of B cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) to suppress the expression of ET1. Furthermore, we show that ET1 could not be induced in CIS-resistant cells with suppressed BTG1 expression, and subsequently demote the proliferation, migration and invasion of NPC cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings provided compelling evidence of the role of CIS in suppressing NPC metastasis and its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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19
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Mashima H, Watanabe N, Sekine M, Matsumoto S, Asano T, Yuhashi K, Sagihara N, Urayoshi S, Uehara T, Fujiwara J, Ishii T, Tsuboi R, Miyatani H, Ohnishi H. The role of Gα q/Gα 11 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 13:93-98. [PMID: 29387814 PMCID: PMC5789759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis and the coordinated actions of digestion, absorption and excretion are tightly regulated by a number of gastrointestinal hormones. Most of them exert their actions through G-protein-coupled receptors. Recently, we showed that the absence of Gαq/Gα11 signaling impaired the maturation of Paneth cells, induced their differentiation toward goblet cells, and affected the regeneration of the colonic mucosa in an experimental model of colitis. Although an immunohistochemical study showed that Gαq/Gα11 were highly expressed in enterocytes, it seemed that enterocytes were not affected in Int-Gq/G11 double knock-out intestine. Thus, we used an intestinal epithelial cell line to examine the role of signaling through Gαq/Gα11 in enterocytes and manipulated the expression level of Gαq and/or Gα11. The proliferation was inhibited in IEC-6 cells that overexpressed Gαq/Gα11 and enhanced in IEC-6 cells in which Gαq/Gα11 was downregulated. The expression of T-cell factor 1 was increased according to the overexpression of Gαq/Gα11. The expression of Notch1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain was decreased by the overexpression of Gαq/Gα11 and increased by the downregulation of Gαq/Gα11. The relative mRNA expression of Muc2, a goblet cell marker, was elevated in a Gαq/Gα11 knock-down experiment. Our findings suggest that Gαq/Gα11-mediated signaling inhibits proliferation and may support a physiological function, such as absorption or secretion, in terminally differentiated enterocytes.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- Ab, antibody
- Atoh1, atonal homolog 1
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CCK2R, cholecystokinin-2 receptor
- DKO, double knock-out
- Enterocyte
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like-peptide-1
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gα11
- Gαq
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- NICD, Notch1 intracellular cytoplasmic domain
- Notch
- Proliferation
- TA, transit amplifying
- Tcf1, T-cell factor 1
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide
- Wnt/β-catenin
- mAChR, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Mashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Noboru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masanari Sekine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Satohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takeharu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Sagihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Urayoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Rumiko Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hirohide Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
- Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kawasaki 211-0021, Japan
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20
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Laval M, Dumesny C, Eutick M, Baldwin GS, Marshall KM. Oral trivalent bismuth ions decrease, and trivalent indium or ruthenium ions increase, intestinal tumor burden in Apc Δ14/+ mice. Metallomics 2018; 10:194-200. [PMID: 29296993 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immature forms of the peptide hormone gastrin have been implicated in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The biological activity of glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) is dependent on the binding of Fe3+ ions in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of blocking Fe3+ ion binding to Ggly, using Bi3+, In3+ or Ru3+ ions, on the development of intestinal tumors in APCΔ14/+ mice. APCΔ14/+ mice were treated orally with Bi3+, In3+ or Ru3+ ions for up to 60 days, serum trace metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the incidence and size of intestinal tumors were assessed. Bi3+ treatment significantly decreased the number of tumors larger than 3 mm in male mice. In3+ or Ru3+ treatment significantly increased the tumor burden in all animals and In3+ increased the number of tumors larger than 3 mm or 5 mm in male mice alone. The fact that binding of In3+ or Ru3+ ions to Ggly was orders of magnitude stronger than the binding of Bi3+ ions implies that the inhibitory effect of Bi3+ ions is not a consequence of a reduction in Ggly activity. However, further testing of higher doses of Bi3+ ions for longer periods as an oral treatment for intestinal tumors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Laval
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Tafrihi M, Nakhaei Sistani R. E-Cadherin/β-Catenin Complex: A Target for Anticancer and Antimetastasis Plants/Plant-derived Compounds. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:702-722. [PMID: 28524727 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1320415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants reputed to have cancer-inhibiting potential and putative active components derived from those plants have emerged as an exciting new field in cancer study. Some of these compounds have cancer-inhibiting potential in different clinical staging levels, especially metastasis. A few of them which stabilize cell-cell adhesions are controversial topics. This review article introduces some effective herbal compounds that target E-cadherin/β-catenin protein complex. In this article, at first, we briefly review the structure and function of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins, Wnt signaling pathway, and its target genes. Then, effective compounds of the Teucrium persicum, Teucrium polium, Allium sativum (garlic), Glycine max (soy), and Brassica oleracea (broccoli) plants, which influence stability and cellular localization of E-cadherin/β-catenin complex, were studied. Based on literature review, there are some compounds in these plants, including genistein of soy, sulforaphane of broccoli, organosulfur compounds of garlic, and the total extract of Teucrium genus that change the expression of variety of Wnt target genes such as MMPs, E-cadherin, p21, p53, c-myc, and cyclin D1. So they may induce cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and/or inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Tafrihi
- a Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences , University of Mazandaran , Babolsar , Mazandaran , Iran
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22
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Prieur A, Cappellini M, Habif G, Lefranc MP, Mazard T, Morency E, Pascussi JM, Flacelière M, Cahuzac N, Vire B, Dubuc B, Durochat A, Liaud P, Ollier J, Pfeiffer C, Poupeau S, Saywell V, Planque C, Assenat E, Bibeau F, Bourgaux JF, Pujol P, Sézeur A, Ychou M, Joubert D. Targeting the Wnt Pathway and Cancer Stem Cells with Anti-progastrin Humanized Antibodies as a Potential Treatment for K-RAS-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5267-5280. [PMID: 28600477 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer suffer from disease relapse mainly due to cancer stem cells (CSC). Interestingly, they have an increased level of blood progastrin, a tumor-promoting peptide essential for the self-renewal of colon CSCs, which is also a direct β-catenin/TCF4 target gene. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel targeted therapy to neutralize secreted progastrin to inhibit Wnt signaling, CSCs, and reduce relapses.Experimental Design: Antibodies (monoclonal and humanized) directed against progastrin were produced and selected for target specificity and affinity. After validation of their effectiveness on survival of colorectal cancer cell lines harboring B-RAF or K-RAS mutations, their efficacy was assessed in vitro and in vivo, alone or concomitantly with chemotherapy, on CSC self-renewal capacity, tumor recurrence, and Wnt signaling.Results: We show that anti-progastrin antibodies decrease self-renewal of CSCs both in vitro and in vivo, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Furthermore, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells are diminished; chemosensitivity is prolonged in SW620 and HT29 cells and posttreatment relapse is significantly delayed in T84 cells, xenografted nude mice. Finally, we show that the Wnt signaling activity in vitro is decreased, and, in transgenic mice developing Wnt-driven intestinal neoplasia, the tumor burden is alleviated, with an amplification of cell differentiation in the remaining tumors.Conclusions: Altogether, these data show that humanized anti-progastrin antibodies might represent a potential new treatment for K-RAS-mutated colorectal patients, for which there is a crucial unmet medical need. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5267-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thibault Mazard
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Planque
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Bibeau
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pascal Pujol
- Departement d'oncogénétique clinique, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Sézeur
- Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses Croix St Simon Chirurgie Digestive, Paris, France
| | - Marc Ychou
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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23
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Lee K, A Piazza G. The interaction between the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade and PKG activation in cancer. J Biomed Res 2016; 31:189-196. [PMID: 28808213 PMCID: PMC5460607 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade has been well studied and documented in colorectal cancer (CRC). The long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to reduce the incidence and risk of death from CRC in numerous epidemiological studies. The NSAID sulindac has also been reported to cause regression of precancerous adenomas in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis who are at high risk of developing CRC. The mechanism responsible for cancer chemopreventive activity of NSAIDs is not well understood but may be unrelated to their cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity. Emerging evidence suggests that sulindac inhibits the growth of colon tumor cells by suppressing the activity of certain phosphodiesterase isozymes to activate cGMP-dependent protein kinase, PKG, through the elevation of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphote, cGMP. PKG activation has been shown to inhibit the nuclear translocation of β-catenin, reduce β-catenin mRNA and protein levels, and suppress the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. This review describes the relationship between the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade and the activation of PKG through PDE inhibition and elevation of intracellular cGMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lee
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604-1405, USA
| | - Gary A Piazza
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604-1405, USA
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24
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Kim O, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 inhibits gastrin-induced cell proliferation. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:381-391. [PMID: 25752269 PMCID: PMC5297461 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) acts as a gastric tumor suppressor. Here, we investigated whether GKN1 contributes to the maintenance of gastric mucosal homeostasis by regulating gastrin-induced gastric epithelial cell growth. METHODS We assessed the effects of gastrin and GKN1 on cell proliferation in stable AGS(GKN1) and MKN1(GKN1) gastric cancer cell lines and HFE-145 nonneoplastic epithelial cells. Cell viability and proliferation were analyzed by MTT and BrdU incorporation assays, respectively. Cell cycle and expression of growth factor receptors were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Gastrin treatment stimulated a significant time-dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation in AGS(mock) and MKN1(mock), but not in HFE-145, AGS(GKN1), and MKN1(GKN1), cells, which stably expressed GKN1. Additionally, gastrin markedly increased the S-phase cell population, whereas GKN1 significantly inhibited the effect of gastrin by regulating the expression of G1/S cell-cycle regulators. Furthermore, gastrin induced activation of the NF-kB and β-catenin signaling pathways and increased the expression of CCKBR, EGFR, and c-Met in AGS and MKN1 cells. However, GKN1 completely suppressed these effects of gastrin via downregulation of gastrin/CCKBR/growth factor receptor expression. Moreover, GKN1 reduced gastrin and CCKBR mRNA expression in AGS and MKN1 cells, and there was an inverse correlation between GKN1 and gastrin, as well as between GKN1 and CCKBR mRNA expression in noncancerous gastric mucosae. CONCLUSION These data suggest that GKN1 may contribute to the maintenance of gastric epithelial homeostasis and inhibit gastric carcinogenesis by downregulating the gastrin-CCKBR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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25
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Chan K, Brown IS, Kyle T, Lauwers GY, Kumarasinghe MP. Chief cell-predominant gastric polyps: a series of 12 cases with literature review. Histopathology 2015; 68:825-33. [PMID: 26335020 DOI: 10.1111/his.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rare gastric lesions composed of a combined proliferation of chief and oxyntic cells have been variably called adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type and oxyntic gland polyp/adenoma. Herein, we present a series of cases that show a morphological spectrum of chief and oxyntic cell proliferations. METHODS AND RESULTS Routine and consultation cases were collated from five institutions. Information regarding site, size, endoscopic appearance, clinical history and medication use, when available, was accrued, as was the histological features and immunoprofiles. A total of 12 cases were collated. Age ranged from 39 to 81 years. All the lesions were located in the fundus; seven of eight were polypoid lesions endoscopically. Lesions were primarily solitary, averaged 4.6 mm in diameter (largest 9 mm) and comprised >50% chief cells. The predominant architectural pattern was of anastomosing and solid and clustered glands or a mixture of these patterns. Lesions were limited mainly to the mucosa, although two showed submucosal involvement. None had known metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS This series included lesions that were previously described as gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type and oxyntic gland polyp/adenoma. They are located exclusively in the fundus and composed predominantly of chief cells with low-grade cytology and appear to show a morphological continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chan
- Pathwest, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian S Brown
- Envoi Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trevor Kyle
- St John of God Pathology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory Y Lauwers
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian Priyanthi Kumarasinghe
- Pathwest, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Kim JT, Liu C, Zaytseva YY, Weiss HL, Townsend CM, Evers BM. Neurotensin, a novel target of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, promotes growth of neuroendocrine tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:1475-81. [PMID: 25098665 PMCID: PMC4289421 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating cell growth and differentiation by activation of the β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) complex and subsequent regulation of a set of target genes that have one or more TCF-binding elements (TBEs). Hyperactivation of this pathway has been implicated in numerous malignancies including human neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Neurotensin (NT), an intestinal hormone, induces proliferation of several gastrointestinal (GI) cancers including cancers of the pancreas and colon. Here, we analyzed the human NT promoter in silico and found at least four consensus TBEs within the proximal promoter region. Using a combination of ChIP and luciferase reporter assays, we identified one TBE (located ∼900 bp proximal from the transcription start site) that was immunoprecipitated efficiently by TCF4-targeting antibody; mutation of this site attenuated the responsiveness to β-catenin. We also confirmed that the promoter activity and the mRNA and protein expression levels of NT were increased by various Wnt pathway activators and decreased by Wnt inhibitors in NET cell lines BON and QGP-1, which express and secrete NT. Similarly, the intracellular content and secretion of NT were induced by Wnt3a in these cells. Finally, inhibition of NT signaling suppressed cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth and decreased expression levels of growth-related proteins in NET cells. Our results indicate that NT is a direct target of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and may be a mediator for NET cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tae Kim
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Chunming Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Heidi L. Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - B. Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Hu K, Gu Y, Lou L, Liu L, Hu Y, Wang B, Luo Y, Shi J, Yu X, Huang H. Galectin-3 mediates bone marrow microenvironment-induced drug resistance in acute leukemia cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:1. [PMID: 25622682 PMCID: PMC4332970 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute leukemia is currently the major cause of death in hematological malignancies. Despite the rapid development of new therapies, minimal residual disease (MRD) continues to occur and leads to poor outcomes. The leukemia niche in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) is thought to be responsible for such MRD development, which can lead to leukemia drug resistance and disease relapse. Consequently further investigation into the way in which the leukemia niche interacts with acute leukemia cells (ALCs) and development of strategies to block the underlying process are expected to improve disease prognosis. Recent studies indicated that galectin-3 (gal-3) might play a pivotal role in this process. Thus we aimed to elucidate the exact role played by gal-3 in this process and clarify its mechanism of action. METHODS We used human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) to mimic the leukemia BMM in vitro, and investigated their effects on drug resistance of ALCs and the possible mechanisms involved, with particular emphasis on the role of gal-3. RESULTS In our study, we demonstrated that hBM-MSCs induced gal-3 up-regulation, promoting β-catenin stabilization and thus activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ALCs, which is critical in cytotoxic drug resistance of leukemia. This effect could be reversed by addition of gal-3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). We also found that up-regulation of gal-3 promoted Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation, thought to constitute a cross-bridge between gal-3 and Wnt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that gal-3, a key factor mediating BMM-induced drug resistance, could be a novel therapeutic target in acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yanjun Gu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Lixia Lou
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Jimin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Nagarajan S, Namasivayam N. Silibinin alleviates hyperlipidaemia, restores mucin content, modulates TGF-β and fosters apoptosis in experimental rat colon carcinogenesis. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Paradoxically augmented anti-tumorigenic action of proton pump inhibitor and GastrininAPCMin/+ intestinal polyposis model. Neoplasia 2014; 16:73-83. [PMID: 24563620 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though long-term administration of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) imposed the risk of gastrointestinal track tumorigenesis by accompanied hypergastrinemia, no overt increases of colon cancer risk were witnessed after a long-term cohort study. Our recent investigation revealed that PPI prevented colitis-associated carcinogenesis through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-mutagenic mechanisms in spite of hypergastrinemia. Therefore, we hypothesized that PPI might either antagonize the trophic action of gastrin on gastrointestinal tumorigenesis or synergize to exert augmented anti-tumorigenic actions. We challenged APCMin/+ mice with gastrin, PPI, PPI and gastrin together for 10 weeks and counted intestinal polyposis accompanied with molecular changes. Gastrin significantly increased intestinal polyposis, but combination of PPI and gastrin markedly attenuated intestinal polyposis compared to gastrin-promoted APCMin/+ mice (P<.001), in which significant β-catenin phosphorylation and inhibition of β-catenin nuclear translocation were observed with PPI alone or combination of PPI and gastrin, whereas gastrin treatment significantly increased β-catenin nuclear translocation. Significant footprints of apoptosis, G0/G1 accumulation, inactivation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, decreased expressions of CD31, and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 were noted in the combination group. In vitro investigations were similar to in vivo findings as shown that PPI treatment inhibited the binding of gastrin to its receptor, inactivated β-catenin-associated signaling including Tcf/Lef and glycogen synthase kinase β, and paradoxically inhibited β-catenin-associated proliferative activities. Our investigations explain why colon cancer risk has not increased despite long-term use of PPIs and provide a rationale for using PPI to achieve anti-tumorigenesis beyond acid suppression.
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MicroRNA and signaling pathways in gastric cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:305-16. [PMID: 25060632 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors by inhibiting the expression of target genes, some of which are either directly or indirectly involved with canonical signaling pathways. The relationship between miRNAs and signaling pathways in gastric cancer is extremely complicated. In this paper, we determined the pathogenic mechanism of gastric cancer related to miRNA expression based on recent high-quality studies and then clarified the regulation network of miRNA expression and the correlated functions of these miRNAs during the progression of gastric cancer. We try to illustrate the correlation between the expression of miRNAs and outcomes of patients with gastric cancer. Understanding this will allow us to take a big step forward in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Huynh N, Liu KH, Yim M, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, He H. Demonstration and biological significance of a gastrin-P21-activated kinase 1 feedback loop in colorectal cancer cells. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/6/e12048. [PMID: 24963032 PMCID: PMC4208650 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrins, including amidated gastrin17 and glycine-extended gastrin17, are important growth factors in colorectal cancer (CRC). The p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) plays key roles in cellular processes including proliferation, survival, and motility, and in cell transformation and tumor progression. PAK1 expression increases with the progression of CRC, and knockdown of PAK1 blocks CRC cell growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction between PAK1 and gastrins in CRC cells. PAK1 expression and activation were assayed by Western blots, and concentrations of gastrin mRNA and peptides by real-time PCR and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Proliferation of CRC cells was measured by (3)H-thymidine incorporation, and vascular endothelial growth factor : VEGF) secretion was measured by ELISA. Gastrins activated PAK1 via PI3K-dependent pathways. Activated PAK1 in turn mediated gastrin-stimulated activation of β-catenin and VEGF secretion in CRC cells, as knockdown of PAK1 blocked stimulation of these cellular processes by gastrins. Downregulation of gastrin reduced the expression and activity of PAK1, but in contrast there was a compensatory increase in gastrins either when PAK1 was downregulated, or after treatment with a PAK inhibitor. Our results indicate that PAK1 is required for the stimulation of CRC cells by gastrins, and suggest the existence of an inhibitory feedback loop by which PAK1 downregulates gastrin production in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Huynh
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin H Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mildred Yim
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Funasaka T, Raz A, Nangia-Makker P. Nuclear transport of galectin-3 and its therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:30-8. [PMID: 24657939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a member of β-galactoside-binding gene family is a multi-functional protein, which regulates pleiotropic biological functions such as cell growth, cell adhesion, cell-cell interactions, apoptosis, angiogenesis and mRNA processing. Its unique structure enables it to interact with a plethora of ligands in a carbohydrate dependent or independent manner. Galectin-3 is mainly a cytosolic protein, but can easily traverse the intracellular and plasma membranes to translocate into the nucleus, mitochondria or get externalized. Depending on the cell type, specific experimental conditions in vitro, cancer type and stage, galectin-3 has been reported to be exclusively cytoplasmic, predominantly nuclear or distributed between the two compartments. In this review we have summarized the dynamics of galectin-3 shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, the nuclear transport mechanisms of galectin-3, how its specific interactions with the members of β-catenin signaling pathways affect tumor progression, and its implications as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States
| | - Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, United States; John D. Dingell V.A. Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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Paterson AC, Macrae FA, Pizzey C, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A. Circulating gastrin concentrations in patients at increased risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:480-6. [PMID: 24716212 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM An increase in circulating concentrations of gastrin or gastrin precursors such as progastrin and glycine-extended gastrin has been proposed to promote the development of colorectal carcinomas (CRC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not circulating gastrin concentrations were increased in patients with an increased risk of developing CRC. METHOD Patients were divided according to their risk into the five following groups: familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 20), hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (n = 53), cluster of common colorectal cancers (n = 13), personal history and/or family history of adenomatous polyps or CRC (n = 150) and controls (n = 42). Radioimmunoassay with four region-specific gastrin antisera was used to measure progastrin, glycine-extended gastrin (gastrin-gly), amidated gastrin (gastrin-amide), and total gastrin in peripheral blood taken at the time of colonoscopy. RESULTS Compared with the control group, familial adenomatous polyposis patients had significantly higher median values of total gastrin (29.8 pM vs 16.9 pM, P = 0.003) and gastrin-amide (17.1 pM vs 12.0 pM, P = 0.015). Patients with a personal or family history of adenomatous polyps or CRC also had higher circulating concentrations of total gastrin (21.8 pM) compared with controls (P < 0.05), while patients from all groups who presented with an adenomatous polyp on the day of colonoscopy had higher concentrations of total gastrin, progastrin, and gastrin-amide than patients without polyps. CONCLUSION Concentrations of gastrin precursors are increased in particular groups with an increased risk of developing CRC.
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Comprehensive analysis of β-catenin target genes in colorectal carcinoma cell lines with deregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:74. [PMID: 24467841 PMCID: PMC3909937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a hallmark of the majority of sporadic forms of colorectal cancer and results in increased stability of the protein β-catenin. β-catenin is then shuttled into the nucleus where it activates the transcription of its target genes, including the proto-oncogenes MYC and CCND1 as well as the genes encoding the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins ASCL2 and ITF-2B. To identify genes commonly regulated by β-catenin in colorectal cancer cell lines, we analyzed β-catenin target gene expression in two non-isogenic cell lines, DLD1 and SW480, using DNA microarrays and compared these genes to β-catenin target genes published in the PubMed database and DNA microarray data presented in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Results Treatment of DLD1 and SW480 cells with β-catenin siRNA resulted in differential expression of 1501 and 2389 genes, respectively. 335 of these genes were regulated in the same direction in both cell lines. Comparison of these data with published β-catenin target genes for the colon carcinoma cell line LS174T revealed 193 genes that are regulated similarly in all three cell lines. The overlapping gene set includes confirmed β-catenin target genes like AXIN2, MYC, and ASCL2. We also identified 11 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that are regulated similarly in DLD1 and SW480 cells and one pathway – the steroid biosynthesis pathway – was regulated in all three cell lines. Conclusions Based on the large number of potential β-catenin target genes found to be similarly regulated in DLD1, SW480 and LS174T cells as well as the large overlap with confirmed β-catenin target genes, we conclude that DLD1 and SW480 colon carcinoma cell lines are suitable model systems to study Wnt/β-catenin signaling and associated colorectal carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the confirmed and the newly identified potential β-catenin target genes are useful starting points for further studies.
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Do C, Bertrand C, Palasse J, Delisle MB, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Seva C. Activation of pro-oncogenic pathways in colorectal hyperplastic polyps. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:531. [PMID: 24209454 PMCID: PMC3829387 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to sessile serrated adenomas and traditional serrated adenomas which are associated with a significant cancer risk, the role of hyperplastic polyps (HP) in colorectal carcinogenesis as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying their development remain controversial and still need to be clarified. Several reports suggest that a subset of HP may represent precursor lesions of some colorectal cancers. However, biomarkers are needed to identify the subset of HP that may have a malignant potential. The hormone precursor, progastrin (PG) has been involved in colon carcinogenesis and is known to activate pro-oncogenic pathways such as the ERK or the STAT3 pathway. We therefore analyzed PG expression and the activation of these signaling factors in HP. Methods We retrospectively analyzed PG expression as well as the phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3 by immunohistochemistry in HP from 48 patients. Results Mean percentages of epithelial cells positive for PG or phospho-ERK were respectively, 31% and 33% in HP and were significantly higher in these lesions compared to normal colon (3%, p = 0.0021 and 7%, p = 0.0008, respectively). We found a significant correlation between PG and phospho-ERK expression in HP with ERK activation significantly stronger in lesions with high progastrin expression (p = 0.015). In contrast, STAT3 was not significantly activated in HP compared to normal colon and we did not observe a significant correlation with PG expression. Conclusions HP overexpressing PG that have the highest activation of the ERK pathway might reflect less latent lesions that might have a malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Catherine Seva
- INSERM UMR,1037-Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Université Paul Sabatier, 31052 Toulouse cedex III, Toulouse, France.
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Declich P, Arrigoni GS, Omazzi B, Devani M, Tavani E, Sioli A, Bellone S, Gozzini C, Bortoli A, Prada A. Sporadic fundic gland polyps and proximal polyposis associated with gastric adenocarcinoma share a common antral G cell hyperplasia. Gut 2013; 62:1088-9. [PMID: 23300136 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Liu J, Han G, Liu H, Qin C. Suppression of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: a possible role of Wnt and Akt signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62844. [PMID: 23646150 PMCID: PMC3639969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can be recruited to tumor sites, and affect the growth of human malignancies. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we observed the effects of hMSCs on the human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, HCCC-9810, using an animal transplantation model, and conditioned media from human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs). Animal studies showed that hUC-MSCs can inhibit the growth of cholangiocarcinoma xenograft tumors. In cell culture, conditioned media from hUC-MSCs inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The proliferation inhibition rate increased from 6.21% to 49.86%, whereas the apoptosis rate increased from 9.3% to 48.1% when HCCC-9810 cells were cultured with 50% hUC-MSC conditioned media for 24 h. Immunoblot analysis showed that the expression of phosphor-PDK1 (Ser241), phosphor-Akt (Ser 437 and Thr308), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (phospho-GSK-3β(Ser9)), β-catenin, cyclin-D1, and c-myc were down-regulated. We further demonstrated that CHIR99021, a GSK-3β inhibitor reversed the suppressive effects of hUC-MSCs on HCCC-9810 cells and increased the expression of β-catenin. The GSK-3β activator, sodium nitroprusside dehydrate (SNP), augmented the anti-tumor effects of hUC-MSCs and decreased the expression of β-catenin. IGF-1 acted as an Akt activator, and also reversed the suppressive effects of hUC-MSCs on HCCC-9810 cells. All these results suggest that hUC-MSCs could inhibit the malignant phenotype of HCCC-9810 human cholangiocarcinoma cell line. The cross-talk role of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, with GSK-3β as the key enzyme bridging these pathways, may contribute to the inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cells by hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoqing Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Kowalski-Chauvel A, Najib S, Tikhonova IG, Huc L, Lopez F, Martinez LO, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Ferrand A, Seva C. Identification of the F1-ATPase at the cell surface of colonic epithelial cells: role in mediating cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41458-68. [PMID: 23055519 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.382465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
F1 domain of F(1)F(o)-ATPase was initially believed to be strictly expressed in the mitochondrial membrane. Interestingly, recent reports have shown that the F1 complex can serve as a cell surface receptor for apparently unrelated ligands. Here we show for the first time the presence of the F(1)-ATPase at the cell surface of normal or cancerous colonic epithelial cells. Using surface plasmon resonance technology and mass spectrometry, we identified a peptide hormone product of the gastrin gene (glycine-extended gastrin (G-gly)) as a new ligand for the F(1)-ATPase. By molecular modeling, we identified the motif in the peptide sequence (E(E/D)XY), that directly interacts with the F(1)-ATPase and the amino acids in the F(1)-ATPase that bind this motif. Replacement of the Glu-9 residue by an alanine in the E(E/D)XY motif resulted in a strong decrease of G-gly binding to the F(1)-ATPase and the loss of its biological activity. In addition we demonstrated that F(1)-ATPase mediates the growth effects of the peptide. Indeed, blocking F(1)-ATPase activity decreases G-gly-induced cell growth. The mechanism likely involves ADP production by the membrane F(1)-ATPase, which is induced by G-gly. These results suggest an important contribution of cell surface F(1)-ATPase in the pro-proliferative action of this gastrointestinal peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Kowalski-Chauvel
- INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Centre of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 31052 Toulouse, France
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Singh P, Sarkar S, Kantara C, Maxwell C. Progastrin Peptides Increase the Risk of Developing Colonic Tumors: Impact on Colonic Stem Cells. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012; 8:277-289. [PMID: 23226720 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pre-neoplastic lesions (ACF, aberrant-crypt-foci; Hp, hyperplastic/dysplastic polyps) are believed to be precursors of sporadic colorectal-tumors (Ad, adenomas; AdCA, adenocarcinomas). ACF/Hp likely originate due to abnormal growth of colonic-crypts in response to aberrant queues in the microenvironment of colonic-crypts. Thus identifying factors which regulate homeostatic vs aberrant proliferation/apoptosis of colonocytes, especially stem/progenitor cells, may lead to effective preventative/treatment strategies. Based on this philosophy, role of growth-factors/peptide-hormones, potentially available in the circulation/microenvironment of colonic-crypts is being examined extensively. Since the time gastrins were discovered as trophic (growth) factors for gastrointestinal-cells, the effect of gastrins on the growth of normal/cancer cells has been investigated, leading to many discoveries. Seminal discoveries made in the area of gastrins and colon-cancer, as it relates to molecular pathways associated with formation of colonic tumors will be reviewed, and possible impact on diagnostic/preventative/treatment strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston TX 77555
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Nagel JM, Geiger BM, Karagiannis AKA, Gras-Miralles B, Horst D, Najarian RM, Ziogas DC, Chen X, Kokkotou E. Reduced intestinal tumorigenesis in APCmin mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41914. [PMID: 22848656 PMCID: PMC3407051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an evolutionary conserved hypothalamic neuropeptide that in mammals primarily regulates appetite and energy balance. We have recently identified a novel role for MCH in intestinal inflammation by demonstrating attenuated experimental colitis in MCH deficient mice or wild type mice treated with an anti-MCH antibody. Therefore, targeting MCH has been proposed for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Given the link between chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer, in the present study we sought to investigate whether blocking MCH might have effects on intestinal tumorigenesis that are independent of inflammation. METHODOLOGY Tumor development was evaluated in MCH-deficient mice crossed to the APCmin mice which develop spontaneously intestinal adenomas. A different cohort of MCH-/- and MCH+/+ mice in the APCmin background was treated with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) to induce inflammation-dependent colorectal tumors. In Caco2 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, the role of MCH on cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis was investigated. RESULTS APCmin mice lacking MCH developed fewer, smaller and less dysplastic tumors in the intestine and colon which at the molecular level are characterized by attenuated activation of the wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and increased apoptotic indices. Form a mechanistic point of view, MCH increased the survival of colonic adenocarcinoma Caco2 cells via inhibiting apoptosis, consistent with the mouse studies. CONCLUSION In addition to modulating inflammation, MCH was found to promote intestinal tumorigenesis at least in part by inhibiting epithelial cell apoptosis. Thereby, blocking MCH as a therapeutic approach is expected to decrease the risk for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta M. Nagel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brenda M. Geiger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Apostolos K. A. Karagiannis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Gras-Miralles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Horst
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Najarian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios C. Ziogas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - XinHua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Efi Kokkotou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Dellinger TH, Planutis K, Tewari KS, Holcombe RF. Role of canonical Wnt signaling in endometrial carcinogenesis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:51-62. [PMID: 22149432 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While the role of Wnt signaling is well established in colorectal carcinogenesis, its function in gynecologic cancers has not been elucidated. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge of canonical Wnt signaling in endometrial cancer (EC), and its implications for future therapeutic targets. Deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in EC occurs by inactivating β-catenin mutations in approximately 10-45% of ECs, and via downregulation of Wnt antagonists by epigenetic silencing. The Wnt pathway is intimately involved with estrogen and progesterone, and emerging data implicate it in other important signaling pathways, such as mTOR and Hedgehog. While no therapeutic agents targeting the Wnt signaling pathway are currently in clinical trials, the preclinical data presented suggest a role for Wnt signaling in uterine carcinogenesis, with further research warranted to elucidate the mechanism of action and to proceed towards targeted cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh H Dellinger
- Divison of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Building 56, Room 260, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Do C, Bertrand C, Palasse J, Delisle MB, Shulkes A, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Ferrand A, Seva C. A new biomarker that predicts colonic neoplasia outcome in patients with hyperplastic colonic polyps. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:675-84. [PMID: 22366915 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently occurring lesions in the colon are the hyperplastic polyps. Hyperplastic polyps have long been considered as lesions with no malignant potential and colonoscopy for these patients is not recommended. However, recent works suggest that hyperplastic polyps may represent precursor lesions of some sporadic colorectal cancers. Until now, no biomarker allows to identify the subset of hyperplastic polyps that may have a malignant potential. Because the hormone precursor progastrin has been involved in colon carcinogenesis, we investigated whether its expression in hyperplastic polyps predicts the occurrence of colonic neoplasm after resection of hyperplastic polyps. We retrospectively analyzed progastrin expression in hyperplastic polyps from 74 patients without history of colorectal pathology. In our study, 41% of patients presenting an initial hyperplastic polyp subsequently developed adenomatous polyps, recognized as precursor lesions for colorectal adenocarcinomas. Progastrin was overexpressed in the hyperplastic polyps in 40% of the patients. We showed a significant association between progastrin overexpression and shortened neoplasm-free survival (P = 0.001). Patients with high overexpression of progastrin had a 5-year neoplasm-free survival rate of 38% as compared with 100% for the patients with low progastrin expression. In addition, we established a predictive test on the basis of progastrin staining and patients' age that predicts occurrence of neoplasm after developing a first hyperplastic polyp with a sensitivity of 100% [95% confidence interval (CI), 79%-100%] and a specificity of 74% (51%-90%). We show that progastrin expression evaluation in hyperplastic polyps is an efficient prognostic tool to determine patients with higher risk of metachronous neoplasms who could benefit from an adapted follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Do
- INSERM, UMR1037 Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhés, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, Toulouse, France
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Smith AP, Chiu YSY, Lee NM. Towards universal screening for colon cancer: a cheap, reliable, noninvasive test using gene expression analysis of rectal swabs. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2012; 2012:170210. [PMID: 22461995 PMCID: PMC3302104 DOI: 10.5402/2012/170210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Though colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US, it is entirely preventable through early screening to detect and remove adenomatous polyps. Colonoscopy has long been regarded as the "gold standard" but is expensive, invasive, and uncomfortable, and only about half those considered at risk for colon cancer currently submit to colonoscopy or to less reliable alternatives such as fecal occult blood test. Here we describe the use of gene expression analysis to detect altered expression of certain genes associated with not only colon cancer but also polyps. The analysis can be performed on rectal swabs, with specimens provided in a routine doctor's office visit. The existence of this cheap and simple test, together with an active program to encourage individuals to submit to screening, could help eradicate colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Smith
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 49107, USA
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Rey O, Chang W, Bikle D, Rozengurt N, Young SH, Rozengurt E. Negative cross-talk between calcium-sensing receptor and β-catenin signaling systems in colonic epithelium. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:1158-67. [PMID: 22094462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we examined the role of the extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the control of colonic epithelial cell proliferation in vivo and changes in β-catenin triggered by CaSR stimulation in human colonic epithelial cells in vitro. The in vivo studies, using a novel Casr intestinal-specific knock-out mouse, indicate that the genetic ablation of the Casr leads to hyperproliferation of colonic epithelial cells, expansion of the proliferative zone, changes in crypt structure, and enhanced β-catenin nuclear localization. The in vitro results indicate that stimulation of the CaSR, by Ca(2+) or by the calcimimetic R-568, produced a striking and time-dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser-552 and Ser-675, two amino acid residues that promote β-catenin transcriptional activity. The reduced phosphorylation of β-catenin coincided with a decline in its nuclear localization and a marked redistribution to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, CaSR stimulation promoted a down-regulation of β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation. These studies demonstrate that signaling pathways emanating from the CaSR control colonic epithelial cell proliferation in vivo and suggest that the mechanism involves regulation of β-catenin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Rey
- Unit of Signal Transduction and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Li YS, Liu M, Nakata Y, Tang HB. β-catenin accumulation in nuclei of hepatocellular carcinoma cells up-regulates glutathione-s-transferase M3 mRNA. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1772-8. [PMID: 21483640 PMCID: PMC3072644 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i13.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify the differentially over-expressed genes associated with β-catenin accumulation in nuclei of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
METHODS: Differentially expressed genes were identified in radiation-induced B6C3 F1 mouse HCC cells by mRNA differential display, Northern blot and RT-PCR, respectively. Total glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity was measured by GST activity assay and β-catenin localization was detected with immunostaining in radiation-induced mouse HCC cells and in HepG2 cell lines.
RESULTS: Two up-regulated genes, glutamine synthetase and glutathione-s-transferase M3 (GSTM3), were identified in radiation-induced mouse HCC cells. Influence of β-catenin accumulation in nuclei of HCC cells on up-regulation of GSTM3 mRNA was investigated. The nearby upstream domain of GSTM3 contained the β-catenin/Tcf-Lef consensus binding site sequences [5’-(A/T)(A/T) CAAAG-3’], and the total GST activity ratio was considerably higher in B6C3F1 mouse HCC cells with β-catenin accumulation in nuclei of HCC cells than in those without β-catenin accumulation (0.353 ± 0.117 vs 0.071 ± 0.064, P < 0.001). The TWS119 (a distinct GSK-3β inhibitor)-induced total GST activity was significantly higher in HepG2 cells with β-catenin accumulation than in those without β-catenin accumulation in nuclei of HCC cells. Additionally, the GSTM3 mRNA level was significantly higher at 24 h than at 12 h in TWS119-treated HepG2 cells.
CONCLUSION: β-catenin accumulation increases GST activity in nuclei of HCC cells, and GSTM3 may be a novel target gene of the β-catenin/Tcf-Lef complex.
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Kovac S, Anderson GJ, Baldwin GS. Gastrins, iron homeostasis and colorectal cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:889-95. [PMID: 21320535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin has been identified as a major regulator of acid secretion and a potent mitogen for normal and malignant gastrointestinal cells. The importance of gastric acid in the absorption of dietary iron first became evident 50 years ago when iron deficiency anemia was recognized as a long-term consequence of partial gastrectomy. This review summarizes the connections between circulating gastrins, iron status and colorectal cancer. Gastrins bind two ferric ions with micromolar affinity and, in the case of non-amidated forms of the hormone, iron binding is essential for biological activity in vitro and in vivo. The demonstration of an interaction between gastrin and transferrin by biochemical techniques led to the proposal that gastrins catalyze the loading of transferrin with iron. Several lines of evidence, including the facts that the concentrations of circulating gastrins are increased in mice and humans with the iron overload disease hemochromatosis and that transferrin saturation positively correlates with circulating gastrin concentration, suggest the potential involvement of gastrins in iron homeostasis. Conversely, recognition that ferric ions play an unexpected role in the biological activity of gastrins may assist in the development of useful therapies for colorectal carcinoma and other disorders of mucosal proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Kovac
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Takaishi S, Shibata W, Tomita H, Jin G, Yang X, Ericksen R, Dubeykovskaya Z, Asfaha S, Quante M, Betz KS, Shulkes A, Wang TC. In vivo analysis of mouse gastrin gene regulation in enhanced GFP-BAC transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G334-44. [PMID: 21051525 PMCID: PMC3043646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00134.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrin is secreted from a subset of neuroendocrine cells residing in the gastric antrum known as G cells, but low levels are also expressed in fetal pancreas and intestine and in many solid malignancies. Although past studies have suggested that antral gastrin is transcriptionally regulated by inflammation, gastric pH, somatostatin, and neoplastic transformation, the transcriptional regulation of gastrin has not previously been demonstrated in vivo. Here, we describe the creation of an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter (mGAS-EGFP) mouse using a bacterial artificial chromosome that contains the entire mouse gastrin gene. Three founder lines expressed GFP signals in the gastric antrum and the transitional zone to the corpus. In addition, GFP(+) cells could be detected in the fetal pancreatic islets and small intestinal villi, but not in these organs of the adult mice. The administration of acid-suppressive reagents such as proton pump inhibitor omeprazole and gastrin/CCK-2 receptor antagonist YF476 significantly increased GFP signal intensity and GFP(+) cell numbers in the antrum, whereas these parameters were decreased by overnight fasting, octreotide (long-lasting somatostatin ortholog) infusion, and Helicobacter felis infection. GFP(+) cells were also detected in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and importantly in the colonic tumor cells induced by administration with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium salt. This transgenic mouse provides a useful tool to study the regulation of mouse gastrin gene in vivo, thus contributing to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in transcriptional control of the gastrin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takaishi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Dept. of Medicine, Columbia Univ. Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave., ICRC 923, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wataru Shibata
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Guangchun Jin
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Russell Ericksen
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Zinaida Dubeykovskaya
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Michael Quante
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Kelly S. Betz
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- 2Department of Surgery (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- 1Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
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Jing D, Kehoe DE, Tzanakakis ES. Expression of Reg family proteins in embryonic stem cells and its modulation by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1307-19. [PMID: 20050810 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet (Reg) proteins are involved in the proliferation and differentiation of diverse cell types. However, whether embryonic stem cells (ESCs) express Reg genes and their corresponding proteins remains unknown. In this study, we probed the expression of Reg family members by mouse ESCs (mESCs). Mouse Reg1 and Reg3gamma were detected in undifferentiated stem cells. Furthermore, we tested if gastrin--an inducer of Reg1 expression in committed cells--up-regulates the Reg1 gene in mESCs. Gastrin did not affect the expression of Reg1 either in self-renewing mESCs or under conditions permitting their differentiation. Moreover, overexpression of Reg genes found in various forms of cancer has been linked to dysregulated activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin cascade. Given the important roles of Wnt signaling in stem cells, we investigated if activation of Wnt alters the expression of Reg genes in mESCs. Wnt activation led to an increase in Reg1 gene expression with a concomitant increase in the amount of secreted Reg1 protein. Finally, the expression pattern of genes indicative of differentiation was examined in mESCs that were either exposed to soluble Reg1 or overexpressed the Reg1 gene. This is the first account of expression of Reg family members by ESCs. Our results show that the canonical Wnt cascade affects Reg expression and warrants further studies into the potential roles of Reg proteins in stem cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Nejak-Bowen KN, Monga SPS. Beta-catenin signaling, liver regeneration and hepatocellular cancer: sorting the good from the bad. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 21:44-58. [PMID: 21182948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the adult organs, liver is unique for its ability to regenerate. A concerted signaling cascade enables optimum initiation of the regeneration process following insults brought about by surgery or a toxicant. Additionally, there exists a cellular redundancy, whereby a transiently amplifying progenitor population appears and expands to ensure regeneration, when differentiated cells of the liver are unable to proliferate in both experimental and clinical scenarios. One such pathway of relevance in these phenomena is Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is activated relatively early during regeneration mostly through post-translational modifications. Once activated, β-catenin signaling drives the expression of target genes that are critical for cell cycle progression and contribute to initiation of the regeneration process. The role and regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is now documented in rats, mice, zebrafish and patients. More recently, a regenerative advantage of the livers in β-catenin overexpressing mice was reported, as was also the case after exogenous Wnt-1 delivery to the liver paving the way for assessing means to stimulate the pathway for therapeutics in liver failure. β-Catenin is also pertinent in hepatic oval cell activation and differentiation. However, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling is reported in a significant subset of hepatocellular cancers (HCC). While many mechanisms of such activation have been reported, the most functional means of aberrant and sustained activation is through mutations in the β-catenin gene or in AXIN1/2, which encodes for a scaffolding protein critical for β-catenin degradation. Intriguingly, in experimental models hepatic overexpression of normal or mutant β-catenin is insufficient for tumorigenesis. In fact β-catenin loss promoted chemical carcinogenesis in the liver due to alternate mechanisms. Since most HCC occur in the backdrop of chronic hepatic injury, where hepatic regeneration is necessary for maintenance of liver function, but at the same time serves as the basis of dysplastic changes, this Promethean attribute exhibits a Jekyll and Hyde behavior that makes distinguishing good regeneration from bad regeneration essential for targeting selective molecular pathways as personalized medicine becomes a norm in clinical practice. Could β-catenin signaling be one such pathway that may be redundant in regeneration and indispensible in HCC in a subset of cases?
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