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Feingold G, Ghate VP, Russell LM, Blossey P, Cantrell W, Christensen MW, Diamond MS, Gettelman A, Glassmeier F, Gryspeerdt E, Haywood J, Hoffmann F, Kaul CM, Lebsock M, McComiskey AC, McCoy DT, Ming Y, Mülmenstädt J, Possner A, Prabhakaran P, Quinn PK, Schmidt KS, Shaw RA, Singer CE, Sorooshian A, Toll V, Wan JS, Wood R, Yang F, Zhang J, Zheng X. Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi8594. [PMID: 38507486 PMCID: PMC10954212 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Marine cloud brightening (MCB) is the deliberate injection of aerosol particles into shallow marine clouds to increase their reflection of solar radiation and reduce the amount of energy absorbed by the climate system. From the physical science perspective, the consensus of a broad international group of scientists is that the viability of MCB will ultimately depend on whether observations and models can robustly assess the scale-up of local-to-global brightening in today's climate and identify strategies that will ensure an equitable geographical distribution of the benefits and risks associated with projected regional changes in temperature and precipitation. To address the physical science knowledge gaps required to assess the societal implications of MCB, we propose a substantial and targeted program of research-field and laboratory experiments, monitoring, and numerical modeling across a range of scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Will Cantrell
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Lebsock
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Ming
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Prasanth Prabhakaran
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica S. Wan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Fan Yang
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xue Zheng
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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2
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Vömel H, Sorooshian A, Robinson C, Shingler TJ, Thornhill KL, Ziemba LD. Dropsonde observations during the Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment. Sci Data 2023; 10:753. [PMID: 37914778 PMCID: PMC10620406 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) field campaign provides accurate data for aerosol characterization and trace gas profiles, and establishes knowledge of the relationships between aerosols and water. The dropsonde dataset provides an in situ characterization of the vertical thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere during 165 research flights by NASA Langley's King Air research aircraft between February 2020 and June 2022 and four test flights between December 2019 and November 2021. The research flights covered the western North Atlantic region, off the coast of the Eastern United States and around Bermuda and covered all seasons. The dropsonde profiles provide observations of temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and horizontal and vertical winds between the surface and about 9 km. 801 dropsondes were released, of which 796 were processed and 788 provide complete profiles of all parameters between the flight level and the surface with normal parachute performance. Here, we describe the dataset, the processing of the measurements, general statistics, and applications of this rich dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 30301, USA.
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luke D Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
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3
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Sanchez KJ, Painemal D, Brown MD, Crosbie EC, Gallo F, Hair JW, Hostetler CA, Jordan CE, Robinson CE, Scarino AJ, Shingler TJ, Shook MA, Thornhill KL, Wiggins EB, Winstead EL, Ziemba LD, Chambers S, Williams A, Humphries RS, Keywood MD, Ward JP, Cravigan L, McRobert IM, Flynn C, Kulkarni GR, Russell LM, Roberts GC, McFarquhar GM, Nenes A, Woods SF, Reid JS, Small-Griswold J, Brooks S, Kirschler S, Voigt C, Wang J, Delene DJ, Quinn PK, Moore RH. Multi-campaign ship and aircraft observations of marine cloud condensation nuclei and droplet concentrations. Sci Data 2023; 10:471. [PMID: 37474611 PMCID: PMC10359301 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In-situ marine cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and CCN proxies, based on particle sizes and optical properties, are accumulated from seven field campaigns: ACTIVATE; NAAMES; CAMP2EX; ORACLES; SOCRATES; MARCUS; and CAPRICORN2. Each campaign involves aircraft measurements, ship-based measurements, or both. Measurements collected over the North and Central Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and Southern Oceans, represent a range of clean to polluted conditions in various climate regimes. With the extensive range of environmental conditions sampled, this data collection is ideal for testing satellite remote detection methods of CDNC and CCN in marine environments. Remote measurement methods are vital to expanding the available data in these difficult-to-reach regions of the Earth and improving our understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions. The data collection includes particle composition and continental tracers to identify potential contributing CCN sources. Several of these campaigns include High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and polarimetric imaging measurements and retrievals that will be the basis for the next generation of space-based remote sensors and, thus, can be utilized as satellite surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Matthew D Brown
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Francesca Gallo
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, 837830, USA
| | | | | | - Carolyn E Jordan
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Claire E Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth L Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | | | - Edward L Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Luke D Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
| | - Scott Chambers
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heigths, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Alastair Williams
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heigths, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Ruhi S Humphries
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Melita D Keywood
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Jason P Ward
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Luke Cravigan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian M McRobert
- Engineering and Technology Program, CSIRO National Collections and Marine Infrastructure, Hobart, Australia
| | - Connor Flynn
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Gourihar R Kulkarni
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| | | | - Gregory C Roberts
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, UMR3589, Toulouse, France
| | - Greg M McFarquhar
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of atmospheric processes and their impacts (LAPI), ENAC/IIE, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICE-HT/FORTH), Patra, Greece
| | - Sarah F Woods
- Stratton Park Engineering Company (SPEC), Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | | | | | | | - Simon Kirschler
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christianne Voigt
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Gong J, Zhu Y, Chen D, Gao H, Shen Y, Gao Y, Yao X. The occurrence of lower-than-expected bulk N CCN values over the marginal seas of China - Implications for competitive activation of marine aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159938. [PMID: 36336057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we combined the measured bulk particle number concentration (NCN), particle number size distribution (PNSD) and bulk cloud condensation nuclei concentration (NCCN) at various supersaturation (SS) levels to investigate competitive activation of aerosols in the marine atmospheres over the marginal seas of China during two winter campaigns Campaign A (December 9-19, 2019) and Campaign B (December 28, 2019-January 16, 2020). During the two campaigns, we observed various categories of aerosols, i.e., long-range transport continental aerosols, clean marine aerosols, grown new particles ranging from nucleation mode to larger sizes, and grown pre-existing particles ranging from Aitken mode to accumulation mode size, etc. We found that the measured NCCN increased by only approximately 30 % with increases in SS levels from 0.2 % to 1.0 %, e.g., (1.8 ± 1.4) × 103 cm-3 at SS = 0.2 % and (2.4 ± 1.4) × 103 cm-3 at SS = 1.0 % during Campaign A. We further calculated the hygroscopicity parameter kappa (κ) by combining simultaneously measured PNSD and bulk NCCN to explore the causes. The calculated κ values were below 0.1 at SS = 0.4 % during the 72 % (or 88 %) period of Campaign A (or Campaign B). When κ values below 0.1 (or 0.2) were excluded, the remaining κ values were apparently reasonable, with an average of 0.22 (or 0.36) and a standard deviation of 0.10 (or 0.21) at SS = 0.4 % during Campaign A (or Campaign B). The unexpectedly lower κ values were discussed in terms of competitive activation of aerosols in marine atmospheres together with its net contribution to lowering the measured bulk NCCN below the expected value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Gong
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Duihui Chen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology (MoE) and Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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5
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Hilario MRA, Crosbie E, Bañaga PA, Betito G, Braun RA, Cambaliza MO, Corral AF, Cruz MT, Dibb JE, Lorenzo GR, MacDonald AB, Robinson CE, Shook MA, Simpas JB, Stahl C, Winstead E, Ziemba LD, Sorooshian A. Particulate Oxalate-To-Sulfate Ratio as an Aqueous Processing Marker: Similarity Across Field Campaigns and Limitations. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL096520. [PMID: 35136274 PMCID: PMC8819676 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging aerosol data from multiple airborne and surface-based field campaigns encompassing diverse environmental conditions, we calculate statistics of the oxalate-sulfate mass ratio (median: 0.0217; 95% confidence interval: 0.0154-0.0296; R = 0.76; N = 2,948). Ground-based measurements of the oxalate-sulfate ratio fall within our 95% confidence interval, suggesting the range is robust within the mixed layer for the submicrometer particle size range. We demonstrate that dust and biomass burning emissions can separately bias this ratio toward higher values by at least one order of magnitude. In the absence of these confounding factors, the 95% confidence interval of the ratio may be used to estimate the relative extent of aqueous processing by comparing inferred oxalate concentrations between air masses, with the assumption that sulfate primarily originates from aqueous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Paola Angela Bañaga
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Grace Betito
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Now at: Healthy Urban Environments Initiative, Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jack E Dibb
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Claire E Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - James Bernard Simpas
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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6
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Dadashazar H, Alipanah M, Hilario MRA, Crosbie E, Kirschler S, Liu H, Moore RH, Peters AJ, Scarino AJ, Shook M, Thornhill KL, Voigt C, Wang H, Winstead E, Zhang B, Ziemba L, Sorooshian A. Aerosol responses to precipitation along North American air trajectories arriving at Bermuda. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:16121-16141. [PMID: 34819950 PMCID: PMC8609468 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-16121-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
North American pollution outflow is ubiquitous over the western North Atlantic Ocean, especially in winter, making this location a suitable natural laboratory for investigating the impact of precipitation on aerosol particles along air mass trajectories. We take advantage of observational data collected at Bermuda to seasonally assess the sensitivity of aerosol mass concentrations and volume size distributions to accumulated precipitation along trajectories (APT). The mass concentration of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm normalized by the enhancement of carbon monoxide above background (PM2.5/ΔCO) at Bermuda was used to estimate the degree of aerosol loss during transport to Bermuda. Results for December-February (DJF) show that most trajectories come from North America and have the highest APTs, resulting in a significant reduction (by 53 %) in PM2.5/ΔCO under high-APT conditions (> 13.5 mm) relative to low-APT conditions (< 0.9 mm). Moreover, PM2.5/ΔCO was most sensitive to increases in APT up to 5 mm (-0.044 μg m-3 ppbv-1 mm-1) and less sensitive to increases in APT over 5 mm. While anthropogenic PM2.5 constituents (e.g., black carbon, sulfate, organic carbon) decrease with high APT, sea salt, in contrast, was comparable between high- and low-APT conditions owing to enhanced local wind and sea salt emissions in high-APT conditions. The greater sensitivity of the fine-mode volume concentrations (versus coarse mode) to wet scavenging is evident from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) volume size distribution data. A combination of GEOS-Chem model simulations of the 210Pb submicron aerosol tracer and its gaseous precursor 222Rn reveals that (i) surface aerosol particles at Bermuda are most impacted by wet scavenging in winter and spring (due to large-scale precipitation) with a maximum in March, whereas convective scavenging plays a substantial role in summer; and (ii) North American 222Rn tracer emissions contribute most to surface 210Pb concentrations at Bermuda in winter (~75 %-80 %), indicating that air masses arriving at Bermuda experience large-scale precipitation scavenging while traveling from North America. A case study flight from the ACTIVATE field campaign on 22 February 2020 reveals a significant reduction in aerosol number and volume concentrations during air mass transport off the US East Coast associated with increased cloud fraction and precipitation. These results highlight the sensitivity of remote marine boundary layer aerosol characteristics to precipitation along trajectories, especially when the air mass source is continental outflow from polluted regions like the US East Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Majid Alipanah
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Simon Kirschler
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Peters
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St. George’s, GE01, Bermuda
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Christiane Voigt
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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7
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Mardi AH, Dadashazar H, Painemal D, Shingler T, Seaman ST, Fenn MA, Hostetler CA, Sorooshian A. Biomass Burning Over the United States East Coast and Western North Atlantic Ocean: Implications for Clouds and Air Quality. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD034916. [PMID: 34777928 PMCID: PMC8587641 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd034916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) aerosol events were characterized over the U.S. East Coast and Bermuda over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) between 2005 and 2018 using a combination of ground-based observations, satellite data, and model outputs. Days with BB influence in an atmospheric column (BB days) were identified using criteria biased toward larger fire events based on anomalously high AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) and MERRA-2 black carbon (BC) column density. BB days are present year-round with more in June-August (JJA) over the northern part of the East Coast, in contrast to more frequent events in March-May (MAM) over the southeast U.S. and Bermuda. BB source regions in MAM are southern Mexico and by the Yucatan, Central America, and the southeast U.S. JJA source regions are western parts of North America. Less than half of the BB days coincide with anomalously high PM2.5 levels in the surface layer, according to data from 14 IMPROVE sites over the East Coast. Profiles of aerosol extinction suggest that BB particles can be found in the boundary layer and into the upper troposphere with the potential to interact with clouds. Higher cloud drop number concentration and lower drop effective radius are observed during BB days. In addition, lower liquid water path is found during these days, especially when BB particles are present in the boundary layer. While patterns are suggestive of cloud-BB aerosol interactions over the East Coast and the WNAO, additional studies are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Marta A Fenn
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Seethala C, Zuidema P, Edson J, Brunke M, Chen G, Li XY, Painemal D, Robinson C, Shingler T, Shook M, Sorooshian A, Thornhill L, Tornow F, Wang H, Zeng X, Ziemba L. On Assessing ERA5 and MERRA2 Representations of Cold-Air Outbreaks Across the Gulf Stream. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL094364. [PMID: 34776556 PMCID: PMC8587624 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl094364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The warm Gulf Stream sea surface temperatures strongly impact the evolution of winter clouds behind atmospheric cold fronts. Such cloud evolution remains challenging to model. The Gulf Stream is too wide within the ERA5 and MERRA2 reanalyses, affecting the turbulent surface fluxes. Known problems within the ERA5 boundary layer (too-dry and too-cool with too strong westerlies), ascertained primarily from ACTIVATE 2020 campaign aircraft dropsondes and secondarily from older buoy measurements, reinforce surface flux biases. In contrast, MERRA2 winter surface winds and air-sea temperature/humidity differences are slightly too weak, producing surface fluxes that are too low. Reanalyses boundary layer heights in the strongly forced winter cold-air-outbreak regime are realistic, whereas late-summer quiescent stable boundary layers are too shallow. Nevertheless, the reanalysis biases are small, and reanalyses adequately support their use for initializing higher-resolution cloud process modeling studies of cold-air outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Seethala
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James Edson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michael Brunke
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gao Chen
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David Painemal
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Florian Tornow
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
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9
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Braun RA, McComiskey A, Tselioudis G, Tropf D, Sorooshian A. Cloud, Aerosol, and Radiative Properties Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD034113. [PMID: 34377622 PMCID: PMC8350933 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd034113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the atmospheric properties of weather states (WSs) derived from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project over the Western North Atlantic Ocean. In particular, radiation and aerosol data corresponding to two sites in the study domain, Pennsylvania State University and Bermuda, were examined to characterize the atmospheric properties of the various satellite-derived WSs. At both sites, the fair weather WS was most prevalent, followed by the cirrus WS. Differences in the seasonality of the various WSs were observed at the two sites. Fractional sky cover and effective shortwave cloud transmissivity derived from ground-based radiation measurements were able to capture differences among the satellite-derived WSs. Speciated aerosol optical thicknesses (AOT) from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 were used to investigate potential differences in aerosol properties among the WSs. The clear sky WS exhibited below-average seasonal values of AOT at both sites year-round, as well as relatively high rates of occurrence with low AOT events. In addition, the clear sky WS showed above-average contributions from dust and black carbon to the total AOT year-round. Finally, transitions between various WSs were examined under low, high, and midrange AOT conditions. The most common pathway was for the WSs to remain in the same state after a 3 h interval. Some WSs, such as mid latitude storms, deep convection, middle top, and shallow cumulus, were more prevalent as ending states under high AOT conditions. This work motivates examining differences in aerosol properties between WSs in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Now at Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Derek Tropf
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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10
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Dadashazar H, Painemal D, Alipanah M, Brunke M, Chellappan S, Corral AF, Crosbie E, Kirschler S, Liu H, Moore RH, Robinson C, Scarino AJ, Shook M, Sinclair K, Thornhill KL, Voigt C, Wang H, Winstead E, Zeng X, Ziemba L, Zuidema P, Sorooshian A. Cloud drop number concentrations over the western North Atlantic Ocean: seasonal cycle, aerosol interrelationships, and other influential factors. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10499-10526. [PMID: 34377145 PMCID: PMC8350960 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-10499-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cloud drop number concentrations (N d) over the western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) are generally highest during the winter (DJF) and lowest in summer (JJA), in contrast to aerosol proxy variables (aerosol optical depth, aerosol index, surface aerosol mass concentrations, surface cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations) that generally peak in spring (MAM) and JJA with minima in DJF. Using aircraft, satellite remote sensing, ground-based in situ measurement data, and reanalysis data, we characterize factors explaining the divergent seasonal cycles and furthermore probe into factors influencing N d on seasonal timescales. The results can be summarized well by features most pronounced in DJF, including features associated with cold-air outbreak (CAO) conditions such as enhanced values of CAO index, planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), low-level liquid cloud fraction, and cloud-top height, in addition to winds aligned with continental outflow. Data sorted into high- and low-N d days in each season, especially in DJF, revealed that all of these conditions were enhanced on the high-N d days, including reduced sea level pressure and stronger wind speeds. Although aerosols may be more abundant in MAM and JJA, the conditions needed to activate those particles into cloud droplets are weaker than in colder months, which is demonstrated by calculations of the strongest (weakest) aerosol indirect effects in DJF (JJA) based on comparing N d to perturbations in four different aerosol proxy variables (total and sulfate aerosol optical depth, aerosol index, surface mass concentration of sulfate). We used three machine learning models and up to 14 input variables to infer about most influential factors related to N d for DJF and JJA, with the best performance obtained with gradient-boosted regression tree (GBRT) analysis. The model results indicated that cloud fraction was the most important input variable, followed by some combination (depending on season) of CAO index and surface mass concentrations of sulfate and organic carbon. Future work is recommended to further understand aspects uncovered here such as impacts of free tropospheric aerosol entrainment on clouds, degree of boundary layer coupling, wet scavenging, and giant CCN effects on aerosol-N d relationships, updraft velocity, and vertical structure of cloud properties such as adiabaticity that impact the satellite estimation of N d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Majid Alipanah
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Brunke
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Seethala Chellappan
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Simon Kirschler
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Claire Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Sinclair
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | - Christiane Voigt
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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11
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Aldhaif AM, Lopez DH, Dadashazar H, Painemal D, Peters AJ, Sorooshian A. An Aerosol Climatology and Implications for Clouds at a Remote Marine Site: Case Study Over Bermuda. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD034038. [PMID: 34159044 PMCID: PMC8216143 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd034038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol characteristics and aerosol-cloud interactions remain uncertain in remote marine regions. We use over a decade of data (2000-2012) from the NASA AErosol RObotic NETwork, aerosol and wet deposition samples, satellite remote sensors, and models to examine aerosol and cloud droplet number characteristics at a representative open ocean site (Bermuda) over the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO). Annual mean values were as follows: aerosol optical depth (AOD) = 0.12, Ångström Exponent (440/870 nm) = 0.95, fine mode fraction = 0.51, asymmetry factor = 0.72 (440 nm) and 0.68 (1020 nm), and Aqua-MODIS cloud droplet number concentrations = 51.3 cm-3. The winter season (December-February) was characterized by high sea salt optical thickness and the highest aerosol extinction in the lowest 2 km. Extensive precipitation over the WNAO in winter helps contribute to the low FMFs in winter (~0.40-0.50) even though air trajectories often originate over North America. Spring and summer had more pronounced influence from sulfate, dust, organic carbon, and black carbon. Volume size distributions were bimodal with a dominant coarse mode (effective radii: 1.85-2.09 μm) and less pronounced fine mode (0.14-0.16 μm), with variability in the coarse mode likely due to different characteristic sizes for transported dust (smaller) versus regional sea salt (larger). Extreme pollution events highlight the sensitivity of this site to long-range transport of urban emissions, dust, and smoke. Differing annual cycles are identified between AOD and cloud droplet number concentrations, motivating a deeper look into aerosol-cloud interactions at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmonam M Aldhaif
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David H Lopez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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12
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Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Gorooh VA, Liu H, Ma L, Mardi AH, Painemal D, Stamnes S, van Diedenhoven B, Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang B, Sorooshian A. An Overview of Atmospheric Features Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean and North American East Coast - Part 1: Analysis of Aerosols, Gases, and Wet Deposition Chemistry. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2020JD032592. [PMID: 34211820 PMCID: PMC8243758 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) and adjoining East Coast of North America are of great importance for atmospheric research and have been extensively studied for several decades. This broad region exhibits complex meteorological features and a wide range of conditions associated with gas and particulate species from many sources regionally and other continents. As Part 1 of a 2-part paper series, this work characterizes quantities associated with atmospheric chemistry, including gases, aerosols, and wet deposition, by analyzing available satellite observations, ground-based data, model simulations, and reanalysis products. Part 2 provides insight into the atmospheric circulation, boundary layer variability, three-dimensional cloud structure, properties, and precipitation over the WNAO domain. Key results include spatial and seasonal differences in composition along the North American East Coast and over the WNAO associated with varying sources of smoke and dust and meteorological drivers such as temperature, moisture, and precipitation. Spatial and seasonal variations of tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone highlight different pathways toward the accumulation of these species in the troposphere. Spatial distributions of speciated aerosol optical depth and vertical profiles of aerosol mass mixing ratios show a clear seasonal cycle highlighting the influence of different sources in addition to the impact of intercontinental transport. Analysis of long-term climate model simulations of aerosol species and satellite observations of carbon monoxide confirm that there has been a significant decline in recent decades among anthropogenic constituents owing to regulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vesta Afzali Gorooh
- Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Center for Climate System Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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13
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Ma L, Dadashazar H, Hilario MRA, Cambaliza MO, Lorenzo GR, Simpas JB, Nguyen P, Sorooshian A. Contrasting wet deposition composition between three diverse islands and coastal North American sites. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 244:117919. [PMID: 33192157 PMCID: PMC7660117 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined spatial variations of precipitation accumulation and chemistry for six sites located on the West and East Coasts of the U.S., and one site each on the islands of Hawaii, Bermuda, and Luzon of the Philippines (specifically Manila). The nine coastal sites ranged widely in both mean annual precipitation accumulation, ranging from 40 cm (Mauna Loa, Hawaii) to 275 cm (Washington), and in terms of monthly profiles. The three island sites represented the extremes of differences in terms of chemical profiles, with Bermuda having the highest overall ion concentrations driven mainly by sea salt, Hawaii having the highestSO 4 2 - mass fractions due to the nearby influence of volcanic SO2 emissions and mid-tropospheric transport of anthropogenic pollution, and Manila exhibiting the highest concentration of non-marine ions (NH 4 + non-sea salt [nss]SO 4 2 - , nss Ca2+,NO 3 - , nss K+, nss Na+, nss Mg2+) linked to anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal emissions. The Manila site exhibited the most variability in composition throughout the year due to shifting wind directions and having diverse regional and local pollutant sources. In contrast to the three island sites, the North American continental sites exhibited less variability in precipitation composition with sea salt being the most abundant constituent followed by some combination ofSO 4 2 - ,NO 3 - , andNH 4 + . The mean-annual pH values ranged from 4.88 (South Carolina) to 5.40 (central California) withNH 4 + exhibiting the highest neutralization factors for all sites except Bermuda where dust tracer species (nss Ca2+) exhibited enhanced values. The results of this study highlight the sensitivity of wet deposition chemistry to regional considerations, elevation, time of year, and atmospheric circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Air Quality Dynamics Laboratory, Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James Bernard Simpas
- Air Quality Dynamics Laboratory, Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Phu Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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14
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Corral AF, Dadashazar H, Stahl C, Edwards EL, Zuidema P, Sorooshian A. Source Apportionment of Aerosol at a Coastal Site and Relationships with Precipitation Chemistry: A Case Study over the Southeast United States. ATMOSPHERE 2020; 11:1212. [PMID: 34211764 PMCID: PMC8243544 DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the long-term aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements from colocated monitoring sites in Southern Florida between 2013 and 2018. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six potential emission sources impacting the study area. The PMF model solution yielded the following source concentration profiles: (i) combustion; (ii) fresh sea salt; (iii) aged sea salt; (iv) secondary sulfate; (v) shipping emissions; and (vi) dust. Based on these results, concentration-weighted trajectory maps were developed to identify sources contributing to the PMF factors. Monthly mean precipitation pH values ranged from 4.98 to 5.58, being positively related to crustal species and negatively related to SO4 2-. Sea salt dominated wet deposition volume-weighted concentrations year-round without much variability in its mass fraction in contrast to stronger seasonal changes in PM2.5 composition where fresh sea salt was far less influential. The highest mean annual deposition fluxes were attributed to Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, and Na+ between April and October. Nitrate is strongly correlated with dust constituents (unlike sea salt) in precipitation samples, indicative of efficient partitioning to dust. Interrelationships between precipitation chemistry and aerosol species based on long-term surface data provide insight into aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Eva-Lou Edwards
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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15
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Schulze BC, Charan SM, Kenseth CM, Kong W, Bates KH, Williams W, Metcalf AR, Jonsson HH, Woods R, Sorooshian A, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Characterization of Aerosol Hygroscopicity Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Impacts on Prediction of CCN and Stratocumulus Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001098. [PMID: 33225018 PMCID: PMC7676499 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the Marine Aerosol Cloud and Wildfire Study (MACAWS) in June and July of 2018, aerosol composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties were measured over the N.E. Pacific to characterize the influence of aerosol hygroscopicity on predictions of ambient CCN and stratocumulus cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). Three vertical regions were characterized, corresponding to the marine boundary layer (MBL), an above-cloud organic aerosol layer (AC-OAL), and the free troposphere (FT) above the AC-OAL. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) was calculated from CCN measurements (κ CCN) and bulk aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements (κ AMS). Within the MBL, measured hygroscopicities varied between values typical of both continental environments (~0.2) and remote marine locations (~0.7). For most flights, CCN closure was achieved within 20% in the MBL. For five of the seven flights, assuming a constant aerosol size distribution produced similar or better CCN closure than assuming a constant "marine" hygroscopicity (κ = 0.72). An aerosol-cloud parcel model was used to characterize the sensitivity of predicted stratocumulus CDNC to aerosol hygroscopicity, size distribution properties, and updraft velocity. Average CDNC sensitivity to accumulation mode aerosol hygroscopicity is 39% as large as the sensitivity to the geometric median diameter in this environment. Simulations suggest CDNC sensitivity to hygroscopicity is largest in marine stratocumulus with low updraft velocities (<0.2 m s-1), where accumulation mode particles are most relevant to CDNC, and in marine stratocumulus or cumulus with large updraft velocities (>0.6 m s-1), where hygroscopic properties of the Aitken mode dominate hygroscopicity sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Schulze
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Charan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C. M. Kenseth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - W. Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K. H. Bates
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W. Williams
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | - A. R. Metcalf
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | | | - R. Woods
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R. C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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16
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MacDonald AB, Hossein Mardi A, Dadashazar H, Azadi Aghdam M, Crosbie E, Jonsson HH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Sorooshian A. On the relationship between cloud water composition and cloud droplet number concentration. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:7645-7665. [PMID: 33273899 PMCID: PMC7709908 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7645-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interactions are the largest source of uncertainty in quantifying anthropogenic radiative forcing. The large uncertainty is, in part, due to the difficulty of predicting cloud microphysical parameters, such as the cloud droplet number concentration (N d). Even though rigorous first-principle approaches exist to calculate N d, the cloud and aerosol research community also relies on empirical approaches such as relating N d to aerosol mass concentration. Here we analyze relationships between N d and cloud water chemical composition, in addition to the effect of environmental factors on the degree of the relationships. Warm, marine, stratocumulus clouds off the California coast were sampled throughout four summer campaigns between 2011 and 2016. A total of 385 cloud water samples were collected and analyzed for 80 chemical species. Single- and multispecies log-log linear regressions were performed to predict N d using chemical composition. Single-species regressions reveal that the species that best predicts N d is total sulfate (R adj 2 = 0.40 ). Multispecies regressions reveal that adding more species does not necessarily produce a better model, as six or more species yield regressions that are statistically insignificant. A commonality among the multispecies regressions that produce the highest correlation with N d was that most included sulfate (either total or non-sea-salt), an ocean emissions tracer (such as sodium), and an organic tracer (such as oxalate). Binning the data according to turbulence, smoke influence, and in-cloud height allowed for examination of the effect of these environmental factors on the composition-N d correlation. Accounting for turbulence, quantified as the standard deviation of vertical wind speed, showed that the correlation between N d with both total sulfate and sodium increased at higher turbulence conditions, consistent with turbulence promoting the mixing between ocean surface and cloud base. Considering the influence of smoke significantly improved the correlation with N d for two biomass burning tracer species in the study region, specifically oxalate and iron. When binning by in-cloud height, non-sea-salt sulfate and sodium correlated best with N d at cloud top, whereas iron and oxalate correlated best with N d at cloud base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Richard C. Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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17
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Dadashazar H, Crosbie E, Majdi MS, Panahi M, Moghaddam MA, Behrangi A, Brunke M, Zeng X, Jonsson HH, Sorooshian A. Stratocumulus cloud clearings: statistics from satellites, reanalysis models, and airborne measurements. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4637-4665. [PMID: 33193752 PMCID: PMC7660233 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4637-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a detailed characterization of stratocumulus clearings off the US West Coast using remote sensing, reanalysis, and airborne in situ data. Ten years (2009-2018) of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery data are used to quantify the monthly frequency, growth rate of total area (GRArea), and dimensional characteristics of 306 total clearings. While there is interannual variability, the summer (winter) months experienced the most (least) clearing events, with the lowest cloud fractions being in close proximity to coastal topographical features along the central to northern coast of California, including especially just south of Cape Mendocino and Cape Blanco. From 09:00 to 18:00 (PST), the median length, width, and area of clearings increased from 680 to 1231, 193 to 443, and ~ 67000 to ~ 250000km2, respectively. Machine learning was applied to identify the most influential factors governing the GRArea of clearings between 09:00 and 12:00PST, which is the time frame of most rapid clearing expansion. The results from gradient-boosted regression tree (GBRT) modeling revealed that air temperature at 850 hPa (T 850), specific humidity at 950 hPa (q 950), sea surface temperature (SST), and anomaly in mean sea level pressure (MSLPanom) were probably most impactful in enhancing GRArea using two scoring schemes. Clearings have distinguishing features such as an enhanced Pacific high shifted more towards northern California, offshore air that is warm and dry, stronger coastal surface winds, enhanced lower-tropospheric static stability, and increased subsidence. Although clearings are associated obviously with reduced cloud fraction where they reside, the domain-averaged cloud albedo was actually slightly higher on clearing days as compared to non-clearing days. To validate speculated processes linking environmental parameters to clearing growth rates based on satellite and reanalysis data, airborne data from three case flights were examined. Measurements were compared on both sides of the clear-cloudy border of clearings at multiple altitudes in the boundary layer and free troposphere, with results helping to support links suggested by this study's model simulations. More specifically, airborne data revealed the influence of the coastal low-level jet and extensive horizontal shear at cloud-relevant altitudes that promoted mixing between clear and cloudy air. Vertical profile data provide support for warm and dry air in the free troposphere, additionally promoting expansion of clearings. Airborne data revealed greater evidence of sea salt in clouds on clearing days, pointing to a possible role for, or simply the presence of, this aerosol type in clearing areas coincident with stronger coastal winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Mohammad S. Majdi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Milad Panahi
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Moghaddam
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ali Behrangi
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Brunke
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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18
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Sorooshian A, Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Crosbie E, Ferrare R, Hair J, Kleb MM, Mardi AH, Maring H, McComiskey A, Moore R, Painemal D, Jo Scarino A, Schlosser J, Shingler T, Shook M, Wang H, Zeng X, Ziemba L, Zuidema P. Atmospheric Research Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean Region and North American East Coast: A Review of Past Work and Challenges Ahead. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019jd031626. [PMID: 32699733 PMCID: PMC7375207 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decades of atmospheric research have focused on the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) region because of its unique location that offers accessibility for airborne and ship measurements, gradients in important atmospheric parameters, and a range of meteorological regimes leading to diverse conditions that are poorly understood. This work reviews these scientific investigations for the WNAO region, including the East Coast of North America and the island of Bermuda. Over 50 field campaigns and long-term monitoring programs, in addition to 715 peer-reviewed publications between 1946 and 2019 have provided a firm foundation of knowledge for these areas. Of particular importance in this region has been extensive work at the island of Bermuda that is host to important time series records of oceanic and atmospheric variables. Our review categorizes WNAO atmospheric research into eight major categories, with some studies fitting into multiple categories (relative %): Aerosols (25%), Gases (24%), Development/Validation of Techniques, Models, and Retrievals (18%), Meteorology and Transport (9%), Air-Sea Interactions (8%), Clouds/Storms (8%), Atmospheric Deposition (7%), and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions (2%). Recommendations for future research are provided in the categories highlighted above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rachel A. Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | | | | | | | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | | | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Joseph Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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19
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Mardi AH, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Crosbie E, Coggon MM, Aghdam MA, Woods RK, Jonsson HH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Sorooshian A. Effects of Biomass Burning on Stratocumulus Droplet Characteristics, Drizzle Rate, and Composition. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:12301-12318. [PMID: 33274175 PMCID: PMC7709909 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on airborne measurements of stratocumulus cloud properties under varying degrees of influence from biomass burning (BB) plumes off the California coast. Data are reported from five total airborne campaigns based in Marina, California, with two of them including influence from wildfires in different areas along the coast of the western United States. The results indicate that subcloud cloud condensation nuclei number concentration and mass concentrations of important aerosol species (organics, sulfate, nitrate) were better correlated with cloud droplet number concentration (N d) as compared to respective above-cloud aerosol data. Given that the majority of BB particles resided above cloud tops, this is an important consideration for future work in the region as the data indicate that the subcloud BB particles likely were entrained from the free troposphere. Lower cloud condensation nuclei activation fractions were observed for BB-impacted clouds as compared to non-BB clouds due, at least partly, to less hygroscopic aerosols. Relationships between N d and either droplet effective radius or drizzle rate are preserved regardless of BB influence, indicative of how parameterizations can exhibit consistent skill for varying degrees of BB influence as long as N d is known. Lastly, the composition of both droplet residual particles and cloud water changed significantly when clouds were impacted by BB plumes, with differences observed for different fire sources stemming largely from effects of plume aging time and dust influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roy K Woods
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard C Flagan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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