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Stanley JN, DeLucca SC, Perron L, Belenko S. The impact of co-occurring mental health problems on referral to and initiation of treatment among youth under probation supervision: Findings from a cluster randomized trial. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 160:209279. [PMID: 38135122 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many youth under community supervision have substance use and co-occurring mental health issues. Yet, access to treatment is limited, and many programs cannot address co-occurring disorders. This study examines how co-occurring symptoms among youth on probation affect referral to and initiation of treatment. We hypothesize that both referral and initiation rates will be lower for youth with any co-occurring indicators. METHODS This study collected administrative data from 14 sites in three states between March 2014 and November 2017 using JJ-TRIALS, a cluster randomized trial. Among 8552 youth in need of treatment (screened as having a substance use problem, drug possession arrest, positive drug test, etc.), 2069 received a referral to treatment and 1630 initiated treatment among those referred. A co-occurring indicator (n = 2828) was based on symptoms of an internalizing and/or externalizing issue. Descriptive analyses compared referral and initiation by behavioral health status. Two-level mixed effects logistic regression models estimated effects of site-level variables. RESULTS Among youth in need with co-occurring internal, external, or both indicators, only 16 %, 18 %, and 20 % were referred to treatment and of those referred, 63 %, 69 %, and 57 % initiated treatment, respectively. Comparatively, 27 % and 83 % of youth with a substance use only indicator were referred and initiated treatment respectively. Multi-level multivariate models found that, contrary to our hypothesis, co-occurring-both (p = 0.00, OR 1.44) and co-occurring-internal indicators (p = 0.06, OR 1.25) predicted higher referral but there were no differences in initiation rates. However, there was substantial site-level variation. CONCLUSIONS Youth on probation in need of substance use treatment with co-occurring issues have low referral rates. Behavioral health status may influence youth referral to treatment depending on where a youth is located. Depending on the site, there may be a lack of community programs that can adequately treat youth with co-occurring issues and reduce unmet service needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Stanley
- Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, 1115 Polett Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Sarah C DeLucca
- Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, 1115 Polett Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Lauren Perron
- Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, 1115 Polett Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Steven Belenko
- Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, 1115 Polett Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
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Luna MJ, Abram KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Teplin LA. Inequities in Mental Health Services: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth in the Justice System. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:422-432. [PMID: 37516236 PMCID: PMC10818024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine: (1) if youth who have mental health disorders receive needed services after they leave detention-and as they age; and (2) inequities in service use, focusing on demographic characteristics and type of disorder. METHOD We used data from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal study of 1,829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois in 1995. Participants were re-interviewed up to 13 times through 2015. Interviewers assessed disorders using structured diagnostic interviews and assessed service use using the Child and Adolescent Service Assessment and the Services Assessment for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS Less than 20% of youth who needed services received them, up to median age 32 years. Female participants with any disorder had nearly twice the odds of receiving services compared with male participants (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.41, 2.35). Compared with Black participants with any disorder, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic participants had 2.14 (95% CI: 1.57, 2.90) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.15) times the odds of receiving services. People with a disorder were more likely to receive services during childhood (< age 18) than during adulthood (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.95). Disorder mattered: participants with an internalizing disorder had 2.26 times and 2.43 times the odds of receiving services compared with those with a substance use disorder (respectively, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.04; 95% CI: 1.49, 3.97). CONCLUSION Few youth who need services receive them as they age; inequities persist over time. We must implement evidence-based strategies to reduce barriers to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Luna
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Klymkiw DF, Day DM, Henderson JL, Hawke LD. What do justice-involved youth want from integrated youth services? A conjoint analysis. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY = JOURNAL DE L'ACADEMIE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANT ET DE L'ADOLESCENT 2024; 33:18-32. [PMID: 38449724 PMCID: PMC10914151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Background Many youth in the criminal justice system are affected by mental health and/or substance use (MHS) challenges, yet only a minority receive treatment. One way to increase access to MHS care is integrated youth services (IYS), a community-based model of service delivery where youth can access evidence-based treatment for their MHS problems and other wellbeing needs, in one location. However, it is unknown what IYS services justice-involved youth prioritize. Objective This study explored what components of IYS justice-involved youth deem to be the most important in meeting their MHS service needs, in comparison with non-justice-involved youth, by conducting a secondary analysis of data gathered from a larger Ontario-wide study. Method Using a conjoint analysis, n = 55 justice-involved youth, and n = 188 non-justice-involved youth, completed thirteen choice tasks representing different combinations of IYS. Results Both justice-involved and non-justice-involved youth exhibited preferences for a broad range of core health services, including mental health services, substance misuse counseling, medication management, and physical or sexual health services. They also preferred a broad range of additional support services, in addition to fast access to care in a community setting that specializes in mental health services, with the incorporation of e-health services. Justice-involved youth prioritized working with a trained peer support worker to learn life skills and help them with the services they need. The importance of youth playing a leadership role in making decisions within IYS organizations was also a distinguishing preference among justice-involved youth. Conclusions Tailoring IYS to meet the service preferences of justice-involved youth may enhance service utilization, potentially leading to better outcomes for justice-involved youth and their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna F Klymkiw
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario
| | - David M Day
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario
| | - J L Henderson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Lisa D Hawke
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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4
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Klymkiw DF, Day DM, Henderson JL, Hawke LD. Integrated Youth Service Preferences of Caregivers of Justice-Involved Youth: A Discrete Choice Conjoint Experiment. Int J Integr Care 2024; 24:2. [PMID: 38312478 PMCID: PMC10836161 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health and/or substance use (MHS) challenges affect approximately 95% of youth in the criminal justice system, with only three in ten justice-involved youth receiving treatment. Caregivers of justice-involved youth have identified fragmented care as a barrier to youth accessing MHS services. One suggested solution to this problem is the implementation of integrated youth services (IYS). However, it is unknown which IYS components caregivers of justice-involved youth prioritize. Methods Using a discrete choice conjoint experiment (DCE), n = 46 caregivers of justice-involved youth, and n = 204 caregivers of non-justice-involved, completed thirteen choice tasks representing different combinations of IYS. Results Both caregiver groups exhibited preferences for involvement and access to information regarding their youth's treatment, and fast access to broad range of core health and additional services, in a community setting, with the incorporation of e-health services. Caregivers of justice-involved youth showed a unique preference for involvement in family counseling with their youth. The incorporation of this service feature may help to engage caregivers of justice-involved youth in their youths' MHS treatment 3-fold. Conclusion Data gleaned from this analysis provides an understanding of what components of IYS models may help to engage caregivers of justice-involved youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna F Klymkiw
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Day
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Henderson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa D Hawke
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1000 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Sheerin KM, Williamson-Butler S, Vieira A, Grant M, Kemp KA. The association between caregiver psychiatric distress and perceived barriers to behavioral health treatment participation for youth in the juvenile legal system. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2024; 50:218-232. [PMID: 37986105 PMCID: PMC10842162 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Youth in the juvenile legal system (JLS) evidence high rates of behavioral health concerns but struggle to access services. Given that caregivers are often tasked with helping their child to initiate and persist with services, it seems important to understand how their own well-being impacts their experiences of barriers to treatment participation for their child. The present study examined the link between caregiver (N = 196; 89% female) psychiatric concerns and experiences of treatment barriers among a sample of youth involved in the JLS. A cluster analysis revealed a cluster of caregivers with clinically significant levels of psychiatric distress and a cluster with low levels of psychiatric distress. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that belonging to the high-distress cluster was predictive of experiencing certain types of barriers to treatment participation. These findings have implications for interventions for addressing barriers to treatment participation for caregivers of legally involved youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Alyssa Vieira
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miyah Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kathleen A Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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6
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Hoskins D, Meza JI, Del Cid MV, Kemp K, Koinis-Mitchell D, Webb M, Tolou-Shams M. Impact of Family, Neighborhood, and Schools on Behavioral Health Needs of Justice-Involved Latinx Adolescents. COUPLE & FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 12:168-189. [PMID: 37705892 PMCID: PMC10499485 DOI: 10.1037/cfp0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Latinx adolescents are overrepresented in the justice system and have high untreated behavioral health needs. We examined the family as well as promotive and inhibitive environments (i.e., neighborhood and school) and their associations on behavioral health among 181 first-time justice-involved Latinx adolescents. Results showed that more optimal caregiver-adolescent attachment was associated with fewer behavioral health needs; more negative caregiver-adolescent communication with greater behavioral health needs. Increased neighborhood disadvantage and negative school interactions served as inhibitive environments and were associated with greater behavioral health needs. Moderation analyses indicated that negative communication was associated with greater behavioral health needs among dyads with large acculturation differences but not for dyads close in acculturation. Findings underscore the need to assess the family relationships and communication, promotive/inhibitive environments, and acculturation differences when determining how to meet behavioral health needs among justice-involved Latinx adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hoskins
- UCSF Benioff, Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, United States
| | | | | | - Kathleen Kemp
- UCSF Benioff, Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, United States
| | | | - Margaret Webb
- UCSF Benioff, Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, United States
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Sheerin KM, Brodell R, Huey SJ, Kemp KA. Applying ecological systems theory to juvenile legal system interventions outcomes research: a measurement framework. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1177568. [PMID: 37425162 PMCID: PMC10327555 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1177568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervention research and development for youth in the juvenile legal system (JLS) has often focused on recidivism as the primary outcome of interest. Although recidivism is an important outcome, it is ultimately a downstream marker of success and is affected by changes in other domains of youths' lives (e.g., family and peer relations, neighborhood safety, local and state-level policies). Thus, the present manuscript proposes the application of ecological systems theory to selecting outcomes to assess intervention effects in JLS intervention research to better capture proximal and distal influences on youth behavior. To that end, we first provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of using recidivism as an outcome measure. Next, the current application of social ecology theory to existing research on both risk and protective factors of JLS involvement is discussed, as well as existing work on assessing social-ecological domains within intervention studies. Then, a measurement framework is introduced for selecting pertinent domains of youths' social ecologies to assess as intervention outcomes, moderators, and mediators. To facilitate this, we provide examples of concrete constructs and measures that researchers may select. We conclude with potential new avenues of research to which our proposed framework could lead, as well as potential limitations of implementing our framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
- Bradley-Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Regina Brodell
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stanley J. Huey
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen A. Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
- Bradley-Hasbro Children’s Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
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8
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Huikko E, Aalto-Setälä T, Santalahti P, Lämsä R, Ahlgrén-Rimpiläinen A. Lifelong mental health service use among 15-22 years old offenders: a document-based, mixed-methods descriptive study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065593. [PMID: 36927590 PMCID: PMC10030486 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Among young offenders, psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity are common, but our knowledge about their use of mental health services during childhood and adolescence is scarce. We aimed to describe the lifelong use of mental health services of young offenders who have committed serious crimes. DESIGN AND STUDY SETTING Using data on forensic psychiatric examinations of 42 Finnish offenders aged 15-22 years, we analysed the timing and typical patterns of their prior mental health service use with qualitative and quantitative content analysis and typification. RESULTS Young offenders appeared in this study as children with plenty of perinatal and developmental risks, and risks related to their family situation and peer relations. Most subjects were described as having had emotional or behavioural symptoms, or both, since childhood. Involvement in mental health services was rare before the age of 7 years but increased markedly after that, staying on the same level during adolescence. Five categories of mental health service users were identified: (1) continuing service use around a decade (14.3%), (2) one brief fixed treatment (11.9%), (3) involuntary use of services (31.0%), (4) evasive use of services (21.4%) and (5) no mental health service use (21.4%). CONCLUSIONS Young offenders had symptoms from early ages, but during childhood and adolescence, involvement in mental health services appeared for most as relatively short, repetitive or lacking. To help children at risk of criminal development, a multiprofessional approach, an early evidence-based intervention for behavioural symptoms and screening for learning problems, traumatic experiences and substance use are necessary. Results can help identify children and adolescents with a risk of criminal development, to develop mental health services and to plan further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Huikko
- Mental Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Aalto-Setälä
- Mental Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Santalahti
- Mental Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Lämsä
- Mental Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Public health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hoffmann JA, Alegría M, Alvarez K, Anosike A, Shah PP, Simon KM, Lee LK. Disparities in Pediatric Mental and Behavioral Health Conditions. Pediatrics 2022; 150:e2022058227. [PMID: 36106466 PMCID: PMC9800023 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-058227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental and behavioral health conditions are common among children and adolescents in the United States. The purpose of this state-of the-art review article is to describe inequities in mental and behavioral health care access and outcomes for children and adolescents, characterize mechanisms behind the inequities, and discuss strategies to decrease them. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these inequities is essential to inform strategies to mitigate these health disparities. Half of United States children with a treatable mental health disorder do not receive treatment from a mental health professional. Children and adolescents in racial, ethnic, sexual, sex, and other minority groups experience inequities in access to care and disparities in outcomes for mental and behavioral health conditions. Suicide rates are nearly twice as high in Black compared to White boys 5 to 11 years old and have been increasing disproportionately among adolescent Black girls 12 to 17 years old. Children identifying as a sexual minority have >3 times increased odds of attempting suicide compared to heterosexual peers. Adverse experiences of children living as part of a minority group, including racism and discrimination, have immediate and lasting effects on mental health. Poverty and an uneven geographic distribution of resources also contribute to inequities in access and disparities in outcomes for mental and behavioral health conditions. Strategies to address inequities in mental and behavioral health among United States children include investing in a diverse workforce of mental health professionals, improving access to school-based services, ensuring equitable access to telehealth, and conducting quality improvement with rigorous attention to equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Hoffmann
- . Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL
| | - Margarita Alegría
- . Disparities Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kiara Alvarez
- . Disparities Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amara Anosike
- . Office of Government Relations, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kevin M. Simon
- . Adolescent Substance use and Addiction Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lois K. Lee
- . Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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10
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Rosen B, Dauria E, Shumway M, Smith JD, Koinis-Mitchell D, Tolou-Shams M. Association of pregnancy attitudes and intentions with sexual activity and psychiatric symptoms in justice-involved youth. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2022; 138:106510. [PMID: 38107676 PMCID: PMC10723635 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Context With over one-third of detained girls experiencing teenage pregnancy, it is critical that the juvenile justice system better addresses the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of youth. Although pregnancy attitudes and intentions (PAI) are associated with pregnancy outcomes among the general adolescent population, this relationship has not been examined among justice-involved youth. Methods Participants were drawn from a longitudinal study characterizing trajectories of behavioral and reproductive health and recidivism among newly justice-involved youth in a Northeast family court. Baseline and four-month follow-up data from 288 justice-involved youth (JIY) were analyzed to characterize PAI; examine associations between pregnancy intentions and unprotected sexual activity (i.e., no hormonal, intrauterine, or barrier protection against pregnancy); and explore the relationship between pregnancy intentions and psychiatric symptoms. Results At baseline, 39% of JIY youth were sexually active, 44% of these youth reported inconsistent condom use and 14% had not used birth control at last sexual intercourse. Nearly half of sexually active youth reported some intent around pregnancy and those with any pregnancy intentions were more likely to report depression, low self-esteem, substance use, and trauma history. Pregnancy intentions at baseline predicted higher rates of unprotected sexual activity at four months (OR: 16.9, CI = 2.48-115.7). Conclusions This study highlights the importance of developing and implementing more comprehensive SRH assessments and brief interventions for youth entering the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Emily Dauria
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Room 7M18, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States
| | - Martha Shumway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Jaime Dumoit Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 20, Suite 2100, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Daphne Koinis-Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital Department of Psychiatry, 1 Hoppin St. Coro West, 2nd Floor, Providence, RI 02903, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Room 7M18, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States
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11
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Simon KM, Levy SJ, Bukstein OG. Adolescent Substance Use Disorders. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:EVIDra2200051. [PMID: 38319247 PMCID: PMC11003516 DOI: 10.1056/evidra2200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent Substance Use DisordersSubstance use disorders contribute to the leading causes of death among adolescents, including homicide and suicide. Here, Simon et al. review the most recent published data on adolescent substance use disorders and the implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Simon
- Adolescent Substance Use & Addiction Program (ASAP), Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sharon J Levy
- Adolescent Substance Use & Addiction Program (ASAP), Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Oscar G Bukstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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12
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Tolou-Shams M, Holloway ED, Ordorica C, Yonek J, Folk JB, Dauria EF, Lehn K, Ezimora I, Wiley HMF. Leveraging Technology to Increase Behavioral Health Services Access for Youth in the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems: a Cross-systems Collaboration Model. J Behav Health Serv Res 2022; 49:422-435. [PMID: 35835953 PMCID: PMC9282614 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-022-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral health services access for justice- and child welfare-involved youth is limited despite significant need. Structural interventions to address limited access are nascent. Technology can advance access, but few interventions focus on system-impacted youth and their mental health needs and challenges. This article describes the development, process, and initial outcomes of the Youth Justice and Family Well-Being Technology Collaborative (JTC) that was formed to leverage technology within and across public health and justice-related systems to promote increased behavioral health services access. Cross-system considerations are identified for public health, court, and other key stakeholders to successfully integrate technology into practice to expand access to these critical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
| | - Evan D. Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Catalina Ordorica
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Juliet Yonek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Johanna B. Folk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Emily F. Dauria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kristiana Lehn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Ifunanya Ezimora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
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Treatment completion among justice-involved youth engaged in behavioral health treatment studies in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Transl Sci 2022; 6:e86. [PMID: 36003208 PMCID: PMC9389282 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2022.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Justice-involved youth (JIY) have high rates of behavioral health disorders, but few can access, much less complete, treatment in the community. Behavioral health treatment completion among JIY is poorly understood, even within treatment studies. Measurement, reporting, and rates of treatment completion vary across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes the literature on rates of treatment completion among JIY enrolled in research studies and identifies potential moderators. After systematically searching 6 electronic databases, data from 13 studies of 20 individual treatment groups were abstracted and coded. A meta-analysis examined individual prevalence estimates of treatment completion in research studies as well as moderator analyses. Prevalence effect sizes revealed high rates of treatment completion (pr = 82.6). However, analysis suggests a high likelihood that publication bias affected the results. Treatment groups that utilized family- or group-based treatment (pr = 87.8) were associated with higher rates of treatment completion compared to treatment groups utilizing individual treatment (pr = 61.1). Findings suggest that it is possible to achieve high rates of treatment completion for JIY, particularly within the context of family- and group-based interventions. However, these findings are limited by concerns about reporting of treatment completion and publication bias.
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Hirschtritt ME, Folk JB, Marshall BDL, Li Y, Tolou-Shams M. Cannabis Use Among Court-Involved Minority Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Adolescents. THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PSYCHIATRY AND THE LAW 2021; 49:350-360. [PMID: 34001670 PMCID: PMC8429183 DOI: 10.29158/jaapl.200104-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of family functioning and beliefs regarding peers' cannabis use among minority (n = 112) and non-minority (n = 275) sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), first-time court-involved adolescents. We examined longitudinally the effects of baseline general family functioning and peer cannabis use beliefs on self-reported cannabis use and cannabis-related consequences after 12 months. At baseline, 39.2 percent of adolescents reported using cannabis. Minority SOGI adolescents reported worse family functioning (p = .017) and higher peer cannabis use beliefs (p = .047). Higher peer cannabis use beliefs at baseline predicted recent cannabis use at the 12-month assessment for both minority and non-minority SOGI adolescents. Better family functioning predicted a lower likelihood of recent cannabis use at 12 months for non-minority SOGI adolescents, but not for minority SOGI adolescents. Baseline peer cannabis use beliefs and family functioning predicted cannabis-related consequences for both cohorts at 12 months when accounting for intermediate (i.e., four-month and eight-month) data. Among all first-time court-involved adolescents, those who believed greater cannabis use among their peers reported more subsequent cannabis use themselves. Conversely, higher general family functioning may be less of a protective factor for minority SOGI adolescents. These results suggest the utility of feedback interventions to modify peer norm beliefs among first-time court-involved adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Hirschtritt
- Dr. Hirschtritt is Clinical Professor, Dr. Folk is Assistant Professor, and Dr. Tolou-Shams is Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA. Dr. Marshall is Associate Professor and Dr. Li is Biostatistician, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Dr. Tolou-Shams is Director, Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Johanna B Folk
- Dr. Hirschtritt is Clinical Professor, Dr. Folk is Assistant Professor, and Dr. Tolou-Shams is Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA. Dr. Marshall is Associate Professor and Dr. Li is Biostatistician, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Dr. Tolou-Shams is Director, Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Dr. Hirschtritt is Clinical Professor, Dr. Folk is Assistant Professor, and Dr. Tolou-Shams is Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA. Dr. Marshall is Associate Professor and Dr. Li is Biostatistician, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Dr. Tolou-Shams is Director, Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yu Li
- Dr. Hirschtritt is Clinical Professor, Dr. Folk is Assistant Professor, and Dr. Tolou-Shams is Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA. Dr. Marshall is Associate Professor and Dr. Li is Biostatistician, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Dr. Tolou-Shams is Director, Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Dr. Hirschtritt is Clinical Professor, Dr. Folk is Assistant Professor, and Dr. Tolou-Shams is Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA. Dr. Marshall is Associate Professor and Dr. Li is Biostatistician, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Dr. Tolou-Shams is Director, Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
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15
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Teplin LA, Potthoff LM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Dulcan MK, Abram KM. Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Continuity of Psychiatric Disorders in a 15-Year Longitudinal Study of Youths Involved in the Juvenile Justice System. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:e205807. [PMID: 33818599 PMCID: PMC8022269 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Importance Previous studies have found that one-half to three-quarters of youths detained in juvenile justice facilities have 1 or more psychiatric disorders. Little is known about the course of their disorders as they age. Objective To examine the prevalence, comorbidity, and continuity of 13 psychiatric disorders among youths detained in a juvenile justice facility during the 15 years after detention up to a median age of 31 years, with a focus on sex and racial/ethnic differences. Design, Setting, and Participants The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a longitudinal cohort study of health needs and outcomes of 1829 randomly selected youths in a temporary juvenile detention center in Cook County, Illinois. Youths aged 10 to 18 years were interviewed in detention from November 20, 1995, through June 14, 1998. Participants were reinterviewed up to 12 times during the 15-year study period through February 2015, for a total of 16 372 interviews. The sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White), age (10-13 years or 14-18 years), and legal status (processed in juvenile or adult court). Data analysis was conducted from February 2014, when data preparation began, to March 2020. Exposures Detention in a juvenile justice facility. Main Outcomes and Measures Psychiatric disorders, assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 2.3 at the baseline interviews. Follow-up interviews were conducted using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV; the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version IV; and the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (beginning at the 6-year follow-up interview). Results The study included 1829 youths sampled at baseline (1172 males and 657 females; mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years). Although prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders decreased as the 1829 participants aged, 52.3% of males and 30.9% of females had at least 1 or more psychiatric disorders 15 years postdetention. Among participants with a disorder at baseline, 64.3% of males and 34.8% of females had a disorder 15 years later. Compared with females, males had 3.37 times the odds of persisting with a psychiatric disorder 15 years after baseline (95% CI, 1.79-6.35). Compared with Black participants and Hispanic participants, non-Hispanic White participants had 1.6 times the odds of behavioral disorders (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.91 and odds ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23-2.05, respectively) and greater than 1.3 times the odds of substance use disorders (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.55-2.33 and odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.73, respectively) throughout the follow-up period. Behavioral disorders and substance use disorders were the most prevalent 15 years after detention. Conclusions and Relevance This study's findings suggest that persistent psychiatric disorders may complicate the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which is already challenging for youths involved in the juvenile justice system, many of whom are from racial/ethnic minority groups and low-income backgrounds. The pediatric health community should advocate for early identification and treatment of disorders among youths in the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren M. Potthoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A. Aaby
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mina K. Dulcan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Folk JB, Ramos LM, Bath EP, Rosen B, Marshall BD, Kemp K, Brown L, Conrad S, Tolou-Shams M. The prospective impact of adverse childhood experiences on justice-involved youth's psychiatric symptoms and substance use. J Consult Clin Psychol 2021; 89:483-498. [PMID: 34264697 PMCID: PMC8754104 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Justice-involved youth report high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; abuse, neglect, household dysfunction) and are at high risk for elevated behavioral health needs (i.e., substance use, psychiatric symptoms). Research with broad samples of adolescents shows ACEs predict behavioral health outcomes, yet most research on the impact of ACEs among justice-involved youth focuses on recidivism. The present study addresses this gap by examining the prospective association between ACEs and psychiatric symptoms, substance use, and substance-related problems (i.e., consequences of use) among first-time justice-involved youth. METHOD First-time justice-involved youth (n = 271; 54.3% male; M age = 14.5 years; 43.5% Latinx; non-Latinx: 34.2% White, 8.6% Black, 7.1% Other, 6.7% Multiracial) and their caregivers were assessed at youth's first court contact and 4- and 12-month follow-ups. Youth and caregivers reported youth's exposure to ACEs through a series of instruments at baseline and 4-months (e.g., Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short-Form; Traumatic Life Events Inventory). Primary outcomes included youth alcohol and cannabis use (Adolescent Risk Behavior Assessment), consequences of use (Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire; Brief Marijuana Consequences Scale), and psychiatric symptoms (Behavior Assessment System for Children; National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale). RESULTS Youth were exposed to three ACEs, on average, prior to first justice contact (M = 3). Exposure to more ACEs, particularly abuse, predicted substance use and psychiatric outcomes. Gender differences emerged for cannabis use and internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Implications for trauma-responsive juvenile justice reform are discussed, including screening for ACEs and their sequelae at first court contact and considering the role of masculine norms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B. Folk
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Lili M.C. Ramos
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Eraka P. Bath
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 150 UCLA, Medical Plaza Driveway, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Brooke Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Brandon D.L. Marshall
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, School of Public Health, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Larry Brown
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Selby Conrad
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
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Bath E, Barnert E, Godoy S, Hammond I, Mondals S, Farabee D, Grella C. Substance Use, Mental Health, and Child Welfare Profiles of Juvenile Justice-Involved Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:389-397. [PMID: 32213099 PMCID: PMC7409582 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To describe the substance use profiles of youth impacted by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) and explore associations between substance use with mental health diagnoses and child welfare involvement. Methods: Data were systematically extracted from the court files of 364 youth who participated between 2012 and 2016 in Los Angeles County's Succeeding Through Achievement and Resilience (STAR) Court, a juvenile delinquency specialty court for youth impacted by CSE. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to quantify associations between youths' substance use with mental health diagnoses and child welfare involvement. Results: Of the 364 youth impacted by CSE involved in the STAR Court, 265 youth had documented contact with a psychiatrist while in court-of whom, 73% were diagnosed with at least one mental health challenge. Before STAR Court participation, 74% of youth were the subject of one or more child welfare referral; of these youth, 75% had prior out-of-home care. Eighty-eight percent of youth reported substance use, the most prevalent illicit substances were marijuana (87%), alcohol (54%), and methamphetamine (33%). Controlling for age and race, youth impacted by CSE with a diagnosed general mood disorder had more than five times the odds of reporting substance use compared with those without a mood disorder diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 5.80; 95% confidence interval CI: 2.22-18.52; p < 0.001); and youth impacted by CSE with prior child welfare placements had more than two times the odds of reporting substance use (AOR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.04-4.86; p = 0.039) compared with youth without prior placements. The association between substance use and general mood disorder was significant and positive for all substance use types (AOR = 3.3, p = 0.033 marijuana; AOR = 4.01, p = 0.011 concurrent alcohol and marijuana; AOR = 9.2, p < 0.001, polysubstance use). Conclusions: High prevalence of substance use among juvenile justice-involved youth impacted by CSE combined with strong associations between substance use with both mental health diagnoses and child welfare system history underscores the need for comprehensive, specialized substance use treatment. Findings suggest an important opportunity for multidisciplinary collaboration among mental health providers, child welfare professionals, juvenile justice practitioners, and other care providers for these youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Godoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ivy Hammond
- School of Social Welfare, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sangeeta Mondals
- Research Data Analyst, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Farabee
- Department of Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Grella
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Folk JB, Harrison A, Rodriguez C, Wallace A, Tolou-Shams M. Feasibility of Social Media-Based Recruitment and Perceived Acceptability of Digital Health Interventions for Caregivers of Justice-Involved Youth: Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e16370. [PMID: 32352388 PMCID: PMC7226029 DOI: 10.2196/16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregiver involvement is critical for supporting positive behavioral health and legal outcomes for justice-involved youth; however, recruiting this population into clinical research studies and engaging them in treatment remain challenging. Technology-based approaches are a promising, yet understudied avenue for recruiting and intervening with caregivers of justice-involved youth. OBJECTIVE This mixed methods study aimed to assess the feasibility of recruiting caregivers of justice-involved youth using social media into clinical research and to understand caregivers' perceptions of the acceptability of digital health interventions. METHODS Caregivers of justice-involved youth were recruited through paid Facebook advertisements to participate in a Web-based survey. Advertisement design was determined using Facebook A/B split testing, and the advertisement with the lowest cost per link click was used for the primary advertisement campaign. Survey participants were offered the option to participate in a follow-up qualitative phone interview focused on the perceived feasibility and acceptability of digital health interventions. RESULTS Facebook advertisements were successful in quickly recruiting a diverse set of caregivers (80/153, 52.3% female; mean age 43 years, SD 7; 76/168, 45.2% black, 34/168, 20.2% white, and 28/168, 16.7% Latinx; and 97/156, 62.2% biological parents); cost per click was US $0.53, and conversion rate was 11.5%. Survey participants used multiple social media platforms; 60.1% (101/168) of the participants indicated they would participate in a digital health intervention for caregivers of justice-involved youth. Survey respondents' most preferred intervention was supportive and motivational parenting messages via SMS text message. Of the survey respondents, 18 completed a phone interview (12/18, 67% female; mean age 45 years, SD 10; 10/18, 56% black, 7/18, 39% white, and 1/18, 6% Latinx; and 16/18, 89% biological parents). Interview participant responses suggested digital health interventions are acceptable, but they expressed both likes (eg, alleviates barriers to treatment access) and concerns (eg, privacy); their most preferred intervention was video-based family therapy. CONCLUSIONS Recruiting and intervening with caregivers of justice-involved youth through social media and other digital health approaches may be a feasible and acceptable approach to overcoming barriers to accessing traditional in-person behavioral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bailey Folk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anna Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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