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Emmert MY, Bonatti J, Caliskan E, Gaudino M, Grabenwöger M, Grapow MT, Heinisch PP, Kieser-Prieur T, Kim KB, Kiss A, Mouriquhe F, Mach M, Margariti A, Pepper J, Perrault LP, Podesser BK, Puskas J, Taggart DP, Yadava OP, Winkler B. Consensus statement-graft treatment in cardiovascular bypass graft surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1285685. [PMID: 38476377 PMCID: PMC10927966 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1285685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is and continues to be the preferred revascularization strategy in patients with multivessel disease. Graft selection has been shown to influence the outcomes following CABG. During the last almost 60 years saphenous vein grafts (SVG) together with the internal mammary artery have become the standard of care for patients undergoing CABG surgery. While there is little doubt about the benefits, the patency rates are constantly under debate. Despite its acknowledged limitations in terms of long-term patency due to intimal hyperplasia, the saphenous vein is still the most often used graft. Although reendothelialization occurs early postoperatively, the process of intimal hyperplasia remains irreversible. This is due in part to the persistence of high shear forces, the chronic localized inflammatory response, and the partial dysfunctionality of the regenerated endothelium. "No-Touch" harvesting techniques, specific storage solutions, pressure controlled graft flushing and external stenting are important and established methods aiming to overcome the process of intimal hyperplasia at different time levels. Still despite the known evidence these methods are not standard everywhere. The use of arterial grafts is another strategy to address the inferior SVG patency rates and to perform CABG with total arterial revascularization. Composite grafting, pharmacological agents as well as latest minimal invasive techniques aim in the same direction. To give guide and set standards all graft related topics for CABG are presented in this expert opinion document on graft treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charite (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Bonatti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Etem Caliskan
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charite (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martin Grabenwöger
- Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery KFL, Vienna Health Network, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul Phillip Heinisch
- German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Kieser-Prieur
- LIBIN Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ki-Bong Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Mach
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrianna Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John Pepper
- Cardiology and Aortic Centre, Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bruno K. Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Puskas
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Morningside, New York, NY, United States
| | - David P. Taggart
- Nuffield Dept Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bernhard Winkler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery KFL, Vienna Health Network, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karld Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular Research Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Norman AV, Young AM, Strobel RJ, Joseph M, Yarboro L, Teman NR, Quader M, Kron IL. Unplanned postoperative catheterization during admission for coronary artery bypass grafting is neither cheap nor benign, but may rescue patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023:S0022-5223(23)00750-X. [PMID: 37659463 PMCID: PMC10904671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Literature describing outcomes of myocardial ischemia after coronary artery bypass grafting is sparse. We hypothesized these patients had more complications and incurred higher costs of care. METHODS Using adult cardiac surgery data and cardiac catheterization (CathPCI) data from the Virginia Cardiac Services Quality Initiative, we identified patients who underwent unplanned cardiac catheterization after coronary artery bypass grafting from 2018 to 2021. Adult cardiac surgery data were matched to CathPCI data examining earliest in-hospital catheterization. Patients not requiring catheterization served as the control group. RESULTS We identified 10,597 patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, of whom 41 of 10,597 underwent unplanned cardiac catheterization. A total of 21 of 41 patients (51%) received percutaneous coronary intervention, most commonly for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n = 7, 33%) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n = 6, 29%). Postoperative cardiac arrest occurred in 14 patients (40%). In patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, 14 (67%) had a single lesion, 4 (19%) had 2 lesions, and 3 (14%) had 3 lesions. The left anterior descending artery (38%) was the most frequently intervened upon vessel. Patients who underwent catheterization were more likely to require balloon pump support (26% vs 11%), to have prolonged ventilation (57% vs 20%), to have renal failure (17% vs 7.1%), and to undergo reintubation (37% vs 3.8%, all P < .04). There was no statistical difference in operative mortality (4.9% vs 2.3%, P = .2) or failure to rescue (4.9% vs 1.6%, P = .14). Total costs were higher in patients who underwent unplanned catheterization ($81,293 vs $37,011, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Unplanned catheterization after coronary artery bypass grafting is infrequent but associated with more complications and a higher cost of care. Therefore, determination of an association with operative mortality in patients with suspected ischemia after coronary artery bypass grafting requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Norman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Andrew M Young
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Raymond J Strobel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Mark Joseph
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Va
| | - Leora Yarboro
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Nicholas R Teman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Mohammed Quader
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va
| | - Irving L Kron
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
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3
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Seeman K, Cahn J. Clinical Issues—June 2020. AORN J 2020; 111:699-707. [DOI: 10.1002/aorn.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Yim TW, Perling D, Polcz M, Komalavilas P, Brophy C, Cheung-Flynn J. A cell permeant phosphopeptide mimetic of Niban inhibits p38 MAPK and restores endothelial function after injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:9180-9191. [PMID: 32396246 PMCID: PMC7383822 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902745r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury leads to membrane disruption, ATP release, and endothelial dysfunction. Increases in the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and decreases in the phosphorylation of Niban, a protein implicated in ER stress and apoptosis, are associated with vascular injury. A cell permeant phosphopeptide mimetic of Niban (NiPp) was generated. The effects of NiPp in restoring endothelial function were determined ex vivo using intact rat aortic tissue (RA) after pharmacological activation of p38 MAPK and also in multiple clinically relevant injury models. Anisomycin (Aniso) increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and reduced endothelial‐dependent relaxation in RA. Treatment with NiPp prevented Ansio‐induced reduction in endothelial function and increases in p38 MAPK phosphorylation. NiPp treatment also restored endothelial function after stretch injury (subfailure stretch), treatment with acidic Normal Saline (NS), and P2X7R activation with 2′(3′)‐O‐(4‐Benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (BzATP). Aged, diseased, human saphenous vein (HSV) remnants obtained from patients undergoing coronary bypass surgical procedures have impaired endothelial function. Treatment of these HSV segments with NiPp improved endothelial‐dependent relaxation. Kinome screening experiments indicated that NiPp inhibits p38 MAPK. These data demonstrate that p38 MAPK and Niban signaling have a role in endothelial function, particularly in response to injury. Niban may represent an endogenous regulator of p38 MAPK activation. The NiPp peptide may serve as an experimental tool to further elucidate p38 MAPK regulation and as a potential therapeutic for endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Wing Yim
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Perling
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Monica Polcz
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Padmini Komalavilas
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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5
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Komalavilas P, Luo W, Guth CM, Jolayemi O, Bartelson RI, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM. Vascular surgical stretch injury leads to activation of P2X7 receptors and impaired endothelial function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188069. [PMID: 29136654 PMCID: PMC5685620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A viable vascular endothelial layer prevents vasomotor dysfunction, thrombosis, inflammation, and intimal hyperplasia. Injury to the endothelium occurs during harvest and “back table” preparation of human saphenous vein prior to implantation as an arterial bypass conduit. A subfailure overstretch model of rat aorta was used to show that subfailure stretch injury of vascular tissue leads to impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation. Stretch-induced impaired relaxation was mitigated by treatment with purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) inhibitors, brilliant blue FCF (FCF) and A740003, or apyrase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. Alternatively, treatment of rat aorta with exogenous ATP or 2’(3’)-O-(4-Benzoyl benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) also impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation. Treatment of human saphenous vein endothelial cells (HSVEC) with exogenous ATP led to reduced nitric oxide production which was associated with increased phosphorylation of the stress activated protein kinase, p38 MAPK. ATP- stimulated p38 MAPK phosphorylation of HSVEC was inhibited by FCF and SB203580. Moreover, ATP inhibition of nitric oxide production in HSVEC was prevented by FCF, SB203580, L-arginine supplementation and arginase inhibition. Finally, L-arginine supplementation and arginase inhibition restored endothelial dependent relaxation after stretch injury of rat aorta. These results suggest that vascular stretch injury leads to ATP release, activation of P2X7R and p38 MAPK resulting in endothelial dysfunction due to arginase activation. Endothelial function can be restored in both ATP treated HSVEC and intact stretch injured rat aorta by P2X7 receptor inhibition with FCF or L-arginine supplementation, implicating straightforward therapeutic options for treatment of surgical vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Komalavilas
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Christy M. Guth
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Olukemi Jolayemi
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rachel I. Bartelson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Joyce Cheung-Flynn
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Colleen M. Brophy
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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6
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Limiting Injury During Saphenous Vein Graft Preparation For Coronary Arterial Bypass Prevents Metabolic Decompensation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14179. [PMID: 29079734 PMCID: PMC5660200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard harvest and preparation of human saphenous vein (HSV) for autologous coronary and peripheral arterial bypass procedures is associated with injury and increased oxidative stress that negatively affect graft performance. In this study we investigated the global metabolomic profiles of HSV before (unprepared; UP) and after standard vein graft preparation (AP). AP-HSV showed impaired vasomotor function that was associated with increased oxidative stress, phospholipid hydrolysis and energy depletion that are characteristic of mechanical and chemical injury. A porcine model (PSV) was utilized to validate these metabolomic changes in HSV and to determine the efficacy of an improved preparation technique (OP) using pressure-regulated distension, a non-toxic vein marker, and graft storage in buffered PlasmaLyte solution in limiting metabolic decompensation due to graft preparation. Deficits in vasomotor function and metabolic signature observed in AP-PSV could be largely mitigated with the OP procedure. These findings suggest that simple strategies aimed at reducing injury during graft harvest and preparation represents a straightforward and viable strategy to preserve conduit function and possibly improve graft patency.
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7
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Osgood MJ, Sexton K, Voskresensky I, Hocking K, Song J, Komalavilas P, Brophy C, Cheung-Flynn J. Use of Brilliant Blue FCF during vein graft preparation inhibits intimal hyperplasia. J Vasc Surg 2017; 64:471-478. [PMID: 27763268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal hyperplasia remains the primary cause of vein graft failure for the 1 million yearly bypass procedures performed using human saphenous vein (HSV) grafts. This response to injury is caused in part by the harvest and preparation of the conduit. The use of Brilliant Blue FCF (FCF) restores injury-induced loss of function in vascular tissues possibly via inhibition of purinergic receptor signaling. This study investigated whether pretreatment of the vein graft with FCF prevents intimal hyperplasia. METHODS Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (A7r5) were used to determine the effect of FCF on platelet-derived growth factor-mediated migration and proliferation, cellular processes that contribute to intimal hyperplasia. The effectiveness of FCF treatment during the time of explantation on preventing intimal hyperplasia was evaluated in a rabbit jugular-carotid interposition model and in an organ culture model using HSV. RESULTS FCF inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced migration and proliferation of A7r5 cells. Treatment with FCF at the time of vein graft explantation inhibited the subsequent development of intimal thickening in the rabbit model. Pretreatment with FCF also prevented intimal thickening of HSV in organ culture. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of FCF as a component of vein graft preparation at the time of explantation represents a potential therapeutic approach to mitigate intimal hyperplasia, reduce vein graft failure, and improve outcome of the autologous transplantation of HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Sexton
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | | | - Kyle Hocking
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Padmini Komalavilas
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Colleen Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tenn
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8
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Isaji T, Hashimoto T, Yamamoto K, Santana JM, Yatsula B, Hu H, Bai H, Jianming G, Kudze T, Nishibe T, Dardik A. Improving the Outcome of Vein Grafts: Should Vascular Surgeons Turn Veins into Arteries? Ann Vasc Dis 2017; 10:8-16. [PMID: 29034014 PMCID: PMC5579803 DOI: 10.3400/avd.ra.17-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autogenous vein grafts remain the gold standard conduit for arterial bypass, particularly for the treatment of critical limb ischemia. Vein graft adaptation to the arterial environment, i.e., adequate dilation and wall thickening, contributes to the superior performance of vein grafts. However, abnormal venous wall remodeling with excessive neointimal hyperplasia commonly causes vein graft failure. Since the PREVENT trials failed to improve vein graft outcomes, new strategies focus on the adaptive response of the venous endothelial cells to the post-surgical arterial environment. Eph-B4, the determinant of venous endothelium during embryonic development, remains expressed and functional in adult venous tissue. After surgery, vein grafts lose their venous identity, with loss of Eph-B4 expression; however, arterial identity is not gained, consistent with loss of all vessel identity. In mouse vein grafts, stimulation of venous Eph-B4 signaling promotes retention of venous identity in endothelial cells and is associated with vein graft walls that are not thickened. Eph-B4 regulates downstream signaling pathways of relevance to vascular biology, including caveolin-1, Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Regulation of the Eph-B4 signaling pathway may be a novel therapeutic target to prevent vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Isaji
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Hashimoto
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kota Yamamoto
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeans M Santana
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bogdan Yatsula
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Haidi Hu
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hualong Bai
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Guo Jianming
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tambudzai Kudze
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Toshiya Nishibe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alan Dardik
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Guth CM, Luo W, Jolayemi O, Chadalavada KS, Komalavilas P, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM. Adenosine triphosphate as a molecular mediator of the vascular response to injury. J Surg Res 2017; 216:80-86. [PMID: 28807217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human saphenous veins used for arterial bypass undergo stretch injury at the time of harvest and preimplant preparation. Vascular injury promotes intimal hyperplasia, the leading cause of graft failure, but the molecular events leading to this response are largely unknown. This study investigated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a potential molecular mediator in the vascular response to stretch injury, and the downstream effects of the purinergic receptor, P2X7R, and p38 MAPK activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A subfailure stretch rat aorta model was used to determine the effect of stretch injury on release of ATP and vasomotor responses. Stretch-injured tissues were treated with apyrase, the P2X7R antagonist, A438079, or the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, and subsequent contractile forces were measured using a muscle bath. An exogenous ATP (eATP) injury model was developed and the experiment repeated. Change in p38 MAPK phosphorylation after stretch and eATP tissue injury was determined using Western blotting. Noninjured tissue was incubated in the p38 MAPK activator, anisomycin, and subsequent contractile function and p38 MAPK phosphorylation were analyzed. RESULTS Stretch injury was associated with release of ATP. Contractile function was decreased in tissue subjected to subfailure stretch, eATP, and anisomycin. Contractile function was restored by apyrase, P2X7R antagonism, and p38-MAPK inhibition. Stretch, eATP, and anisomycin-injured tissue demonstrated increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that the vascular response to stretch injury is associated with release of ATP and activation of the P2X7R/P38 MAPK pathway, resulting in contractile dysfunction. Modulation of this pathway in vein grafts after harvest and before implantation may reduce the vascular response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy M Guth
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Weifung Luo
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Olukemi Jolayemi
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Colleen M Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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10
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Luo W, Guth CM, Jolayemi O, Duvall CL, Brophy CM, Cheung-Flynn J. Subfailure Overstretch Injury Leads to Reversible Functional Impairment and Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Activation in Intact Vascular Tissue. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:75. [PMID: 27747211 PMCID: PMC5040722 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular stretch injury is associated with blunt trauma, vascular surgical procedures, and harvest of human saphenous vein for use in vascular bypass grafting. A model of subfailure overstretch in rat abdominal aorta was developed to characterize surgical vascular stretch injury. Longitudinal stretch of rat aorta was characterized ex vivo. Stretch to the haptic endpoint, where the tissues would no longer lengthen, occurred at twice the resting length. The stress produced at this length was greater than physiologic mechanical forces but well below the level of mechanical disruption. Functional responses were determined in a muscle bath, and this subfailure overstretch injury led to impaired smooth muscle function that was partially reversed by treatment with purinergic receptor (P2X7R) antagonists. These data suggest that vasomotor dysfunction caused by subfailure overstretch injury may be due to the activation of P2X7R. These studies have implications for our understanding of mechanical stretch injury of blood vessels and offer novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christy M. Guth
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olukemi Jolayemi
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen Marie Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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Wise ES, Brophy CM. The Case for Endothelial Preservation via Pressure-Regulated Distension in the Preparation of Autologous Saphenous Vein Conduits in Cardiac and Peripheral Bypass Operations. Front Surg 2016; 3:54. [PMID: 27713879 PMCID: PMC5031700 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wise
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Colleen M Brophy
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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12
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Hocking KM, Luo W, Li FD, Komalavilas P, Brophy C, Cheung-Flynn J. Brilliant blue FCF is a nontoxic dye for saphenous vein graft marking that abrogates response to injury. J Vasc Surg 2016; 64:210-8. [PMID: 25704409 PMCID: PMC4544660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury to saphenous vein grafts during surgical preparation may contribute to the subsequent development of intimal hyperplasia, the primary cause of graft failure. Surgical skin markers currently used for vascular marking contain gentian violet and isopropanol, which damage tissue and impair physiologic functions. Brilliant blue FCF (FCF) is a nontoxic dye alternative that may also ameliorate preparation-induced injury. METHODS Porcine saphenous vein (PSV) was used to evaluate the effect of FCF on physiologic responses in a muscle bath. Cytotoxicity of FCF was measured using human umbilical venous smooth muscle cells. Effect of FCF on the development of intimal hyperplasia was evaluated in organ culture using PSV. Intracellular calcium fluxes and contractile responses were measured in response to agonists and inhibitors in rat aorta and human saphenous vein. RESULTS Marking with FCF did not impair smooth muscle contractile responses and restored stretch injury-induced loss in smooth muscle contractility of PSV. Gentian violet has cytotoxic effects on human umbilical venous smooth muscle cells, whereas FCF is nontoxic. FCF inhibited intimal thickening in PSV in organ culture. Contraction induced by 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate and intracellular calcium flux were inhibited by FCF, oxidized adenosine triphosphate, KN-62, and brilliant blue G, suggesting that FCF may inhibit the purinergic receptor P2X7. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicated that FCF is a nontoxic marking dye for vein grafts that ameliorates vein graft injury and prevents intimal thickening, possibly due to P2X7 receptor inhibition. FCF represents a nontoxic alternative for vein graft marking and a potentially therapeutic approach to enhance outcome in autologous transplantation of human saphenous vein into the coronary and peripheral arterial circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Hocking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Fan Dong Li
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Jinan Military District, Jinan, China
| | - Padmini Komalavilas
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Colleen Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Joyce Cheung-Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
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Wise ES, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM. Standard Surgical Skin Markers Should Be Avoided for Intraoperative Vein Graft Marking during Cardiac and Peripheral Bypass Operations. Front Surg 2016; 3:36. [PMID: 27379243 PMCID: PMC4913101 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Wise
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Colleen Marie Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Wise ES, Hocking KM, Luo W, Feldman DL, Song J, Komalavilas P, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM. Traditional graft preparation decreases physiologic responses, diminishes viscoelasticity, and reduces cellular viability of the conduit: A porcine saphenous vein model. Vasc Med 2016; 21:413-421. [PMID: 27216870 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x16649040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods of intraoperative human saphenous vein preparation for use as bypass grafts can be deleterious to the conduit. The purpose of this study was to characterize acute graft preparation injury, and to mitigate this harm via an improved preparation technique. Porcine saphenous veins were surgically harvested (unprepared controls, UnP) and prepared using traditional (TraP) and improved preparations (ImP). The TraP used unregulated radial distension, marking with a surgical skin marker and preservation in heparinized normal saline. ImP used pressure-regulated distension, brilliant blue FCF-based pen marking and preservation in heparinized Plasma-Lyte A. Rings from each preparation were suspended in a muscle bath for characterization of physiologic responses to vasoactive agents and viscoelasticity. Cellular viability was assessed using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay for apoptosis. Contractile responses to potassium chloride (110 mM) and phenylephrine (10 µM), and endothelial-dependent and independent vasodilatory responses to carbachol (0.5 µM) and sodium nitroprusside (1 µM), respectively, were decreased in TraP tissues compared to both UnP and ImP tissues (p ⩽ 0.05). TraP tissues demonstrated diminished viscoelasticity relative to UnP and ImP tissues (p ⩽ 0.05), and reduced cellular viability relative to UnP control (p ⩽ 0.01) by the MTT assay. On the TUNEL assay, TraP tissues demonstrated a greater degree of apoptosis relative to UnP and ImP tissues (p ⩽ 0.01). In conclusion, an improved preparation technique prevents vascular graft smooth muscle and endothelial injury observed in tissues prepared using a traditional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wise
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle M Hocking
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel L Feldman
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Padmini Komalavilas
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Colleen M Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kikuchi S, Kenagy RD, Gao L, Wight TN, Azuma N, Sobel M, Clowes AW. Surgical marking pen dye inhibits saphenous vein cell proliferation and migration in saphenous vein graft tissue. J Vasc Surg 2015; 63:1044-50. [PMID: 25935273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Markers containing dyes such as crystal violet (CAS 548-62-9) are routinely used on the adventitia of vein bypass grafts to avoid twisting during placement. Because little is known about how these dyes affect vein graft healing and function, we determined the effect of crystal violet on cell migration and proliferation, which are responses to injury after grafting. METHODS Fresh human saphenous veins were obtained as residual specimens from leg bypass surgeries. Portions of the vein that had been surgically marked with crystal violet were analyzed separately from those that had no dye marking. In the laboratory, they were split into easily dissected inner and outer layers after removal of endothelium. This cleavage plane was within the circular muscle layer of the media. Cell migration from explants was measured daily as either (1) percentage of migration-positive explants, which exclusively measures migration, or (2) number of cells on the plastic surrounding each explant, which measures migration plus proliferation. Cell proliferation and apoptosis (Ki67 and TUNEL staining, respectively) were determined in dye-marked and unmarked areas of cultured vein rings. The dose-dependent effects of crystal violet were measured for cell migration from explants as well as for proliferation, migration, and death of cultured outer layer cells. Dye was extracted from explants with ethanol and quantified by spectrophotometry. RESULTS There was significantly less cell migration from visibly blue compared with unstained outer layer explants by both methods. There was no significant difference in migration from inner layer explants adjacent to blue-stained or unstained sections of vein because dye did not penetrate to the inner layer. Ki67 staining of vein in organ culture, which is a measure of proliferation, progressively increased up to 6 days in nonblue outer layer and was abolished in the blue outer layer. Evidence of apoptosis (TUNEL staining) was present throughout the wall and not different in blue-stained and unstained vein wall segments. Blue outer layer explants had 65.9 ± 8.0 ng dye/explant compared with 2.1 ± 1.3 for nonblue outer layer explants. Dye applied in vitro to either outer or inner layer explants dose dependently inhibited migration (IC50∼10 ng/explant). The IC50s of crystal violet for outer layer cell proliferation and migration were 0.1 and 1.2 μg/mL, whereas the EC50 for death was between 1 and 10 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Crystal violet inhibits venous cell migration and proliferation, indicating that alternative methods should be considered for marking vein grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Kikuchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | | | - Lu Gao
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Wash
| | - Nobuyoshi Azuma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Michael Sobel
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
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Bonner JS, Lantier L, Hocking KM, Kang L, Owolabi M, James FD, Bracy DP, Brophy CM, Wasserman DH. Relaxin treatment reverses insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Diabetes 2013; 62:3251-60. [PMID: 23801576 PMCID: PMC3749347 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous hormone relaxin increases vascular reactivity and angiogenesis. We demonstrate that acute relaxin infusion in lean C57BL/6J mice enhances skeletal muscle perfusion and augments muscle glucose uptake during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. However, an acute effect was absent in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet for 13 weeks. In contrast, mice fed an HF diet for 13 weeks and continuously treated with relaxin for the final 3 weeks of the diet exhibited decreased fasting blood glucose. Insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disappearance and percent suppression of hepatic glucose production are corrected by chronic relaxin. The increase in peripheral glucose utilization is a result of augmented in vivo skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Relaxin intervention improves endothelial-dependent vascular reactivity and induces a two-fold proliferation in skeletal muscle capillarity. The metabolic effects of the treatment are not attributed to changes in myocellular insulin signaling. Relaxin intervention reverses the accumulation of collagen III in the liver and collagen III and collagen IV in the heart; this is induced by HF feeding. These studies show the potential of relaxin in the treatment of diet-induced insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction. Relaxin provides a novel therapeutic approach targeting the extramyocellular barriers to insulin action, which are critical to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Bonner
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Osgood MJ, Hocking KM, Voskresensky IV, Li FD, Komalavilas P, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM. Surgical vein graft preparation promotes cellular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg 2013; 60:202-11. [PMID: 23911244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human saphenous vein (HSV) is the most widely used bypass conduit for peripheral and coronary vascular reconstructions. However, outcomes are limited by a high rate of intimal hyperplasia (IH). HSV undergoes a series of ex vivo surgical manipulations prior to implantation, including hydrostatic distension, marking, and warm ischemia in solution. We investigated the impact of surgical preparation on HSV cellular function and development of IH in organ culture. We hypothesized that oxidative stress is a mediator of HSV dysfunction. METHODS HSV was collected from patients undergoing vascular bypass before and after surgical preparation. Smooth muscle and endothelial function were measured using a muscle bath. Endothelial preservation was assessed with immunohistochemical staining. An organ culture model was used to investigate the influence of surgical preparation injury on the development of IH. Superoxide levels were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based assay. The influence of oxidative stress on HSV physiologic responses was investigated by exposing HSV to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). RESULTS Surgical vein graft preparation resulted in smooth muscle and endothelial dysfunction, endothelial denudation, diminished endothelial nitric oxide synthase staining, development of increased IH, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Experimental induction of oxidative stress in unmanipulated HSV by treatment with H2O2 promoted endothelial dysfunction. Duration of storage time in solution did not contribute to smooth muscle or endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Surgical vein graft preparation causes dysfunction of the smooth muscle and endothelium, endothelial denudation, reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, and promotes IH in organ culture. Moreover, increased levels of reactive oxygen species are produced and may promote further vein graft dysfunction. These results argue for less injurious means of preparing HSV prior to autologous transplantation into the arterial circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Osgood
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
| | - Kyle M Hocking
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Igor V Voskresensky
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Fan Dong Li
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Jinan Military District, Jinan Military District, China
| | - Padmini Komalavilas
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Surgery, Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Joyce Cheung-Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Colleen M Brophy
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Surgery, Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
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Vein graft harvesting--handle with care. J Surg Res 2012; 185:507-8. [PMID: 22959210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li FD, Sexton KW, Hocking KM, Osgood MJ, Eagle S, Cheung-Flynn J, Brophy CM, Komalavilas P. Intimal thickness associated with endothelial dysfunction in human vein grafts. J Surg Res 2012; 180:e55-62. [PMID: 22763213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal hyperplasia is a complex process thought to be initiated by injury and is the leading cause of vein graft failure. In the present investigation, we hypothesized that the basal intimal thickness in the human saphenous vein is a predictor of endothelial dysfunction and, potentially, intimal hyperplasia. METHODS Human saphenous veins were obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery. The segments were contracted with phenylephrine and relaxed with carbachol to determine the endothelial-dependent relaxation. The vein segments were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and grown for 14 d in high-serum culture and then fixed in formalin. The fixed tissues were stained with Verhoeff-Van Gieson, and the average intimal and medial thicknesses were calculated using light microscopy and a computerized image analysis system. RESULTS The human saphenous veins displayed varying amounts of basal intimal thickness (range 18.80-241.3 μm). The endothelial-dependent relaxation of the veins was highly variable, with values ranging from 0% to 27.59%. Human saphenous veins with a basal intimal thickness greater than 120 μm had significantly less endothelial-dependent relaxation (8.90% ± 6.32%) than those with a basal intimal thickness less than 120 μm (21.97% ± 10.64%). Endothelial dysfunction correlated with a basal intimal thickness greater than 120 μm (P = 0.02). The basal intimal thickness also correlated with increased intimal thickness after 14 d in organ culture (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A basal intimal thickness greater than 120 μm is a predictor of endothelial dysfunction. Also, because a greater basal intimal thickness correlated with an increased intimal thickness after organ culture, the basal intimal thickness might predict vein graft failure owing to intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Dong Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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