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Hoh JFY. Developmental, Physiological and Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Expression and Regulation of Myosin Heavy Chains in Craniofacial Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4546. [PMID: 38674131 PMCID: PMC11050549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review deals with the developmental origins of extraocular, jaw and laryngeal muscles, the expression, regulation and functional significance of sarcomeric myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) that they express and changes in MyHC expression during phylogeny. Myogenic progenitors from the mesoderm in the prechordal plate and branchial arches specify craniofacial muscle allotypes with different repertoires for MyHC expression. To cope with very complex eye movements, extraocular muscles (EOMs) express 11 MyHCs, ranging from the superfast extraocular MyHC to the slowest, non-muscle MyHC IIB (nmMyH IIB). They have distinct global and orbital layers, singly- and multiply-innervated fibres, longitudinal MyHC variations, and palisade endings that mediate axon reflexes. Jaw-closing muscles express the high-force masticatory MyHC and cardiac or limb MyHCs depending on the appropriateness for the acquisition and mastication of food. Laryngeal muscles express extraocular and limb muscle MyHCs but shift toward expressing slower MyHCs in large animals. During postnatal development, MyHC expression of craniofacial muscles is subject to neural and hormonal modulation. The primary and secondary myotubes of developing EOMs are postulated to induce, via different retrogradely transported neurotrophins, the rich diversity of neural impulse patterns that regulate the specific MyHCs that they express. Thyroid hormone shifts MyHC 2A toward 2B in jaw muscles, laryngeal muscles and possibly extraocular muscles. This review highlights the fact that the pattern of myosin expression in mammalian craniofacial muscles is principally influenced by the complex interplay of cell lineages, neural impulse patterns, thyroid and other hormones, functional demands and body mass. In these respects, craniofacial muscles are similar to limb muscles, but they differ radically in the types of cell lineage and the nature of their functional demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Foon Yoong Hoh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Lungova V, Thibeault SL. Mechanisms of larynx and vocal fold development and pathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3781-3795. [PMID: 32253462 PMCID: PMC7511430 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The larynx and vocal folds sit at the crossroad between digestive and respiratory tracts and fulfill multiple functions related to breathing, protection and phonation. They develop at the head and trunk interface through a sequence of morphogenetic events that require precise temporo-spatial coordination. We are beginning to understand some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie critical processes such as specification of the laryngeal field, epithelial lamina formation and recanalization as well as the development and differentiation of mesenchymal cell populations. Nevertheless, many gaps remain in our knowledge, the filling of which is essential for understanding congenital laryngeal disorders and the evaluation and treatment approaches in human patients. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the laryngeal embryogenesis. Proposed genes and signaling pathways that are critical for the laryngeal development have a potential to be harnessed in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 5103 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 5103 WIMR, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Oswald F, Klöble P, Ruland A, Rosenkranz D, Hinz B, Butter F, Ramljak S, Zechner U, Herlyn H. The FOXP2-Driven Network in Developmental Disorders and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:212. [PMID: 28798667 PMCID: PMC5526973 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription repressor FOXP2 is a crucial player in nervous system evolution and development of humans and songbirds. In order to provide an additional insight into its functional role we compared target gene expression levels between human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) stably overexpressing FOXP2 cDNA of either humans or the common chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, and marmoset, respectively. RNA-seq led to identification of 27 genes with differential regulation under the control of human FOXP2, which were previously reported to have FOXP2-driven and/or songbird song-related expression regulation. RT-qPCR and Western blotting indicated differential regulation of additional 13 new target genes in response to overexpression of human FOXP2. These genes may be directly regulated by FOXP2 considering numerous matches of established FOXP2-binding motifs as well as publicly available FOXP2-ChIP-seq reads within their putative promoters. Ontology analysis of the new and reproduced targets, along with their interactors in a network, revealed an enrichment of terms relating to cellular signaling and communication, metabolism and catabolism, cellular migration and differentiation, and expression regulation. Notably, terms including the words "neuron" or "axonogenesis" were also enriched. Complementary literature screening uncovered many connections to human developmental (autism spectrum disease, schizophrenia, Down syndrome, agenesis of corpus callosum, trismus-pseudocamptodactyly, ankyloglossia, facial dysmorphology) and neurodegenerative diseases and disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, Lewy body dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Links to deafness and dyslexia were detected, too. Such relations existed for single proteins (e.g., DCDC2, NURR1, PHOX2B, MYH8, and MYH13) and groups of proteins which conjointly function in mRNA processing, ribosomal recruitment, cell-cell adhesion (e.g., CDH4), cytoskeleton organization, neuro-inflammation, and processing of amyloid precursor protein. Conspicuously, many links pointed to an involvement of the FOXP2-driven network in JAK/STAT signaling and the regulation of the ezrin-radixin-moesin complex. Altogether, the applied phylogenetic perspective substantiated FOXP2's importance for nervous system development, maintenance, and functioning. However, the study also disclosed new regulatory pathways that might prove to be useful for understanding the molecular background of the aforementioned developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oswald
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Patricia Klöble
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center UlmUlm, Germany
| | - André Ruland
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center UlmUlm, Germany
| | - David Rosenkranz
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Hinz
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular BiologyMainz, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center MainzMainz, Germany
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Zentrum für HumangenetikFrankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Herlyn
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
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Transition of myosin heavy chain isoforms in human laryngeal abductors following denervation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272:2915-23. [PMID: 26059207 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the myofiber subtype transition of human posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle after the injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). PCA muscle specimens were obtained from 38 bilateral vocal fold paralysis patients underwent arytenoidectomy. According to the duration of RLN injury, all the cases were divided into five denervation groups: 6-12 months, 1-2, 2-3, 3-6, and >6 years. The normal PCA muscles from total laryngectomy patients were chosen as controls. Immunofluorescence was adopted to detect the expression level of myosin heavy chain (MHC)-I and MHC-II in PCA muscle. Quantitative real-time PCR was also used to assess the transcriptional level of MHC subtypes (MHC-I, MHC-IIa, MHC-IIb, MHC-IIx, embryonic-MHC, and peri-natal-MHC). Immunofluorescence showed that MHC-I-positive myofibers in denervation groups were much lower than control group, respectively, while MHC-II-positive myofibers were significantly higher than control group (P < 0.05). With the extension of denervation, the number of MHC-I-positive myofibers gradually decreased, while MHC-II gradually increased and peaked in 1- to 2-year group. Transcriptional level of MHC-I, MHC-IIa, and MHC-IIb in denervation groups significantly down-regulated compared with the control (P < 0.05), respectively. However, MHC-IIx, embryonic-MHC, and peri-natal-MHC significantly up-regulated in all denervation groups, and the highest level was in 1- to 2-year denervation group. Data from the present study demonstrated that the maximum transition of MHC subtypes in human PCA muscles occurred in 1-2 years after denervation, suggesting that laryngeal reinnervation before the occurrence of irreversible transition of MHC subtypes could maintain the structural integrity of laryngeal PCA muscles.
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McMullen CA, Butterfield TA, Dietrich M, Andreatta RD, Andrade FH, Fry L, Stemple JC. Chronic stimulation-induced changes in the rodent thyroarytenoid muscle. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2011; 54:845-853. [PMID: 21106694 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0127)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapies for certain voice disorders purport principles of skeletal muscle rehabilitation to increase muscle mass, strength, and endurance. However, applicability of limb muscle rehabilitation to the laryngeal muscles has not been tested. In this study, the authors examined the feasibility of the rat thyroarytenoid muscle to remodel as a consequence of increased activity instantiated through chronic electrical stimulation. METHOD Twenty adult Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus), assigned to a 1-week or 2-week stimulation group, were implanted with a nerve cuff electrode placed around the right recurrent laryngeal nerve and were fitted with a head connector. All animals were placed under anesthesia twice a day for 1 hr each time. Following the training, rats were killed, and thyroarytenoid muscles were isolated for histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mean muscle fiber area decreased, neuromuscular junction density increased, mitochondrial content increased qualitatively, and glycogen-positive fibers increased, demonstrating exercise-induced changes similar to those seen in limb muscles after endurance training. CONCLUSION Rat thyroarytenoid muscles are capable of remodeling in response to chronic electrical stimulation.
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Posterior cricoarytenoid bellies: relationship between their function and histology. J Voice 2011; 25:e67-73. [PMID: 21277741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Complete physiological information about human posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) is essential and is not only of basic science interest but also could lead directly to understanding phonation and many clinical issues in neurolaryngology. The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare the histochemical and morphological properties to know contractile muscle fiber characteristics of two bellies of the PCA. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional experimental study. METHODS The PCAs were harvested from the total laryngectomy simples. Serial transverse sections of the two PCA bellies were performed and studied by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Two separate muscle bellies were always identified within 15 PCA. The following muscle fiber types were observed: I, I-IIA, and IIA. Comparisons of the vertical and horizontal bellies of the PCA reveled differences in the fiber-type composition. CONCLUSION In our experience, the PCA should be considered as a combination of two functional subunits, which significantly differ in their muscle fiber-type composition.
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Fry LT, Stemple JC, Andreatta RD, Harrison AL, Andrade FH. Effect of dystrophin deficiency on selected intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the mdx mouse. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2010; 53:633-647. [PMID: 20008680 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0010)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM) show biological differences from the broader class of skeletal muscles. Yet most research regarding ILM specialization has been completed on a few muscles, most notably the thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid. Little information exists regarding the biology of other ILM. Early evidence suggests that the interarytenoid (IA) and cricothyroid (CT) may be more similar to classic skeletal muscle than their associated laryngeal muscles. Knowledge of the IA and CT's similarity or dissimilarity to typical skeletal muscle may hold implications for the treatment of dysphonia. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to further define IA and CT biology by examining their response to the biological challenge of dystrophin deficiency. METHOD Control and dystrophin-deficient superior cricoarytenoid (SCA; mouse counterpart of IA) and CT muscles were examined for fiber morphology, sarcolemmal integrity, and immunohistochemical detection of dystrophin. RESULTS Despite the absence of dystrophin, experimental muscles did not show disease markers. CONCLUSIONS The SCA and the CT appear spared in dystrophin-deficient mouse models. These laryngeal muscles possess specializations that separate them from typical skeletal muscle. Considered in light of previous research, the CT and IA may represent transitional form of muscle, evidencing properties of typical and specialized skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T Fry
- Department of Communication Disorders, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Thomas LB, Joseph GL, Adkins TD, Andrade FH, Stemple JC. Laryngeal muscles are spared in the dystrophin deficient mdx mouse. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2008; 51:586-595. [PMID: 18506037 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/042)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the loss of the cytoskeletal protein, dystrophin. The disease leads to severe and progressive skeletal muscle wasting. Interestingly, the disease spares some muscles. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dystrophin deficiency on 2 intrinsic laryngeal muscles, the posterior cricoarytenoid and the thyroarytenoid, in the mouse model. METHOD Larynges from dystrophin-deficient mdx and normal mice were examined histologically. RESULTS Results demonstrate that despite the absence of dystrophin in the mdx laryngeal muscles, membrane damage, inflammation, necrosis, and regeneration were not detected in the assays performed. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that these muscles are 1 of only a few muscle groups spared in this model of dystrophin deficiency. The muscles may count on intrinsic and adaptive protective mechanisms to cope with the absence of dystrophin. Identifying these protective mechanisms may improve DMD management. The study also highlights the unique aspects of the selected laryngeal skeletal muscles and their dissimilarity to limb skeletal muscle.
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Dammeijer PFM, Dijk PV, Chenault MN, Manni JJ, Mameren HV. Stapedius muscle fibre characterization in the noise exposed and auditory deprived rat. Hear Res 2007; 233:54-66. [PMID: 17890031 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, interventions that unload the muscle cause slow-to-fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) conversions, whereas fast-to-slow conversions are seen when the muscles are engaged in resistance training and endurance exercise. The stapedius muscle (SM) is reported to prevent cochlear damage by noise. This theory may be supported by showing comparable changes of muscle fibre composition when ears are exposed to longstanding noise (SM training). Comparable changes after sound deprivation (SM unloading) would suggest that the SM needs a certain degree of daily activity evoked by environmental sound to sustain its normal composition. We investigated the difference in myosin composition of SM fibres from rats exposed to noise, from auditory deprived rats and from rats exposed to low level ambient noise (control group). Consecutive complete SM cross-sections were processed by enzymehistochemistry to determine acid/alkali lability of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) and by immunohistochemistry using MHC antibodies. Fibres were assigned to mATPase type I, IIA, IIX or 'Miscellaneous' categories. Per mATPase category, the fibres were attributed to groups with specific MHC isoform compositions. Auditory deprivation lasting nine weeks was accomplished by closure of the external meatus at the age of three weeks. A slow-to-fast shift was seen in these rats when compared to the control group. The noise exposed group was exposed to 65-90dB sound pressure level during a period lasting nine weeks from the age of three weeks onwards. A shift from an overwhelming presence of type mATPase IIX, as seen in the control group, to type mATPase IIA occurred in the noise exposed group. Also, more MHC IIA/IIX hybrid fibres were found in the mATPase IIX category. An adaptive response to the acoustic environment in the characteristics of the fibres of the SM, comparable to the response in skeletal muscles on unloading and training activity, can be ascertained. This supports the theory that the SM plays an active role in modulating external acoustic energy on entry to the cochlea. Our results are also in favour of another postulated function of the SM, the unmasking of high-frequency signals in low-frequency background noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F M Dammeijer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Aging thyroarytenoid and limb skeletal muscle: lessons in contrast. J Voice 2007; 22:430-50. [PMID: 17241767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Voice production is vital throughout life because it allows for the communication of basic needs as well as the pursuit and enjoyment of social encounters. Unfortunately, for many older individuals the ability to produce voice is altered. Structural and functional declines in the neuromuscular system occur with aging and likely contribute to the modification of voice. One specific target of the aging process is the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle, the primary muscle of voice production. The objectives of this overview article are to (1) share current findings related to the aging of limb skeletal muscle, (2) identify age-related morphological and physiological features of TA muscle, (3) compare and contrast age-related changes in TA with those in limb skeletal muscle, and (4) describe therapies for reversing sarcopenia in limb muscle and consider the applicability of these therapies for addressing vocal fold atrophy and age-related voice changes. The article shares current knowledge from the basic sciences related to skeletal muscle aging and compares/contrasts typical muscle aging to TA aging. Current evidence suggests that (1) the TA muscle undergoes notable remodeling with age, (2) aging of the TA is multifactorial, resulting from a myriad of neurologic, metabolic, and hormonal changes, many of which are distinct from the age-related processes of typical limb skeletal muscle, (3) investigation of the aging of the TA and its role in the aging of voice is in its infancy, and (4) potential behavioral and nonbehavioral therapies for reversing aging of the TA must be further examined.
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Dammeijer PFM, van Dijk P, Manni JJ, van Mameren H. Stapedius muscle fiber characterization during postnatal development in the rat. Hear Res 2006; 219:48-55. [PMID: 16839722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The stapedius muscle (SM) is reported to prevent cochlear damage by noise. Functional demands are then the ability of fast contraction with long endurance. At the end of the third postnatal week, the middle ear of the rat is completely pneumatized and according to electrophysiological data, the auditory function starts to match the adult. We investigated the developmental changes in myosin composition of SM fibres using consecutive complete SM cross-sections (taken from rats on post natal day (PND) 7, 14, 16, 21, 28, 42 and 84) which were processed by enzymehistochemistry to determine acid/alkali lability of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) and by immunohistochemistry using myosin heavy chain (MHC) antibodies (mAb). Fibres were assigned to mATPase type I, IIA, IIB, IIX or 'Miscellaneous' categories. Per mATPase category, the fibres were attributed to groups with specific MHC isoform compositions. Neonatal MHC expression could not be documented with the mAb used. However, embryonal (Emb) MHC was expressed at PND 7, very little at PND 14; at later PND fibres did not show Emb MHC. In general, the mATPase-based classification did not show large alterations after PND 21. Expression of MHC IIB, which was present in almost 50% of the fibres at PND 7 and 14, diminished to 3% at PND 84. A decrease in number of fibres expressing more than one MHC isoform was found. These results show that the SM is a precociously developing muscle compared to limb muscles and even to the diaphragm. Moreover, it is shown that the expression of the adult MHC isoform phenotype coincides with the onset of auditory function in the third postnatal week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F M Dammeijer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Welham NV, Marriott G, Bless DM. Proteomic profiling of rat thyroarytenoid muscle. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2006; 49:671-85. [PMID: 16787904 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2006/049)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proteomic methodologies offer promise in elucidating the systemwide cellular and molecular processes that characterize normal and diseased thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle. This study examined methodological issues central to the application of 2-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D SDS-PAGE) to the study of the TA muscle proteome using a rat model. METHOD 2D SDS-PAGE was performed using 4 chemically skinned rat TA muscle samples. Gel images were analyzed and compared. Protein spot detection and matching were performed using computational image analysis algorithms only and computational image analysis followed by visual inspection and manual error correction. A synthetic master gel, constructed to control for uninteresting biological variation and technical artifact due to differences in protein loading and staining, was evaluated against its constituent gels. RESULTS Manual error correction resulted in a consistent increase in the number of protein spots detected (between 5.8% and 40.9%) and matched (from 25.8% to 70.8%) across all gels. Sensitivity and specificity of the automatic (computational) spot detection procedure, evaluated against the manual correction procedure, were 74.1% and 97.9%, respectively. Evaluation of protein quantitation parameter values revealed statistically significant differences (p < .0001) in optical density, area, and volume for matched protein spots across gels. The synthetic master gel successfully compensated for these intergel differences. CONCLUSIONS Valid and reliable proteomic data are dependant on well-controlled manageable variability and well-defined unmanageable variability. Manual correction of spot detection and matching errors and the use of a synthetic master gel appear to be useful strategies in addressing these issues. With these issues accounted for, 2D SDS-PAGE may be applied to quantitative experimental comparisons of normal and disease conditions affecting voice, speech, and swallowing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V Welham
- Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 53706, USA
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Kingham PJ, Birchall MA, Burt R, Jones A, Terenghi G. Reinnervation of laryngeal muscles: a study of changes in myosin heavy chain expression. Muscle Nerve 2006; 32:761-6. [PMID: 16007678 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Direct repair of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) results in synkinesis and compromised laryngeal function. We have therefore developed a pig model to investigate whether anastomosis of the phrenic nerve with the abductor branch of the RLN leads to specific reinnervation of abductor muscles. Expression of myosin heavy chain protein (MyHC), a marker of appropriate reinnervation, was determined in the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) abductor and thyroarytenoid (TA) adductor muscles following nerve injury and repair. The denervated PCA muscle exhibited decreased levels of the fast-type MyHC isoforms IIA and IIB, and increased slow-type MyHC expression. Similarly, there was a fall in type IIB levels in the denervated TA muscle but increases in both IIA and slow MyHC. Four months after repair, the MyHC expression in the PCA was near normal, suggesting that our model reduces the risk of synkinesis and ensures the accurate muscle reinnervation required for full functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kingham
- Blond McIndoe Research Laboratories, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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McCollum MA, Sherwood CC, Vinyard CJ, Lovejoy CO, Schachat F. Of muscle-bound crania and human brain evolution: the story behind the MYH16 headlines. J Hum Evol 2006; 50:232-6. [PMID: 16376411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Goding GS, Al-Sharif KI, McLoon LK. Myonuclear addition to uninjured laryngeal myofibers in adult rabbits. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2005; 114:552-7. [PMID: 16134353 DOI: 10.1177/000348940511400711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In normal mature limb skeletal muscle, satellite cells are quiescent and myonuclei do not divide after formation of their associated myofibers in the absence of injury. The possibility of myonuclear addition in uninjured laryngeal myofibers of adult rabbits was investigated in an immunohistochemical pilot study. METHODS Bromodeoxyuridine (brdU), a marker for cell division, was administered by intraperitoneal injection over a 12-hour period in rabbits. The number of brdU-positive myonuclei per myofiber was determined on cross sections through the thyroarytenoid (TA) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles. RESULTS In the TA muscle, 0.13% +/- 0.03% (mean +/- SEM) of the myofibers counted had a brdU-positive nucleus. In the PCA muscle, 0.13% +/- 0.01% of the myofibers counted had a brdU-positive nucleus. Approximately 0.2% and 0.3% of the myofibers of the TA and PCA muscles, respectively, had brdU-positive satellite cells associated with them. Tibialis anterior and pectoralis major muscle controls were negative for brdU-positive myonuclei. CONCLUSIONS These data support the possibility of continuous remodeling in uninjured adult laryngeal myofibers and accentuate the distinct nature of laryngeal muscle relative to limb skeletal muscle in the rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Goding
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
The internal laryngeal muscles have evolved to subserve the highly specialized functions of airways protection, respiration, and phonation. Their contractile properties, histochemistry, biochemical properties, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression and their regulation by nerves and hormones are reviewed and compared with limb muscle fibres. Cricothyroid, the vocal cord tensor, is limb-like in MyHC composition and fibre type properties, while the vocal fold abductor and adductors are allotypically different, with capacity for expressing an isoform of MyHC that is kinetically faster than the fastest limb MyHC. In rats and rabbits the faster isoform is the extraocular (EO) MyHC, while in carnivores, it is the IIB MyHC. These adaptations enable the abductor and adductor muscles to remain always faster than the cricothyroid as the latter changes in speed during evolution to match changing metabolic and respiratory rates in relation to scaling with body mass. Such phylogenetic plasticity is vital to the airways protection and respiratory functions of these muscles. The posterior cricoarythenoid, the abductor muscle, is tonically driven during expiration, and consequently has a slower fibre type profile than the principal adductor, the thyroarythenoid. The human thyroarythenoid appears not to express EO or IIB MyHC significantly, but is unique in expressing the slow-tonic MyHC. The concepts of allotype and phylogenetic plasticity help to explain differences in fibre type between limb and laryngeal muscles and between homologous laryngeal muscles in different species. Laryngeal muscle fibres exhibit physiological plasticity as do limb muscles, being subject to neural and hormonal modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Y Hoh
- Discipline of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Li ZB, Lehar M, Nakagawa H, Hoh JFY, Flint PW. Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms between abductor and adductor muscles in the human larynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130:217-22. [PMID: 14990919 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the differential expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) components in human laryngeal muscle groups. STUDY DESIGN A battery of monospecific monoclonal antibodies in Western blots was used to determine expression of IIX, extraocular-specific (EOM), and IIB MyHCs for the thyroarytenoid (TA), vocalis (VOC), lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA), cricothyroid (CT), and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles obtained from fresh cadaver specimens. RESULTS Fast IIX MyHC was only expressed in the TA, VOC, and LCA muscles. Fast IIA and slow MyHCs were expressed in all laryngeal muscles including the CT and PCA. The CT with mixed phonatory and respiratory function and the PCA with respiratory function did not express IIX MyHC. The 2 MyHC isoforms associated with the highest speeds of contraction in rat laryngeal muscle, namely, the EOM MyHC and IIB MyHC, were not detected in human laryngeal muscles. Novel MyHC bands were not detected in SDS-PAGE gels or Western blots using a broad specificity MyHC antibody. CONCLUSION The profile of MyHC expression in human laryngeal muscles differs from that observed in human extraocular and masticator muscles, and other mammalian species. Our data demonstrate that IIX MyHC expression is associated primarily with muscles affecting glottic closure and is absent in CT and PCA. SIGNIFICANCE A higher percentage of IIX MyHC is expected to impart a high speed of shortening to the TA and LCA muscles. The absence of IIX MyHC in muscles with respiratory (PCA) and mixed respiratory/phonatory function (CT) further supports the inference that the physiologic difference between laryngeal muscles is reflected in the molecular composition of contractile protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Bo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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18
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D'Antona G, Megighian A, Bortolotto S, Pellegrino MA, Marchese-Ragona R, Staffieri A, Bottinelli R, Reggiani C. Contractile properties and myosin heavy chain isoform composition in single fibre of human laryngeal muscles. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2003; 23:187-95. [PMID: 12500898 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020963021105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we aimed to determine the functional properties and the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition of single chemically skinned fibres from the vocal muscle of four adult men (age: 55-67 years). Single fibres, dissected from the bioptic samples, were chemically skinned and isometric tension (P0) and maximal shortening velocity (V0) were measured at pCa 4.6. MHC and myosin light chain (MLC) composition of fibre segments and MHC distribution of the biopsy samples were analysed by SDS-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and densitometry. Four MHC isoforms (1, 2A, 2X and a fourth isoform, provisionally called L) and five MLC isoforms (MLC1s, MLC1f, MLC3f, MLC2f, MLC2s) were identified. The major findings of this study were: (1) fast MHC isoforms (in particular MHC-2A) and fast fibres were predominant, (2) one-third of the fibres were mixed or hybrid, i.e. expressed more than one MHC isoform, (3) V0 and P0 values were determined by the MHC isoform composition and mixed fibres showed functional properties which were intermediate between pure fibres; MHC-L was associated with V0 values similar to those of MHC-2A, (4) compared with limb muscles, V0 values of laryngeal fibres were similar to those of limb muscle fibres containing the same MHC isoform whereas P0 values were lower for slow and fast 2X fibres and similar for fibres expressing MHC-2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Antona
- Institute of Human Physiology, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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19
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Sciote JJ, Morris TJ, Brandon CA, Horton MJ, Rosen C. Unloaded shortening velocity and myosin heavy chain variations in human laryngeal muscle fibers. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002; 111:120-7. [PMID: 11860063 PMCID: PMC3848194 DOI: 10.1177/000348940211100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosin description in human laryngeal muscles is incomplete, but evidence suggests the presence of type I, IIA, IIX, and tonic myosin heavy chain (MHC) fibers. This study describes the unloaded shortening velocity (V0) of chemically skinned laryngeal muscle fibers measured by the slack test method in relation to MHC content. Skeletal fibers from human laryngeal and limb muscle biopsy specimens were obtained for determination of V0, and subsequently, glycerol-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to determine the MHC isoform content. The fibers from human limb muscle had shortening speeds similar to those in previous reports on human skeletal fibers. Type I, IIA, and IIX fibers of laryngeal muscle had shortening speeds similar to those of fibers from limb muscle, but laryngeal fibers with heterogeneous MHC expression had a wide range of shortening speeds, some being nearly twice as fast as limb fibers. In addition, MHC isoform bands from human extraocular muscle comigrated with some bands from laryngeal muscle--a finding suggesting that extraocular myosin may also be expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Sciote
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261-1032, USA
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