Effect of offline bullying on online unethical behavior among college students: the mediating roles of relative deprivation and anger rumination

This research delves into the correlation between offline bullying and online unethical behavior among college students; and examines the potential mediating influences of anger rumination and perceived relative deprivation. The findings suggest that anger rumination, perceived relative deprivation, offline bullying, and online unethical behavior exhibit significant positive correlations with each other. Offline bullying is a strong predictor of online unethical behavior among college students, with the dual mediating effects of perceived relative deprivation and anger rumination on the relationship between offline bullying and online unethical behavior. This suggests that offline bullying directly influences college students' online unethical behavior and also influences it indirectly through anger rumination and perceived relative deprivation.

Predictors of Treatment Response to a Psychoeducational Intervention for Anger in Chronic Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

OBJECTIVE

The investigators examined predictors of treatment response to anger self-management training (ASMT) among patients with chronic moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS

A multicenter randomized clinical trial comprising 90 participants with moderate-severe TBI was conducted. Fifty-four participants who were randomly assigned to receive active treatment and provided complete data were included in the current secondary analysis. Model averaging was used to examine the relative importance and significance of pretreatment variables for predicting change during treatment. Dependent variables were pre- to posttreatment changes in trait anger (TA) and anger expression-out (AX-O) subscale scores of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Revised. Predictors included demographic, injury-related, and neuropsychological variables, including both objective and self-reported measures of executive function, as well as readiness to change and participation of a significant other in treatment.

RESULTS

Change in both dependent variables was predicted by higher baseline anger. Greater change in TA was additionally predicted by White race, higher education, shorter posttraumatic amnesia, and worse self-reported (but not objectively measured) executive dysfunction; the latter predictor may have indicated better self-awareness. Greater change in AX-O was additionally predicted by better episodic memory and, paradoxically, lower readiness to change.

CONCLUSIONS

Further research should focus on adapting psychoeducational anger treatments to better serve the diverse populations affected by moderate-severe TBI. These findings suggest that providing memory aids to support the use of learned strategies after treatment cessation would be beneficial. Further research should also examine the construct of readiness to change and specific aspects of executive function that may affect treatment response in psychoeducational treatments. These findings were derived from only one model of anger intervention, and the relevance to other treatment approaches cannot be assumed.

Brazilian adaptation of the driving anger expression inventory: testing its psychometrics properties and links between anger behavior, risky behavior, sensation seeking, and hostility in a sample of Brazilian undergraduate students

INTRODUCTION

In Brazil, driver aggressiveness in road traffic is a critical issue and could be an important contributing factor to the high number of traffic accidents. Because no instruments are available in Portuguese to register driving aggressiveness or driving anger in Brazil, we adapted English instruments into the Brazilian context. The aims of this study were to provide a Brazilian adaptation of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) and to try to validate it by testing its psychometric properties and investigating its relationships with risky driving behaviors (DBQ), road accidents, driving sensation seeking, and hostility.

METHOD

The Brazilian adaptations of the DAX, DBQ, the Driving Sensation Seeking Scale (DSSS) and the hostility Scale were administered to a sample of 512 undergraduate students (with a mean age of 23.7 years, 52.1% men).

RESULTS

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Brazilian DAX (DAX-BR) items yielded a four-factor solution with 43 items, which obtained the best goodness-of-fit to the data. Cronbach's alpha for the DAX-BR factors ranged from 0.69 to 0.88. Other results on validity were a positive correlation (range 0.39-0.59) between the factors of the DAX-BR, DSSS, and DBQ.

CONCLUSION

DAX-BR as the same structure as the original and is a reliable instrument for use with young drivers. Other studies should be conducted to further validate the DAX-BR in different types of populations such as older and more experienced drivers, professional drivers, and traffic regulation offenders whose driver's license has been taken away. Practical applications: This Brazilian version can be recommended for the assessment of driving anger expression in Brazil among young drivers in view of helping them driver more safely, and in particular to reduce traffic violations.

Anger Self-Management Training for Chronic Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE

To test efficacy of 8-session, 1:1 treatment, anger self-management training (ASMT), for chronic moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

SETTING

Three US outpatient treatment facilities.

PARTICIPANTS

Ninety people with TBI and elevated self-reported anger; 76 significant others (SOs) provided collateral data.

DESIGN

Multicenter randomized controlled trial with 2:1 randomization to ASMT or structurally equivalent comparison treatment, personal readjustment and education (PRE). Primary outcome assessment 1 week posttreatment; 8-week follow-up.

PRIMARY OUTCOME

Response to treatment defined as 1 or more standard deviation change in self-reported anger.

SECONDARY OUTCOMES

SO-rated anger, emotional and behavioral status, satisfaction with life, timing of treatment response, participant and SO-rated global change, and treatment satisfaction.

MAIN MEASURES

State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Revised Trait Anger (TA) and Anger Expression-Out (AX-O) subscales; Brief Anger-Aggression Questionnaire (BAAQ); Likert-type ratings of treatment satisfaction, global changes in anger and well-being.

RESULTS

After treatment, ASMT response rate (68%) exceeded that of PRE (47%) on TA but not AX-O or BAAQ; this finding persisted at 8-week follow-up. No significant between-group differences in SO-reported response rates, emotional/behavioral status, or life satisfaction. ASMT participants were more satisfied with treatment and rated global change in anger as significantly better; SO ratings of global change in both anger and well-being were superior for ASMT.

CONCLUSION

ASMT was efficacious and persistent for some aspects of problematic anger. More research is needed to determine optimal dose and essential ingredients of behavioral treatment for anger after TBI.

Developing an Integrated Violence Prevention for Men and Women in Treatment for Substance Use Disorders

Rates of past-year partner and non-partner violence perpetration (VP) in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment samples exceed 50%, with studies showing rates of past-year VP exceeding 70% when considering violence occurring with either intimate partners or non-partners. However, SUD treatment programs typically do not include VP prevention interventions, and the few studies examining the impact of SUD interventions on VP have focused exclusively on partner VP. This study summarizes results of a randomized controlled pilot study of an Integrated Violence Prevention Treatment (IVPT) designed to address VP across partner and non-partner relationships as well as predictors of post-treatment VP. Participants were men (70%) and women (30%) in SUD treatment reporting past-year VP who were randomized to either IVPT or a control condition. The IVPT involved a Motivational Interviewing session targeting interpersonal conflicts, followed by five cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions focusing on VP prevention skills. The control condition included a session including a videotape and discussion of anger management, followed by five psycho-educational sessions common for SUD settings. Results showed that VP (total, partner, and non-partner) and cocaine use significantly decreased between baseline and 3-month follow-up for both conditions, and the IVPT group showed a significant decline in alcohol use. Analyses focusing on VP during follow-up revealed that baseline cocaine use and drinking during the follow-up predicted post-treatment VP. Together, these findings suggest that IVPT is a promising intervention (feasible, appears to impact drinking, an important factor related to violence) but that additional continuing care approaches may be indicated to sustain positive outcomes.

Group Intervention with Aggressive Children and Youth Through Bibliotherapy

Aggression in the school is one of the most disturbing behaviors that teachers and students face. It is usually addressed through preventive treatments, leaving the highly aggressive students unaffected. Group psychotherapy is a viable method to treat aggressive youth, despite reservations raised in the professional literature, when therapy is adjusted to this unique population. Aggressive children and youth are quite resistant to change, thus, creative methods are needed to engage them in therapy. This article suggests an innovative intervention, using bibliotherapy as an adjunct to an integrative theory of treatment, adjusted to the specific characteristics of aggressive children. The article describes the intervention, its theoretical foundation, and provides wide evidence for its effectiveness with aggressive children and youth.

Anger Management - Evaluation of a Cognitive-Behavioral Training Program for Table Tennis Players

Based on a systematic review of the literature on anger and anger management in sport, there is evidence that anger might be dysfunctional, especially in sports requiring selective attention and fine-tuned motor skills. The research literature suggests that cognitive-behavioral intervention programs can be fruitful in helping athletes to understand and control dysfunctional anger. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief training program for table tennis players in cognitive-behavioral anger management that aimed at changing their noneffective anger reactions. The sample comprised 18 young competitive table tennis players (age range from 16 to 22 years) divided randomly into a treatment (n = 10) and a control group (n = 8). A trained group leader instructed the treatment group. Six sessions were held over a period of two months. Cognitive-relaxation coping skills associated with social skills of subjects from the treatment group were compared to no-treatment controls. Psychological measurements (i.e., self-reports on anger) were applied before, during and after treatment as well as in a follow-up session. The one-year follow-up session revealed that, in contrast to the control group, the treatment group showed a significant reduction in outwardly negative anger expression as well as anger reactions specific to table tennis. Despite limitations inherent in the research design, the training program was deemed effective.

Some Comments on “Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions in Counseling Psychology”

In this article, the author offers his appraisal of the Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions as developed by a Special Task Group of the Division of Counseling Psychology and also of the three articles evaluating these principles with reference to family interventions, anger management, and career counseling. In general, the author responds quite favorably to the principles presented and to the critical appraisal of the guidelines published earlier by the Division of Clinical Psychology. The latter are tied to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses and are not sensitive to important client attributes such as ethnicity, motivation for treatment, education, and the like. The counseling psychology principles also emphasize a number of other important research considerations. The author also offers some specific comments for the three areas mentioned earlier with special reference to some unmet research needs.

Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions in Counseling Psychology

The authors present background on the development of principles for the identification of empirically supported interventions in counseling psychology by the American Psychological Association’s Division 17 and include an overview of guiding considerations around which these principles were developed. As a context for these principles, the authors present a brief history of the social-economic-professional context within which the sometimes contentious movement toward the recognition of empirically supported treatments has developed within professional psychology. Seven principles for the consideration of the empirical support of counseling psychology interventions are presented along with discussion of the rationale behind each principle.

Identification of Empirically Supported Counseling Psychology Interventions

Division 17’s Special Task Group’s Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions in Counseling Psychology and their application are considered in the context of other work on empirically supported treatments, most notably that of Division 12’s Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. Although there are many areas of overlap, it is concluded that Division 17’s group has, in some respects, taken unique positions consonant with the discipline of counseling psychology. Although the merits of the Division 17 group’s decision to eschew lists of empirically supported interventions in favor of review articles are debated, it is concluded that Division 17’s efforts will add measurably to the empirically supported interventions movement in support of practice-science integration.

A Multicultural Perspective on Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions

The authors evaluate the Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions (PESI) that have been recommended by Wampold, Lichtenberg, and Waehler for how well the principles promote attention to cultural issues. Their review suggests that the PESI could indicate the need to consider cultural issues when evaluating intervention research, but the authors have reservations about how well incorporation of cultural considerations will actually occur in future research based on the three applications of the PESI included in this special issue.

Anger Management–Based Smoking Cessation Treatment

Despite tremendous progress in tobacco control over the past 50 years, smoking continues to be the foremost preventable cause of disease and death in the United States and the majority of adults who smoke want to quit. Thus, continuing efforts, both clinical and research, must focus on new, effective methods to aid in smoking cessation. Anger management (AM) therapy for smoking cessation is one such approach. The experience of anger-related emotions (e.g., irritation, frustration, annoyance, hostility) is integrally linked to smoking behavior, nicotine withdrawal, and smoking relapse. Here, we present an innovative, AM-based smoking cessation therapy coupled with nicotine replacement therapy. The treatment experiences of three diverse clients are presented, and insights based on their pre- and posttherapy research assessments are discussed. The client outcomes suggest that AM-based smoking cessation is a promising therapy approach and is deserving of more research and study.

Anger self-management in chronic traumatic brain injury: protocol for a psycho-educational treatment with a structurally equivalent control and an evaluation of treatment enactment

Anger and irritability are important and persistent clinical problems following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Treatment options include medications, behavioral modification, and psychotherapies, but some are impractical and none have proven efficacy with this population. We describe a randomized multi-center clinical trial testing a novel, one-on-one, 8-session psychoeducational treatment program, Anger Self-Management Training (ASMT), designed specifically for people with TBI who have significant cognitive impairment. The trial is notable for its use of a structurally equivalent comparison treatment, called Personal Readjustment and Education (PRE), which was created for the study and is intended to maximize equipoise for both participants and treaters. Fidelity assessment is conducted in real time and used in therapist supervision sessions. The primary outcome is change in self-reported anger on validated measures from pre-treatment to 1 week after the final session. Secondary outcomes include participant anger as reported by a significant other; emotional distress in domains other than anger/irritability; behavioral functioning; and quality of life. An interim assessment after the 4th session will allow examination of the trajectory of any observed treatment effects, and a follow-up assessment 2 months after the end of intervention will allow examination of persistence of effects. A treatment enactment phase, in which participants are interviewed several months after the last therapy session, is designed to provide qualitative data on whether and to what extent the principles and techniques learned in treatment are still carried out in daily life.

Factors associated with anger and anger expression in caregivers of elderly relatives

OBJECTIVES

Anger is a common feeling among family caregivers of elderly dependents. However, this feeling has received less attention than other emotional effects of caring. This study measures anger in caregivers and analyzes its predictors.

METHOD

Trait anger and anger expression (expression-in, expression-out and expression index), caregiver and care recipient features, stressors (e.g. care demands and support), appraisal (e.g. burden) and resources (e.g. coping, self-efficacy) were assessed in 111 caregivers of elderly dependent relatives. Staged stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were carried out for each of the four anger scores.

RESULTS

Caregivers presented mild anger levels and showed expression-in rather than expression-out of anger. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses showed that a bad relationship between caregiver and care recipient, the presence of disruptive behaviors and caregivers' low efficacy to handle them, and mostly the use of emotion-focused coping were the significant predictors of trait anger, anger expression index and anger expression-out. Explained variance for each of these regression models was 38%, 33% and 27%, respectively. Burden was the only significant predictor for internal anger expression (8% explained variance).

CONCLUSION

Results highlight that interventions aimed to improve caregivers' strategies to address memory and behavior problems and to promote the use of effective coping strategies could be helpful to prevent anger and expression-out of anger. Reducing burden in caregivers might result in reductions of anger expression-in. Data underscore the need to consider anger feeling and both in-expression and out-expression of anger separately in order to understand anger experience in caregivers.

Masculinity constructs as protective buffers and risk factors for men's health

This study was designed to replicate the study of Levant, Wimer, and Williams (2011), which reported complex relationships between masculinity and health behaviors using a more diverse sample and updated measures. A sample of 589 college and community-dwelling men responded to an online survey consisting of five scales. Levant et al.'s (2011) study was partially replicated-some masculinity constructs were identified as protective buffers for some health behaviors and others as risk factors. The vast majority of the findings that were replicated were risk factors, suggesting that traditional masculinity is more of risk than a buffer, and occurred in the analyses involving Avoiding Anger and Stress and Avoiding Substance Use subscales, suggesting that these health behaviors are most closely associated with masculinity. The results are discussed in terms of limitations, suggestions for future research, and implications for health care practice.

Personality and depression: evidence of a possible mediating role for anger trait in the relationship between cooperativeness and depression

BACKGROUND

An increasingly growing area of empirical research has found consistent links between anger, depression, and temperament and character domains of personality, separately. However, precise nature of these relationships remains still unclear, and little is known about its underlying processes.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of our explorative research was to conduct a more detailed investigation into the relationships among depression, anger trait, and personality characteristics based on Cloninger's 7-factor personality theory in healthy individuals.

METHOD

In this preliminary study, 230 Italian undergraduates were investigated by using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Depression and cooperativeness were expected to have a negative and significant relationship and separate relationships with the trait-anger. Theoretically, a new hypothesis was that the trait-anger would mediate the relationship between depression and cooperativeness.

RESULTS

Zero-order and partial correlations and a path analysis based on Baron and Kenny's method (J Pers Soc Psychol.1986;51:1173-1182) for calculating multiple regression analyses were calculated. Consistent with the hypotheses, cooperativeness and depression were strongly associated; the trait-anger was significantly associated with both cooperativeness and depression, and the mediation model fit the data.

CONCLUSIONS

Behaviors related to the trait-anger could help to explain how depression and reduced cooperativeness are related each other.

Anger self-management training for people with traumatic brain injury: a preliminary investigation

OBJECTIVE

: To examine the feasibility and gather preliminary data on the efficacy of a fully manualized, 8-session, psychoeducational treatment for irritability and anger after traumatic brain injury (TBI), called anger self-management training (ASMT).

PARTICIPANTS

: A total of 10 persons with moderate to severe, chronic TBI with significant cognitive impairment and elevated levels of anger and irritability participated in the study; 8 had significant others (SOs) who participated in portions of the treatment and provided pre- and posttreatment measures; 1 SO provided only data.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

: Two subscales of the State-Trait Anger Expression Scale-Revised and Brief Anger-Aggression Questionnaire.

DESIGN

: Pre- to posttreatment pilot study.

RESULTS

: There was significant improvement on all 3 measures of self-reported anger, with large effect sizes (>1.0), and on 1 of 3 SO-reported scales. Qualitative feedback from participants was positive and dropout rate was low (1 of 11).

CONCLUSIONS

: The treatment model represented by the ASMT appears worthy of further study in persons with TBI who have both problematic anger and cognitive impairment.

Treating persistent adolescent aggression

Adolescent aggressive behavior is a frequently encountered problem for clinicians and society as a whole. Better understanding of biological, social, and familial risk factors for maladaptive aggressive behavior may lead to more effective interventions. The social information processing problems characteristic of this group interfere with treatment and outcome. Although further studies are needed, evidence for the effectiveness of psychopharmacologic treatments is increasing. There is also evidence for several effective psychotherapeutic interventions, especially for those with affective/impulsive aggression. Knowledge of risk factors, psychosocial strategies, and psychopharmacologic treatments can enhance the clinician's ability to intervene with this difficult group.

Driving anger and its expressions: further evidence of validity and reliability for the Driving Anger Expression Inventory French adaptation

INTRODUCTION

The aims of this study were to provide further evidence of validity and reliability for the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) French adaptation (Villieux & Delhomme, 2008, Le Travail Humain, 71(4), 359-384) and to investigate the relationships between driving anger, how people express their anger while driving, and traffic violations among young drivers in France.

METHOD

The French adaptations of the DAX, of the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), and of the Extended Violations Scale were administered to a sample of 314 drivers.

RESULTS

Confirmatory factor analysis of the French DAX items yielded a three factors solution with 11 items, which obtained better goodness-of-fit to the data. Cronbach α reliabilities for DAX factors ranged from .71 to .79. Aggressive forms of anger expression correlated positively with driving anger and traffic violations whereas the 'Adaptive/Constructive Expression' factor correlated negatively with these variables.

DISCUSSION

Globally, our results replicated earlier findings and showed that DAX factors are useful predictors of self reported violations and complement established measures like the DAS.

IMPACT ON INDUSTRY

Implications for driver education and interventions were examined.

Anger and Depression: Evidence of a Possible Mediating Role for Rumination

Tendency to ruminate may mediate the relationship between anger and depression. In this preliminary study, 353 Italian community participants completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory–2, the Padua Inventory's Tendency to Doubt and to Ruminate subscale, and the Beck Depression Inventory–II. Trait anger and depression were expected to have a positive relationship, and separate relationships with the tendency to ruminate. Theoretically, a new hypothesis was that the tendency to ruminate would mediate the relationship between depression and anger. Zero-order and partial correlations and a path analysis based on Baron and Kenny's method for calculating multiple regression analyses were calculated. Consistent with the hypotheses, anger and depression were strongly associated; the tendency to ruminate was significantly associated with both anger and depression; and the mediation model fit the data. Behaviors related to the tendency to ruminate could help to explain how depression is related to anger.

Could mindfulness decrease anger, hostility, and aggression by decreasing rumination?

Research suggests that rumination increases anger and aggression. Mindfulness, or present-focused and intentional awareness, may counteract rumination. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the relations between mindfulness, rumination, and aggression. In a pair of studies, we found a pattern of correlations consistent with rumination partially mediating a causal link between mindfulness and hostility, anger, and verbal aggression. The pattern was not consistent with rumination mediating the association between mindfulness and physical aggression. Although it is impossible with the current nonexperimental data to test causal mediation, these correlations support the idea that mindfulness could reduce rumination, which in turn could reduce aggression. These results suggest that longitudinal work and experimental manipulations mindfulness would be worthwhile approaches for further study of rumination and aggression. We discuss possible implications of these results.

Brief anger interventions with offenders may be ineffective: A replication and extension

Anger-management interventions are widely delivered in the criminal justice and forensic mental health systems. Whilst previous research has generally supported the thesis that anger management is an effective intervention for anger problems in general there remains a need to determine its effectiveness with offender populations. This paper reports the results of a controlled outcome study of a 20 h anger-management program offered to offenders. Those receiving treatment showed improvements in their knowledge about anger, but showed little change on measures of anger and anger expression when compared to waiting-list controls. Scores on measures of treatment readiness and level of need for treatment were however, correlated with post-treatment improvement. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the assessment and selection of appropriate participants for offender anger-management programs.

Anger Treatment in Chemically-Dependent Inpatients: Evaluation of Phase Effects and Gender

Background:There is a growing quest for anger management techniques especially in underserved populations. Patients with a substance abuse history often have untreated anger problems.Aims:To test a new comprehensive program for prevention, intervention, and remediation of anger in chemically-dependent patients. A secondary aim was to explore any anger differences between males versus females.Method:Twenty-six participants (13 male, 13 female) completed three phases of treatment plus follow-up. Dependent measures were six subscales of the (STAXI) questionnaire and self-monitored frequency, duration, and intensity of anger.Results:A significant multivariate effect of phase of study accounted for 42% of the variance in STAXI scores. UnivariateF-tests confirmed significant changes on all STAXI subscales. Most of these were between pre and post phases of the study, the effect sizes = +0.8 for state anger and +0.99 for trait anger. For self-monitored variables, significant reductions emerged between treatment phases, the average pre-post effect size = +1.02. Gender did not affect STAXI scores although females had more self-monitored anger, particularly anger episodes.Conclusions:Findings suggest cumulative efficacy of the anger treatment program. That trait anger declined more than state anger may indicate characterological change in addition to situational change; anger frequency and duration declined more than intensity in keeping with other reports that intensity peaks suddenly and is less modifiable. That males and females were generally similar in anger is worth noting in relation to other studies. Finally, participant attrition is discussed as a problem and a possible index of treatment outcome.

Treatment definition in complex rehabilitation interventions

Rehabilitation research is challenged to improve its evidence base, which requires more precise and more consistent conceptualisation and measurement of treatment ingredients. This paper presents the steps in defining and specifying treatments towards the construction of a therapy manual for experimental interventions, or a coding system for observational treatment research. Specifying the active ingredients, identifying the behavioural operations that are aligned with each, and developing procedural details and materials are discussed and illustrated using two on-going trials for treatment of traumatic brain injury. The process of assessing treatment fidelity, that is, the extent to which interventions are delivered, received and used as intended, is also discussed.

Alcohol consumption-related antigay aggression: theoretical considerations for individual- and societal-level interventions

A substantial literature has identified risk factors for intoxicated aggression and the mechanisms by which these effects are exerted. This theoretical and empirical foundation is a valuable resource for the development of treatment inventions. In contrast, a comparable literature is not available to guide development of clinical interventions for intoxicated antigay aggression. To address this gap in the literature, the present article (1) identifies risk factors and mechanisms pertinent to alcohol consumption-related antigay aggression, (2) advances predictions regarding how alcohol will increase antigay aggression, and (3) reviews societal- and individual-level considerations for intervention based upon these hypotheses.

A theoretical framework for antigay aggression: review of established and hypothesized effects within the context of the general aggression model

Theory and research on antigay aggression has identified different motives that facilitate aggression based on sexual orientation. However, the individual and situational determinants of antigay aggression associated with these motivations have yet to be organized within a single theoretical framework. This limits researchers' ability to organize existing knowledge, link that knowledge with related aggression theory, and guide the application of new findings. To address these limitations, this article argues for the use of an existing conceptual framework to guide thinking and generate new research in this area of study. Contemporary theories of antigay aggression, and empirical support for these theories, are reviewed and interpreted within the unifying framework of the general aggression model [Anderson, C.A. & Bushman, B.J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51.]. It is concluded that this conceptual framework will facilitate investigation of individual and situational risk factors that may contribute to antigay aggression and guide development of individual-level intervention.

Cognitive-behavioral treatment of high anger drivers

Relaxation and cognitive-relaxation interventions were compared to a no treatment control in the treatment of high anger drivers. The cognitive portion of the cognitive-relaxation condition adapted the style of Beck's cognitive therapy, particularly use of Socratic questions and behavioral experiments and tryouts, to driving anger reduction. Both interventions lowered indices of driving anger and hostile and aggressive forms of expressing driving anger and increased adaptive/constructive ways of expressing driving anger. The cognitive-relaxation intervention also lowered the frequency of risky behavior. Both interventions lowered trait anger as well. Limitations and implications for treatment and research were discussed.