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Dehesa-Santos A, Faria-Teixeira MC, Iglesias-Linares A. Skeletal Class III phenotype: Link between animal models and human genetics: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:21-44. [PMID: 38108095 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify evidence from animal studies examining genetic variants underlying maxillomandibular discrepancies resulting in a skeletal Class III (SCIII) malocclusion phenotype. Following the Manual for Evidence Synthesis of the JBI and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, a participant, concept, context question was formulated and systematic searches were executed in the PubMed, Scopus, WOS, Scielo, Open Gray, and Mednar databases. Of the 779 identified studies, 13 met the selection criteria and were included in the data extraction. The SCIII malocclusion phenotype was described as mandibular prognathism in the Danio rerio, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Equus africanus asinus models; and as maxillary deficiency in the Felis silvestris catus, Canis familiaris, Salmo trutta, and Mus musculus models. The identified genetic variants highlight the significance of BMP and TGF-β signaling. Their regulatory pathways and genetic interactions link them to cellular bone regulation events, particularly ossification regulation of postnatal cranial synchondroses. In conclusion, twenty genetic variants associated with the skeletal SCIII malocclusion phenotype were identified in animal models. Their interactions and regulatory pathways corroborate the role of these variants in bone growth, differentiation events, and ossification regulation of postnatal cranial synchondroses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Cristina Faria-Teixeira
- School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- University Clinic of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Iglesias-Linares
- School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- BIOCRAN, Craniofacial Biology and Orthodontics Research Group, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zhou X, Zhang C, Yao S, Fan L, Ma L, Pan Y. Genetic architecture of non-syndromic skeletal class III malocclusion. Oral Dis 2023; 29:2423-2437. [PMID: 36350305 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-syndromic skeletal Class III malocclusion is a major craniofacial disorder characterized by genetic and environmental factors. Patients with severe skeletal Class III malocclusion require orthognathic surgery to obtain aesthetic facial appearance and functional occlusion. Recent studies have demonstrated that susceptible chromosomal regions and genetic variants of candidate genes play important roles in the etiology of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the genetic factors that affect non-syndromic skeletal Class III malocclusion, including the patterns of inheritance and multiple genetic approaches. We then summarize the functional studies on related loci and genes using cell biology and animal models, which will help to implement individualized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyue Yao
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Liwen Fan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zohud O, Lone IM, Midlej K, Obaida A, Masarwa S, Schröder A, Küchler EC, Nashef A, Kassem F, Reiser V, Chaushu G, Mott R, Krohn S, Kirschneck C, Proff P, Watted N, Iraqi FA. Towards Genetic Dissection of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: A Review of Genetic Variations Underlying the Phenotype in Humans and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093212. [PMID: 37176653 PMCID: PMC10179046 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal abnormalities and malocclusions have varied features that impact populations globally, impairing aesthetics and lowering life quality. The prevalence of the Skeletal Class III disease is the lowest among all angle malocclusions, with varied prevalence across nations. Environmental, genetic, and societal factors play a role in its numerous etiologies. In this study, we conducted a thorough search across the published data relating to quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the genes associated with Class III progression in humans, discussed these findings and their limitations, and proposed future directions and strategies for studying this phenotype. METHODS An inclusive search of published papers in the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines using the following terms: 1. Human skeletal Class III; 2. Genetics of Human skeletal Class III; 3. QTL mapping and gene associated with human skeletal Class III; 4. enriched skeletal Class-III-malocclusion-associated pathways. RESULTS Our search has found 53 genes linked with skeletal Class III malocclusion reported in humans, genes associated with epigenetics and phenomena, and the top 20 enriched pathways associated with skeletal Class III malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS The human investigations yielded some contentious conclusions. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS), an epigenetics-wide association study (EWAS), RNA-seq analysis, integrating GWAS and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), micro- and small-RNA, and long non-coding RNA analysis in tissues connected to skeletal Class III malocclusion phenotype in tissues connected with the skeletal phenotype. Finally, we invite regional, national, and international orthodontists and surgeons to join this effort by contributing human samples with skeletal Class III malocclusion following the accepted Helsinki ethical protocol to challenge these phenomena jointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osayd Zohud
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Iqbal M Lone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Kareem Midlej
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Awadi Obaida
- Center for Dentistry Research and Aesthetics, Jatt 4491800, Israel
| | - Samir Masarwa
- Center for Dentistry Research and Aesthetics, Jatt 4491800, Israel
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Erika C Küchler
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aysar Nashef
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tabaria 1520800, Israel
| | - Firas Kassem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Vadim Reiser
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Gavriel Chaushu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Richard Mott
- Department of Genetics, University College of London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sebastian Krohn
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nezar Watted
- Center for Dentistry Research and Aesthetics, Jatt 4491800, Israel
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Arab America University, Jenin 34567, Palestine
- Gathering for Prosperity Initiative, Jatt 4491800, Israel
| | - Fuad A Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
- Gathering for Prosperity Initiative, Jatt 4491800, Israel
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Cooper RBV, Kim KB, Oliver DR, Armbrecht E, Behrents RG, Montaño AM. DLX6 and MSX1 from saliva samples as potential predictors of mandibular size: A cross-sectional study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 163:368-377. [PMID: 36494218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Morphologic features of the mandible are influenced by the genes of each individual. Mandible size is important to orthodontists because the mandible is the mechanism by which the lower face influences facial esthetics and dental function. To date, no biological marker has been identified that indicates eventual mandible size. This study aimed to correlate the expression of DLX5, DLX6, EDN1, HAND2, PRRX1, and MSX1 to mandible size. METHODS Fifty-nine orthodontic patients aged >6 years who had available cephalometric radiographs were studied. Patients were classified on the basis of condylion-to-gnathion measurements. Messenger RNA was isolated from saliva and subjected to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Threshold cycle values for subjects with small mandibles (>1 standard deviation [SD] from the mean) had the least expression of DLX6 and MSX1. Threshold cycle values for subjects with large mandibles (>1 SD) had less expression of DLX6 and MSX1 than subjects within 1 SD but more than those with small mandibles. CONCLUSIONS DLX6 and MSX1 are related to mandible development and size. This finding could be used to improve treatment planning for medical and dental professionals seeking to understand the impact of genetics on bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bryn V Cooper
- Formerly, Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo currently, Private practice, Houston, Tex.
| | - Ki Beom Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo
| | - Donald R Oliver
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo
| | - Eric Armbrecht
- Center for Health Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo
| | - Rolf G Behrents
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo
| | - Adriana M Montaño
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Mo.
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Lone IM, Zohud O, Nashef A, Kirschneck C, Proff P, Watted N, Iraqi FA. Dissecting the Complexity of Skeletal-Malocclusion-Associated Phenotypes: Mouse for the Rescue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032570. [PMID: 36768894 PMCID: PMC9916875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal deformities and malocclusions being heterogeneous traits, affect populations worldwide, resulting in compromised esthetics and function and reduced quality of life. Skeletal Class III prevalence is the least common of all angle malocclusion classes, with a frequency of 7.2%, while Class II prevalence is approximately 27% on average, varying in different countries and between ethnic groups. Orthodontic malocclusions and skeletal deformities have multiple etiologies, often affected and underlined by environmental, genetic and social aspects. Here, we have conducted a comprehensive search throughout the published data until the time of writing this review for already reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genes associated with the development of skeletal deformation-associated phenotypes in different mouse models. Our search has found 72 significant QTL associated with the size of the mandible, the character, shape, centroid size and facial shape in mouse models. We propose that using the collaborative cross (CC), a highly diverse mouse reference genetic population, may offer a novel venue for identifying genetic factors as a cause for skeletal deformations, which may help to better understand Class III malocclusion-associated phenotype development in mice, which can be subsequently translated to humans. We suggest that by performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS), an epigenetics-wide association study (EWAS), RNAseq analysis, integrating GWAS and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), micro and small RNA, and long noncoding RNA analysis in tissues associated with skeletal deformation and Class III malocclusion characterization/phenotypes, including mandibular basic bone, gum, and jaw, in the CC mouse population, we expect to better identify genetic factors and better understand the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal M. Lone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Osayd Zohud
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Aysar Nashef
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baruch Padeh Medical Center Poriya, Poriya 1520800, Israel
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nezar Watted
- Center for Dentistry Research and Aesthetics, Jatt 4491800, Israel
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Arab America University, Jenin P.O. Box 240, Palestine
- Gathering for Prosperity Initiative, Jatt 4491800, Israel
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93047 Regensburg, Germany
- Gathering for Prosperity Initiative, Jatt 4491800, Israel
- Correspondence:
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El Chekie MR, Nemer G, Khalil A, Macari AT, Ghafari JG. Novel genes linked to Class II Division 1 malocclusion with mandibular micrognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 163:667-676.e3. [PMID: 36581475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mandibular micrognathism (MM) is an underdeveloped mandible resulting from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Prior research focused mainly on the genetic determinants of mandibular retrognathism, not necessarily reflecting micrognathism, thus supporting the need to study MM. This study aimed to explore the inheritance pattern and identify the candidate genes involved in the development and familial transmission of MM. METHODS Diagnosing probands with MM was based on clinical and lateral cephalometric data. The pedigrees were drawn for 11 identified families, 5 of whom accepted to undergo detailed data and biospecimen collection. These families included 15 MM and 13 non-MM subjects over 2-3 generations. The procedure involved the withdrawal of 5 mL of blood. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood cells to investigate protein-coding regions via whole exome sequencing. Standardized filtering steps were employed, and candidate genes were identified. RESULTS Most of the pedigrees suggested a Mendelian inheritance pattern and segregated in an autosomal-dominant manner. One of the families, which also underwent biospecimen, displayed an X-linked inheritance pattern of the trait. Genetic screening disclosed 8 potentially novel genes (GLUD2, ADGRG4, ARSH, TGIF1, FGFR3, ZNF181, INTS7, and WNT6). None of the recognized exonic regions were previously reported. CONCLUSIONS Eight novel genes were identified in association with MM in the largest number of families reported to date. The genes were X-linked in 1 family, a finding previously not observed in mandibular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R El Chekie
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Athar Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anthony T Macari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph G Ghafari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn
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Milosevic O, Nikolic N, Carkic J, Juloski J, Vucic L, Glisic B, Milasin J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms MYO1H 1001 C>T SNP (rs3825393) is a strong risk factor for mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:e246-e251. [PMID: 35977859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mandibular prognathism (MP) is a common craniofacial disorder of Class III malocclusion that causes esthetic and functional problems. Class III malocclusion diversity is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in craniofacial morphogenesis, bone and cartilage development, and metabolism, could play a role as predisposing factors. The present study aimed to establish a potential association between MATN1 -1878 A>G (rs1149048), MYO1H 1001 C>T (rs3825393), and BMP-4 538 A>G (rs17563) SNPs and MP in Serbian population. METHODS The study included 110 participants: 55 patients with Class III malocclusion diagnosed with MP and 55 with Class I malocclusion. The 3 SNPs were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS The genotype frequency of MYO1H showed a highly significant difference between patients and controls. Heterozygous carriers of the T allele had an almost 3-fold increase in odds for the development of MP (odds ratio, 2.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-6.19; P = 0.010). No association could be established between MATN1 and BMP-4 polymorphisms and MP. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the concept of gene polymorphisms as risk modulators in mandibular prognathism development, although only the association between MYO1H and MP was found in Serbian patients with Class III malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Milosevic
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadja Nikolic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Carkic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Juloski
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Vucic
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Glisic
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milasin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Jaruga A, Ksiazkiewicz J, Kuzniarz K, Tylzanowski P. Orofacial Cleft and Mandibular Prognathism-Human Genetics and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020953. [PMID: 35055138 PMCID: PMC8779325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many complex molecular interactions are involved in the process of craniofacial development. Consequently, the network is sensitive to genetic mutations that may result in congenital malformations of varying severity. The most common birth anomalies within the head and neck are orofacial clefts (OFCs) and prognathism. Orofacial clefts are disorders with a range of phenotypes such as the cleft of the lip with or without cleft palate and isolated form of cleft palate with unilateral and bilateral variations. They may occur as an isolated abnormality (nonsyndromic-NSCLP) or coexist with syndromic disorders. Another cause of malformations, prognathism or skeletal class III malocclusion, is characterized by the disproportionate overgrowth of the mandible with or without the hypoplasia of maxilla. Both syndromes may be caused by the presence of environmental factors, but the majority of them are hereditary. Several mutations are linked to those phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the genetics of those phenotypes and describe genotype-phenotype correlations. We then present the animal models used to study these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaruga
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Jakub Ksiazkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.); (J.K.)
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Krystian Kuzniarz
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.); (J.K.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313037. [PMID: 34884839 PMCID: PMC8657482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth patterns of skeletal malocclusions and their clinical correction prognoses are difficult to predict largely due to lack of knowledge of their precise etiology. Inspired by the strong inheritance pattern of a specific type of skeletal malocclusion, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were reanalyzed, resulting in the identification of 19 skeletal class II malocclusion-associated and 53 skeletal class III malocclusion-associated genes. Functional enrichment of these genes created a signal pathway atlas in which most of the genes were associated with bone and cartilage growth and development, as expected, while some were characterized by functions related to skeletal muscle maturation and construction. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development. There is no doubt that further investigation is necessary to validate these recognized genes’ and pathways’ specific function(s) related to maxillary and mandibular development. In summary, this systematic review provides initial insight on developing novel gene-based treatment strategies for skeletal malocclusions and paves the path for precision medicine where dental care providers can make an accurate prediction of the craniofacial growth of an individual patient based on his/her genetic profile.
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Han X, Xiong X, Shi X, Chen F, Li Y. Targeted sequencing of NOTCH signaling pathway genes and association analysis of variants correlated with mandibular prognathism. Head Face Med 2021; 17:17. [PMID: 34039391 PMCID: PMC8152080 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to systematically identify variants in NOTCH signaling pathway genes that correlate with mandibular prognathism (MP) in the general Chinese population. Methods Targeted sequencing of NOTCH signaling pathway genes was conducted in 199 MP individuals and 197 class I malocclusion control individuals. The associations of common and rare variants with MP, cephalometric parameters, and continuous cephalometric phenotypes were analyzed by principal component (PC) analysis. The associations between rare variants and MP were tested for each gene. Results Six SNPs, including rs415929, rs520688, and rs423023 in an exonic region of NOTCH4; rs1044006 in an exonic region of NOTCH3; rs1051415 in an exonic region of JAG1; and rs75236173 in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of NUMB were associated with MP (P < 0.05). One common variant, rs1051415, in an exonic region of JAG1 was significantly related to PC1 (P = 3.608 × 10− 4), which explained 24.3% of the overall phenotypic variation observed and corresponded to the sagittal mandibular position towards the maxilla, ranging from a posterior positioned mandible to an anterior positioned mandible. Additionally, 41 other variants were associated with PC1–5 (P < 0.05). With respect to rare variant analysis, variants within the EP300, NCOR2, and PSEN2 gene showed an association with MP (t < 0 .05). Conclusions An association between NOTCH signaling pathway genes and MP has been identified. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13005-021-00268-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhuo Han
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road, 399, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fengshan Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road, 399, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Yongming Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Middle Yanchang Road, 399, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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Marañón-Vásquez GA, Vieira AR, Dos Santos LV, Cunha AS, Weiss SG, Araujo MTDS, Bolognese AM, Scariot R, Küchler EC, Stuani MBS. FGF10 and FGF13 genetic variation and tooth-size discrepancies. Angle Orthod 2021; 91:356-362. [PMID: 33492380 DOI: 10.2319/060920-531.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether variations in odontogenesis-related genes are associated with tooth-size discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Measurements of the width of permanent teeth were obtained from dental casts of 62 orthodontic patients (age 15.65 ± 6.82 years; 29 males and 33 females). Participants were classified according to the anterior and overall Bolton ratios as without tooth-size discrepancy or with maxillary or mandibular tooth-size excess. Genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells was used, and 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across nine genes were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan chemistry. χ2 or Fisher exact tests were applied to determine the overrepresentation of genotypes/alleles depending on the type of tooth-size discrepancy (α = .05; corrected P value: P < 5.556 × 10-3). Odds ratios (ORs) and their correspondent 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were also calculated to investigate the risk of this phenotype for the SNPs having significant association. RESULTS Individuals carrying the FGF10 rs900379 T allele were more likely to have larger mandibular teeth (OR = 3.74; 95% CI: 1.65-8.47; P = .002). This effect appeared to be stronger when two copies of the risk allele (TT) were found (recessive model, OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.71-22.16; P = .006). On the other hand, FGF13 rs5931572 rare homozygotes (AA, or male A hemizygotes) had increased risk of displaying tooth-size discrepancies when compared with the common homozygotes (GG, or male G hemizygotes; OR = 10.32; 95% CI: 2.20-48.26; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that FGF10 and FGF13 may contribute to the presence of tooth-size discrepancies.
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Yamaguchi T, Kim YI, Mohamed A, Hikita Y, Takahashi M, Haga S, Park SB, Maki K. Methods in Genetic Analysis for Evaluation Mandibular Shape and Size Variations in Human Mandible. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:e97-e101. [PMID: 33867516 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The human mandible has been investigated from both clinical and evolutionary perspectives. Recent advances in genome science have identified the genetic regulation of human mandibular shape and size. Identification of genes that regulate mandibular shape and size would not only enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of mandibular growth and development but also help define a strategy to prevent mandibular dysplasia. This review provides a comprehensive summary of why and how the mandible was evaluated in the human mandible genome study. The variation in human mandibular shape and size has been progressively clarified, not only by focusing on the mandible alone but also by using extremely diverse approaches. The methods of data acquisition for evaluating human mandibular shape and size variation are well established. Furthermore, this review explains how to proceed with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, Japan Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan Department of Orthodontics, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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13
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Neela PK, Atteeri A, Mamillapalli PK, Sesham VM, Keesara S, Chandra J, Monica U, Mohan V. Genetics of Dentofacial and Orthodontic Abnormalities. Glob Med Genet 2021; 7:95-100. [PMID: 33693441 PMCID: PMC7938796 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of craniofacial complex and dental structures is a complex and delicate process guided by specific genetic mechanisms. Genetic and environmental factors can influence the execution of these mechanisms and result in abnormalities. An insight into the mechanisms and genes involved in the development of orofacial and dental structures has gradually gained by pedigree analysis of families and twin studies as well as experimental studies on vertebrate models. The development of novel treatment techniques depends on in-depth knowledge of the various molecular or cellular processes and genes involved in the development of the orofacial complex. This review article focuses on the role of genes in the development of nonsyndromic orofacial, dentofacial variations, malocclusions, excluding cleft lip palate, and the advancements in the field of molecular genetics and its application to obtain better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Neela
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Anjana Atteeri
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | | | - Vasu Murthy Sesham
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Sreekanth Keesara
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Jaya Chandra
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Udayini Monica
- Department of Orthodontics, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, India
| | - Vasavi Mohan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Genetic factors contributing to skeletal class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:1587-1612. [PMID: 33550467 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present systematic review aims to report and critically assess the findings of the available scientific evidence from genetic association studies examining the genetic variants underlying skeletal class III malocclusion and its sub-phenotypes. MATERIAL AND METHODS A pre-piloted protocol was registered and followed. The PubMed, Scopus, WOS, Cochrane Library, Gray Open literature, and CADTH databases were explored for genetic association studies following PICOS-based selection criteria. The research was reported in accordance with PRISMA statement and HuGE guidelines. The Q-genie tool was applied to assess the quality of genetic studies. Meta-analysis of genetic association studies was done by means of Meta-Genyo tool. RESULTS A total of 8258 articles were retrieved, of which 22 were selected for in-depth analysis. Most of the studies did not differentiate between sub-phenotypes, and the cohorts were heterogeneous regarding ethnicity. Four to five principal components of class III malocclusion explained the phenotypic variation, and gene variants at MYO1H(rs10850110), BMP3(rs1390319), GHR (rs2973015,rs6184, rs2973015), FGF7(rs372127537), FGF10(rs593307), and SNAI3(rs4287555) (p < .05) explained most of the variation across the studies, associated to vertical, horizontal, or combined skeletal discrepancies. Meta-analysis results identified a statistically significant association between risk of class III malocclusion of A allele of the FBN3 rs7351083 [OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.1-4.1; p 0.02; recessive model]. CONCLUSION Skeletal class III is a polygenic trait substantially modulated by ethnicity. A multicentric approach should be considered in future studies to increase sample sizes, applying multivariate analysis such as PCA and cluster analysis to characterize existing sub-phenotypes warranting a deeper analysis of genetic variants contributing to skeletal class III craniofacial disharmony. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Grasping the underlying mechanisms of this pathology is critical for a fuller understanding of its etiology, allowing generation of preventive strategies, new individualized therapeutic approaches and more accurate treatment planification strategies.
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15
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Rao C, Guan B, Luo D, Deng Q, Peng Q, Lin Z, Huang M, Qi M, Zhong B, Lu X. Identification of pathogenic variants of ERLEC1 in individuals with Class III malocclusion by exome sequencing. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1435-1446. [PMID: 32442352 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Class III malocclusion is a common dentofacial deformity. The underlying genetic alteration is largely unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the genetic etiology for Class III malocclusion. A four-generation pedigree of Class III malocclusion was recruited for exome sequencing analyses. The likely causative gene was verified via Sanger sequencing in an additional 90 unrelated sporadic Class III malocclusion patients. We identified a rare heterozygous variant in endoplasmic reticulum lectin 1 (ERLEC1; NM_015701.4(ERLEC1_v001):c.1237C>T, p.(His413Tyr), designated as ERLEC1-m in this article) that cosegregated with the deformity in pedigree members and three additional rare missense heterozygous variants (c.419C>G, p.(Thr140Ser), c.419C>T, p.(Thr140Ile), and c.1448A>G, p.(Asn483Ser)) in 3 of 90 unrelated sporadic subjects. Our results showed that ERLEC1 is highly expressed in mouse jaw osteoblasts and inhibits osteoblast proliferation. ERLEC1-m significantly enhanced this inhibitory effect of osteoblast proliferation. Our results also showed that the proper level of ERLEC1 expression is crucial for proper osteogenic differentiation. The ERLEC1 variant identified in this study is likely a causal mutation of Class III malocclusion. Our study reveals the genetic basis of Class III malocclusion and provides insights into the novel target for clinical management of Class III malocclusion, in addition to orthodontic treatment and orthodontic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbao Rao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Child Genetic and Infectious Diseases, Dongguan, China
| | - Biyang Guan
- Department of Stomatology, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Child Genetic and Infectious Diseases, Dongguan, China
| | - Qin Deng
- Department of Obstetrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Child Genetic and Infectious Diseases, Dongguan, China
| | - Zitian Lin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Child Genetic and Infectious Diseases, Dongguan, China
| | - Meihua Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Baimao Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Child Genetic and Infectious Diseases, Dongguan, China
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Abstract
Introduction: Genetics has been suggested as an explanation for the etiology of malocclusions, although some questions, due to the perception that genetic inheritance is tied to a monogenic or Mendelian form of inheritance. Objective: This paper describes the inheritance of malocclusions, highlighting the areas of knowledge where research has explored mechanisms that explain deviations in patterns of craniofacial growth. Conclusion: Malocclusions have a complex or multifactorial pattern of inheritance, where more than one gene is involved in the development of the phenotype. There is also the possibility that the environment influences malocclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh/PA, EUA)
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17
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Havron AG, Aronovich S, Shelgikar AV, Kim HL, Conley RS. 3D Airway changes using CBCT in patients following mandibular setback surgery ± maxillary advancement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22 Suppl 1:30-35. [PMID: 31074136 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the 3D airway changes that occur following mandibular setback surgery alone vs bimaxillary surgery in patients with similar skeletal start forms. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The University of Michigan School of Dentistry and Medical Center. A total of 85 patients undergoing mandibular setback with or without simultaneous maxillary advancement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective evaluation of pre- and post-surgical CBCT scans for patients undergoing mandibular setback surgery alone (14) vs bimaxillary surgery (71) was performed. Cross-sectional evaluation at standardized locations, minimum cross section and volumetric analysis were performed (Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions). RESULTS Patients who underwent mandibular setback surgery alone showed a statistically significant average increase of 47.5 mm2 in minimum axial area. Patients who underwent bimaxillary surgery showed a statistically significant increase in airway volume, minimum axial area, location of minimum axial area, and axial area at the retropalatal and retroglossal regions. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the mandible can be setback safely without decreasing airway dimensions. In borderline OSA patients, bimaxillary surgery remains the preferred approach due to the larger airway increases observed. Long-term follow-up with polysomnography must be conducted to determine the full functional implications of both procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Havron
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sharon Aronovich
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anita V Shelgikar
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - R Scott Conley
- Department of Orthodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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18
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Genno PG, Nemer GM, Zein Eddine SB, Macari AT, Ghafari JG. Three novel genes tied to mandibular prognathism in eastern Mediterranean families. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 156:104-112.e3. [PMID: 31256822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mandibular prognathism (MP) is subject to major polygenic influence and segregates within families in autosomal dominance with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. We aimed to identify the inheritance pattern and genes and loci involved in the development of MP in Mediterranean families and to evaluate the dentoskeletal characteristics of affected individuals. METHODS Fifty-one eastern Mediterranean families with individuals affected by MP were identified. Data and biospecimens were collected from 14 of the families, including clinical examination, lateral cephalography (on subjects with Class III malocclusion), and 5 mL blood drawn from consenting affected and nonaffected relatives. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on 8 families (7 Lebanese, 1 Lebanese/Syrian), including large numbers of affected individuals over many generations and severe conditions, with the use of whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS Most pedigrees suggested autosomal-dominant inheritance with an equal number of affected male and female individuals. Affected individuals had macrognathic and prognathic mandibles with dentoalveolar compensation. Genetic screening did not correspond with previously reported MP-linked genes, but yielded 3 novel genes (C1orf167, NBPF8, NBPF9) on chromosome 1 potentially responsible for mandibular development and macrognathism. CONCLUSIONS In this first genetic study with the use of NGS on the largest reported number of families with MP, novel genes (C1orf167, NBPF8, NBPF9) were associated with familial MP in the eastern Mediterranean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela G Genno
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges M Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Savo Bou Zein Eddine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anthony T Macari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph G Ghafari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Furche S, Edwards SP, Aronovich S, Hummon G, Shah KB, Conley RS. 3D Airway changes using cone beam computed tomography in patients following mandibular advancement surgery with and without constriction. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22 Suppl 1:36-42. [PMID: 31074130 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare three-dimensional airway changes resulting from mandibular advancement surgery and mandibular advancement surgery with constriction. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The University of Michigan School of Dentistry and Medical Center. A total of 42 patients undergoing mandibular advancement with or without simultaneous constriction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective airway evaluation of patients undergoing mandibular advancement with or without simultaneous mandibular constriction was performed. Cross-sectional evaluation at standardized locations, minimum cross section and volumetric analysis were performed using Dolphin Imaging TM Version 11.7. RESULTS Patients undergoing mandibular advancement with or without constriction experienced significant airway increases (P < 0.05). Patients who underwent mandibular advancement only gained nearly twice as much airway volume as mandibular advancement with simultaneous constriction (8.69 mm3 vs 4.3 mm3 ). The largest increase for both groups was observed in the minimum axial area in the oropharynx segment (119.5 mm2 ) and the axial area of the retroglossal region (137.2 mm2 ). CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate mandibular advancement with constriction results in airway enlargement following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean P Edwards
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sharon Aronovich
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory Hummon
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - R Scott Conley
- Department of Orthodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Kajii TS, Oka A, Saito F, Mitsui J, Iida J. Whole-exome sequencing in a Japanese pedigree implicates a rare non-synonymous single-nucleotide variant in BEST3 as a candidate for mandibular prognathism. Bone 2019; 122:193-198. [PMID: 30849546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular prognathism is a phenotype of facial deformity seen in populations around the world, but with higher incidence among East Asian populations. Five genome-wide nonparametric linkage analyses and a genome-wide association study to identify susceptibility loci of the phenotype have shown inconsistent results. To explore variants related to mandibular prognathism, we undertook whole-exome sequencing in a Japanese pedigree. The pedigree was ascertained as mandibular prognathism. The pedigree comprised 15 individuals from 4 generations. Four affected individuals across 2 generations and 5 unaffected individuals were chosen for whole-exome sequencing. Five non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) of UBASH3B, OR6M1, OR8D4, OR8B4, and BEST3 genes were detected in all 4 affected individuals, but in none of the 5 unaffected individuals. A non-synonymous SNV of the BEST3 gene, Chr12(GRCh37):g.70048878G>T, NM_032735.2:c.1816C>A, p.(L606I), was identified as rare missense variant. BEST3 is located on chromosome 12q15 and encodes bestrophin 3 from the bestrophin family of anion channels. The 4 other non-synonymous SNVs of UBASH3B, OR6M1, OR8D4, and OR8B4 were not considered plausible candidates for mandibular prognathism. Our whole-exome sequencing implicates a rare non-synonymous SNV of BEST3 as a candidate for mandibular prognathism in the Japanese pedigree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi S Kajii
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan.
| | - Akira Oka
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Fumio Saito
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junichiro Iida
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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21
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Tobón-Arroyave SI, Jiménez-Arbeláez GA, Alvarado-Gómez VA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Flórez-Moreno GA, Pérez-Cano MI. Association analysis between rs6184 and rs6180 polymorphisms of growth hormone receptor gene regarding skeletal-facial profile in a Colombian population. Eur J Orthod 2019; 40:378-386. [PMID: 29059297 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective There is strong evidence that genetic factors may affect the craniofacial morphology. This study aimed to examine the association between the rs6184 and rs6180 polymorphic variants of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene and skeletal-facial profile in a Colombian population. Subjects/Methods Saliva samples from 306 individuals ranging in age from 15 to 53 (mean 24.33) years were collected. Cephalometric parameters were used to categorize the participants as Class I, Class II, or Class III skeletal-facial profile. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to identify genotypes of the rs6184 and rs6180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The association of polymorphisms with the skeletal-facial profile was assessed separately and adjusted for confounding using a multivariate binary logistic regression model, alongside with analysis of linkage disequilibrium and haplotype associations. Results Although individuals carrying the CA genotype of the rs6184 SNP showed both significantly decreased values for ANB angle and increased measures concerning mandibular body length and mandibular length, no significant differences amongst genotype groups of rs6180 SNP were observed. Moreover, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis revealed that the CA genotype of rs6184 SNP and the A-A haplotype were highly associated with Class III skeletal-facial profile. Conclusions Although these results do not support that rs6180 SNP could be identified as a predictor for skeletal-facial profile, they suggest that the allele A of rs6184 SNP alone or in combination with other SNPs in the GHR gene yields significant horizontal and longitudinal variations of the mandibular morphology and might be a strong/independent prognostic indicator for Class III skeletal-facial profile in the present population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Iván Tobón-Arroyave
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Jiménez-Arbeláez
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Viviana Andrea Alvarado-Gómez
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana María Isaza-Guzmán
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Amparo Flórez-Moreno
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Isabel Pérez-Cano
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
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Manocha S, Farokhnia N, Khosropanah S, Bertol JW, Santiago J, Fakhouri WD. Systematic review of hormonal and genetic factors involved in the nonsyndromic disorders of the lower jaw. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:162-172. [PMID: 30576023 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular disorders are among the most common birth defects in humans, yet the etiological factors are largely unknown. Most of the neonates affected by mandibular abnormalities have a sequence of secondary anomalies, including airway obstruction and feeding problems, that reduce the quality of life. In the event of lacking corrective surgeries, patients with mandibular congenital disorders suffer from additional lifelong problems such as sleep apnea and temporomandibular disorders, among others. The goal of this systematic review is to gather evidence on hormonal and genetic factors that are involved in signaling pathways and interactions that are potentially associated with the nonsyndromic mandibular disorders. We found that members of FGF and BMP pathways, including FGF8/10, FGFR2/3, BMP2/4/7, BMPR1A, ACVR1, and ACVR2A/B, have a prominent number of gene-gene interactions among all identified genes in this review. Gene ontology of the 154 genes showed that the functional gene sets are involved in all aspects of cellular processes and organogenesis. Some of the genes identified by the genome-wide association studies of common mandibular disorders are involved in skeletal formation and growth retardation based on animal models, suggesting a potential direct role as genetic risk factors in the common complex jaw disorders. Developmental Dynamics 248:162-172, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Manocha
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Nadia Farokhnia
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sepideh Khosropanah
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles
| | - Jessica W Bertol
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel Santiago
- Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação (PRPPG), Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Radalj Miličić Z, Kranjčević Bubica A, Nikolov Borić D, Špalj S, Meštrović S. Linear Predictors of Facial Rotation Pattern in Croatian Subjects with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion. Acta Stomatol Croat 2018; 52:227-237. [PMID: 30510298 PMCID: PMC6238871 DOI: 10.15644/asc52/3/6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to determine whether the linear measures of the maxilla, mandible and cranial base were predictors of facial growth rotation in a Croatian population with Class III malocclusion by cephalometric radiographic methods. Material and methods The examined sample consisted of pretreatment lateral cephalometric records of 201 (111 females and 90 males) untreated Class III patients of Caucasian Croatian ancestry from the Department of Orthodontics at Zagreb University. The measurements were divided into five categories for analysis: cranial base, skeletal maxillary and skeletal mandibular relationships, sagittal intermaxillary and vertical relationships. Five multiple linear regression models were used to identify predictors of facial rotation pattern. Results The effective length of the mandible was the most important predictor of facial rotation pattern, with the increased length largerly predisposing the tendency to the vertical growth pattern. No significant dichotomy was found regarding gender apart from the fourth model in which the posterior rotation of maxilla is related to female gender. Conclusion These predictors could help orthodontists determine timing and therapy for Croatian patients with Class III malocclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stjepan Špalj
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Meštrović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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Cunha A, Nelson-Filho P, Marañón-Vásquez GA, Ramos AGDC, Dantas B, Sebastiani AM, Silvério F, Omori MA, Rodrigues AS, Teixeira EC, Levy SC, Araújo MCD, Matsumoto MAN, Romano FL, Antunes LAA, Costa DJD, Scariot R, Antunes LS, Vieira AR, Küchler EC. Genetic variants in ACTN3 and MYO1H are associated with sagittal and vertical craniofacial skeletal patterns. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:85-90. [PMID: 30366217 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association of genetic variants inACTN3 and MYO1H with craniofacial skeletal patterns in Brazilians. DESIGN This cross-sectional study enrolled orthodontic and orthognathic patients selected from 4 regions of Brazil. Lateral cephalograms were used and digital cephalometric tracings and analyzes were performed for craniofacial phenotype determination. Participants were classified according to the skeletal malocclusion in Class I, II or III; and according to the facial type in Mesofacial, Dolichofacial or Brachyfacial. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples containing exfoliated buccal epithelial cells and analyzed for genetic variants inACTN3 (rs678397 and rs1815739) and MYO1H (rs10850110) by real-time PCR. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis (α = 5%). RESULTS A total of 646 patients were included in the present study. There was statistically significant association of the genotypes and/or alleles distributions with the skeletal malocclusion (sagittal skeletal pattern) and facial type (vertical pattern) for the variants assessed inACTN3 (P < 0.05). For the genetic variant evaluated in MYO1H, there was statistically significant difference between the genotypes frequencies for skeletal Class I and Class II (P < 0.05). The reported associations were different depending on the region evaluated. CONCLUSION ACTN3 and MYO1H are associated with sagittal and vertical craniofacial skeletal patterns in Brazilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Cunha
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904
| | - Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904
| | - Alice Gomes de Carvalho Ramos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904; Amazonian Education Institute. Rua Maceió 861, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil - CEP: 69057-010
| | - Beatriz Dantas
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904; Amazonian Education Institute. Rua Maceió 861, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil - CEP: 69057-010
| | - Aline Monise Sebastiani
- University. Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300 - Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - CEP: 81200-452
| | - Felipe Silvério
- University. Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300 - Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - CEP: 81200-452
| | - Marjorie Ayumi Omori
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904
| | - Amanda Silva Rodrigues
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal University of Paraná. Avenida Prefeito Lothário Meisser 632, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - CEP: 80210-170
| | - Ellen Cardoso Teixeira
- Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University. Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 24020-150 and Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 28625-650
| | - Simone Carvalho Levy
- Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University. Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 24020-150 and Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 28625-650
| | - Marcelo Calvo de Araújo
- Professor, Smile Graduate School and Clinic. Rua José Clemente 94, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. CEP: 24020-115
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904
| | - Lívia Azeredo A Antunes
- Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University. Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 24020-150 and Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 28625-650
| | - Delson João da Costa
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal University of Paraná. Avenida Prefeito Lothário Meisser 632, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - CEP: 80210-170
| | - Rafaela Scariot
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal University of Paraná. Avenida Prefeito Lothário Meisser 632, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - CEP: 80210-170; University. Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300 - Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - CEP: 81200-452
| | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- Program, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University. Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 24020-150 and Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil - CEP: 28625-650
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh. 412 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 15261
| | - Erika C Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Avenida do Café s/n - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil - CEP: 14040-904; University. Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300 - Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - CEP: 81200-452.
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Sun R, Wang Y, Jin M, Chen L, Cao Y, Chen F. Identification and Functional Studies of MYO1H for Mandibular Prognathism. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1501-1509. [PMID: 29986156 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518784936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular prognathism (MP) is regarded as a craniofacial deformity resulting from the combined effects of environmental and genetic factors, while the genetically predetermined component is considered to play an important role to develop MP. Although linkage and association studies for MP have identified multiple strongly associated regions and genes, the causal genes and variants responsible for the deformity remain largely undetermined. To address this, we performed targeted sequencing of 396 genes selected from previous studies as well as genes and pathways related with craniofacial development as primary candidates in 199 MP cases and 197 controls and carried out a series of statistical and functional analyses. A nonsynonymous common variant of MYO1H rs3825393, C>T, p.Pro1001Leu, was identified to be significantly associated with MP. During zebrafish embryologic development, expression of MYO1H orthologous genes were detected at mandibular jaw. Furthermore, jaw cartilage defects were observed in zebrafish knockdown models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that MYO1H is required for proper jaw growth and contributes to MP pathogenesis, expanding our knowledge of the genetic basis of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sun
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Jin
- 3 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Chen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Cao
- 3 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Chen
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Mandibular prognathism is defined as an abnormal forward projection of the mandible beyond the standard relation to the cranial base and it is usually categorized as both a skeletal Class III pattern and Angle Class III malocclusion. The etiology of mandibular prognathism is still uncertain, with various genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors possibly involved. However, many reports on its coexistence in both twins and segregation in families suggest the importance of genetic influences. A multifactorial and polygenic background with a threshold for expression or an autosomal dominant mode with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are the most probable inheritance patterns. Linkage analyses have, thus far, shown the statistical significance of such loci as 1p22.1, 1p22.3, 1p32.2, 1p36, 3q26.2, 4p16.1, 6q25, 11q22, 12pter-p12.3, 12q13.13, 12q23, 12q24.11, 14q24.3 to 31.2, and 19p13.2. The following appear among candidate genes: MATN1, EPB41, growth hormone receptor, COL2A1, COL1A1, MYO1H, DUSP6, ARHGAP21, ADAMTS1, FGF23, FGFR2, TBX5, ALPL, HSPG2, EVC, EVC2, the HoxC gene cluster, insulin-like growth factor 1, PLXNA2, SSX2IP, TGFB3, LTBP2, MMP13/CLG3, KRT7, and FBN3. On the other hand, MYH1, MYH2, MYH3, MYH7, MYH8, FOXO3, NFATC1, PTGS2, KAT6B, HDAC4, and RUNX2 expression is suspected to be involved in the epigenetic regulations behind the mandibular prognathism phenotype.
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Hartsfield JK, Jacob GJ, Morford LA. Heredity, Genetics and Orthodontics - How Much Has This Research Really Helped? Semin Orthod 2017; 23:336-347. [PMID: 29290679 DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic factors that correlate with a clinical deviation of previously unknown etiology helps to diminish the unknown variation influencing the phenotype. Clinical studies, particularly those that consider the effects of an appliance or treatment regimen on growth, need to be a part of these types of genetic investigations in the future. While the day-to-day utilization of "testing" for genetic factors is not ready for practice yet, genetic testing for monogenic traits such as Primary Failure of Eruption (PFE) and Class III malocclusion is showing more promise as knowledge and technology advances. Although the heterogeneous complexity of such things as facial and dental development, the physiology of tooth movement, and the occurrence of External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) make their precise prediction untenable, investigations into the genetic factors that influence different phenotypes, and how these factors may relate to or impact environmental factors (including orthodontic treatment) are becoming better understood. The most important "genetic test" the practitioner can do today is to gather the patient's individual and family history. This would greatly benefit the patient, and augment the usefulness of these families in future clinical research in which clinical findings, environmental, and genetic factors can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Hartsfield
- E. Preston Hicks Professor of Orthodontics and Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics Core
| | - George Jeryn Jacob
- Craniofacial Genetics Fellow, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics Core
| | - Lorri Ann Morford
- Research Assistant Professor, University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, Hereditary Genetics/Genomics CoreThe University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky USA 40536-0297
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28
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Saito F, Kajii TS, Oka A, Ikuno K, Iida J. Genome-wide association study for mandibular prognathism using microsatellite and pooled DNA method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 152:382-388. [PMID: 28863919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to extend an association study from chromosome 1 to the whole genome (genome-wide association study) to find susceptibility loci of mandibular prognathism. METHODS Two hundred forty patients diagnosed with mandibular prognathism and 360 healthy controls of Japanese descent were recruited. The typing of microsatellites covering the whole genome was conducted using a pooled DNA method. Upon completion of the first and second screenings with pooled DNA, the positive microsatellite markers from both the first and second typings were retyped using individual-subject DNA samples to confirm the significance of allele frequency. RESULTS Six microsatellites (D1S0411i, D1S1358i, D3S0810i, D6S0827i, D7S0133i, and D15S0154i) showed differences between allele frequencies of the subjects and controls at P <0.001. D1S0411i, D1S1358i, D3S0810i, D6S0827i, D7S0133i, and D15S0154i were located on chromosomes 1p22.3, 1q32.2, 3q23, 6q23.2, 7q11.22, and 15q22.22, respectively. SSX2IP, PLXNA2, RASA2, TCF21, CALN1, and RORA were suggested as candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS The genome-wide association study using microsatellites suggested that 6 loci (1p22.3, 1q32.2, 3q23, 6q23.2, 7q11.22, and 15q22.22) were susceptibility regions of mandibular prognathism. The locus 1p22.3 was supported by a previous linkage analysis, and the other 5 were novel loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Saito
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi S Kajii
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akira Oka
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Ikuno
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Iida
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Gupta P, Chaturvedi TP, Sharma V. Expressional Analysis of MSX1 (Human) Revealed its Role in Sagittal Jaw Relationship. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC71-ZC77. [PMID: 28969278 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26755.10441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormal skeletal jaw relationships is an important factor causing difficulty in speech, mastication, sleep and social interaction, thus affect the overall well being of an individual. AIM The present study was an attempt to decipher the role of human MSX1 in terms of sagittal jaw relationship by employing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-eight case subjects belonging to North India with skeletal Class II and Class III jaw relationships were selected. Further, thirty-five control subjects of the same region having Class I skeletal and dental relationships (normal Jaw relationships) with good alignment of all teeth were enrolled. MSX1 gene sequencing was performed using the subjects' blood samples. Multiple sequence alignment was performed to find Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP's). Nine SNP's were obtained of which seven were reported and two novels. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi square test to compare genotype differences between case and control groups. RESULTS SNP rs186861426 was found to be significantly associated in Class I subjects (p-value=0.02). The sequencing results suggested that individuals having changes from G (guanosine) with A (adenine) genotype had approximately seven times low risk for developing Class II division 1 malocclusion as compared to those alleles having GG genotype and therefore, allele 'A' position on chromosome 4 (rs186861426) seems to have a protective role. CONCLUSION The study unfolds an important relationship between MSX1 gene and Class II division 1 malocclusion and Class I normal skeletal relationships. The study tried to interpret the role of human MSX1 and extend the gene pool responsible for the skeletal anomalies related to development of abnormal upper and lower jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Gupta
- Senior Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Thakur Prasad Chaturvedi
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipul Sharma
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Xiong X, Li S, Cai Y, Chen F. Targeted sequencing in FGF/FGFR genes and association analysis of variants for mandibular prognathism. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7240. [PMID: 28640125 PMCID: PMC5484233 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify variants of the genes in fibroblast growth factors/fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGF/FGFR) signal pathway that predispose to mandibular prognathism (MP) in the general Chinese population systematically.Targeted sequencing of the FGF/FGFR genes was conducted in 176 MP individuals and 155 class I malocclusion controls. The associations of common and rare variants with MP as a categorical phenotype and also continuous malocclusion phenotypes generated by principal component (PC) analysis were analyzed.One common variant, rs372127537, located in the 3'-untranslated region of FGF7 gene, was significantly related to PC1 (P = 4.22 × 10), which explained 23.23% of the overall phenotypic variation observed and corresponded to vertical discrepancies ranging from short anterior face height to long anterior face height, after Bonferroni correction. Also, 15 other variants were associated with PC1-4, although not significant after multiple corrections (P < .05). We also identified 3 variants: rs13317 in FGFR1, rs149242678 in FGF20, and rs79176051 FGF12 associated with MP (P < .05). With respect to rare variant analysis, variants within the FGF12 gene showed significant association with MP (P = .001).Association between FGF/FGFR signaling pathway and MP has been identified. We found a previously unreported SNP in FGF7 significantly related to increased facial height. Also, rare variants within the FGF12 were associated with MP. Our results provide new clues for genetic mechanisms of MP and shed light on strategies for evaluating rare variants that underlie complex traits. Future studies with larger sample sizes and more comprehensive genome coverage, and also in other population are required to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Xiong
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Shuyuan Li
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Fengshan Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
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Abstract
Mandibular prognathism (MP) is considered to be a cranial-facial disorder resulting from the interaction between genes and environment. Recent studies have demonstrated that susceptible chromosomal regions and candidate genes may be responsible for MP. In this study, the authors present current views on the effect of genetic components in nonsystematic mandibular prognathism, in order to clarify the genetic etiology of MP. Data source were Electronic databases, manual searching, and reference lists checking, up to April 2016. Study selection, level of evidence assessment, and data extraction were done by 2 individuals in duplicate. Ninety-one studies were retrieved in initial electronic and manual search, and based on the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 were selected for the review. In result, loci 1p36, 1q32.2, 1p22.3, 4p16.1, 6q25, 19p13, 14q24.3, 14q31.1, and 14q31.2 were thought to harbor genes that confer susceptibility to MP. Genes Matrilin-1, ADAMTS1, COL2A1, and EPB41 seemed to be strongly associated with MP while gene of growth hormone receptor was in dispute. Genetic components appeared to be associated with MP. However, in view of the variety of populations and results in related publications, further studies are necessary to clarify the genetic etiology of MP.
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Weaver CA, Miller SF, da Fontoura CSG, Wehby GL, Amendt BA, Holton NE, Allareddy V, Southard TE, Moreno Uribe LM. Candidate gene analyses of 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypes in subjects with malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 151:539-558. [PMID: 28257739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic studies of malocclusion etiology have identified 4 deleterious mutations in genes DUSP6,ARHGAP21, FGF23, and ADAMTS1 in familial Class III cases. Although these variants may have large impacts on Class III phenotypic expression, their low frequency (<1%) makes them unlikely to explain most malocclusions. Thus, much of the genetic variation underlying the dentofacial phenotypic variation associated with malocclusion remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated associations between common genetic variations in craniofacial candidate genes and 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypes in patients with malocclusion. METHODS Pretreatment dental casts or cone-beam computed tomographic images from 300 healthy subjects were digitized with 48 landmarks. The 3-dimensional coordinate data were submitted to a geometric morphometric approach along with principal component analysis to generate continuous phenotypes including symmetric and asymmetric components of dentoalveolar shape variation, fluctuating asymmetry, and size. The subjects were genotyped for 222 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 82 genes/loci, and phenotpye-genotype associations were tested via multivariate linear regression. RESULTS Principal component analysis of symmetric variation identified 4 components that explained 68% of the total variance and depicted anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse dentoalveolar discrepancies. Suggestive associations (P < 0.05) were identified with PITX2, SNAI3, 11q22.2-q22.3, 4p16.1, ISL1, and FGF8. Principal component analysis for asymmetric variations identified 4 components that explained 51% of the total variations and captured left-to-right discrepancies resulting in midline deviations, unilateral crossbites, and ectopic eruptions. Suggestive associations were found with TBX1AJUBA, SNAI3SATB2, TP63, and 1p22.1. Fluctuating asymmetry was associated with BMP3 and LATS1. Associations for SATB2 and BMP3 with asymmetric variations remained significant after the Bonferroni correction (P <0.00022). Suggestive associations were found for centroid size, a proxy for dentoalveolar size variation with 4p16.1 and SNAI1. CONCLUSIONS Specific genetic pathways associated with 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypic variation in malocclusions were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven F Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Ill; Department of Dental Medicine, College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Ill
| | - Clarissa S G da Fontoura
- The Iowa Institute for Oral and Craniofacial Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Veeratrishul Allareddy
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas E Southard
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lina M Moreno Uribe
- The Iowa Institute for Oral and Craniofacial Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Genetic polymorphisms underlying the skeletal Class III phenotype. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 151:700-707. [PMID: 28364893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal was to verify the association between candidate polymorphisms and skeletal Class III malocclusion in a well-characterized homogeneous sample set. METHODS Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were studied from 10 candidate loci in 54 Class III subjects and 120 controls. Skeletal Class III characteristics included ANB angle less than 0°, SNB angle greater than 83° (mandibular prognathism), SNA angle less than 79° (maxillary deficiency), Class III molar relationship, and negative overjet. Inclusion criteria for the controls were ANB angle between 0° and 4°, Class I molar relationship, and normal overjet. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests and principal component (PC) analysis were used to determine overrepresentation of marker alleles with alpha of 0.05. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS MYO1H (rs10850110 A<G) (P <0.01; odds ratio, 7.44 [4.02-13.77]) was associated with an increased risk for the mandibular prognathism phenotype. These results were confirmed by PC analysis, which showed 4 PCs representing the sample variations (PC1, 37.24%; PC2, 20.02%; PC3, 12.18%; and PC4, 11.40%), and PC1 was associated with MYO1H (P <0.001). We also found by PC analysis associations between MYO1H (P <0.001) and GHR (rs2973015 A>G) (P = 0.001) with PC2 and between FGF10 (rs593307 A<G) (P = 0.001) with PC4. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphism in MYO1H could be used as a marker for genetic susceptibility to Class III malocclusion with mandibular prognathism, and polymorphisms in GHR and FGF were associated with maxillomandibular discrepancies. This study may contribute to improved diagnosis and further research assessing possible differences in treatment responses based on genetic polymorphisms.
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Hujoel PP, Masterson EE, Bollen AM. Lower face asymmetry as a marker for developmental instability. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe P. Hujoel
- Oral Health Sciences; School of Dentistry, University of Washington; Box 357475, Seattle WA 98115
| | - Erin E. Masterson
- Oral Health Sciences; School of Dentistry, University of Washington; Box 357475, Seattle WA 98115
| | - A-M Bollen
- Orthodontics; School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Health Sciences; Box 357446, Seattle WA 98115
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Classification and characterization of class III malocclusion in Chinese individuals. Head Face Med 2016; 12:31. [PMID: 27821165 PMCID: PMC5100215 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-016-0127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class III malocclusion is a maxillofacial disorder that is characterised by a concave profile and can be attributed to both genetic inheritance and environmental factors. It is a clinical challenge due to our limited understanding of its aetiology. Revealing its prototypical diversity will contribute to our sequential exploration of the underlying aetiological information. The objective of this study was to characterize phenotypic variations of Class III malocclusion via a lateral cephalometric analysis in a community of Chinese individuals. METHOD One-hundred-and-forty-four individuals (58 males ≥18 and 86 females ≥16) with Class III malocclusion ranging from mild to severe were enrolled in this study. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed using 61 lateral cephalometric measurements. RESULTS Six principal components were discovered in the examined population and were responsible for 73.7 % of the variability. Four subtypes were revealed by cluster analysis. Subtype 1 included subjects with mild mandibular prognathism with a steep mandibular plane. Subjects in subtype 2 showed a combination of prognathic mandibular and retrusive maxillary with a flat or normal mandibular plane. Subtype 3 included individuals with purely severe mandibular prognathism and a normal mandibular plane. Individuals in subtype 4 had a mild maxillary deficiency and severe mandibular prognathism with the lowest mandibular plane angle. CONCLUSION The six principal components extracted among the 61 variables improve our knowledge of lateral cephalometric analysis for diagnoses. We successfully identified four Class III malocclusion subtypes, indicating that cluster analysis could supplement the classification of Class III malocclusion among a Chinese population and may assist in our on-going genetic study.
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Ahmed MK, Ye X, Taub PJ. Review of the Genetic Basis of Jaw Malformations. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 5:209-219. [PMID: 27895973 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic etiologies for congenital anomalies of the facial skeleton, namely, the maxilla and mandible, are important to understand and recognize. Malocclusions occur when there exist any significant deviation from what is considered a normal relationship between the upper jaw (maxilla) and the lower jaw (mandible). They may be the result of anomalies of the teeth alone, the bones alone, or both. A number of genes play a role in the facial skeletal development and are regulated by a host of additional regulatory molecules. As such, numerous craniofacial syndromes specifically affect the development of the jaws. The following review discusses several genetic anomalies that specifically affect the bones of the craniofacial skeleton and lead to malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairaj K Ahmed
- Department of Dentistry/Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Xiaoqian Ye
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Peter J Taub
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
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Frazier-Bowers S, Zanardi G, Mendes Miguel JA, Almeida R, Machado Cruz R. An interview with Sylvia Frazier-Bowers. Dental Press J Orthod 2016; 20:22-8. [PMID: 25992983 PMCID: PMC4445221 DOI: 10.1590/2176-9451.20.2.022-028.int] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dr. Frazier-Bowers is an associate professor at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), in the Department of Orthodontics. She received a BA from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and a DDS from the University of Illinois, Chicago. After completing the NIH Dentist-Scientist Program at UNC-CH in Orthodontics (Certificate, 97’) and Genetics and Molecular Biology (PhD, 99’), she completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (UTHSC), in the Department of Orthodontics. Leadership positions include president of local NC-AADR (North Carolina (2005-2006); director of the AADR Craniofacial Biology group (CBG) 2004-2007; IADR/AADR councilor for NC-AADR (2007, 2008, 2012) and for the CBG (2012-2015); member of Southern Association of Orthodontists Scientific Affairs Committee (2005-2013) and the American Association of Orthodontists Council on Scientific Affairs (2014 – Present). Dr. Frazier-Bowers also serves various editorial boards including the Journal of Dental Research and the Scientific Advisory board for the Consortium on Orthodontic Advances in Science and Technology. Her current role as faculty at UNC-CH includes conducting human genetic studies to determine the etiology of inherited tooth disorders, mentoring students at all levels, teaching graduate and pre-doctoral level Growth and Development courses and treating patients in the UNC School of Dentistry faculty practice in Orthodontics.
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Moreno Uribe LM, Miller SF. Genetics of the dentofacial variation in human malocclusion. Orthod Craniofac Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:91-9. [PMID: 25865537 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Malocclusions affect individuals worldwide, resulting in compromised function and esthetics. Understanding the etiological factors contributing to the variation in dentofacial morphology associated with malocclusions is the key to develop novel treatment approaches. Advances in dentofacial phenotyping, which is the comprehensive characterization of hard and soft tissue variation in the craniofacial complex, together with the acquisition of large-scale genomic data have started to unravel genetic mechanisms underlying facial variation. Knowledge on the genetics of human malocclusion is limited even though results attained thus far are encouraging, with promising opportunities for future research. This review summarizes the most common dentofacial variations associated with malocclusions and reviews the current knowledge of the roles of genes in the development of malocclusions. Lastly, this review will describe ways to advance malocclusion research, following examples from the expanding fields of phenomics and genomic medicine, which aim to better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Nowrin SA, Basri R, Alam MK, Yusa T, Nakano J, Jaafar S, Mokhtar KIB, Osuga N. Craniofacial Morphology of Class III Malocclusion with DUSP6 Gene: Mutation and Non-Mutation Groups. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.25.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifat A Nowrin
- Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - Rehana Basri
- Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | | | - Tatsunori Yusa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University School of Dentistry
| | - Junzaburo Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University School of Dentistry
| | - Saidi Jaafar
- Molecular Biology, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | | | - Naoto Osuga
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University School of Dentistry
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Aamodt K, Reyna-Blanco O, Sosa R, Hsieh R, De la Garza Ramos M, Garcia Martinez M, Orellana MF. Prevalence of caries and malocclusion in an indigenous population in Chiapas, Mexico. Int Dent J 2015; 65:249-55. [PMID: 26382724 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of caries and malocclusion in Mayan Mexican adolescents, 14-20 years of age, living in Chiapas, Mexico. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, population-based, quantitative, epidemiological study. Sites were chosen to capture subjects representative of the state's Mayan population. A total of 354 subjects were recruited. Caries experience was quantified, via visual inspection, using the Decayed, Missing and Filled Surface (DMFS) index. Malocclusion was quantified using the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON). RESULTS Our data showed that 99% of the population had caries experience, with a median DMFS score of 8. Of the 99% with caries experience, over half had caries affecting more than five tooth surfaces. Thirty-seven per cent of the students had unmet orthodontic treatment need, and 46.46% presented a Class II, and 39.09% a Class III, anterior-posterior relationship. CONCLUSIONS Less than 1% of the population had any exposure to orthodontics, demonstrating the lack of access to care. Likewise, only 1% of the population was found to have no caries experience, exhibiting a large unmet treatment need. The median DMFS score of 8 was also high in comparison with the median DMFS in the USA of 6. Our data suggest a correlation between the lack of access to care and high prevalence of caries and malocclusion in Mexican Mayans who inhabit Chiapas, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld Aamodt
- San Francisco School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Reyna-Blanco
- San Francisco School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Sosa
- Universidad de Montemorelos, Zaragoza, Montemorelos, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rebecca Hsieh
- San Francisco School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Myriam De la Garza Ramos
- Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño y Siloa Col. Mitras Centro, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Martha Garcia Martinez
- Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño y Siloa Col. Mitras Centro, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Chen F, Li Q, Gu M, Li X, Yu J, Zhang YB. Identification of a Mutation in FGF23 Involved in Mandibular Prognathism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11250. [PMID: 26059428 PMCID: PMC4462018 DOI: 10.1038/srep11250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular prognathism (MP) is a severe maxillofacial disorder with undetermined genetic background. We collected a Chinese pedigree with MP which involved in 23 living members of 4 generations. Genome-wide linkage analysis were carried out to obtain the information in this family and a new MP-susceptibility locus, 12pter-p12.3 was identified. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel heterozygous mutation in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 (; p.A12D) which well segregated with MP in this pedigree within the locus. The mutation was also detected in 3 cases out of 65 sporadic MP patients, but not in any of the 342 control subjects. The p.A12D mutation may disrupt signal peptide function and inhibit secretory in FGF23. Furthermore, mutant FGF23 was overexpressed in 293T cells, increased cytoplasmic accumulation was observed compared with the wild type. We have discovered that c.35C>A mutation in FGF23 strongly associated with MP, which expand our understanding of the genetic contribution to MP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshan Chen
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Gu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Key Laboratory of GenomeScience and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Key Laboratory of GenomeScience and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Biao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Key Laboratory of GenomeScience and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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da Fontoura CSG, Miller SF, Wehby GL, Amendt BA, Holton NE, Southard TE, Allareddy V, Moreno Uribe LM. Candidate Gene Analyses of Skeletal Variation in Malocclusion. J Dent Res 2015; 94:913-20. [PMID: 25910506 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515581643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated associations between craniofacial candidate genes and skeletal variation in patients with malocclusion. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 269 untreated adults with skeletal classes I, II, and III malocclusion were digitized with 14 landmarks. Two-dimensional coordinates were analyzed using Procrustes fit and principal component (PC) analysis to generate continuous malocclusion phenotypes. Skeletal class classifications (I, II, or III) were used as a categorical phenotype. Individuals were genotyped for 198 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 71 craniofacial genes and loci. Phenotype-genotype associations were tested via multivariate linear regression for continuous phenotypes and multinomial logistic regression for skeletal malocclusion class. PC analysis resulted in 4 principal components (PCs) explaining 69% of the total skeletal facial variation. PC1 explained 32.7% of the variation and depicted vertical discrepancies ranging from skeletal deep to open bites. PC1 was associated with a SNP near PAX5 (P = 0.01). PC2 explained 21.7% and captured horizontal maxillomandibular discrepancies. PC2 was associated with SNPs upstream of SNAI3 (P = 0.0002) and MYO1H (P = 0.006). PC3 explained 8.2% and captured variation in ramus height, body length, and anterior cranial base orientation. PC3 was associated with TWIST1 (P = 0.000076). Finally, PC4 explained 6.6% and detected variation in condylar inclination as well as symphysis projection. PC4 was associated with PAX7 (P = 0.007). Furthermore, skeletal class II risk increased relative to class I with the minor alleles of SNPs in FGFR2 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, P = 0.004) and declined with SNPs in EDN1 (OR = 0.5, P = 0.007). Conversely, skeletal class III risk increased versus class I with SNPs in FGFR2 (OR 2.2, P = 0.005) and COL1A1 (OR = 2.1, P = 0.008) and declined with SNPs in TBX5 (OR = 0.5, P = 0.014). PAX5, SNAI3, MYO1H, TWIST1, and PAX7 are associated with craniofacial skeletal variation among patients with malocclusion, while FGFR2, EDN1, TBX5, and COL1A1 are associated with type of skeletal malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S G da Fontoura
- Dows Institute for Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S F Miller
- Dows Institute for Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - G L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - B A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - N E Holton
- Dows Institute for Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - T E Southard
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - V Allareddy
- Department of Oral Pathology-Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L M Moreno Uribe
- Dows Institute for Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Perillo L, Monsurrò A, Bonci E, Torella A, Mutarelli M, Nigro V. Genetic association of ARHGAP21 gene variant with mandibular prognathism. J Dent Res 2015; 94:569-76. [PMID: 25691070 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515572190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular prognathism (MP) is a recognizable phenotype associated with dentoskeletal class III malocclusion. MP is a complex genetic trait, although familial recurrence also suggests the contribution of single inherited variations. To date, the genetic causes of MP have been investigated using linkage analysis or association studies in pooled families. Here for the first time, next-generation sequencing was used to study a single family with a large number of MP-affected members and to identify MP-related candidate genes. A 6-generation kindred with MP segregating as an autosomal dominant character was recruited. To identify family members affected by MP, a standard cephalometric procedure was used. In 5 MP subjects separated by the largest number of meioses, whole-exome sequencing was performed. Five promising missense gene variants (BMP3, ANXA2, FLNB, HOXA2, and ARHGAP21) associated with MP were selected and genotyped in most other family members. In this family, MP seemed to consist of 2 distinct genetic branches. Interestingly, the Gly1121Ser variant in the ARHGAP21 gene was found to be shared by all MP individuals in the larger branch of the family with nearly complete penetrance. This variant is rare in the Caucasian population (frequency 0.00034) and is predicted as damaging by all bioinformatic algorithms. ARHGAP21 protein strengthens cell-cell adhesions and may be regulated by bone morphogenetic factors, thus influencing mandibular growth. Further studies in both animal models and human patients are required to clarify the significance of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Perillo
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Monsurrò
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - E Bonci
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Torella
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - M Mutarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - V Nigro
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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Bayram S, Basciftci FA, Kurar E. Relationship between P561T and C422F polymorphisms in growth hormone receptor gene and mandibular prognathism. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:803-9. [PMID: 24654940 PMCID: PMC8641272 DOI: 10.2319/091713-680.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the allele and genotype frequencies of the P561T and C422F polymorphic sites of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene and the relationship between mandibular prognathism (MP) and these two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 99 subjects with severe skeletal Class III MP who planned to undergo orthognathic surgery and 99 subjects with Class I occlusion were examined in this study to evaluate the relationship between MP and two SNPs in exon 10 of the GHR gene. GHR was chosen as a candidate gene because growth hormone plays an important role in cartilage growth. A blood sample was used to extract genomic DNA, and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to determine genotypes of P561T and C422F. The Minitab 14.0 packet program was used to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS Allele frequencies of the C422F and P561T variants were determined. Because of the low allele frequency of the control group, statistical analysis could not be performed to test the difference between MP and control groups. Therefore, the data were combined to determine the association between the P561T polymorphism and craniofacial measurements. Effective mandibular length (condylion-gnathion) and lower face height (anterior nasal spina-menton) were associated with the P561T variant. CONCLUSION This finding supports that the GHR might be a candidate gene for mandibular morphogenesis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Bayram
- Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Faruk Ayhan Basciftci
- Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ercan Kurar
- Associate Professor, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Ikuno K, Kajii TS, Oka A, Inoko H, Ishikawa H, Iida J. Microsatellite genome-wide association study for mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 145:757-62. [PMID: 24880846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attempts have been made to identify susceptibility genes of mandibular prognathism by genome-wide linkage studies, but the results of susceptibility loci are inconsistent. There has been no genome-wide association study of mandibular prognathism. Our objective was to perform a genome-wide association study using 23,465 microsatellite markers to detect mandibular prognathism susceptibility regions. METHODS The study was based on the pooled DNA method, including 2 steps of screening on the whole genome and subsequent individual genotyping, with 240 experimental subjects and 360 control subjects from the Japanese population. RESULTS Two suggestive associations on chromosomes 1q32.2 (D1S1358i: P = 4.22 × 10(-4)) and 1p22.3 (D1S0411i: P = 6.66 × 10(-4)) were shown, and PLXNA2 and SSX2IP were suggested to be candidate genes; 1p22.3 flanked the region indicated by previous linkage analysis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the genome-wide association study showed that 2 loci (1q32.2 and 1p22.3) are likely to be susceptibility regions of mandibular prognathism: 1p32.2 is a novel locus, and identification of 1p22.3 supports the results of previous linkage analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Ikuno
- Postgraduate student, Division of Oral Functional Science, Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi S Kajii
- Associate professor, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akira Oka
- Lecturer, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Inoko
- Professor, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishikawa
- Professor, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichiro Iida
- Professor, Division of Oral Functional Science, Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Phenotypic diversity in white adults with moderate to severe Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 145:305-16. [PMID: 24582022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Class II malocclusion affects about 15% of the population in the United States and is characterized by a convex profile and occlusal disharmonies. The specific etiologic mechanisms resulting in the range of Class II dentoskeletal combinations observed are not yet understood. Most studies describing Class II phenotypic diversity have used moderate sample sizes or focused on younger patients who later in life might outgrow their Class II discrepancies; such a focus might also preclude the visualization of adult Class II features. The majority have used simple correlation methods resulting in phenotypes that might not be generalizable to different samples and thus might not be suitable for studies of malocclusion etiology. The purpose of this study was to address these knowledge gaps by capturing the maximum phenotypic variations in a large sample of white Class II subjects selected with strict eligibility criteria and rigorously standardized multivariate reduction analyses. METHODS Sixty-three lateral cephalometric variables were measured from the pretreatment records of 309 white Class II adults (82 male, 227 female; ages, 16-60 years). Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to generate comprehensive phenotypes to identify the most homogeneous groups of subjects, reducing heterogeneity and improving the power of future malocclusion etiology studies. RESULTS Principal component analysis resulted in 7 principal components that accounted for 81% of the variation. The first 3 components represented variation on mandibular rotation, maxillary incisor angulation, and mandibular length. The cluster analysis identified 5 distinct Class II phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive spectrum of Class II phenotypic definitions was obtained that can be generalized to other samples to advance our efforts for identifying the etiologic factors underlying Class II malocclusion.
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Yamaguchi T, Kawaguchi A, Kim YI, Haga S, Katayama K, Ishida H, Park SB, Maki K, Kimura R. The role of polymorphisms associated with early tooth eruption in dental and occlusal traits in East Asian populations. Korean J Orthod 2014; 44:96-102. [PMID: 24696826 PMCID: PMC3971131 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2014.44.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent study suggested that rs6504340, a polymorphism within the homeobox B (HOXB) gene cluster, is associated with the susceptibility for malocclusions in Europeans. The resulting malocclusions require orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of rs6504340 and other dentition-implicated polymorphisms with dental and occlusal traits in Korean and Japanese populations. METHODS The study participants included 223 unrelated Koreans from the Busan area and 256 unrelated Japanese individuals from the Tokyo metropolitan area. DNA samples were extracted from saliva specimens. Genotyping for rs6504340 and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been shown to be associated with the timing of first tooth eruption and the number of teeth at 1 year of age (rs10506525, rs1956529, rs9674544, and rs8079702) was performed using TaqMan assays. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), overjet, overbite, arch length discrepancy, crown sizes, and length and width of the dental arches were measured. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate relationships between rs6504340 and these dental/occlusal traits. RESULTS We evaluated the aesthetic components and dental health components of the IOTN in the Korean and Japanese populations and found that neither rs6504340 nor the other four SNPs showed any association with dental and occlusal traits in these East Asian populations. CONCLUSIONS These negative results suggest that further research is needed to identify the genetic determinants of malocclusions in order to reach a consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawaguchi
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Shugo Haga
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshu Katayama
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishida
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Soo-Byung Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Koutaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Xue F, Rabie ABM, Luo G. Analysis of the association of COL2A1 and IGF-1 with mandibular prognathism in a Chinese population. Orthod Craniofac Res 2014; 17:144-9. [PMID: 24386886 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we performed a case-control association analysis to determine whether the candidate genes COL2A1 and IGF-1 are susceptibility genes for mandibular prognathism (MP). METHODS Eleven and five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in COL2A1 and IGF-1, respectively, were selected and genotyped in 211 cases and 224 controls. The individual SNPs and the relevant haplotypes were analyzed and tested for an association with MP, to identify genes potentially associated with MP. RESULTS In the analysis of individual SNPs, the SNP rs1793953 in the COL2A1 gene showed a possible association with MP with regard to allelic frequency and genotypic distribution (p = 0.031; p = 0.025, respectively) in the 211 cases and 224 controls. The A allele of rs1793953 was associated with a significantly decreased risk of MP (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.97). Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis revealed that MP was not associated with haplotypes that included the rs1793953 alleles. IGF-1 gene did not show the association with MP. CONCLUSION An association between polymorphism in the COL2A1 gene and MP was observed. The results suggested that the COL2A1 gene could be a new susceptibility gene for use in the study of genetic risk factors for MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xue
- Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Phillip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Moreno Uribe LM, Vela KC, Kummet C, Dawson DV, Southard TE. Phenotypic diversity in white adults with moderate to severe Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 144:32-42. [PMID: 23810043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Class III malocclusion is characterized by a composite of dentoskeletal patterns that lead to the forward positioning of the mandibular teeth in relation to the maxillary teeth and a concave profile. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with this condition, which affects 1% of the population in the United States and imposes significant esthetic and functional burdens on affected persons. The purpose of this study was to capture the phenotypic variation in a large sample of white adults with Class III malocclusion using multivariate reduction methods. METHODS Sixty-three lateral cephalometric variables were measured from the pretreatment records of 292 white subjects with Class II malocclusion (126 male, 166 female; ages, 16-57 years). Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to capture the phenotypic variation and identify the most homogeneous groups of subjects to reduce genetic heterogeneity. RESULTS Principal component analysis resulted in 6 principal components that accounted for 81.2% of the variation. The first 3 components represented variation in mandibular horizontal and vertical positions, maxillary horizontal position, and mandibular incisor angulation. The cluster model identified 5 distinct subphenotypes of Class III malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS A spectrum of phenotypic definitions was obtained replicating results of previous studies and supporting the validity of these phenotypic measures in future research of the genetic and environmental etiologies of Class III malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics, Dows Institute for Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Bayram S, Basciftci FA, Kurar E. Mandibular Prognathism and Genetic Transmission in Turkish Families. Turk J Orthod 2013. [DOI: 10.13076/tjo-d-13-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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