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Veselá B, Ševčíková A, Holomková K, Ramešová A, Kratochvílova A, Sharpe PT, Matalová E. Inhibition of caspase-8 cascade restrains the osteoclastogenic fate of bone marrow cells. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1289-1302. [PMID: 38833170 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells of hematopoietic origin, with a pivotal role in bone development and remodeling. Failure in osteoclast differentiation and activation leads to various bone disorders; thus, attention has focused on a search of molecules involved in osteoclast regulatory pathways. Caspase-8 appears to be an interesting candidate for further exploration, due to its potential function in bone development and homeostasis. Mouse bone marrow cells were differentiated into osteoclasts by RANKL stimulation. Increased activation of caspase-8 and its downstream executioner caspases (caspase-3 and caspase-6) was found during osteoclastogenesis. Subsequent inhibition of caspase-8, caspase-3, or caspase-6, respectively, during osteoclast differentiation showed distinct changes in the formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells and reduced expression of osteoclast markers including Acp5, Ctsk, Dcstamp, and Mmp9. Analysis of bone matrix resorption confirmed significantly reduced osteoclast function after caspase inhibition. The results clearly showed the role of caspases in the proper development of osteoclasts and contributed new knowledge about non-apoptotic function of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Veselá
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Adéla Ševčíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Holomková
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Ramešová
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Centre of Biological Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adéla Kratochvílova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Matalová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Wang J, McVicar A, Chen Y, Deng HW, Zhao Z, Chen W, Li YP. Atp6i deficient mouse model uncovers transforming growth factor-β1 /Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:35. [PMID: 37599332 PMCID: PMC10440342 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomolecular mechanisms that regulate tooth root development and odontoblast differentiation are poorly understood. We found that Atp6i deficient mice (Atp6i-/-) arrested tooth root formation, indicated by truncated Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) progression. Furthermore, Atp6i deficiency significantly reduced the proliferation and differentiation of radicular odontogenic cells responsible for root formation. Atp6i-/- mice had largely decreased expression of odontoblast differentiation marker gene expression profiles (Col1a1, Nfic, Dspp, and Osx) in the alveolar bone. Atp6i-/- mice sample RNA-seq analysis results showed decreased expression levels of odontoblast markers. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in Smad2/3 activation, inhibiting transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in Atp6i-/- odontoblasts. Through treating pulp precursor cells with Atp6i-/- or wild-type OC bone resorption-conditioned medium, we found the latter medium to promote odontoblast differentiation, as shown by increased odontoblast differentiation marker genes expression (Nfic, Dspp, Osx, and Runx2). This increased expression was significantly blocked by anti-TGF-β1 antibody neutralization, whereas odontoblast differentiation and Smad2/3 activation were significantly attenuated by Atp6i-/- OC conditioned medium. Importantly, ectopic TGF-β1 partially rescued root development and root dentin deposition of Atp6i-/- mice tooth germs were transplanted under mouse kidney capsules. Collectively, our novel data shows that the prevention of TGF-β1 release from the alveolar bone matrix due to OC dysfunction may lead to osteopetrosis-associated root formation via impaired radicular odontoblast differentiation. As such, this study uncovers TGF-β1 /Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation and may contribute to future therapeutic approaches to tooth root regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Abigail McVicar
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yilin Chen
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Division in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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3
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Maili L, Tandon B, Yuan Q, Menezes S, Chiu F, Hashmi SS, Letra A, Eisenhoffer GT, Hecht JT. Disruption of fos causes craniofacial anomalies in developing zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1141893. [PMID: 37664458 PMCID: PMC10469461 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1141893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is a complex and tightly regulated process and disruptions can lead to structural birth defects, the most common being nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP). Previously, we identified FOS as a candidate regulator of NSCLP through family-based association studies, yet its specific contributions to oral and palatal formation are poorly understood. This study investigated the role of fos during zebrafish craniofacial development through genetic disruption and knockdown approaches. Fos was expressed in the periderm, olfactory epithelium and other cell populations in the head. Genetic perturbation of fos produced an abnormal craniofacial phenotype with a hypoplastic oral cavity that showed significant changes in midface dimensions by quantitative facial morphometric analysis. Loss and knockdown of fos caused increased cell apoptosis in the head, followed by a significant reduction in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) populating the upper and lower jaws. These changes resulted in abnormalities of cartilage, bone and pharyngeal teeth formation. Periderm cells surrounding the oral cavity showed altered morphology and a subset of cells in the upper and lower lip showed disrupted Wnt/β-catenin activation, consistent with modified inductive interactions between mesenchymal and epithelial cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that perturbation of fos has detrimental effects on oral epithelial and CNCC-derived tissues suggesting that it plays a critical role in zebrafish craniofacial development and a potential role in NSCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Maili
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bhavna Tandon
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qiuping Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Simone Menezes
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Frankie Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - S. Shahrukh Hashmi
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - George T. Eisenhoffer
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Klf4 haploinsufficiency in Sp7+ lineage leads to underdeveloped mandibles and insufficient elongation of mandibular incisor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166636. [PMID: 36584722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mandible is an important component of the craniofacial bones, whose development is regulated by complex molecular networks and involves the well-coordinated development of the bone, cartilage, and teeth. Previously, we demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promoted dentinogenesis and osteogenesis, but it was enigmatic whether Klf4 participated in the development of the mandible. In this study, the Sp7-Cre; Klf4f/+ mice exhibited underdeveloped mandibles and insufficient elongation of the mandibular incisor when compared with Klf4f/+ and Sp7-Cre mice. Moreover, morphological and molecular analysis showed that the alveolar bone mass was significantly decreased in KLF4 deficient mice, accompanied by reduced expression of osteoblast-related genes. Meanwhile, the KLF4 deficient mice had decreased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and no significant change of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the alveolar bone near the mandibular incisor. Simultaneously, the osteoclastogenesis in the alveolar bone of KLF4 deficient mice was attenuated, which was demonstrated by a diminished number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+), matrix metallopeptidase 9 positive (MMP9+), and cathepsin K positive (CTSK+) multinucleated osteoclasts, respectively. Collectively, our study suggested that Klf4 participated in mandibular development, and Klf4 in Sp7+ lineage affected osteogenesis directly and osteoclastogenesis indirectly.
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Role of c-Fos in orthodontic tooth movement: an in vivo study using transgenic mice. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:593-601. [PMID: 32803442 PMCID: PMC7819946 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The transcription factor c-Fos controls the differentiation of osteoclasts and is expressed in periodontal ligament cells after mechanical stimulation in vitro. However, it is unclear how c-Fos regulates orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in vivo. The aim of this study was therefore to analyse OTM in transgenic mice with overexpression of c-Fos. Materials and methods We employed c-Fos transgenic mice (c-Fos tg) and wild-type littermates (WT) in a model of OTM induced by Nitinol tension springs that were bonded between the left first maxillary molars and the upper incisors. The unstimulated contralateral side served as an internal control. Mice were analysed by contact radiography, micro-computed tomography, decalcified histology and histochemistry. Results Our analysis of the unstimulated side revealed that alveolar bone and root morphology were similar between c-Fos tg and control mice. However, we observed more osteoclasts in the alveolar bone of c-Fos tg mice as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells were increased by 40%. After 12 days of OTM, c-Fos tg mice exhibited 62% increased tooth movement as compared with WT mice. Despite the faster tooth movement, c-Fos tg and WT mice displayed the same amount of root resorption. Importantly, we did not observe orthodontically induced tissue necrosis (i.e. hyalinization) in c-Fos tg mice, while this was a common finding in WT mice. Conclusion Overexpression of c-Fos accelerates tooth movement without causing more root resorption. Clinical relevance Accelerated tooth movement must not result in more root resorption as higher tissue turnover may decrease the amount of mechanically induced tissue necrosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00784-020-03503-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang L, Zheng S, Huang G, Sun J, Pan Y, Si Y, Tu P, Xu G, Ma Y, Guo Y. Osthole-loaded N-octyl-O-sulfonyl chitosan micelles (NSC-OST) inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4105-4117. [PMID: 32126148 PMCID: PMC7171421 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osthole (OST), a derivative of Fructus Cnidii, has been proved to have potential anti‐osteoporosis effects in our recent studies. However, its pharmacological effects are limited in the human body because of poor solubility and bioavailability. Under the guidance of the classical theory of Chinese medicine, Osthole‐loaded N‐octyl‐O‐sulfonyl chitosan micelles (NSC‐OST), which has not previously been reported in the literature, was synthesized in order to overcome the defects and obtain better efficacy. In this study, we found that NSC‐OST inhibited on the formation and resorption activity of osteoclasts through using a bone marrow macrophage (BMM)‐derived osteoclast culture system in vitro, rather than affecting the viability of cells. We also found that NSC‐OST inhibited osteoclast formation, hydroxyapatite resorption and RANKL‐induced osteoclast marker protein expression. In terms of mechanism, NSC‐OST suppressed the NFATc1 transcriptional activity and the activation of NF‐κB signalling pathway. In vivo, ovariectomized (OVX) rat models were established for further research. We found that NSC‐OST can attenuate bone loss in OVX rats through inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Consistent with our hypothesis, NSC‐OST is more effective than OST in parts of the results. Taken together, our findings suggest that NSC‐OST can suppress RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomy‐induced bone loss in rats and could be considered a safe and more effective anti‐osteoporosis drug than OST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Wang
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyang Zheng
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guicheng Huang
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yalan Pan
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,TCM Nursing Intervention Laboratory of Chronic Disease Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Si
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guihua Xu
- TCM Nursing Intervention Laboratory of Chronic Disease Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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7
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Omi M, Mishina Y. Role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis and jawbone diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 18:14-27. [PMID: 34220275 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The jawbone is a unique structure as it serves multiple functions in mastication. Given the fact that the jawbone is remodeled faster than other skeletal bones, bone cells in the jawbone may respond differently to local and systemic cues to regulate bone remodeling and adaptation. Osteoclasts are bone cells responsible for removing old bone, playing an essential role in bone remodeling. Although bone resorption by osteoclasts is required for dental tissue development, homeostasis and repair, excessive osteoclast activity is associated with oral skeletal diseases such as periodontitis. In addition, antiresorptive medications used to prevent bone homeostasis of tumors can cause osteonecrosis of the jaws that is a major concern to the dentist. Therefore, understanding of the role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions leads to better targeted therapeutic options for skeletal diseases to maintain patients' oral health. Here, we highlight the unique features of the jawbone compared to the long bone and the involvement of osteoclasts in the jawbone-specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Omi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Athanasiadou E, Vlachou C, Theocharidou A, Tilaveridis I, Vargiami E, Antoniadis K, Arapostathis K. When a pedodontic examination leads to the diagnosis of osteopetrosis: A case report. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2019; 40:113-120. [PMID: 31674703 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Osteopetrosis is an inherited disease characterized by increased bone density. Its genetic variability results in various phenotype expressions, whereas clinically are classified in three types: malignant infantile, intermediate and adult. The various oral manifestations of the disease give a crucial role to the pediatric dentists in diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION A 7-year-old girl with persistent swelling on right cheek visited a pedodontic clinic. After extra- and intra-oral examination/findings, the patient was referred for further investigation concerning a possible general pathological background. An extraction, included in the initial dental treatment plan, led to the diagnosis of osteopetrosis. Various medical examinations co-led to the diagnosis of osteopetrosis but without genetic identification. Extractions of carious teeth, under general anesthesia, and full cover or sealants, on chair, of unaffected teeth were conducted respectively to minimize the microbial load and to prevent from osteomyelitis relapse and new caries. Two more general anesthesia sessions took place due to relapse of lower jaw osteomyelitis. Follow-up was conducted every 3 months for 2 years. CONCLUSION Osteopetrosis' diagnosis can be triggered by its oral manifestations (rampant caries, osteonecrosis, enamel defects, malformed roots/crowns, missing teeth), for which the pediatric dentist could be the first observer. Management of these patients needs multidisciplinary approach and follow-up appointments should be very frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Athanasiadou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Christina Vlachou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Apostolina Theocharidou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tilaveridis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Efthimia Vargiami
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, A' Pediatric Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Antoniadis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arapostathis
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
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9
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Nagata M, Ono N, Ono W. Mesenchymal Progenitor Regulation of Tooth Eruption: A View from PTHrP. J Dent Res 2019; 99:133-142. [PMID: 31623502 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519882692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth eruption is a unique biological process by which highly mineralized tissues emerge into the outer world, and it occurs concomitantly with tooth root formation. These 2 processes have been considered independent phenomena; however, recent studies support the theory that they are indeed intertwined. Dental mesenchymal progenitor cells in the dental follicle lie at the heart of the coupling of these 2 processes, providing a source for diverse mesenchymal cells that support formation of the highly functional tooth root and the periodontal attachment apparatus, while facilitating formation of osteoclasts. These cells are regulated by autocrine signaling by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and its parathyroid hormone/PTHrP receptor PPR. This PTHrP-PPR signaling appears to crosstalk with other signaling pathways and regulates proper cell fates of mesenchymal progenitor cell populations. Disruption of this autocrine PTHrP-PPR signaling in these cells leads to defective formation of the periodontal attachment apparatus, tooth root malformation, and failure of tooth eruption in molars, which essentially recapitulate primary failure of eruption in humans, a rare genetic disorder exclusively affecting tooth eruption. Diversity and distinct functionality of these mesenchymal progenitor cell populations that regulate tooth eruption and tooth root formation are beginning to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nagata
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N Ono
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - W Ono
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Jing J, Feng J, Li J, Han X, He J, Ho TV, Du J, Zhou X, Urata M, Chai Y. Antagonistic interaction between Ezh2 and Arid1a coordinates root patterning and development via Cdkn2a in mouse molars. eLife 2019; 8:46426. [PMID: 31259687 PMCID: PMC6602580 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterning is a critical step during organogenesis and is closely associated with the physiological function of organs. Tooth root shapes are finely tuned to provide precise occlusal support to facilitate the function of each tooth type. However, the mechanism regulating tooth root patterning and development is largely unknown. In this study, we provide the first in vivo evidence demonstrating that Ezh2 in the dental mesenchyme determines patterning and furcation formation during dental root development in mouse molars. Mechanistically, an antagonistic interaction between epigenetic regulators Ezh2 and Arid1a controls Cdkn2a expression in the dental mesenchyme to regulate dental root patterning and development. These findings indicate the importance of balanced epigenetic regulation in determining the tooth root pattern and the integration of roots with the jaw bones to achieve physiological function. Collectively, our study provides important clues about the regulation of organogenesis and has general implications for tooth regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xia Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jinzhi He
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jiahui Du
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mark Urata
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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11
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Wu Y, Yuan X, Perez KC, Hyman S, Wang L, Pellegrini G, Salmon B, Bellido T, Helms JA. Aberrantly elevated Wnt signaling is responsible for cementum overgrowth and dental ankylosis. Bone 2019; 122:176-183. [PMID: 30408613 PMCID: PMC6559382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate teeth are attached to the jawbones using a variety of methods but in mammals, a fibrous connection is the norm. This fibrous periodontal ligament (PDL) allows teeth to move in the jawbones in response to natural eruptive forces, mastication, and orthodontic tooth movement. In some disease states the PDL either calcifies or is replaced by a mineralized tissue and the result is ankylosis, where the tooth is fused to the alveolar bone. To understand how the PDL maintains this fibrous state, we examined a strain of mice in which tooth movement is arrested. DaβcatOt mice express a stabilized form of β-catenin in DMP1-positive alveolar bone osteocytes and cementocytes, which results in elevated Wnt signaling throughout the periodontium. As a consequence, there is an accrual of massive amounts of cellular cementum and alveolar bone, the PDL itself calcifies and teeth become ankylosed. These data suggest that to maintain its fibrous nature, Wnt signaling must normally be repressed in the PDL space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Orthodontic Department, Stomatology Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory, Chongqing 401147, China; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xue Yuan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kristy C Perez
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sydnee Hyman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liao Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gretel Pellegrini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Benjamin Salmon
- Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 2496 - Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Lab and Dental Medicine Department, Bretonneau Hospital, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine and Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA
| | - Jill A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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12
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Zhang J, Liao L, Li Y, Xu Y, Guo W, Tian W, Zou S. Parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (1–34) promotes tooth eruption and inhibits osteogenesis of dental follicle cells during tooth development. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11900-11911. [PMID: 30584670 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Orthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lijun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Orthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Orthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Orthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
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13
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Huang H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu G, Li YP, Ping J, Chen W. Bone resorption deficiency affects tooth root development in RANKL mutant mice due to attenuated IGF-1 signaling in radicular odontoblasts. Bone 2018; 114:161-171. [PMID: 29292230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The tooth root is essential for normal tooth physiological function. Studies on mice with mutations or targeted gene deletions revealed that osteoclasts (OCs) play an important role in tooth root development. However, knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying how OCs mediate root formation is limited. During bone formation, growth factors (e.g. Insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1) liberated from bone matrix by osteoclastic bone resorption stimulate osteoblast differentiation. Thus, we hypothesize that OC-osteoblast coupling may also apply to OC-odontoblast coupling; therefore OCs may have a direct impact on odontoblast differentiation through the release of growth factor(s) from bone matrix, and consequently regulate tooth root formation. To test this hypothesis, we used a receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) knockout mouse model in which OC differentiation and function was entirely blocked. We found that molar root formation and tooth eruption were defective in RANKL-/- mice. Disrupted elongation and disorganization of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) was observed in RANKL-/- mice. Reduced expression of nuclear factor I C (NFIC), osterix, and dentin sialoprotein, markers essential for radicular (root) odontogenic cell differentiation indicated that odontoblast differentiation was disrupted in RANKL deficient mice likely contributing to the defect in root formation. Moreover, down-regulation of IGF/AKT/mTOR activity in odontoblast indicated that IGF signaling transduction in odontoblasts of the mutant mice was impaired. Treating odontoblast cells in vitro with conditioned medium from RANKL-/- OCs cultured on bone slices resulted in inhibition of odontoblast differentiation. Moreover, depletion of IGF-1 in bone resorption-conditioned medium (BRCM) from wild-type (WT) OC significantly compromised the ability of WT osteoclastic BRCM to induce odontoblast differentiation while addition of IGF-1 into RANKL-/- osteoclastic BRCM rescued impaired odontoblast differentiation, confirming that root and eruption defect in RANKL deficiency mice may result from failure of releasing of IGF-1 from bone matrix through OC bone resorption. These results suggest that OCs are important for odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation, possibly through IGF/AKT/mTOR signaling mediated by cell-bone matrix interaction. These findings provide significant insights into regulatory mechanism of tooth root development, and also lay the foundation for root regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 5 Shangqingsi Rd, Yuzhong Qu, Chongqing Shi 400065, China; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 5 Shangqingsi Rd, Yuzhong Qu, Chongqing Shi 400065, China; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Guochun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ji Ping
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 5 Shangqingsi Rd, Yuzhong Qu, Chongqing Shi 400065, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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14
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Alfonso-Gonzalez C, Riesgo-Escovar JR. Fos metamorphoses: Lessons from mutants in model organisms. Mech Dev 2018; 154:73-81. [PMID: 29753813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Fos oncogene gene family is evolutionarily conserved throughout Eukarya. Fos proteins characteristically have a leucine zipper and a basic region with a helix-turn-helix motif that binds DNA. In vertebrates, there are several Fos homologs. They can homo- or hetero-dimerize via the leucine zipper domain. Fos homologs coupled with other transcription factors, like Jun oncoproteins, constitute the Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) complex. From its original inception as an oncogene, the subsequent finding that they act as transcription factors binding DNA sequences known as TRE, to the realization that they are activated in many different scenarios, and to loss-of-function analysis, the Fos proteins have traversed a multifarious path in development and physiology. They are instrumental in 'immediate early genes' responses, and activated by a seemingly myriad assemblage of different stimuli. Yet, the majority of these studies were basically gain-of-function studies, since it was thought that Fos genes would be cell lethal. Loss-of-function mutations in vertebrates were recovered later, and were not cell lethal. In fact, c-fos null mutations are viable with developmental defects (osteopetrosis and myeloid lineage abnormalities). It was then hypothesized that vertebrate genomes exhibit partial redundancy, explaining the 'mild' phenotypes, and complicating assessment of complete loss-of-function phenotypes. Due to its promiscuous activation, fos genes (especially c-fos) are now commonly used as markers for cellular responses to stimuli. fos homologs high sequence conservation (including Drosophila) is advantageous as it allows critical assessment of fos genes functions in this genetic model. Drosophila melanogaster contains only one fos homolog, the gene kayak. kayak mutations are lethal, and allow study of all the processes where fos is required. The kayak locus encodes several different isoforms, and is a pleiotropic gene variously required for development involving cell shape changes. In general, fos genes seem to primarily activate programs involved in cellular architectural rearrangements and cell shape changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alfonso-Gonzalez
- Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology Department, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro c.p.76230, Mexico; Maestría en Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan Rafael Riesgo-Escovar
- Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology Department, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro c.p.76230, Mexico.
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15
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Xu S, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li K, Tan K, Liang K, Shen J, Cai D, Jin D, Li M, Xiao G, Xu J, Jiang Y, Bai X. TSC1 regulates osteoclast podosome organization and bone resorption through mTORC1 and Rac1/Cdc42. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1549-1566. [PMID: 29358671 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the podosome into the sealing zone is crucial for osteoclasts (OCLs) to resorb bone, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) functions centrally in OCLs to promote podosome organization and bone resorption through mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the small GTPases Rac1/Cdc42. During osteoclastogenesis, enhanced expression of TSC1 downregulates mTORC1 activity. TSC1 deletion in OCLs reduced podosome belt formation in vitro and sealing zone formation in vivo, leading to bone resorption deficiency and osteopetrosis. Mechanistically, TSC1 promoted podosome superstructure assembly by releasing mTORC1-dependent negative feedback inhibition of Rac1/Cdc42. Rapamycin and active Rac1/Cdc42 restore podosome organization and bone resorption and alleviate osteopetrotic phenotypes in mutant mice. Our findings reveal an essential role of TSC1 signaling in the regulation of bone resorption. Targeting TSC1 represents a novel strategy to inhibit bone resorption and prevent bone loss-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Arthroplasty, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Arthroplasty, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Kang Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kangyan Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Daozhang Cai
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Dadi Jin
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mangmang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biology and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, M504, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, 15260, USA
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Arthroplasty, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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16
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Abstract
The tooth root is an integral, functionally important part of our dentition. The formation of a functional root depends on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and integration of the root with the jaw bone, blood supply and nerve innervations. The root development process therefore offers an attractive model for investigating organogenesis. Understanding how roots develop and how they can be bioengineered is also of great interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tooth root formation. We review the function of cellular structure and components such as Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, cranial neural crest cells and stem cells residing in developing and adult teeth. We also highlight how complex signaling networks together with multiple transcription factors mediate tissue-tissue interactions that guide root development. Finally, we discuss the possible role of stem cells in establishing the crown-to-root transition, and provide an overview of root malformations and diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Carolina Parada
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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17
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Abstract
Macrophages play essential roles in the response to injury and infection and contribute to the development and/or homeostasis of the various tissues they reside in. Conversely, macrophages also influence the pathogenesis of metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic diseases. Mechanisms that contribute to the phenotypic diversity of macrophages in health and disease remain poorly understood. Here we review the recent application of genome-wide approaches to characterize the transcriptomes and epigenetic landscapes of tissue-resident macrophages. These studies are beginning to provide insights into how distinct tissue environments are interpreted by transcriptional regulatory elements to drive specialized programs of gene expression.
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