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Mogil JS, Parisien M, Esfahani SJ, Diatchenko L. Sex differences in mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105749. [PMID: 38838876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of sex-as-a-biological-variable policies at funding agencies around the world has led to an explosion of very recent observations of sex differences in the biology underlying pain. This review considers evidence of sexually dimorphic mechanisms mediating pain hypersensitivity, derived from modern assays of persistent pain in rodent animal models. Three well-studied findings are described in detail: the male-specific role of spinal cord microglia, the female-specific role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and the female-specific role of prolactin and its receptor. Other findings of sex-specific molecular involvement in pain are subjected to pathway analyses and reveal at least one novel hypothesis: that females may preferentially use Th1 and males Th2 T cell activity to mediate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Mogil
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Marc Parisien
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Sahel J Esfahani
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Luda Diatchenko
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
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2
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Yin Y, Yan Y, Jin X, Fu Y, Chen Y. Netrin-1 Promotes M2 Type Activation and Inhibits Pyroptosis of Microglial Cells by Depressing RAC1/Nf-?B Pathway to Alleviate Inflammatory Pain. Physiol Res 2024; 73:305-314. [PMID: 38710054 PMCID: PMC11081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 (NTN-1) plays a vital role in the progress of nervous system development and inflammatory diseases. However, the role and underlying mechanism of NTN-1 in inflammatory pain (IP) are unclear. BV2 microglia were treated with LPS to mimic the cell status under IP. Adeno-associated virus carrying the NTN-1 gene (AAV-NTN-1) was used to overexpress NTN-1. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced mouse was recruited as an in vivo model. MTT and commercial kits were utilized to evaluate cell viability and cell death of BV2 cells. The mRNA expressions and secretions of cytokines were measured using the ELISA method. Also, the pyroptosis and activation of BV2 cells were investigated based on western blotting. To verify the role of Rac1/NF-kappaB signaling, isochamaejasmin (ISO) and AAV-Rac1 were presented. The results showed that NTN-1 expression was decreased in LPS-treated BV2 microglia and spinal cord tissues of CFA-injected mice. Overexpressing NTN-1 dramatically reversed cell viability and decreased cell death rate of BV2 microglia under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, while the level of pyroptosis was inhibited. Besides, AAV-NTN-1 rescued the activation of microglia and inflammatory injury induced by LPS, decreasing IBA-1 expression, as well as iNOS, IL-1beta and IL-6 secretions. Meanwhile AAV-NTN-1 promoted the anti-inflammation response, including increases in Arg-1, IL-4 and IL-10 levels. In addition, the LPS-induced activation of Rac1/NF-kappaB signaling was depressed by NTN-1 overexpression. The same results were verified in a CFA-induced mouse model. In conclusion, NTN-1 alleviated IP by suppressing pyroptosis and promoting M2 type activation of microglia via inhibiting Rac1/NF-?B signaling, suggesting the protective role of NTN-1 in IP. Keywords: Netrin-1, Inflammatory pain, Pyroptosis, Microglia M2 activation, Rac1/NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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3
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Ye Y, Cheng H, Wang Y, Sun Y, Zhang LD, Tang J. Macrophage: A key player in neuropathic pain. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:326-339. [PMID: 38661566 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2344170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Research on the relationship between macrophages and neuropathic pain has flourished in the past two decades. It has long been believed that macrophages are strong immune effector cells that play well-established roles in tissue homeostasis and lesions, such as promoting the initiation and progression of tissue injury and improving wound healing and tissue remodeling in a variety of pathogenesis-related diseases. They are also heterogeneous and versatile cells that can switch phenotypically/functionally in response to the micro-environment signals. Apart from microglia (resident macrophages of both the spinal cord and brain), which are required for the neuropathic pain processing of the CNS, neuropathic pain signals in PNS are influenced by the interaction of tissue-resident macrophages and BM infiltrating macrophages with primary afferent neurons. And the current review looks at new evidence that suggests sexual dimorphism in neuropathic pain are caused by variations in the immune system, notably macrophages, rather than the neurological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li-Dong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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4
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Jin Y, Zhou J, Fang Y, Song H, Lin S, Pan B, Liu L, Xiong B. Electroacupuncture prevents the development or establishment of chronic pain via IL-33/ST2 signaling in hyperalgesic priming model rats. Neurosci Lett 2024; 820:137611. [PMID: 38142925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is acomplexhealth issue. Compared to acute pain, which has a protective value, chronic pain is defined as persistent pain after tissue injury. Few clinical advances have been made to prevent the transition from acute to chronic pain. Electroacupuncture (EA), the most common form of acupuncture, is widely used in clinical practice to relieve pain. METHODS The hyperalgesic priming model, established via a carrageenan injection followed by a prostaglandin E2 injection, was used to investigate the development or establishment of chronic pain. We observed the hyperalgesic effect of EA on rats and investigated the expression p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, interleukin-33 (IL-33), and its receptor ST2 in astrocytes in the L4-L6 spinal cord dorsal horns (SDHs) after EA. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in SDH is associated with the development of chronic pain. RESULTS EA can reverse the pain threshold in hyperalgesic priming model rats and regulates the expression of phosphorylated p38, IL-33, and ST2 in astrocytes in the L4-L6 SDHs. We discovered that EA raises the pain threshold. This suggests that EA can prevent the development or establishment of chronic pain by inhibiting IL-33/ST2 signaling in the lower central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS EA can alleviate the development or establishment of chronic pain by modulating IL-33/ST2 signaling in SDHs. Our findings will help clinicians understand the mechanisms of EA analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310009, China; Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing City, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 219 Moganshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310005, China
| | - Yinfeng Fang
- The School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310018, China
| | - Hongyun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310009, China
| | - Shiming Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310009, China
| | - Bowen Pan
- Department of Traumatology, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Lanying Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing City, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310009, China.
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5
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Zhou WM, Lei ZY, Shi YQ, Gong CY, Kai Z, Wei N, Wang LN, Zhang CJ, Zhang HH. Intrathecal Injection of Botulinum Toxin Type A has an Analgesic Effect in Male Rats CCI Model by Inhibiting the Activation of Spinal P2X4R. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3099-3112. [PMID: 37336823 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2X4R) plays an essential role in neuropathic pain. However, the specific mechanism needs to be clarified. Botulinum toxin type A is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type A. This study found that intrathecal injection of botulinum toxin type A produced an excellent analgesic effect in a rat model of chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury and inhibited the activation of P2X4R, microglia, and astrocytes. The administration of a P2X4R activator can up-regulate the expression of P2X4R and eliminate the analgesic effect of intrathecal injection of botulinum toxin type A. In addition, we found that microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord of rats injected with botulinum toxin type A were reactivated after administration of the P2X4R activator. Our results suggest that intrathecal injection of botulinum toxin type A has an analgesic effect in a rat model of chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury by inhibiting the activation of P2X4R in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yuan Lei
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shi
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Yang Gong
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Kai
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wei
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Na Wang
- Lanzhou Biotechnique Development Co., LTD, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jun Zhang
- Lanzhou Biotechnique Development Co., LTD, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Chen O, Luo X, Ji RR. Macrophages and microglia in inflammation and neuroinflammation underlying different pain states. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:381-407. [PMID: 38283253 PMCID: PMC10811354 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Pain is a main symptom in inflammation, and inflammation induces pain via inflammatory mediators acting on nociceptive neurons. Macrophages and microglia are distinct cell types, representing immune cells and glial cells, respectively, but they share similar roles in pain regulation. Macrophages are key regulators of inflammation and pain. Macrophage polarization plays different roles in inducing and resolving pain. Notably, macrophage polarization and phagocytosis can be induced by specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). SPMs also potently inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via immunomodulation and neuromodulation. In this review, we discuss macrophage signaling involved in pain induction and resolution, as well as in maintaining physiological pain. Microglia are macrophage-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and drive neuroinflammation and pathological pain in various inflammatory and neurological disorders. Microglia-produced inflammatory cytokines can potently regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission as neuromodulators. We also highlight sex differences in macrophage and microglial signaling in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Thus, targeting macrophage and microglial signaling in distinct locations via pharmacological approaches, including immunotherapies, and non-pharmacological approaches will help to control chronic inflammation and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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7
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Mazzone GL, Coronel MF, Mladinic M, Sámano C. An update to pain management after spinal cord injury: from pharmacology to circRNAs. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:599-611. [PMID: 36351309 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) following a spinal cord injury (SCI) is often hard to control and therapies should be focused on the physical, psychological, behavioral, social, and environmental factors that may contribute to chronic sensory symptoms. Novel therapeutic treatments for NP management should be based on the combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological options. Some of them are addressed in this review with a focus on mechanisms and novel treatments. Several reports demonstrated an aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that may represent key regulatory factors with a crucial role in the pathophysiology of NP and as potential diagnostic biomarkers. This review analyses the latest evidence for cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the management of pain after SCI. Advantages in the use of circRNA are their stability (up to 48 h), and specificity as sponges of different miRNAs related to SCI and nerve injury. The present review discusses novel data about deregulated circRNAs (up or downregulated) that sponge miRNAs, and promote cellular and molecular interactions with mRNAs and proteins. This data support the concept that circRNAs could be considered as novel potential therapeutic targets for NP management especially after spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F Coronel
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miranda Mladinic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Cynthia Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa. Avenida Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Col. Santa Fe Cuajimalpa. Alcaldía Cuajimalpa de Morelos, C.P. 05348, Ciudad de México, México
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8
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Gianò M, Franco C, Castrezzati S, Rezzani R. Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Nutrition in the Anatomy of Orofacial Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13128. [PMID: 37685933 PMCID: PMC10487620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a very important problem of our existence, and the attempt to understand it is one the oldest challenges in the history of medicine. In this review, we summarize what has been known about pain, its pathophysiology, and neuronal transmission. We focus on orofacial pain and its classification and features, knowing that is sometimes purely subjective and not well defined. We consider the physiology of orofacial pain, evaluating the findings on the main neurotransmitters; in particular, we describe the roles of glutamate as approximately 30-80% of total peripheric neurons associated with the trigeminal ganglia are glutamatergic. Moreover, we describe the important role of oxidative stress and its association with inflammation in the etiogenesis and modulation of pain in orofacial regions. We also explore the warning and protective function of orofacial pain and the possible action of antioxidant molecules, such as melatonin, and the potential influence of nutrition and diet on its pathophysiology. Hopefully, this will provide a solid background for future studies that would allow better treatment of noxious stimuli and for opening new avenues in the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Gianò
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Caterina Franco
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefania Castrezzati
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.G.); (C.F.); (S.C.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale—SISDO), 25123 Brescia, Italy
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9
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Alhadlaq MW, Masocha W. Microglia and p38 MAPK Inhibitors Suppress Development of Mechanical Allodynia in Both Sexes in a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12805. [PMID: 37628987 PMCID: PMC10454318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation in the spinal cord play a major role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulates microglia activation. Previously, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), was found to induce mechanical allodynia and microglia activation in the spinal cords of male and female mice. In this study, we investigated the role of spinal microglia and p38 MAPK signaling in the development of mechanical allodynia using immunofluorescence staining and treatment with microglia and p38 MAPK inhibitors in both sexes. Male and female mice (BALB/c strain) treated intraperitoneally once daily with ddC 25 mg/kg for five consecutive days developed mechanical allodynia, assessed using the dynamic plantar aesthesiometer. Treatment with ddC increased microglia markers CD11b and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) staining intensity in male mice, while only CD11b was increased in female mice. Both sexes had increased phosphorylated p38 MAPK staining intensity. The administration of minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia activation, and adezmapimod, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, suppressed mechanical allodynia in both sexes at day 7 after ddC treatment. Therefore, microglia activation and p38 MAPK signaling are important for the development of antiretroviral drug-induced mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam W. Alhadlaq
- Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait
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10
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Karavis MY, Siafaka I, Vadalouca A, Georgoudis G. Role of Microglia in Neuropathic Pain. Cureus 2023; 15:e43555. [PMID: 37719474 PMCID: PMC10503876 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are specialized macrophage cells of the central nervous system responsible for the innate immunity of the spinal cord and the brain. They protect the brain and spinal cord from invaders, microbes, demyelination, trauma and remove defective cells and neurons. For immune protection, microglial cells possess a significant number of receptors and chemical mediators that allow them to communicate rapidly and specifically with all cells of the nervous tissue. The contribution of microglia in neuropathic pain challenges conventional concepts toward neurons being the only structure responsible for the pathophysiological changes that drive neuropathic pain. The present study is a narrative review focusing on the literature concerning the complex interaction between neurons and microglia in the development of neuropathic pain. Injury in the peripheral or central nervous system may result in maladaptive changes in neurons and microglial cells. In neuropathic pain, microglial cells have an important role in initiating and maintenance of pain and inflammation. The interaction between neural and microglial cells has been proven extremely crucial for chronic pain. The study of individual mechanisms at the level of the spinal cord and the brain is an interesting and groundbreaking research challenge. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which neurons and immune cells interact, could constitute microglial cells a new therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltiades Y Karavis
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Research Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, University of West Attica, Athens, GRC
| | - Ioanna Siafaka
- 1st Department of Anesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Athina Vadalouca
- 1st Department of Anesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - George Georgoudis
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Research Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, University of West Attica, Athens, GRC
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11
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Huang CN, Chen YM, Xiao XY, Zhou HL, Zhu J, Qin HM, Jiang X, Li Z, Zhuang T, Zhang GS. Pregabalin can interact synergistically with Kv7 channel openers to exert antinociception in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175870. [PMID: 37353189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common public health problem and remains an unmet medical need. Currently available analgesics usually have limited efficacy for the treatment of chronic pain, including neuropathic pain and persistent inflammatory pain, or they are accompanied by many adverse side effects. The voltage-gated calcium channel blocker (pregabalin) and potassium channel openers (flupirtine and retigabine) have been widely used for the management of chronic pain, but their effectiveness in combination is unclear. In this research, we evaluated the antinociceptive effects of pregabalin in combination with flupirtine or retigabine in carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain and paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice using the von Frey test. Isobolographic analysis indicated that pregabalin exerted synergistic antinociceptive effects when combined with flupirtine or retigabine in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effects of pregabalin, flupirtine/retigabine, and their combinations were significantly attenuated by the Kv7 channel blocker XE991. The favored dose ratio between pregabalin and flupirtine/retigabine in combinations was also investigated. Finally, we evaluated the motor coordination of their combinations using the rotarod test, and the outcomes underpinned their safety. Collectively, our results support the potential use of pregabalin in combination with flupirtine or retigabine to alleviate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Nan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yan-Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xin-Yi Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zongzheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
| | - Gui-Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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12
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Zhao X, Li X, Guo H, Liu P, Ma M, Wang Y. Resolvin D1 attenuates mechanical allodynia after burn injury: Involvement of spinal glia, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231159970. [PMID: 36765459 PMCID: PMC9986910 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231159970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolvin D1 (RvD1) suppresses inflammatory, postoperative, and neuropathic pain. The present study assessed the roles and mechanisms of RvD1 in mechanical allodynia after burn injury. A rat model of burn injury was established for analyses, and RvD1 was injected intraperitoneally. Pain behavior and the expression levels of spinal dorsal horn Iba-1 (microglia marker), GFAP (astrocyte marker), p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) were detected by behavioral and immunocytochemical assays. The results showed that RvD1 attenuated mechanical allodynia after burn injury, prevented microglial and astroglial activation, and downregulated p-p38 MAPK in microglia and BDNF/TrkB following burn injury. Similarly, inhibition of p38 MAPK and BDNF/TrkB signaling attenuated mechanical allodynia after burn injury. In addition, inhibition of p38 MAPK prevented spinal microglial activation and downregulated BDNF/TrkB following burn injury. Furthermore, inhibition of BDNF/TrkB signaling prevented spinal microglial activation and downregulated p-p38 MAPK within spinal microglia. Taken together, this study demonstrated that RvD1 might attenuate mechanical allodynia after burn injury by inhibiting spinal cord glial activation, microglial p38 MAPK, and BDNF/TrkB signaling in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panmei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minyu Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Chronic Pain after Bone Fracture: Current Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081056. [PMID: 36009119 PMCID: PMC9406150 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture following traumatic injury or due to osteoporosis is characterized by severe pain and motor impairment and is a major cause of global mortality and disability. Fracture pain often originates from mechanical distortion of somatosensory nerve terminals innervating bones and muscles and is maintained by central sensitization. Chronic fracture pain (CFP) after orthopedic repairs is considered one of the most critical contributors to interference with the physical rehabilitation and musculoskeletal functional recovery. Analgesics available for CFP in clinics not only have poor curative potency but also have considerable side effects; therefore, it is important to further explore the pathogenesis of CFP and identify safe and effective therapies. The typical physiopathological characteristics of CFP are a neuroinflammatory response and excitatory synaptic plasticity, but the specific molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly elucidated. Recent progress has deepened our understanding of the emerging properties of chemokine production, proinflammatory mediator secretion, caspase activation, neurotransmitter release, and neuron-glia interaction in initiating and sustaining synaptogenesis, synaptic strength, and signal transduction in central pain sensitization, indicating the possibility of targeting neuroinflammation to prevent and treat CFP. This review summarizes current literature on the excitatory synaptic plasticity, microgliosis, and microglial activation-associated signaling molecules and discusses the unconventional modulation of caspases and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in the pathophysiology of CFP. We also review the mechanisms of action of analgesics in the clinic and their side effects as well as promising therapeutic candidates (e.g., specialized pro-resolving mediators, a caspase-6 inhibitor, and a STING agonist) for pain relief by the attenuation of neuroinflammation with the aim of better managing patients undergoing CFP in the clinical setting.
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14
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Inflammatory-associated apoptotic markers: are they the culprit to rheumatoid arthritis pain? Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10077-10090. [PMID: 35699858 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prolonged inflammatory disease resulting from autoimmune reactions that leads to local and systemic bone erosion, joint defects and functional impairment. Although the inflammation is subsided through the prescription of anti-inflammatory therapeutics, the patients persistently complained of sleepless nights due to flare pain. This indicates the possible contribution of other pathways besides inflammation in leading to RA pain. This review aims to uncover the roles and involvement of several inflammatory-associated apoptotic markers in facilitating pain transmission and processing during the pathogenesis of RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review focused on the reports from the previous literature based on the search string of "apoptotic marker AND inflammation AND 'chronic pain' OR 'neuropathic pain' and apoptosis AND 'rheumatoid arthritis' OR arthritis from the databases including Science Direct and Scopus, considering the exclusion criteria of the published abstracts, proceedings or articles on other neuropathic pain types such as painful bowel syndrom, insterstitial cystitis, fibrosis and so on. RESULTS Several studies in the literature demonstrate a close association between imbalanced apoptotic regulations and an increased number of synovial fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in RA. Cell death or specific cell survival has been linked with increased central hypersensitivity in various types of chronic and neuropathic pain. CONCLUSION The RA-related flare pain is possibly contributed by the abnormal regulation of apoptosis through several inflammatory-related pathways, and further studies need to modulate these pathways for the putative anti-nociceptive benefits.
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15
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Zhang H, Li N, Li Z, Li Y, Yu Y, Zhang L. The Involvement of Caspases in Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Apoptosis in Chronic Pain and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:898574. [PMID: 35592413 PMCID: PMC9110832 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.898574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common, complex and unpleasant sensation following nerve injury, tissue trauma, inflammatory diseases, infection and cancer. It affects up to 25% of adults and is increasingly recognized as the leading cause of distress, disability and disease burden globally. Chronic pain is often refractory to most current analgesics, thus emphasizing the requirement for improved therapeutic medications. It is of great importance to elucidate the specific pathogenesis of chronic pain with different etiologies. Recent progress has advanced our understanding in the contribution of neuroinflammation and glial cells (microglia and astrocyte) activation in the plasticity of excitatory nociceptive synapses and the development of chronic pain phenotypes. Oxidative stress-associated neuronal apoptosis is also identified to be a pivotal step for central pain sensitization. The family of cysteine aspartate specific proteases (Caspases) has been well known to be key signaling molecules for inflammation and apoptosis in several neurological conditions. Recent studies have highlighted the unconventional and emerging role of caspases in microgliosis, astrocytes morphogenesis, chemokines release, cytokines secretion and neuronal apoptosis in initiating and maintaining synaptogenesis, synaptic strength and signal transduction in persistent pain hypersensitivity, suggesting the possibility of targeting caspases pathway for prevention and treatment of chronic pain. In this review, we will discuss and summarize the advances in the distinctive properties of caspases family in the pathophysiology of chronic pain, especially in neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, cancer pain and musculoskeletal pain, with the aim to find the promising therapeutic candidates for the resolution of chronic pain to better manage patients undergoing chronic pain in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziping Li
- The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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16
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Mecklenburg J, Wangzhou A, Hovhannisyan AH, Barba-Escobedo P, Shein SA, Zou Y, Weldon K, Lai Z, Goffin V, Dussor G, Tumanov AV, Price TJ, Akopian AN. Sex-dependent pain trajectories induced by prolactin require an inflammatory response for pain resolution. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:246-263. [PMID: 35065194 PMCID: PMC9173405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain development and resolution patterns in many diseases are sex-dependent. This study aimed to develop pain models with sex-dependent resolution trajectories, and identify factors linked to resolution of pain in females and males. Using different intra-plantar (i.pl.) treatment protocols with prolactin (PRL), we established models with distinct, sex-dependent patterns for development and resolution of pain. An acute PRL-evoked pain trajectory, in which hypersensitivity is fully resolved within 1 day, showed substantial transcriptional changes after pain-resolution in female and male hindpaws and in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This finding supports the notion that pain resolution is an active process. Prolonged treatment with PRL high dose (1 μg) evoked mechanical hypersensitivity that resolved within 5-7 days in mice of both sexes and exhibited a pro-inflammatory transcriptional response in the hindpaw, but not DRG, at the time point preceding resolution. Flow cytometry analysis linked pro-inflammatory responses in female hindpaws to macrophages/monocytes, especially CD11b+/CD64+/MHCII+ cell accumulation. Prolonged low dose PRL (0.1 μg) treatment caused non-resolving mechanical hypersensitivity only in females. This effect was independent of sensory neuronal PRLR and was associated with a lack of immune response in the hindpaw, although many genes underlying tissue damage were affected. We conclude that different i.pl. PRL treatment protocols generates distinct, sex-specific pain hypersensitivity resolution patterns. PRL-induced pain resolution is preceded by a pro-inflammatory macrophage/monocyte-associated response in the hindpaws of mice of both sexes. On the other hand, the absence of a peripheral inflammatory response creates a permissive condition for PRL-induced pain persistency in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mecklenburg
- Department of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Andi Wangzhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas (UTD), Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Anahit H Hovhannisyan
- Department of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Priscilla Barba-Escobedo
- Department of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Sergey A Shein
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, the School of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Yi Zou
- Molecular Medicine, The School of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Korri Weldon
- Molecular Medicine, The School of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Zhao Lai
- Molecular Medicine, The School of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UTHSCSA, United States
| | | | - Gregory Dussor
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas (UTD), Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, the School of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas (UTD), Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Armen N Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; Departments of Pharmacology, The School of Medicine, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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17
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Huang S, Chen Y, Jia Y, Yang T, Su W, Zhu Z, Xue P, Feng F, Zhao Y, Chen G. Delayed inhibition of ERK and p38 attenuates neuropathic pain without affecting motor function recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Neuropharmacology 2022; 202:108835. [PMID: 34648772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) often result in persistent neuropathic pain, seriously affecting quality of life. Existing therapeutic interventions for PNI-induced neuropathic pain are far from satisfactory. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and p38 have been found to participate in triggering and maintaining PNI-induced neuropathic pain. However, ERK and p38 also contribute to axonal regeneration and motor function recovery after PNI, making it difficult to inhibit ERK and p38 for therapeutic purposes. In this study, we simultaneously characterized neuropathic pain and motor function recovery in a mouse sciatic nerve crush injury model to identify the time window for therapeutic interventions. We further demonstrated that delayed delivery of a combination of ERK and p38 inhibitors at three weeks after PNI could significantly alleviate PNI-induced neuropathic pain without affecting motor function recovery. Additionally, the combined use of these two inhibitors could suppress pain markedly better than either inhibitor alone, possibly reducing the required dose of each inhibitor and alleviating the side effects and risks of the inhibitors when used individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- SaiSai Huang
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - YingTing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130033, China
| | - WenFeng Su
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - ZhenYu Zhu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - FeiFan Feng
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - YaYu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
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18
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Rasouli HR, Talebi S, Ahmadpour F. Evaluation of Associated Genes with Traumatic Pain: A Systematic Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:830-840. [PMID: 34872485 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211206121645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The knowledge about the molecular pathway of traumatic pain relief is less documented. This systematic review study aimed to identify the genes and molecular pathways associated with various traumatic pains. METHODS The online databases such as EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Clinical Trials, Google Scholar, Wiley, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus were searched. Two review authors searched and screened all records' titles and abstracts, and the third expert reviewer author resolved their disagreement. The study's design, various trauma injuries, types of genes, and molecular pathways were recorded. The genes and molecular pathways data were obtained via GeneCards®: The Human Gene Database (https://www.genecards.org). RESULTS Studies on a variety of trauma injuries regarding nerve and Spinal Cord Injuries (SCIs) (12 records), Hypertrophic scar with Severe Pain (one record), severe post-traumatic musculoskeletal pain (MSP) (one record), and orthopedic trauma (one record) were included. The main molecular pathways such as the immune system, apoptosis, and death receptor signaling, T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, oxidative stress, interleukin(s) mediated signaling pathway, biological oxidations, metabolic pathways (especially amino acid metabolism and amino group), focal adhesion, the proliferation of vascular, epithelial, and connective tissue cells, angiogenesis and neural development were identified. CONCLUSION The immune system, apoptosis, and metabolic pathways are crucial for understanding the roles of genes in traumatic pain. It is recommended that these identified pathways and related genes be considered therapeutical targets for pain management in patients with trauma injuries. In addition, different forms of trauma injuries require different pathways and related genes to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Rasouli
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Talebi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fathollah Ahmadpour
- Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Chun S, Lee JH, Yoon SY, Kwon YB. The Peripheral Role of CCL2 in the Anti-Nociceptive Effect of Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist BD1047 on Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11730. [PMID: 34769165 PMCID: PMC8583891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated that the CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) present in primary afferent fibers (PAFs) plays an important role in the microglia-dependent neuronal activation associated with zymosan-induced inflammatory pain. The present study was aimed to evaluate whether BD1047 (a prototypical sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) antagonist) is capable of modifying elevated levels of inflammation-evoked CCL2 as a peripheral antinociceptive mechanism. In DRG primary culture, zymosan dose-dependently increased CCL2 release from isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive DRG neurons, a process that was inhibited by co-culture with BD1047. Single treatment of BD1047 before intraplantar injection of zymosan in rats significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical hyperalgesia, as well as CCL2 expression in DRG neurons and microglia activation in the spinal dorsal horn. In the Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation model, repeated administration of BD1047 dramatically attenuated thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical hyperalgesia, and significantly diminished CCL2 immunoreactivity and microglia activation. Notably, CFA-induced inflammation significantly increased Sig-1R immunoreactivity in DRG neurons, which was co-localized with CCL2 and IB4, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that BD1047's anti-nociceptive property was substantially mediated by the inhibition of CCL2 release in unmyelinated PAFs and that this may, in turn, have attenuated the spinal microglia activation that is associated with inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkun Chun
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Pet Animal, Division of Health and Life Science, Daejeon Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 35408, Korea;
| | - Young-Bae Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea
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20
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Wang J, Wu XC, Zhang MM, Ren JH, Sun Y, Liu JZ, Wu XQ, He SY, Li YQ, Zhang JB. Spinal cord stimulation reduces cardiac pain through microglial deactivation in rats with chronic myocardial ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:835. [PMID: 34608504 PMCID: PMC8503748 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angina pectoris is cardiac pain that is a common clinical symptom often resulting from myocardial ischemia. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is effective in treating refractory angina pectoris, but its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The spinal dorsal horn is the first region of the central nervous system that receives nociceptive information; it is also the target of SCS. In the spinal cord, glial (astrocytes and microglia) activation is involved in the initiation and persistence of chronic pain. Thus, the present study investigated the possible cardiac pain-relieving effects of SCS on spinal dorsal horn glia in chronic myocardial ischemia (CMI). CMI was established by left anterior descending artery ligation surgery, which induced significant spontaneous/ongoing cardiac pain behaviors, as measured using the open field test in rats. SCS effectively improved such behaviors as shown by open field and conditioned place preference tests in CMI model rats. SCS suppressed CMI-induced spinal dorsal horn microglial activation, with downregulation of ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 expression. Moreover, SCS inhibited CMI-induced spinal expression of phosphorylated-p38 MAPK, which was specifically colocalized with the spinal dorsal horn microglia rather than astrocytes and neurons. Furthermore, SCS could depress spinal neuroinflammation by suppressing CMI-induced IL-1β and TNF-α release. Intrathecal administration of minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, alleviated the cardiac pain behaviors in CMI model rats. In addition, the injection of fractalkine (microglia-activating factor) partially reversed the SCS-produced analgesic effects on CMI-induced cardiac pain. These results indicated that the therapeutic mechanism of SCS on CMI may occur partially through the inhibition of spinal microglial p38 MAPK pathway activation. The present study identified a novel mechanism underlying the SCS-produced analgesic effects on chronic cardiac pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hao Ren
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Zhen Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Qiang Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yi He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bao Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
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21
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Gregus AM, Levine IS, Eddinger KA, Yaksh TL, Buczynski MW. Sex differences in neuroimmune and glial mechanisms of pain. Pain 2021; 162:2186-2200. [PMID: 34256379 PMCID: PMC8277970 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain is the primary motivation for seeking medical care. Although pain may subside as inflammation resolves or an injury heals, it is increasingly evident that persistency of the pain state can occur with significant regularity. Chronic pain requires aggressive management to minimize its physiological consequences and diminish its impact on quality of life. Although opioids commonly are prescribed for intractable pain, concerns regarding reduced efficacy, as well as risks of tolerance and dependence, misuse, diversion, and overdose mortality rates limit their utility. Advances in development of nonopioid interventions hinge on our appreciation of underlying mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity. For instance, the contributory role of immunity and the associated presence of autoimmune syndromes has become of particular interest. Males and females exhibit fundamental differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, some of which are present throughout life, whereas others manifest with reproductive maturation. In general, the incidence of chronic pain conditions, particularly those with likely autoimmune covariates, is significantly higher in women. Accordingly, evidence is now accruing in support of neuroimmune interactions driving sex differences in the development and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity and chronicity. This review highlights known sexual dimorphisms of neuroimmune signaling in pain states modeled in rodents, which may yield potential high-value sex-specific targets to inform future analgesic drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, 970 Washington Street SW, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Ian S. Levine
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, 970 Washington Street SW, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Kelly A. Eddinger
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0818
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0818
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, USA 92093-0601
| | - Matthew W. Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, 970 Washington Street SW, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Lu R, Cui SS, Wang XX, Chen L, Liu F, Gao J, Wang W. Astrocytic c-Jun N-terminal kinase-histone deacetylase-2 cascade contributes to glutamate transporter-1 decrease and mechanical allodynia following peripheral nerve injury in rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:213-223. [PMID: 34333051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decrease of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the spinal dorsal horn after nerve injury induces enhanced excitatory transmission and causes persistent pain. Histone deacetylases (HDACs)-catalyzed deacetylation might contribute to the decrease of GLT-1, while the detailed mechanisms have yet to be fully elaborated. Spinal nerve ligation (SNL) induced significant increases of HDAC2 and decreases of GLT-1 in spinal astrocytes. Intrathecal infusion of the HDAC2 inhibitors attenuated the decrease of GLT-1 and enhanced phosphorylation of glutamate receptors. GLT-1 and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were highly colocalized in the spinal cord, and a large number of pJNK positive cells were HDAC2 positive. Intrathecally infusion of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly inhibited SNL-induced upregulation of HDAC2. SNL-induced HDAC2 up-regulation could be inhibited by the neutralizing anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) binding protein etanercept or the microglial inhibitor minocycline. In cultured astrocytes, TNF-α induced enhanced phosphorylation of JNK and a significant increase of HDAC2, as well as a remarkable decrease of GLT-1, which could be prevented by SP600125 or the HDAC2 specific inhibitor CAY10683. Our data suggest that astrocytic JNK-HDAC2 cascade contributes to GLT-1 decrease and mechanical allodynia following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroimmune activation after peripheral nerve injury could induce epigenetic modification changes in astrocytes and contribute to chronic pain maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shan-Shan Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pain Relief, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Tianjin), Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jing Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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23
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Jin Y, Zhou J, Xu F, Ren Z, Hu J, Zhang C, Ge K, Liu L. Electroacupuncture alleviates the transition from acute to chronic pain through the p38 MAPK/TNF-α signalling pathway in the spinal dorsal horn. Acupunct Med 2021; 39:708-715. [PMID: 34308662 DOI: 10.1177/09645284211020766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperalgesic priming (HP) is a model of the transition from acute to chronic pain. Electroacupuncture (EA) could inhibit pain development through the peripheral dorsal root ganglia; however, it is unclear whether it can mitigate the transition from acute to chronic pain by attenuating protein expression in the p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) pathway in the spinal dorsal horn. AIMS We aimed to determine whether EA could prevent the transition from acute to chronic pain by affecting the p38 MAPK/TNF-α pathway in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model established using HP. METHODS We first randomly subdivided 30 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats into 5 groups (n = 6 per group): control (N), sham HP (Sham-HP), HP, HP + SB203580p38 MAPK (HP+SB203580), and HP + Lenalidomide (CC-5013) (HP+Lenalidomide). We then randomly subdivided a further 30 male SD rats into 5 groups (n = 6 per group): Sham-HP, HP, sham EA (Sham EA), EA (EA), and EA + U-46619 p38 MAPK agonist (EA+U-46619). We assessed the effects of EA on the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and p38 MAPK/TNF-α expression in the spinal dorsal horn of rats subjected to chronic inflammatory pain. RESULTS Rats in the EA group had reduced p38 MAPK and TNF-α expression and had significantly reduced mechanical hyperalgesia compared with rats in the other groups. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that EA could increase the mechanical pain threshold in rats and inhibit the transition from acute pain to chronic pain. This mechanism could involve reduced p38 MAPK/TNF-α expression in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Zeqin Ren
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dali University, Dali City, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, China
| | - Kaiwen Ge
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, China
| | - Lanying Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, China
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24
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Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105345. [PMID: 34069553 PMCID: PMC8160907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain is a universal predicament, afflicting millions of individuals worldwide. Research on the molecular mechanisms of orofacial pain has predominately focused on the role of neurons underlying nociception. However, aside from neural mechanisms, non-neuronal cells, such as Schwann cells and satellite ganglion cells in the peripheral nervous system, and microglia and astrocytes in the central nervous system, are important players in both peripheral and central processing of pain in the orofacial region. This review highlights recent molecular and cellular findings of the glia involvement and glia–neuron interactions in four common orofacial pain conditions such as headache, dental pulp injury, temporomandibular joint dysfunction/inflammation, and head and neck cancer. We will discuss the remaining questions and future directions on glial involvement in these four orofacial pain conditions.
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25
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Pan TT, Pan F, Gao W, Hu SS, Wang D. Involvement of Macrophages and Spinal Microglia in Osteoarthritis Pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:29. [PMID: 33893883 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-00997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic pain in osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by pain sensitization, which involves both peripheral and central mechanisms. Studies suggest synovial macrophage and spinal microglia are implicated in pain sensitization in OA. We, therefore, reviewed the evidence of whether synovial macrophage and spinal microglia facilitated pain sensitization at diverse levels and how this event occurred in OA. RECENT FINDINGS Peripherally, joint inflammation is now believed to be a source of OA-related pain. Synovial macrophages accumulate in OA inflamed synovium and display a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Abundant macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines and other pain-causing substance facilitate hyperexcitation of primary sensory neuron in OA-related pain. Thus, activated synovial macrophage was considered a predictor for phenotyping of OA pain clinically. In response to affected joint-derived strong nociception, aberrant neuronal excitability is often associated with the hyperactivity of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn, thereby leading to central sensitization. Hyperactivity of synovial macrophage and spinal microglia underlies the mechanisms of pain sensitization at the peripheral and central level in OA. This concept provides not only a clinically relevant strategy for identifying the phenotype of OA-related pain but also has the potential to develop individualized interventions for OA, particularly in those patients with hyperactivity of macrophage and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Clinic, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Clinic, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Clinic, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
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26
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Chemogenetic Activation of CX3CR1-Expressing Spinal Microglia Using Gq-DREADD Elicits Mechanical Allodynia in Male Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040874. [PMID: 33921365 PMCID: PMC8069983 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to investigate the sex-dependent roles of microglia in pain hypersensitivity as reactive microglia within the spinal dorsal horn (DH) have been reported to be pivotal in neuropathic pain induction in male rodents upon nerve injury. Here, we aimed at determining the role of sex differences in the behavioral and functional outcomes of the chemogenetic activation of spinal microglia using Gq-designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (Gq-DREADD) driven by the microglia-specific Cx3cr1 promoter. CAG-LSL-human Gq-coupled M3 muscarinic receptors (hM3Dq)-DREADD mice were crossed with CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1)-Cre mice, and immunohistochemistry images revealed that hM3Dq was selectively expressed on Iba1+ microglia, but not on astrocytes and neurons. Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) elicited mechanical allodynia exclusively in male mice. Furthermore, the reactive microglia-dominant molecules that contributed to pain hypersensitivity in CX3CR1-hM3Dq were upregulated in mice of both sexes. The degree of upregulation was greater in male than in female mice. Depletion of spinal microglia using pexidartinib (PLX3397), a colony stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibitor, alleviated the male CX3CR1-hM3Dq mice from pain hypersensitivity and compromised the expression of inflammatory molecules. Thus, the chemogenetic activation of spinal microglia resulted in pain hypersensitivity in male mice, suggesting the sex-dependent molecular aspects of spinal microglia in the regulation of pain.
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27
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Yin N, Yan E, Duan W, Mao C, Fei Q, Yang C, Hu Y, Xu X. The role of microglia in chronic pain and depression: innocent bystander or culprit? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:949-958. [PMID: 33544194 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that chronic pain and depression often accompany each other, but the underlying pathogenesis of comorbid chronic pain and depression remains mostly undetermined. Biotechnology is gradually revealing the phenotype and function of microglia, with great progress regarding microglia's role in neurodegeneration, depression, chronic pain, and other conditions. This article summarizes the role of microglia in chronic pain, depression, and comorbidities, which is conducive to finding new targets to treat chronic pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Enshi Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenbin Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Changyuan Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Qin Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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28
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Liu J, Jin Y, Ye Y, Tang Y, Dai S, Li M, Zhao G, Hong G, Lu ZQ. The Neuroprotective Effect of Short Chain Fatty Acids Against Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626894. [PMID: 33584734 PMCID: PMC7876449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are known to be actively involved in multiple brain disorders, but their roles in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of SCFAs on SAE in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were intragastrically pretreated with SCFAs for seven successive days, and then subjected to SAE induced by cecal ligation and puncture. The behavioral impairment, neuronal degeneration, and levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed. The expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins, including occludin and zoula occludens-1 (ZO-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b), and phosphorylation of JNK and NF-κB p65 in the brain, were measured by western blot and Immunofluorescence analysis. Our results showed that SCFAs significantly attenuated behavioral impairment and neuronal degeneration, and decreased the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the brain of SAE mice. Additionally, SCFAs upregulated the expressions of occludin and ZO-1 and downregulated the expressions of COX-2, CD11b, and phosphorylation of JNK and NF-κB p65 in the brain of SAE mice. These findings suggested that SCFAs could exert neuroprotective effects against SAE in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yangjie Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanglie Ye
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yahui Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Dai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangju Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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29
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Mai L, Zhu X, Huang F, He H, Fan W. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and pain. Life Sci 2020; 256:117885. [PMID: 32485175 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and neuropathic pain is initiated by tissue inflammation and nerve injury, respectively. Both are characterized by increased activity in the peripheral and central nervous system, where multiple inflammatory cytokines and other active molecules activate different signaling pathways that involve in the development and/or maintenance of pain. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one member of the MAPK family, which is activated in neurons and glia and contributes importantly to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest advances made about the implication of p38 MAPK signaling cascade in pain. It can deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pain and may help to offer new targets for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Mai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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30
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Qualitative sex differences in pain processing: emerging evidence of a biased literature. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:353-365. [PMID: 32440016 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived overwhelmingly from the study of male rodents. This Review describes how the recent adoption by a number of funding agencies of policies mandating the incorporation of sex as a biological variable into preclinical research has correlated with an increase in the number of studies investigating sex differences in pain and analgesia. Trends in the field are analysed, with a focus on newly published findings of qualitative sex differences: that is, those findings that are suggestive of differential processing mechanisms in each sex. It is becoming increasingly clear that robust differences exist in the genetic, molecular, cellular and systems-level mechanisms of acute and chronic pain processing in male and female rodents and humans.
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31
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Shi X, Gao C, Wang L, Chu X, Shi Q, Yang H, Li T. Botulinum toxin type A ameliorates adjuvant-arthritis pain by inhibiting microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation and intracellular molecular signaling. Toxicon 2020; 178:33-40. [PMID: 32250746 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory pain is a serious clinical problem caused by inflammation of the joints and degenerative diseases and greatly affects patients' quality of life. Persistent pain states are thought to result from the central sensitization of nociceptive pathways in the spinal dorsal horn. Spinal microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of the central sensitization of chronic inflammatory pain. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) was recently reported to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the precise mechanism underlying its analgesic effect remains unclear. Although several studies have reported that BoNT/A could regulate neuroflammation, the reduction of neuroinflammation regulated by BoNT/A in chronic inflammatory pain in experimentally induced arthritis has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BoNT/A could alleviate adjuvant-arthritis pain via modulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and intracellular molecular pathway. The pain behavioral tests were performed before and after CFA immunization as well as after BoNT/A injection. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess the changes of microglial activation markers (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, IBA-1) and phosphorylation of P38MAPK (P-p38MAPK) in the lumbar spinal cord. TNF-αand P2X4R gene expression were studied by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that (1) the activation of spinal microglia can be continued till 21 days after CFA injection, which suggested its role in the development and maintenance of chronic inflammatory pain. (2) The intra-articular administration of a single effective dose of BoNT/A (5U/10 U) on day 21 after CFA injection significantly reduced nociceptive behaviors and decreased protein overexpression and immunoreactivity for IBA-1 and P-p38MAPK in CFA induced rat. Simultaneously, BoNT/A (5 U) also inhibited the increase in TNF-α mRNA and P2X4R mRNA expression induced by CFA injection. These results suggested that BoNT/A is a potential therapeutic agent for relieving the neuroinflammation that occurs in chronic inflammatory pain by inhibiting the activation of microglial cells and the release of microglia-derived TNF-α. This effect is likely mediated by inhibiting the activation of the P2X4R-P38MAPK signaling pathways in spinal microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, China
| | - Chengfei Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Department of Pharmacy of Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qilin Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, China
| | - Tieshan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, China.
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32
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Ballon Romero SS, Lee YC, Fuh LJ, Chung HY, Hung SY, Chen YH. Analgesic and Neuroprotective Effects of Electroacupuncture in a Dental Pulp Injury Model-A Basic Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2628. [PMID: 32283868 PMCID: PMC7178196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible pulpitis is an extremely painful condition and its consequence in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. A mouse model of dental pulp injury (DPI) resembles the irreversible pulpitis profile in humans. This study sought to determine whether pain induced by DPI activates microglia and astrocytes in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), as well as increases levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and whether electroacupuncture (EA) can be a potential analgesic and neuroprotective therapy following DPI. Pain behavior was measured via head-withdrawal threshold (HWT) and burrowing behavior at days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after DPI. A marked decrease in HWT and burrowing activity was observed from day 1 to 14 after DPI and no changes were seen on day 21. Microglial and astrocytes activation; along with high cytokine (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels, were observed in the Vc at 21 days after DPI. These effects were attenuated by verum (local and distal) EA, as well as oral ibuprofen administration. The results suggest that DPI-induced pain and glial activations in the Vc and EA exert analgesic efficacy at both local and distal acupoints. Furthermore, verum (local and distal) EA might be associated with the modulations of microglial and astrocytes activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmely Sharon Ballon Romero
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (S.S.B.R.); (Y.-C.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (S.S.B.R.); (Y.-C.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Department of Acupuncture, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Jyh Fuh
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University; Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Yi Chung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (S.S.B.R.); (Y.-C.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (S.S.B.R.); (Y.-C.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (S.S.B.R.); (Y.-C.L.); (H.-Y.C.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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33
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Apryani E, Ali U, Wang ZY, Wu HY, Mao XF, Ahmad KA, Li XY, Wang YX. The spinal microglial IL-10/β-endorphin pathway accounts for cinobufagin-induced mechanical antiallodynia in bone cancer pain following activation of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:75. [PMID: 32113469 PMCID: PMC7049212 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cinobufagin is the major bufadienolide of Bufonis venenum (Chansu), which has been traditionally used for the treatment of chronic pain especially cancer pain. The current study aimed to evaluate its antinociceptive effects in bone cancer pain and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Rat bone cancer model was used in this study. The withdrawal threshold evoked by stimulation of the hindpaw was determined using a 2290 CE electrical von Frey hair. The β-endorphin and IL-10 levels were measured in the spinal cord and cultured primary microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Results Cinobufagin, given intrathecally, dose-dependently attenuated mechanical allodynia in bone cancer pain rats, with the projected Emax of 90% MPE and ED50 of 6.4 μg. Intrathecal cinobufagin also stimulated the gene and protein expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin (but not dynorphin A) in the spinal cords of bone cancer pain rats. In addition, treatment with cinobufagin in cultured primary spinal microglia but not astrocytes or neurons stimulated the mRNA and protein expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin, which was prevented by the pretreatment with the IL-10 antibody but not β-endorphin antiserum. Furthermore, spinal cinobufagin-induced mechanical antiallodynia was inhibited by the pretreatment with intrathecal injection of the microglial inhibitor minocycline, IL-10 antibody, β-endorphin antiserum and specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist CTAP. Lastly, cinobufagin- and the specific α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) agonist PHA-543613-induced microglial gene expression of IL-10/β-endorphin and mechanical antiallodynia in bone cancer pain were blocked by the pretreatment with the specific α7-nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine. Conclusions Our results illustrate that cinobufagin produces mechanical antiallodynia in bone cancer pain through spinal microglial expression of IL-10 and subsequent β-endorphin following activation of α7-nAChRs. Our results also highlight the broad significance of the recently uncovered spinal microglial IL-10/β-endorphin pathway in antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evhy Apryani
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Usman Ali
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Mao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Khalil Ali Ahmad
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Dominant Role of the Gut Microbiota in Chemotherapy Induced Neuropathic Pain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20324. [PMID: 31889131 PMCID: PMC6937259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a toxic side effect of some cancer treatments, negatively impacts patient outcomes and drastically reduces survivor’s quality of life (QOL). Uncovering the mechanisms driving chemotherapy-induced CIPN is urgently needed to facilitate the development of effective treatments, as currently there are none. Observing that C57BL/6 (B6) and 129SvEv (129) mice are respectively sensitive and resistant to Paclitaxel-induced pain, we investigated the involvement of the gut microbiota in this extreme phenotypic response. Reciprocal gut microbiota transfers between B6 and 129 mice as well as antibiotic depletion causally linked gut microbes to Paclitaxel-induced pain sensitivity and resistance. Microglia proliferated in the spinal cords of Paclitaxel treated mice harboring the pain-sensitive B6 microbiota but not the pain-resistant 129 microbiota, which exhibited a notable absence of infiltrating immune cells. Paclitaxel decreased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, which could compromise barrier integrity resulting in systemic exposure to bacterial metabolites and products – that acting via the gut-immune-brain axis – could result in altered brain function. Other bacterial taxa that consistently associated with both bacteria and pain as well as microglia and pain were identified, lending support to our hypothesis that microglia are causally involved in CIPN, and that gut bacteria are drivers of this phenotype.
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Araya EI, Turnes JDM, Barroso AR, Chichorro JG. Contribution of intraganglionic CGRP to migraine-like responses in male and female rats. Cephalalgia 2019; 40:689-700. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102419896539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate whether intraganglionic calcitonin gene-related peptide induced differential migraine-like responses in male and female rats. Methods Calcitonin gene-related peptide was injected in the trigeminal ganglion of male and female rats followed by assessment of periorbital mechanical allodynia with von Frey hairs. The influence of systemic treatment with sumatriptan or intraganglionic treatment with minocycline and propentofylline was determined on the calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced mechanical allodynia in male and female rats. One additional group was exposed to an aversive light 24 h after calcitonin gene-related peptide priming, followed by evaluation of periorbital mechanical threshold, and another group was tested in the elevated-plus maze. Results Intraganglionar calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced periorbital mechanical allodynia in female (0.5 to 6 h) and male rats (0.5 to 4 h). Systemic sumatriptan briefly attenuated the mechanical allodynia, but intraganglionar minocycline or propentofylline injection was effective only in male rats. Calcitonin gene-related peptide induced photic sensitivity in female and male rats (lasting 4 h and 1 h, respectively), as well as anxiety-like behavior. Conclusions Intraganglionar calcitonin gene-related peptide may play a major role in migraine-like responses, including periorbital mechanical allodynia, light sensitivity and anxiety like-behavior. Female rats are likely to be more susceptible to calcitonin gene-related peptide effects and a better understanding of the sexual dimorphism in calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling may help to improve migraine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ivanna Araya
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Joelle de Melo Turnes
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ribeiro Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Geremias Chichorro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Deng GC, Lu M, Zhao YY, Yuan Y, Chen G. Activated spinal astrocytes contribute to the later phase of carrageenan-induced prostatitis pain. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:189. [PMID: 31653262 PMCID: PMC6814979 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostatodynia is the main symptom of chronic prostatitis and the main reason that patients go to the hospital for treatment. Although a variety of factors, including inflammatory immune response, nervous system sensitization, and psychological factors, have been shown to play important roles in the induction and development of chronic pain in prostatitis, the underlying cause of chronic prostatodynia maintenance in prostatitis patients remains unclear. Methods A mouse model of chronic prostatitis induced by carrageenan injection was used. The von Frey test was used to measure pain behavior. The microglial and astrocyte activations were immunohistochemically demonstrated with antibodies against Iba1 and GFAP. The expression of cytokine or signaling pathway was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Results In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to demonstrate that activated spinal astrocytes contribute to the later phase (5 weeks after carrageenan injection) of carrageenan-induced prostatitis pain. First, activation of spinal astrocytes but not microglia was found in the spinal cord dorsal horn at 5 weeks. Second, intrathecal injection of the astroglial toxin L-2-Aminoadipate acid (L-AA) but not microglial inhibitor minocycline reduced mechanical allodynia at 5 weeks. Third, chronic prostatitis induced a profound and persistent upregulation of connexin-43 hemichannels in spinal astrocytes, and spinal injection of the connexin-43 inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) effectively reduced pain symptoms. Fourth, increased expression and release of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) in the spinal dorsal horn and intrathecal injection of a CXCL1 neutralizing antibody or the CXCR2 (a major receptor of CXCL1) antagonist SB225002 significantly reduced mechanical allodynia at 5 weeks. Conclusions In this study, we found that a novel mechanism of activated spinal astrocytes plays a crucial role in maintaining chronic prostatitis-induced persistent pain via connexin-43-regulated CXCL1 production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chuang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (The First People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, China
| | - Ya-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Tissue and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Chen G, Zhang YQ, Qadri YJ, Serhan CN, Ji RR. Microglia in Pain: Detrimental and Protective Roles in Pathogenesis and Resolution of Pain. Neuron 2019; 100:1292-1311. [PMID: 30571942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous signaling molecules are altered in microglia and contribute to the pathogenesis of pain. Here, we discuss how microglial signaling regulates spinal cord synaptic plasticity in acute and chronic pain conditions with different degrees and variations of microgliosis. We highlight that microglial mediators such as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are powerful neuromodulators that regulate synaptic transmission and pain via neuron-glial interactions. We also reveal an emerging role of microglia in the resolution of pain, in part via specialized pro-resolving mediators including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. We also discuss a possible role of microglia in chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yawar J Qadri
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Hale Transformative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Liang YJ, Feng SY, Qi YP, Li K, Jin ZR, Jing HB, Liu LY, Cai J, Xing GG, Fu KY. Contribution of microglial reaction to increased nociceptive responses in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:777-792. [PMID: 31108168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity in the population can result in increased healthcare costs and demands. Recent studies have revealed a positive correlation between pain and obesity, although the underlying mechanisms still remain unknown. Here, we aimed to clarify the role of microglia in altered pain behaviors induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in male mice. We found that C57BL/6CR mice on HFD exhibited enhanced spinal microglial reaction (increased cell number and up-regulated expression of p-p38 and CD16/32), increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression as well as a polarization of spinal microglial toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, we found that using PLX3397 (a selective colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) kinase inhibitor) to eliminate microglia in HFD-induced obesity mice, inflammation in the spinal cord was rescued, as was abnormal pain hypersensitivity. Intrathecal injection of Mac-1-saporin (a saporin-conjugated anti-mac1 antibody) resulted in a decreased number of microglia and attenuated both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in HFD-fed mice. These results indicate that the pro-inflammatory functions of spinal microglia have a special relevance to abnormal pain hypersensitivity in HFD-induced obesity mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that HFD induces a classical reaction of microglia, characterized by an enhanced phosphorylation of p-38 and increased CD16/32 expression, which may in part contribute to increased nociceptive responses in HFD-induced obesity mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Liang
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shi-Yang Feng
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya-Ping Qi
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Li
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zi-Run Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jing
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ling-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Gang Xing
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Kai-Yuan Fu
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Macrophage Toll-like Receptor 9 Contributes to Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Male Mice. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6848-6864. [PMID: 31270160 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3257-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) remains a pressing clinical problem; however, our understanding of sexual dimorphism in CIPN remains unclear. Emerging studies indicate a sex-dimorphic role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in driving neuropathic pain. In this study, we examined the role of TLR9 in CIPN induced by paclitaxel in WT and Tlr9 mutant mice of both sexes. Baseline pain sensitivity was not affected in either Tlr9 mutant male or female mice. Intraplantar and intrathecal injection of the TLR9 agonist ODN 1826 induced mechanical allodynia in both sexes of WT and Tlr4 KO mice but failed to do so in Tlr9 mutant mice. Moreover, Trpv1 KO or C-fiber blockade by resiniferatoxin failed to affect intraplantar ODN 1826-induced mechanical allodynia. Interestingly, the development of paclitaxel-evoked mechanical allodynia was attenuated by TLR9 antagonism or Tlr9 mutation only in male mice. Paclitaxel-induced CIPN caused macrophage infiltration to DRGs in both sexes, and this infiltration was not affected by Tlr9 mutation. Paclitaxel treatment also upregulated TNF and CXCL1 in macrophage cultures and DRG tissues in both sexes, but these changes were compromised by Tlr9 mutation in male animals. Intraplantar adoptive transfer of paclitaxel-activated macrophages evoked mechanical allodynia in both sexes, which was compromised by Tlr9 mutation or by treatment with TLR9 inhibitor only in male animals. Finally, TLR9 antagonism reduced paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia in female nude mice (T-cell and B-cell deficient). Together, these findings reveal sex-dimorphic macrophage TLR9 signaling in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major side effect in cancer patients undergoing clinical chemotherapy treatment regimens. The role of sex dimorphism with regards to the mechanisms of CIPN and analgesia against CIPN remains unclear. Previous studies have found that the infiltration of immune cells, such as macrophages into DRGs and their subsequent activation promote CIPN. Interestingly, the contribution of microglia to CIPN appears to be limited. Here, we show that macrophage TLR9 signaling promotes CIPN in male mice only. This study suggests that pathways in macrophages may be sex-dimorphic in CIPN. Our findings provide new insights into the role of macrophage signaling mechanisms underlying sex dimorphism in CIPN, which may inspire the development of more precise and effective therapies.
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Abstract
Obesity is often associated with increased pain, but little is known about the effects of obesity and diet on postoperative pain. In this study, effects of diet and obesity were examined in the paw incision model, a preclinical model of postoperative pain. Long-Evans rats were fed high-fat diet (40% calories from butter fat) or low-fat normal chow. Male rats fed high-fat diet starting 6 weeks before incision (a diet previously shown to induce markers of obesity) had prolonged mechanical hypersensitivity and an overall increase in spontaneous pain in response to paw incision, compared with normal chow controls. Diet effects in females were minor. Removing high-fat diet for 2 weeks before incision reversed the diet effects on pain behaviors, although this was not enough time to reverse high-fat diet-induced weight gain. A shorter (1 week) exposure to high-fat diet before incision also increased pain behaviors in males, albeit to a lesser degree. The 6-week high-fat diet increased macrophage density as examined immunohistochemically in lumbar dorsal root ganglion even before paw incision, especially in males, and sensitized responses of peritoneal macrophages to lipopolysaccharide stimuli in vitro. The nerve regeneration marker growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) in skin near the incision (day 4) was higher in the high-fat diet group, and wound healing was delayed. In summary, high-fat diet increased postoperative pain particularly in males, but some diet effects did not depend on weight gain. Even short-term dietary manipulations, that do not affect obesity, may enhance postoperative pain.
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Spinal Serotonin 1A Receptor Contributes to the Analgesia of Acupoint Catgut Embedding by Inhibiting Phosphorylation of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor GluN1 Subunit in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Pain in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:16.e1-16.e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Chine VB, Au NPB, Kumar G, Ma CHE. Targeting Axon Integrity to Prevent Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3244-3259. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Luo X, Fitzsimmons B, Mohan A, Zhang L, Terrando N, Kordasiewicz H, Ji RR. Intrathecal administration of antisense oligonucleotide against p38α but not p38β MAP kinase isoform reduces neuropathic and postoperative pain and TLR4-induced pain in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 72:34-44. [PMID: 29128611 PMCID: PMC5940592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) consists of two major isoforms: p38α and p38β; however, it remains unclear which isoform is more important for chronic pain development. Recently, we developed potent, long-lasting, and p38 MAPK subtype-specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). We examined the therapeutic effects of isoform-specific ASOs in several chronic pain models following single intrathecal injection (300 μg/10 μl) in CD1 mice. In the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, p38α MAPK ASO, given on post-operative day 5, reduced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia in male but not female mice. In contrast, mechanical allodynia after CCI in both sexes was not affected by p38β MAPK ASO. Intrathecal injection of p38α or p38β ASO resulted in a partial reduction (≈ 50%) of spinal p38α or p38β mRNA level, respectively, in both sexes at two weeks. In contrast, intrathecal injection of the ASOs did not affect p38α and p38β MAPK mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglia. Intrathecal p38α ASO also reduced postoperative pain (mechanical and cold allodynia) in male mice after tibia fracture. However, intrathecal p38α ASO had no effect on mechanical allodynia in male mice after paclitaxel treatment. Intrathecal p38α MAPK ASO pre-treatment also prevented TLR4-mediated mechanical allodynia and downregulated levels of p38α MAPK and phosphorylated p38 MAPK following intrathecal treatment of lipopolysaccharide. In summary, our findings suggest that p38α MAPK is the major p38 MAPK isoform in the spinal cord and regulates chronic pain in a sex and model-dependent manner. Intrathecal p38α MAPK ASO may offer a new treatment for some chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | | | - Apoorva Mohan
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Niccolo Terrando
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, United States.
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Ji RR, Nackley A, Huh Y, Terrando N, Maixner W. Neuroinflammation and Central Sensitization in Chronic and Widespread Pain. Anesthesiology 2018; 129:343-366. [PMID: 29462012 PMCID: PMC6051899 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful insults. Accumulating evidence suggests that central sensitization is also driven by neuroinflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system. A characteristic feature of neuroinflammation is the activation of glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the spinal cord and brain, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Recent studies suggest that central cytokines and chemokines are powerful neuromodulators and play a sufficient role in inducing hyperalgesia and allodynia after central nervous system administration. Sustained increase of cytokines and chemokines in the central nervous system also promotes chronic widespread pain that affects multiple body sites. Thus, neuroinflammation drives widespread chronic pain via central sensitization. We also discuss sex-dependent glial/immune signaling in chronic pain and new therapeutic approaches that control neuroinflammation for the resolution of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Andrea Nackley
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yul Huh
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - William Maixner
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Cook AD, Christensen AD, Tewari D, McMahon SB, Hamilton JA. Immune Cytokines and Their Receptors in Inflammatory Pain. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:240-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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T-Cell Mediation of Pregnancy Analgesia Affecting Chronic Pain in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9819-9827. [PMID: 28877966 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2053-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported consistently that many female chronic pain sufferers have an attenuation of symptoms during pregnancy. Rats display increased pain tolerance during pregnancy due to an increase in opioid receptors in the spinal cord. Past studies did not consider the role of non-neuronal cells, which are now known to play an important role in chronic pain processing. Using an inflammatory (complete Freund's adjuvant) or neuropathic (spared nerve injury) model of persistent pain, we observed that young adult female mice in early pregnancy switch from a microglia-independent to a microglia-dependent pain hypersensitivity mechanism. During late pregnancy, female mice show no evidence of chronic pain whatsoever. This pregnancy-related analgesia is reversible by intrathecal administration of naloxone, suggesting an opioid-mediated mechanism; pharmacological and genetic data suggest the importance of δ-opioid receptors. We also observe that T-cell-deficient (nude and Rag1-null mutant) pregnant mice do not exhibit pregnancy analgesia, which can be rescued with the adoptive transfer of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells from late-pregnant wild-type mice. These results suggest that T cells are a mediator of the opioid analgesia exhibited during pregnancy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chronic pain symptoms often subside during pregnancy. This pregnancy-related analgesia has been demonstrated for acute pain in rats. Here, we show that pregnancy analgesia can produce a complete cessation of chronic pain behaviors in mice. We show that the phenomenon is dependent on pregnancy hormones (estrogen and progesterone), δ-opioid receptors, and T cells of the adaptive immune system. These findings add to the recent but growing evidence of sex-specific T-cell involvement in chronic pain processing.
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Berta T, Perrin FE, Pertin M, Tonello R, Liu YC, Chamessian A, Kato AC, Ji RR, Decosterd I. Gene Expression Profiling of Cutaneous Injured and Non-Injured Nociceptors in SNI Animal Model of Neuropathic Pain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9367. [PMID: 28839165 PMCID: PMC5570923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptors are a particular subtype of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that detect noxious stimuli and elicit pain. Although recent efforts have been made to reveal the molecular profile of nociceptors in normal conditions, little is known about how this profile changes in pathological conditions. In this study we exploited laser capture microdissection to specifically collect individual injured and non-injured nociceptive DRG neurons and to define their gene profiling in rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. We found minimal transcriptional changes in non-injured neurons at 7 days after SNI. In contrast, several novel transcripts were altered in injured nociceptors, and the global signature of these LCM-captured neurons differed markedly from that the gene expression patterns found previously using whole DRG tissue following SNI. Pathway analysis of the transcriptomic profile of the injured nociceptors revealed oxidative stress as a key biological process. We validated the increase of caspase-6 (CASP6) in small-sized DRG neurons and its functional role in SNI- and paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Our results demonstrate that the identification of gene regulation in a specific population of DRG neurons (e.g., nociceptors) is an effective strategy to reveal new mechanisms and therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temugin Berta
- Pain Center, Department of anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Faculty of biology and medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, 595 LaSalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA.
| | - Florence E Perrin
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, 1211, Geneva 4, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095 France, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, F-34095 France, EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Marie Pertin
- Pain Center, Department of anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Faculty of biology and medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of biology and medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Tonello
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Yen-Chin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan city, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Chamessian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, 595 LaSalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ann C Kato
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, 1211, Geneva 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, 595 LaSalle Street, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Isabelle Decosterd
- Pain Center, Department of anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Faculty of biology and medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of biology and medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Huh Y, Ji RR, Chen G. Neuroinflammation, Bone Marrow Stem Cells, and Chronic Pain. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1014. [PMID: 28871264 PMCID: PMC5567062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for chronic pain, such as inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and cancer pain are insufficient and cause severe side effects. Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system (PNS and CNS) plays a pivotal role in the genesis and maintenance of chronic pain. Characteristic features of neuroinflammation in chronic pain conditions include infiltration of immune cells into the PNS [e.g., the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion (DRG)], activation of glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes in the CNS (spinal cord and brain), and production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [TNF, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL1]. Recent studies suggest that bone marrow stem cells or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) produce powerful analgesic effects in animal models of inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and cancer pain. We recently demonstrated that intrathecal injection of BMSCs resulted in a long-term relief of neuropathic pain for several weeks after peripheral nerve injury. Strikingly, this analgesic effect is mediated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta secreted from BMSCs. Additionally, BMSCs exhibit potent modulation of neuroinflammation, by inhibiting monocyte infiltration, glial activation, and cytokine/chemokine production in the DRG and spinal cord. Thus, BMSCs control chronic pain by regulation of neuroinflammation in the PNS and CNS via paracrine signaling. In this review, we discuss the similar results from different laboratories of remarkable anti-nociceptive efficacy of BMSCs in animal and clinical studies. We also discuss the mechanisms by which BMSCs control neuroinflammation and chronic pain and how these cells specifically migrate to damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yul Huh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Chen G, Luo X, Qadri MY, Berta T, Ji RR. Sex-Dependent Glial Signaling in Pathological Pain: Distinct Roles of Spinal Microglia and Astrocytes. Neurosci Bull 2017; 34:98-108. [PMID: 28585113 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that spinal microglia regulate pathological pain in males. In this study, we investigated the effects of several microglial and astroglial modulators on inflammatory and neuropathic pain following intrathecal injection in male and female mice. These modulators were the microglial inhibitors minocycline and ZVEID (a caspase-6 inhibitor) and the astroglial inhibitors L-α-aminoadipate (L-AA, an astroglial toxin) and carbenoxolone (a connexin 43 inhibitor), as well as U0126 (an ERK kinase inhibitor) and D-JNKI-1 (a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor). We found that spinal administration of minocycline or ZVEID, or Caspase6 deletion, reduced formalin-induced inflammatory and nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain primarily in male mice. In contrast, intrathecal L-AA reduced neuropathic pain but not inflammatory pain in both sexes. Intrathecal U0126 and D-JNKI-1 reduced neuropathic pain in both sexes. Nerve injury caused spinal upregulation of the astroglial markers GFAP and Connexin 43 in both sexes. Collectively, our data confirmed male-dominant microglial signaling but also revealed sex-independent astroglial signaling in the spinal cord in inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and the Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Yawar Qadri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Temugin Berta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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