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Gross C, Guérin LP, Socol BG, Germain L, Guérin SL. The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13182. [PMID: 37685987 PMCID: PMC10488069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein originally discovered in 1983 in ram testis fluid. Rapidly observed in other tissues, it was initially given various names based on its function in different tissues. In 1992, it was finally named CLU by consensus. Nearly omnipresent in human tissues, CLU is strongly expressed at fluid-tissue interfaces, including in the eye and in particular the cornea. Recent research has identified different forms of CLU, with the most prominent being a 75-80 kDa heterodimeric protein that is secreted. Another truncated version of CLU (55 kDa) is localized to the nucleus and exerts pro-apoptotic activities. CLU has been reported to be involved in various physiological processes such as sperm maturation, lipid transportation, complement inhibition and chaperone activity. CLU was also reported to exert important functions in tissue remodeling, cell-cell adhesion, cell-substratum interaction, cytoprotection, apoptotic cell death, cell proliferation and migration. Hence, this protein is sparking interest in tissue wound healing. Moreover, CLU gene expression is finely regulated by cytokines, growth factors and stress-inducing agents, leading to abnormally elevated levels of CLU in many states of cellular disturbance, including cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. In the eye, CLU expression has been reported as being severely increased in several pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration and Fuch's corneal dystrophy, while it is depleted in others, such as pathologic keratinization. Nevertheless, the precise role of CLU in the development of ocular pathologies has yet to be deciphered. The question of whether CLU expression is influenced by these disorders or contributes to them remains open. In this article, we review the actual knowledge about CLU at both the protein and gene expression level in wound healing, and explore the possibility that CLU is a key factor in cancer and eye diseases. Understanding the expression and regulation of CLU could lead to the development of novel therapeutics for promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gross
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Bianca G. Socol
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Gomes JR, Lobo A, Nogueira R, Terceiro AF, Costelha S, Lopes IM, Magalhães A, Summavielle T, Saraiva MJ. Neuronal megalin mediates synaptic plasticity-a novel mechanism underlying intellectual disabilities in megalin gene pathologies. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa135. [PMID: 33225275 PMCID: PMC7667529 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Donnai-Barrow syndrome, a genetic disorder associated to LRP2 (low-density lipoprotein receptor 2/megalin) mutations, is characterized by unexplained neurological symptoms and intellectual deficits. Megalin is a multifunctional endocytic clearance cell-surface receptor, mostly described in epithelial cells. This receptor is also expressed in the CNS, mainly in neurons, being involved in neurite outgrowth and neuroprotective mechanisms. Yet, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of megalin in the CNS are poorly understood. Using transthyretin knockout mice, a megalin ligand, we found that transthyretin positively regulates neuronal megalin levels in different CNS areas, particularly in the hippocampus. Transthyretin is even able to rescue megalin downregulation in transthyretin knockout hippocampal neuronal cultures, in a positive feedback mechanism via megalin. Importantly, transthyretin activates a regulated intracellular proteolysis mechanism of neuronal megalin, producing an intracellular domain, which is translocated to the nucleus, unveiling megalin C-terminal as a potential transcription factor, able to regulate gene expression. We unveil that neuronal megalin reduction affects physiological neuronal activity, leading to decreased neurite number, length and branching, and increasing neuronal susceptibility to a toxic insult. Finally, we unravel a new unexpected role of megalin in synaptic plasticity, by promoting the formation and maturation of dendritic spines, and contributing for the establishment of active synapses, both in in vitro and in vivo hippocampal neurons. Moreover, these structural and synaptic roles of megalin impact on learning and memory mechanisms, since megalin heterozygous mice show hippocampal-related memory and learning deficits in several behaviour tests. Altogether, we unveil a complete novel role of megalin in the physiological neuronal activity, mainly in synaptic plasticity with impact in learning and memory. Importantly, we contribute to disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying the cognitive and intellectual disabilities related to megalin gene pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Gomes
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Lobo
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Nogueira
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Terceiro
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susete Costelha
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Igor M Lopes
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Summavielle
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Saraiva
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Park JW, Nam KT, Shin JH, Kim IY, Choi KM, Roh KJ, Oh SH, Yun YM, Suh JG, Oh YS, Yoon YS, Seong JK. Clusterin is highly expressed in tubular complexes during spontaneous pancreatitis of spontaneous hypertensive rats. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1553-1557. [PMID: 30111670 PMCID: PMC6207517 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of pancreas which leads to varying degrees of
pancreatic endocrine and exocrine dysfunction and manifests in either acute or chronic
forms. Spontaneous pancreatitis in experimental animals has rarely been reported. Here, we
found acute to chronic courses of spontaneous pancreatitis in spontaneously hypertensive
rats (SHRs), showing the formation of tubular complexes (TCs) and enhanced islet
regeneration. We investigated the expression pattern of clusterin in the pancreas of SHRs
based on immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC analysis revealed the strong expression of
clusterin in dedifferentiated duct-like cells and regenerative islets of TCs. These
results imply that clusterin might be involved in the formation of TCs and parenchymal
regeneration during rat pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Won Park
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Choi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Roh
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Korea
| | - Young-Min Yun
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, 61 Iljudong-ro, Jeju-si Jeju-do, 63294, Korea
| | - Jun-Gyo Suh
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Department of Medical Genetics and Experimental Animal Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24252, Korea
| | - Yang-Seok Oh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Experimental Animal Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallimdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24252, Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Iyer S, Park MJ, Moons D, Kwan R, Liao J, Liu L, Omary MB. Clusterin and Pycr1 alterations associate with strain and model differences in susceptibility to experimental pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:1346-1352. [PMID: 27939882 PMCID: PMC5240812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis has several underlying etiologies, and results in consequences ranging from mild to complex multi-organ failure. The wide range of pathology suggests a genetic predisposition for progression. We compared the susceptibility to acute pancreatitis in BALB/c and FVB/N mice, coupled with proteomic analysis, in order to identify potential protein associations with pancreatitis progression. METHODS Pancreatitis was induced in BALB/c and FVB/N mice by administration of cerulein or feeding a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet. Histology and changes in serum amylase were examined. Proteome profiling in cerulein-treated mice was performed using 2-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by mass spectrometry analysis and biochemical validation. RESULTS Male and female FVB/N mice manifested more severe cerulein-induced pancreatitis as compared with BALB/c mice, but both strains were similarly susceptible to CDE-induced pancreatitis. Few of the 2D-DIGE alterations were validated by immunoblotting. Clusterin was markedly up-regulated after cerulein-induced pancreatitis in FVB/N but less-so in BALB/c mice. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (Pycr1), an enzyme involved in proline biosynthesis, had higher basal levels in FVB/N male and female mouse pancreata compared with BALB/c pancreata, and was relatively more resistant to degradation in FVB/N pancreata. However, serum and pancreas tissue proline levels were similar in the two strains. CONCLUSION FVB/N is more susceptible than BALB/c mice to cerulein-induced but not CDE-induced pancreatitis. Most of the 2D-DIGE alterations in the two strains likely relate to posttranslational modifications rather than protein level differences. Clusterin levels increase dramatically in association with pancreatitis severity, while Pycr1 is higher in FVB/N versus BALB/c pancreata basally and after induction of pancreatitis. Changes in proline metabolism may represent a novel potential genetic modifier in the context of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Iyer
- Research & Development, Protein and Cell Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bangalore, India
| | - Min-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Moons
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Raymond Kwan
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Liu X, Meng L, Li J, Meng J, Teng X, Gu H, Hu S, Wei Y. Secretory clusterin is upregulated in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by systemic-to-pulmonary shunts and exerts important roles in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:505-18. [PMID: 25069740 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Phenotype modification of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) (excessive proliferation, migration and impaired apoptosis) plays central roles in pulmonary vascular remodelling of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, the potential mechanism and contributing factors involved in the phenotype alteration in PASMCs are still not completely elucidated. This study attempted to investigate the expression pattern of secretory clusterin (sCLU), a prosurvival protein, in systemic-to-pulmonary shunt-induced PAH rats and the potential roles of sCLU in pulmonary vascular remodelling. METHODS An original rat model of systemic-to-pulmonary shunt-induced PAH was established by combined surgery as we previously reported. Lung tissues were harvested at specific time points for real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemisty analysis; meanwhile, plasma was collected for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell culture experiments were performed using cultured human PASMCs (HPASMCs). RESULTS Expression of sCLU was significantly increased in lungs exposed to systemic-to-pulmonary shunt. Moreover, plasma sCLU levels were markedly elevated with the progression of PAH in rats and also presented a positive correlation with pulmonary hemodynamic indices. In vitro cell culture assay indicated that sCLU expression and secretion increased with the phenotype modification of HPASMCs; furthermore, sCLU promoted HPASMCs proliferation, migration and apoptosis resistance, at least in part, via Erk1/2 and Akt signalling pathways. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that sCLU is functionally an important phenotype modulator of PASMCs, and its upregulation in lung tissues may exert a deteriorative role in pulmonary vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
- Medical Research Center; Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - L. Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
| | - J. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
| | - J. Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
| | - X. Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
| | - H. Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
| | - S. Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Y. Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease; National Center for Cardiovascular Disease; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Fuwai Hospital; Beijing China
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Abstract
Clusterin is a heterodimeric disulfide-linked glycoprotein (449 amino acids) isolated in the rat prostate after castration. It is widely distributed in different tissues and highly conserved in species. There are two isoforms (1 and 2) with antagonistic actions regarding apoptosis. Clusterin is implicated in a number of biological processes, including lipid transport, membrane recycling, cell adhesion, programmed cell death, and complement cascade, representing a truly multifunctional protein. Isoform 2 is overexpressed under cellular stress conditions and protects cells from apoptosis by impeding Bax actions on the mitochondrial membrane and exerts other protumor activities, like phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway activation, modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression, increased angiogenesis, modulation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, among others. Its overexpression should be considered as a nonspecific cellular response to a wide variety of tissue insults like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, excess of free oxygen radicals, androgen or estrogen deprivation, etc. A review of the recent literature strongly suggests potential roles for custirsen in particular, and proapoptosis treatments in general, as novel modalities in cancer management. Inhibition of clusterin is known to increase the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, and custirsen, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide that blocks clusterin, is being tested in a Phase III clinical trial after successful results were achieved in Phase II studies. A major issue in cancer evolution that remains unanswered is whether clusterin represents a driving force of tumorigenesis or a late phenomenon after chemotherapy. This review presents preclinical data that encourages trials in various types of cancer other than advanced castration-resistance prostate cancer and discusses briefly the appropriate timing for clusterin inhibition in the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Gerencia de Efectores Sanitarios Propios, Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social para Jubilados y Pensionados, Buenos Aires, República Argentina
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Kaya-Dagistanli F, Ozturk M. The role of clusterin on pancreatic beta cell regeneration after exendin-4 treatment in neonatal streptozotocin administrated rats. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:577-86. [PMID: 23351716 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of exendin-4 (Ex4) treatment on expression of clusterin and β cell regeneration in the endocrine pancreas in neonatal streptozotocin (nSTZ) diabetic rats. Three groups were used: (1) n2-STZ group; on the second day after birth 100mg/kg STZ was given i.p. to two groups of newborn rats, (2) n2-STZ+Ex4 group; 3μg/kg/day Ex4 was given for 5 days starting on the third day, and (3) control group. In situ hybridization for mRNAs of insulin and clusterin, double immunostaining for insulin/clusterin and insulin/BrdU were carried out. Immunostaining for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, clusterin, synaptophysin and pdx-1 was performed. In the n2-STZ+Ex4 group, BrdU/insulin and insulin/clusterin immunopositive cells were significantly increased in the islets of Langerhans in comparison to the other groups. The areas occupied by the insulin mRNA and peptide positive cells and also pdx-1 immunopositive cells were decreased in the n2-STZ diabetic group compared with the other groups. The clusterin mRNA and protein positive cells, and also the glucagon and somatostatin cells, were significantly increased in the islets of the n2-STZ and the n2-STZ+Ex4 groups compared with the control group. The results show that Ex4 treatment induces new beta cell clusters via up-regulation of clusterin, which might be effective on beta-cell proliferation and neogenesis.
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Choi JH, Lim KH, Park E, Kim JY, Choi YK, Baek KH. Glutamate-ammonia ligase and reduction of G0 population in PANC-1 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:303-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jin J, Kim JM, Hur YS, Cho WP, Lee KY, Ahn SI, Hong KC, Park IS. Clinical significance of clusterin expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:146. [PMID: 22799602 PMCID: PMC3436747 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clusterin is known to be expressed in many human neoplasms, and is believed to participate in the regeneration, migration, and anti-apoptosis of tumor cells. However, few reports have addressed the relationship between the manifestation of clusterin and clinicopathologic parameters in pancreas cancer patients. In the present study, the authors investigated the expression of clusterin and its clinical significance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was performed for clusterin in tumor tissues obtained from patients who received pancreatic resection with radical intent, and the associations of clusterin expression with various clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed in addition to the relation between its expression and survival. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for clusterin was observed in 17 of the 52 (33%) pancreatic adenocarcinomas examined. In addition, clusterin positivity was found to be associated with preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen level, perineural invasion, and, most strongly, lymph node metastasis. The survival analysis identified tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis as the only significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION Although not an independent prognostic factor, clusterin immunoreactivity can be used in conjunction with lymph node metastasis to predict survival in cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshuo Jin
- Department of Surgery, Inha University School of Medicine, 7-206, 3-Ga Sinheung-Dong, Jung-Gu, Incheon 400-711, Republic of Korea
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Choi JH, Lee MY, Kim Y, Shim JY, Han SM, Lee KA, Choi YK, Jeon HM, Baek KH. Isolation of genes involved in pancreas regeneration by subtractive hybridization. Biol Chem 2011; 391:1019-29. [PMID: 20536387 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The deterioration of β cells in the pancreas is a crucial factor in the progression of diabetes mellitus; therefore, the recovery of β cells is of vital importance for effective diabetic therapeutic strategies. Partially pancreatectomized rats have been used for the investigation of pancreatic regeneration. Because it was determined that tissue extract from the partially-dissected pancreas induces pancreatic differentiation in embryonic stem cells, paracrine factors were thought to be involved in the regeneration. In this study, we screened for genes that had higher mRNA levels 2 days after 60%-pancreatectomy. The genes were isolated using subtractive hybridization and DNA sequencing. Twelve genes (adipsin, Aplp2, Clu, Col1a2, Glul, Krt8, Lgmn, LOC299907, LOC502894, Pla2g1b, Reg3α and Xbp1) were identified, and RT-PCR and real-time PCR analyses were performed to validate their expression levels. Among the genes identified, three genes (Glul, Lgmn and Reg3a) were selected for further analyses. Assays revealed that Glul and Reg3α enhance cell growth. Glul, Lgmn and Reg3α change the expression level of islet marker genes, where NEUROD, NKX2.2, PAX4 and PAX6 are up-regulated and somatostatin is down-regulated. Thus, we believe that Glul, Lgmn and Reg3a can serve as novel targets in diabetes mellitus genetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Choi
- College of Medicine, CHA University, CHA General Hospital, Seoul 135-081, Korea
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Shim YJ, Kang BH, Jeon HS, Park IS, Lee KU, Lee IK, Park GH, Lee KM, Schedin P, Min BH. Clusterin induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathways in monocytes/macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:761-9. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Lee S, Hong SW, Min BH, Shim YJ, Lee KU, Lee IK, Bendayan M, Aronow BJ, Park IS. Essential role of clusterin in pancreas regeneration. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:605-15. [PMID: 21290478 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on our previous observations that clusterin induction accompanies pancreas regeneration in the rat, we sought to determine if regeneration might be impaired in mice that lacked clusterin. We studied the impact of absent clusterin on morphogenic and functional features of regenerating pancreas. Clusterin induction was accompanied in the regenerating pancreas by a robust development of new lobules with ductules, acini, and endocrine islets in wild type after partial pancreatectomy. In clusterin knock-out mice, however, pancreatectomy resulted in a poor formation of regenerating lobule. In particular, regeneration of beta-cells was also significantly reduced and was associated with persistent hyperglycemia. Duct cells obtained from pancreatectomized clusterin knock-out mice exhibited impaired beta-cell formation in vitro; this was restored by administration of exogenous clusterin. We suggest that clusterin plays a critical role to promote both exocrine and endocrine regeneration following pancreas injury, as well as for in vitro beta-cell regeneration.
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Sonn CH, Yu YB, Hong YJ, Shim YJ, Bluestone JA, Min BH, Lee KM. Clusterin synergizes with IL-2 for the expansion and IFN-γ production of natural killer cells. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:955-63. [PMID: 20729304 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CLU is a secreted, multifunctional protein implicated in several immunologic and pathologic conditions. As the level of serum CLU was shown to be elevated during inflammatory responses, we questioned if CLU might interact with circulating lymphocytes leading to functional consequences. To assess this possibility directly, mouse splenocytes and purified NK cells were cultured with varying dose of CLU, and its effect on cell proliferation was examined. Our data showed that CLU up-regulated DNA synthesis and expansion of NK cells significantly in response to a suboptimal, but not maximal, dose of IL-2, and CLU alone did not exhibit such effects. This CLU-mediated synergy required the co-presence of CLU at the onset of IL-2 stimulation and needed a continuous presence during the rest of the culture. Importantly, NK cells stimulated with CLU showed increased formation of cell clusters and a CD69 activation receptor, representing a higher cellular activation status compared with those from the control group. Furthermore, these NK cells displayed elevated IFN-γ production upon RMA/S tumor target exposures, implying that CLU regulates not only NK cell expansion but also effector function of NK cells. Collectively, our data present a previously unrecognized function of CLU as a novel regulator of NK cells via providing costimulation required for cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Therefore, the role of CLU on NK cells should be taken into consideration for the previously observed, diverse functions of CLU in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hee Sonn
- Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Abstract
The possible biological role played by Clusterin (CLU) has been puzzling researchers for a long time since its first discovery and characterization. CLU has been often described as an "enigmatic" gene, a clear indication that too many aspects of this issue have been obscure or difficult to interpret for long. The good news is that this is certainly no longer true. Since the beginning, CLU was believed to play important roles in nearly all most important biological phenomena. The diversity, sometime the contradictions, of its biological action is now likely explained by the existence of different protein products all generated by the same single copy CLU gene. The relatively recent discovery that CLU can be retained inside the cell and targeted to many intracellular sites and organelles, including the nucleus, provided us a very different view from that solely deriving from its possible role in the outer cellular environment. In particular, nuclear localization of CLU (nCLU) was found to trigger cell death in many systems. In this chapter, a critical review of previous work will enable us to reinterpret old data and observations in the attempt to progressively unravelling the CLU "enigma" by considering its localization inside and outside the cell. The final picture would supposedly reconciliate different or alternative hypothesis. Starting with an "historical" approach demonstrating that nCLU was right under our eyes since the beginning, up to the more recent contributions we will describe which stimuli would inhibit secretion and maturation of CLU leading at least one protein product to target the nucleus and kill the cell. A better understanding of this complex issue is not an easy work, considering the thoughtfulness in reviewing the existing literature and the known controversial reports. We hope that the information contained in this article will be useful for the reader to enlighten this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Bettuzzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Biochimica Clinica e Biochimica dell'Esercizio Fisico, Parma, Italy
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Abstract
We previously reported that clusterin enhances astrocyte proliferation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. It, however, remains largely unknown how clusterin promotes cell growth. Here, we investigate the signaling pathway and related molecules underlying astrocyte proliferation by clusterin. Exogenous clusterin stimulates Ras-dependent Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK activation. Clusterin-induced astrocyte proliferation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were abrogated by either AG1478 (an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) or EGFR small interfering RNA. Furthermore, clusterin treatment provoked tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR (pY(1173)), which was also blocked by AG1478. These results suggest that clusterin requires EGFR activation to deliver its mitogenic signal through the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK signaling cascade in astrocytes.
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17
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Weaver CV, Garry DJ. Regenerative biology: a historical perspective and modern applications. Regen Med 2008; 3:63-82. [PMID: 18154463 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases are both common and deadly. Due to the limitations of conventional therapies for chronic diseases such as advanced heart failure and diabetes mellitus, recent interest has been directed towards regenerative medicine. In this review, we examine the history of regenerative biology and emphasize the dynamic and multidisciplinary growth of this field. We highlight the spectrum of adult tissues that have a remarkable regenerative capacity (i.e., skeletal muscle) versus those that have a more limited regenerative capacity (i.e., heart). We further emphasize the use of relevant contemporary models for the study of regenerative biology (i.e., pancreatic regeneration), which highlight both the challenges for this field of study and the potential for regenerative medicine, including the use of cell-based strategies, to revolutionize medical therapies for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprian V Weaver
- University of Minnesota, 286 Variety Club Research Center, Lillihei Heart Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Kim SY, Lee S, Min BH, Park IS. Functional association of the morphogenic factors with the clusterin for the pancreatic beta-cell differentiation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77 Suppl 1:S122-6. [PMID: 17512083 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several differentiation or morphogenic factors have known to be involved in the developmental process of endocrine pancreas. However, mechanism of action and functional relation of these molecules are not well elucidated particularly in beta-cell formation from adult pancreatic stem cells. We hypothesized that adult pancreatic stem cells could be activated by the functional resumption of the morphogenic factors that were involved in embryonic development of pancreas in the duct system under the specific conditions such as tissue injuries. Besides the well-established genes including Pdx-1 and Ngn-3, we propose the nestin and clusterin as the new morphogenic factors for beta-cell neogenesis and their functional associations. We found extensive in vivo formation of ductules showing a higher replicating ability following the experimental tissue injury. These neogenic ductules were lined with low epithelial cells positive for the nestin, which has been known as neuronal stem cell marker. In in vitro culture, the nestin-rich epithelial cells of the neogenic ductules also displayed extensive self-replication leading to monolayer of epithelial cell explants and transformed into the insulin secreting beta cells as well as duct cells. Thus, we depicted them as nestin-positive duct stem (NPDS) cells. We found a neogenesis specific protein 'clusterin' in the regenerating pancreatic tissues with concomitant increase of Pdx-1 and Ngn-3 expression. The protein is expressed predominantly in the neogenic pancreas undergoing differentiation. In vitro over-expression of the clusterin gene strongly induces beta-cell transformation from neogenic ductal cells. Insulin expression, both insulin mRNA and peptide levels, was increased and showed glucose dependent manner by ectopic expression of clusterin upon the culture of neogenic ductules when compared to the mock-transfected control, implying that the duct cells transformed functional beta cells. We observed that clusterin over-expression led to up-regulation of Pdx-1 and Ngn-3, and clusterin levels were increased upon the transfection of cDNAs of Pdx-1 or Ngn-3, suggesting a close functional association of these morphogenic factors. In conclusion, we suggest that adult pancreatic stem cells can be recapitulated for neogenesis of insulin secreting beta cells not only by reactivation Pdx-1 and Ngn-3, the classical differentiation factors for pancreas development, but also by the intervention of new morphogenic factors including nestin and clusterin. In particular, by modulation of Pdx-1 and Ngn-3, clusterin induces remarkable differentiation of the functional beta cells secreting insulin in response to glucose stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 project, College of Medicine, Inha University, Choong-Gu, Shinheung-Dong, Incheon 400-103, Korea
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Shin YJ, Kang SW, Jeong SY, Shim YJ, Kim YH, Kim BM, Kee SH, Park JJ, Park IS, Min BH. Clusterin enhances proliferation of primary astrocytes through extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Neuroreport 2007; 17:1871-5. [PMID: 17179861 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328010ac99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin, a secretory glycoprotein, has been shown to be up-regulated in the reactive astrocytes in response to brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, but its function has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we investigate whether clusterin has growth-stimulatory activity in astrocytes. Suppression of clusterin with antisense oligonucleotide induced growth arrest, whereas transient overexpression of clusterin by cDNA transfection or exogenous treatment with purified clusterin promoted proliferation of the primary astrocytes in culture. This clusterin-stimulated proliferation was abrogated by PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. These results suggest that clusterin might play an important role in astrogliosis by stimulating the proliferation of astrocytes through activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jae Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and BK21 Program for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Mourra N, Couvelard A, Tiret E, Olschwang S, Flejou JF. Clusterin is highly expressed in pancreatic endocrine tumours but not in solid pseudopapillary tumours. Histopathology 2007; 50:331-7. [PMID: 17257128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Clusterin is a sulphated glycoprotein, implicated in many processes, including tumorigenesis. Several studies have reported its overexpression in many human neoplasms, including prostatic and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but its expression has not been described previously in other pancreatic tumours. Our aim was to investigate the expression of clusterin by immunohistochemistry in 30 endocrine pancreatic tumours (ENTs) and 22 solid pseudopapillary tumours (SPPTs) to document its potential in differential diagnosis, and the possible correlation between this expression and clinicopathological parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS Cytoplasmic positivity was scored qualitatively (weak, moderate or strong immunoreactivity) and quantitatively on a four-tiered scale. The pattern of immunoreactivity (cytoplasmic, secretory or Golgi pattern) was also assessed. Except for scattered tumour cells in five cases, all SPPTs were negative, while all ENTs showed strong immunoreactivity in a variable proportion of tumour cells. Neither the reactivity score nor the pattern of immunoreactivity was correlated with tumour size, vascular permeation, perineural invasion or lymph node metastasis. DISCUSSION The expression of clusterin in all ENTs is of interest and could be an additional useful marker in the differential diagnosis with SPPTs. However, the lack of correlation between clusterin expression and clinicopathological parameters rules out a role as a predictive marker for endocrine tumour aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mourra
- Department of Pathology, St Antoine Hospital, Paris, France.
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21
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Gao R, Ustinov J, Korsgren O, Mikkola M, Lundin K, Otonkoski T. Maturation of in vitro-generated human islets after transplantation in nude mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 264:28-34. [PMID: 17116362 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The long-term function of human pancreatic islet grafts may depend on the neogenesis of beta cells from epithelial precursors within the grafted tissue. We have developed an in vitro model for human islet neogenesis. In this study, we have investigated the morphological signs of maturation in cultivated human islet buds (CHIBs) before and after transplantation. Clusterin is a molecule associated with beta-cell differentiation in rodents. In adult human islets, clusterin expression was located only in alpha- and PP-cells, but in CHIBs and human fetal islets, it was distributed in all four types of endocrine cells. Some immature endocrine cells in the CHIBs co-expressed insulin and glucagon. After transplantation, CHIBs became mature with one type of hormone per endocrine cell, and clusterin expression became restricted in alpha-cells. Cells co-expressing endocrine markers and cytokeratin 19, as a sign of ductal to endocrine cell transition, were frequently detected in both fresh islets and CHIBs after transplantation. We conclude that clusterin may be involved in the development of islets, and the in vitro-derived islets become mature after transplantation into nude mice. Ductal cell differentiation into endocrine cells may be an important factor in sustaining the long-term function of islet transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Gao
- Program of Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Jhala N, Jhala D, Vickers SM, Eltoum I, Batra SK, Manne U, Eloubeidi M, Jones JJ, Grizzle WE. Biomarkers in Diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma in fine-needle aspirates. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126:572-9. [PMID: 17019794 DOI: 10.1309/cev30be088cbdqd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether recently identified proteins could be translated to clinical practice as markers to distinguish pancreatic adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis on fine-needle aspirate (FNA) samples. Resected pancreatic tissue sections (n = 40) and FNA samples (n = 65) were stained for clusterin-beta, MUC4, survivin, and mesothelin. For each biomarker, the staining patterns in adenocarcinoma and in reactive ductal epithelium were evaluated and compared. Clusterin-beta stained reactive ductal epithelium significantly more frequently than pancreatic adenocarcinoma (P < .001). In comparison, MUC4 and mesothelin were expressed more frequently in pancreatic adenocarcinoma on tissue sections. Positive staining for MUC4 (91% vs 0%; P < .001) and mesothelin (62% vs 0%; P = .01) and absence of staining for clusterin-beta (90% vs 7%; P < .001) were noted significantly more frequently in adenocarcinoma cells than in reactive cells in FNA samples. Clusterin-beta and MUC4 can help distinguish reactive ductal epithelial cells from the cells of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in FNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirag Jhala
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
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23
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Yang M, Liu W, Wang CY, Liu T, Zhou F, Tao J, Wang Y, Li MT. Proteomic analysis of differential protein expression in early process of pancreatic regeneration in pancreatectomized rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:568-78. [PMID: 16626512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A broad-range proteomic approach was applied to investigate the complexity of the mechanisms involved in pancreatic regeneration for identification of new targets of diabetes treatment and potential markers of pancreatic stem cells. METHODS A regeneration pancreatic model was induced by 90% partial pancreatectomy (Px) in rats. Changes in the protein expression in regenerating rat pancreas on the third day after Px, as compared with rats that received sham surgery, were analyzed by using 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and mass fingerprinting. RESULTS 2-DE revealed 91 spots with at least 1.5-fold increases in expression at 3 d after pancreatectomy and 53 differentially expressed proteins that were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). These included cell growth-related, lipid and energy metabolism-related, protein and amino acid metabolism-related proteins, and signal transduction proteins. Vimentin, CK8, L-plastin, hnRNP A2/B1, and AGAT are associated with embryogenesis and cell differentiation, and may be new potential pancreatic stem cells markers. CONCLUSION The proteome profiling technique provided a broad-based and effective approach for the rapid assimilation and identification of adaptive protein changes during pancreas regeneration induced by pancreatectomy. Our data clarify the global proteome during the pancreatic proliferation and differentiation processes, which is important for better understanding of pancreatic regeneration and for discovering of protein biomarkers for pancreatic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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24
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Kim BM, Kim SY, Lee S, Shin YJ, Min BH, Bendayan M, Park IS. Clusterin induces differentiation of pancreatic duct cells into insulin-secreting cells. Diabetologia 2006; 49:311-20. [PMID: 16411126 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We recently reported that expression of the gene encoding clusterin (Clu) is upregulated in the regenerating pancreas, particularly in tissues undergoing differentiation. This led us to propose that clusterin participates in the cytodifferentiation of pancreatic tissue, particularly the endocrine islet cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether clusterin induces the differentiation of duct-lining cells into insulin-secreting cells. METHODS We isolated ductal tissue from rat pancreas and cultured it to develop epithelial cell explants for transfection of the Clu cDNA as well as for treatment of clusterin protein. RESULTS The number of newly differentiated insulin cells increased 6.9-fold upon Clu overexpression compared with controls. Ins1 mRNA and peptide levels were also increased. Furthermore, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was observed in the differentiated insulin cells. These cells were immunoreactive for insulin and C-peptide, but negative for other islet hormones and for cytokeratin-20, which indicates a fully differentiated state. Insulin cell differentiation was also increased in a dose-dependent manner by treating duct cells in culture with clusterin, indicating a growth-factor-like action of clusterin in insulin cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that clusterin can be considered as a potential morphogenic factor that promotes differentiation of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University Incheon, Choong-Gu, Shinheung-Dong, Incheon 400-103, Korea
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Kim SY, Lee SH, Kim BM, Kim EH, Min BH, Bendayan M, Park IS. Activation of nestin-positive duct stem (NPDS) cells in pancreas upon neogenic motivation and possible cytodifferentiation into insulin-secreting cells from NPDS cells. Dev Dyn 2004; 230:1-11. [PMID: 15108304 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells in adult pancreas and their specific marker are poorly characterized. We hypothesized that pancreatic stem cells could evolve from the duct system in response to neogenic stimulation and may transiently express nestin during tissue regeneration. After partial pancreatectomy (Px), we found extensive formation of ductules consisting of nestin-positive epithelial cells with higher replicating ability in the neogenic foci, particularly at day 3 after Px. Nestin was highly expressed in the earlier stages of ductule morphogenesis and then regressed as the cells evolved toward differentiated pancreatic cell types. The neogenic ductules were isolated for the culture of nestin-positive duct stem cells. These nestin-positive duct cells were numerous and displayed extensive self-replication in the duct cell explants after 2-3 days of culture, thus depicted as nestin-positive duct stem (NPDS) cells. As seen in the tissue of neogenic foci, NPDS cells were negative for cytokeratin-20 and vimentin, the marker for duct epithelial and mesenchymal cells, respectively. Endocrine cells, mostly insulin cells, were present in the explants at day 2 as single cells or as small clusters adjacent to the NPDS cells, and formed islet-like masses at day 3 of culture, suggesting islet cell differentiation from NPDS cells. In addition, insulin secretion from these beta cells responded to glucose stimulation. We found transient up-regulation of PDX-1 expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction at day 3 after Px in pancreatic tissue. Higher expression of PDX-1 was seen in the culture of neogenic ductules than that of ducts isolated from the sham-operated pancreas. In particular, a subpopulation of nestin-positive cells in the duct cell explants formed from the neogenic ductules expressed PDX-1 in their nuclei. Taken together, this information suggests that NPDS cells could be generated from adult pancreas by neogenic motivations and they may differentiate into insulin-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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26
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Abstract
Pancreas regeneration after tissue damage is a key response to pancreatic injury, involving pancreatic duct progenitor cells and intra-islet precursor cells. Surgical removal of the pancreas, duct obstruction by cellophane wrapping and bone marrow-derived stem cell transplantation act as inductive stimuli, leading to pancreas regeneration. The exact role of growth and differentiation factors regulating pancreatic beta-cell mass remains unknown. Here, I will attempt to integrate recent findings and speculate on the factors that trigger this fascinating response, wherein the pancreas responds to a deficit in cell mass and undergoes new islet formation, leading to restoration of normal beta-cell mass. I will also discuss recent advances in regenerating endocrine pancreatic cells, which could affect stem cell-based approaches to treating diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bldg 50/Room 4128, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zhu L, Tran T, Rukstalis JM, Sun P, Damsz B, Konieczny SF. Inhibition of Mist1 homodimer formation induces pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:2673-81. [PMID: 15024058 PMCID: PMC371125 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.7.2673-2681.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas consists of three main cell lineages (endocrine, exocrine, and duct) that develop from common primitive foregut precursors. The transcriptional network responsible for endocrine cell development has been studied extensively, but much less is known about the transcription factors that maintain the exocrine and duct cell lineages. One transcription factor that may be important to exocrine cell function is Mist1, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor that is expressed in acinar cells. In order to perform a molecular characterization of this protein, we employed coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, coupled with electrophoretic mobility shift assay studies, to show that Mist1 exists in vivo as a homodimer complex. Analysis of transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative Mist1 transgene (Mist1(mutant basic) [Mist1(MB)]) revealed the cell autonomous effect of inhibiting endogenous Mist1. Mist1(MB) cells become disorganized, exhibit a severe depletion of intercellular gap junctions, and express high levels of the glycoprotein clusterin, which has been shown to demarcate immature acinar cells. Inhibition of Mist1 transcriptional activity also leads to activation of duct-specific genes, such as cytokeratin 19 and cytokeratin 20, suggesting that alterations in the bHLH network produce a direct acinar-to-ductal phenotypic switch in mature cells. We propose that Mist1 is a key transcriptional regulator of exocrine pancreatic cells and that in the absence of functional Mist1, acinar cells do not maintain their normal identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA
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