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Yuan X, An G. Characterizing the Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BI 187004, an 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor, in Humans by a Target-Mediated Drug Disposition Model. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:993-1005. [PMID: 38652112 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BI 187004, a selective small-molecule inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1), displayed complex nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) in humans. Following nine single oral doses, BI 187004 exhibited nonlinear PK at low doses and linear PK at higher doses. Notably, substantial hepatic 11β-HSD1 inhibition (50%) was detected in a very low-dose group, achieving a consistent 70% hepatic enzyme inhibition in subsequent ascending doses without any dose-dependent effects. The unusual PK and PD profiles of BI 187004 suggest the presence of pharmacological target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD), arising from the saturable binding of BI 187004 compound to its high-affinity and low-capacity target 11β-HSD1. The non-intuitive dose, exposure, and response relationship for BI 187004 pose a significant challenge in rational dose selection. This study aimed to construct a TMDD model to explain the complex nonlinear PK behavior and underscore the importance of recognizing TMDD in this small-molecule compound. Among the various models explored, the best model was a two-compartment TMDD model with three transit absorption components. The final model provides insights into 11β-HSD1 binding-related parameters for BI 187004, including the total amount of 11β-HSD1 in the liver (estimated to be 8000 nmol), the second order association rate constant (estimated to be 0.102 nM-1h-1), and the first-order dissociation rate constant (estimated to be 0.11 h-1). Our final population PK model successfully characterized the intricate nonlinear PK of BI 187004 across a wide dose range. This modeling work serves as a valuable reference for the rational selection of the dose regimens for BI 187004's future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhen Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Guohua An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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2
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Kim Y, Lee SR, Lee SW. First in human randomised trial of J2H-1702: A novel 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 58:1132-1142. [PMID: 37743843 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which is an enzyme that converts cortisone to cortisol, plays a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and inflammation. J2H-1702 is a novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, and the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and prevent the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in preclinical models. AIMS We aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics (PKs), pharmacodynamics (PDs), safety, and tolerability of J2H-1702 after a single-dose oral administration. METHODS A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation study was conducted on 50 healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected to assess the PK and PD of J2H-1702. RESULTS The peak plasma concentration of J2H-1702 was observed at 2-2.9 h after a single-dose oral administration. J2H-1702 reduced 11β-HSD1 activity compared to the placebo at all dose levels. The drug reached its maximal inhibitory effect within 12-24 h post-dose administration, and the inhibitory effect was maintained till 1 day after administration of the study drug. The drug showed typical first-order elimination kinetics, with a mean elimination half-life of 9.8-14.7 h. Systemic exposure to J2H-1702 increased in a dose-dependent manner. J2H-1702 was well tolerated after a single oral administration of up to 300 mg. A total of 11 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in seven (14%) participants, all of which were mild and resolved spontaneously. The most common TEAE was diarrhoea (8%), followed by dizziness (4%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that J2H-1702 could be developed as an effective therapeutic option for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Ra Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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An G, Katz DA. Importance of Target-Mediated Drug Disposition (TMDD) of Small-Molecule Compounds and Its Impact on Drug Development-Example of the Class Effect of HSD-1 Inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 63:526-538. [PMID: 36479709 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With more potent drug candidates being developed, the incidence of target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) in small-molecule compounds has significantly increased in the past decade. Moreover, TMDD appears to apply to some small-molecule compound classes. The main purpose of the current review is to increase the awareness of TMDD in a series of small-molecule inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD-1) using ABT-384, SPI-62, MK-0916, BMS-823778, and BI-187004 as case examples. Although developed independently by different pharmaceutical companies, these HSD-1 inhibitors demonstrated strikingly similar nonlinear pharmacokinetic behaviors when wide dose ranges were evaluated in first-in-human (FIH) single ascending dose (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) studies. Recognizing TMDD in small-molecule compounds is important, as the information can be leveraged to select the appropriate dose regimen, improve clinical trial design, as well as predict pharmacological target occupancy. In this review, we summarize the general pharmacokinetic features that facilitate the recognition of small-molecule TMDD, provide case examples of specific HSD-1 inhibitors, highlight the importance of recognizing TMDD of small-molecule compounds during clinical development, and comment on the importance of utilizing pharmacometric modeling to facilitate the quantitative understanding of small-molecule compounds exhibiting TMDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David A Katz
- Sparrow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Portland, Oregon, USA
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Bianzano S, Schepers C, Wolff M, Heise T, Plum-Moerschel L. Selective Inhibition of 11beta-Hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase-1 with BI 187004 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics After Multiple Dosing Over 14 Days. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:773-782. [PMID: 36343645 PMCID: PMC9811530 DOI: 10.1055/a-1932-3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of treatment with the selective 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11beta-HSD1) inhibitor BI 187004 in male and female patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. METHODS Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled multiple rising dose study, with 10-360 mg BI 187004 once daily over 14 days in 71 patients. Assessments included 11beta-HSD1 inhibition in the liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue ex vivo (clinical trial registry number NCT01874483). RESULTS BI 187004 was well tolerated and safe in all tested dose groups. The incidence of drug-related adverse events was 51.8% (n=29) for BI 187004 and 35.7% (n=5) for placebo. There were no clinically relevant deviations in laboratory or electrocardiogram parameters besides one patient on 360 mg discontinuing treatment due to moderate supraventricular tachycardia.BI 187004 was rapidly absorbed within 2 h; exposure increased non-proportionally. The oral clearance was low, apparent volume of distribution was moderate to large, and terminal half-life with 106-124 h was rather long. Urinary tetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreased, indicating liver 11beta-HSD1 inhibition. Median inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies was 87.9-99.4% immediately after the second dose and 73.8-97.5% 24 h after the last dose of BI 187004. CONCLUSIONS BI 187004 was safe and well tolerated over 14 days and could be dosed once daily. Targeted 11beta-HSD1 enzyme inhibition of≥80% could be shown for BI 187004 doses≥40 mg. This dose should be targeted in further studies to test blood glucose lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bianzano
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim,
Germany
- Correspondence Dr. med. Susanna
Bianzano Boehringer Ingelheim International
GmbHBinger Strasse 17355216
Ingelheim am
RheinGermany+49 6132 77
141570
| | | | - Michael Wolff
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach,
Germany
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Dodd S, Skvarc DR, Dean OM, Anderson A, Kotowicz M, Berk M. Effect of Glucocorticoid and 11β-Hydroxysteroid-Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1) in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:387-398. [PMID: 35143668 PMCID: PMC9154221 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity is implicated as a moderator of the progression of multiple diseases and disorders in medicine and is actively subject to investigation as a therapeutic target. Here we summarize the mechanisms of the enzyme and detail the novel agents under investigation. Such agents modulate peripheral cortisol and cortisone levels in hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders, and Alzheimer's disease models, but there is mixed evidence for transduction into symptom management. There is inchoate evidence that 11β-HSD1 modulators may be useful pharmacotherapies for clinical improvement in psychiatry and neurology; however, more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Skvarc
- Correspondence: David R. Skvarc, Deakin University, School of Psychology, 1 Gheringap St, Level 3 Building C, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia ()
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anna Anderson
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mark Kotowicz
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne — Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia,Centre of Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Parkville, Australia,Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Bianzano S, Heise T, Jungnik A, Schepers C, Schölch C, Gräfe-Mody U. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of BI 187004, an inhibitor of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1, in healthy male volunteers with overweight or obesity. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 34391480 PMCID: PMC8364686 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-021-00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study characterizes safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of single rising doses of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11beta-HSD1) inhibitor BI 187004 in healthy men with overweight or obesity. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study with administration of 2.5-360 mg BI 187004 or placebo once daily as single dose in 72 healthy male volunteers with overweight or obesity. Assessments included 11beta-HSD1 inhibition in the liver (assessed indirectly by urinary tetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone ratio) and in subcutaneous adipose tissue ex vivo and determination of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones. RESULTS BI 187004 was well tolerated and safe in all tested dose groups. The incidence of drug-related adverse events was 16.7% (n = 9) for all 9 BI 187004 dose groups and 5.9% (n = 1) for placebo. All treatment groups were similar concerning kind and intensity of adverse events. No clinically relevant deviations in clinical laboratory or ECG parameters were reported. Exposure of BI 187004 increased non-proportionally over the entire dose range tested. The geometric mean apparent terminal half-life decreased from 33.5 h (5 mg) to 14.5 h (160 mg) remaining stable up to 360 mg. Renal excretion of BI 187004 was low (3-5%). Urinary tetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreased, indicating liver 11beta-HSD1 inhibition. Median inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies following single dosing ranged from 86.8% (10 mg) to 99.5% (360 mg) after 10 h and from 59.4% (10 mg) to 98.6% (360 mg) after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS BI 187004 as single dose was safe and well tolerated and is suitable for once daily dosing. There was significant, sustained 11beta-HSD1 inhibition in liver and adipose tissue. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01587417 , registered on 26-Apr-2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bianzano
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Strasse 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | | | - Arvid Jungnik
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Schölch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gräfe-Mody
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Strasse 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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7
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Hardy RS, Botfield H, Markey K, Mitchell JL, Alimajstorovic Z, Westgate CSJ, Sagmeister M, Fairclough RJ, Ottridge RS, Yiangou A, Storbeck KHH, Taylor AE, Gilligan LC, Arlt W, Stewart PM, Tomlinson JW, Mollan SP, Lavery GG, Sinclair AJ. 11βHSD1 Inhibition with AZD4017 Improves Lipid Profiles and Lean Muscle Mass in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:174-187. [PMID: 33098644 PMCID: PMC7765633 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) determines prereceptor metabolism and activation of glucocorticoids within peripheral tissues. Its dysregulation has been implicated in a wide array of metabolic diseases, leading to the development of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. We examined the impact of the reversible competitive 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, AZD4017, on the metabolic profile in an overweight female cohort with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). METHODS We conducted a UK multicenter phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 12-week treatment with AZD4017. Serum markers of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, renal and hepatic function, inflammation and androgen profiles were determined and examined in relation to changes in fat and lean mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Patients receiving AZD4017 showed significant improvements in lipid profiles (decreased cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein [HDL] and cholesterol/HDL ratio), markers of hepatic function (decreased alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase), and increased lean muscle mass (1.8%, P < .001). No changes in body mass index, fat mass, and markers of glucose metabolism or inflammation were observed. Patients receiving AZD4017 demonstrated increased levels of circulating androgens, positively correlated with changes in total lean muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS These beneficial metabolic changes represent a reduction in risk factors associated with raised intracranial pressure and represent further beneficial therapeutic outcomes of 11β-HSD1 inhibition by AZD4017 in this overweight IIH cohort. In particular, beneficial changes in lean muscle mass associated with AZD4017 may reflect new applications for this nature of inhibitor in the management of conditions such as sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan S Hardy
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Hannah Botfield
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Keira Markey
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James L Mitchell
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zerin Alimajstorovic
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Connar S J Westgate
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael Sagmeister
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca J Fairclough
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences. BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ryan S Ottridge
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andreas Yiangou
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz H Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan P Mollan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandra J Sinclair
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Alexandra Sinclair, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail:
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Chuanxin Z, Shengzheng W, Lei D, Duoli X, Jin L, Fuzeng R, Aiping L, Ge Z. Progress in 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases: A comprehensive guide to their chemical structure diversity in drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112134. [PMID: 32088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a key metabolic enzyme that catalyzing the intracellular conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to physiologically active ones. Work over the past decade has demonstrated the aberrant overexpression of 11β-HSD1 contributed to the pathophysiological process of metabolic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to developing 11β-HSD1 inhibitors based on the diverse molecular scaffolds. This review focused on the structural features of the most important 11β-HSD1 inhibitors and categorized them into natural products derivatives and synthetic compounds. We also briefly discussed the optimization process, binding modes, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and biological evaluations of each inhibitor. Moreover, the challenges and directions for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were discussed, which might provide some useful clues to guide the future discovery of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chuanxin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wang Shengzheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Dang Lei
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xie Duoli
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu Jin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education (IRACE), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ren Fuzeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Lu Aiping
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhang Ge
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Liu Z, Singh SB, Zheng Y, Lindblom P, Tice C, Dong C, Zhuang L, Zhao Y, Kruk BA, Lala D, Claremon DA, McGeehan GM, Gregg RD, Cain R. Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Using a Novel Growth-Based Protocol of in Silico Screening and Optimization in CONTOUR. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3422-3436. [PMID: 31355641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Liu
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yajun Zheng
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Peter Lindblom
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Colin Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Chengguo Dong
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Barbara A. Kruk
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - David A. Claremon
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Gerard M. McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Richard D. Gregg
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Robert Cain
- Allergan Plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California 92612, United States
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10
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Bellaire S, Walzer M, Wang T, Krauwinkel W, Yuan N, Marek GJ. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of ASP3662, a Novel 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor, in Healthy Young and Elderly Subjects. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:291-301. [PMID: 30740895 PMCID: PMC6510378 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) represents a potential mechanism for improving pain conditions. ASP3662 is a potent and selective inhibitor of 11β-HSD1. Two phase I clinical studies were conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of single and multiple ascending doses of ASP3662 in healthy young and elderly non-Japanese and young Japanese subjects. Nonlinear, more than dose-proportional PKs were observed for ASP3662 after single-dose administration, particularly at lower doses (≤ 6 mg); the PKs at steady state were dose proportional, although the time to ASP3662 steady state was dose dependent at lower doses (≤ 2 mg). Similar PKs were observed among young Japanese, young non-Japanese, and elderly non-Japanese subjects. Specific inhibition of 11β-HSD1 occurred after both single and multiple doses of ASP3662. A marked dissociation between PKs and PDs was observed after single but not multiple doses of ASP3662. ASP3662 was generally safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bellaire
- Formerly with Astellas Pharma Europe BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Walzer
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | - Tianli Wang
- Formerly with Astellas Pharma, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Nancy Yuan
- Formerly with Astellas Pharma, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, USA
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11
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Leiva R, Griñan-Ferré C, Seira C, Valverde E, McBride A, Binnie M, Pérez B, Luque FJ, Pallàs M, Bidon-Chanal A, Webster SP, Vázquez S. Design, synthesis and in vivo study of novel pyrrolidine-based 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for age-related cognitive dysfunction. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:412-428. [PMID: 28818766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that treatment with 11β-HSD1 inhibitors provides a novel approach to deal with age-related cognitive dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's disease. In this work we report potent 11β-HSD1 inhibitors featuring unexplored pyrrolidine-based polycyclic substituents. A selected candidate administered to 12-month-old SAMP8 mice for four weeks prevented memory deficits and displayed a neuroprotective action. This is the first time that 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been studied in this broadly-used mouse model of accelerated senescence and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Leiva
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Christian Griñan-Ferré
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantí Seira
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Elena Valverde
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Andrew McBride
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Binnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Axel Bidon-Chanal
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Scott P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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12
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Zhuang L, Tice CM, Xu Z, Zhao W, Cacatian S, Ye YJ, Singh SB, Lindblom P, McKeever BM, Krosky PM, Zhao Y, Lala D, Kruk BA, Meng S, Howard L, Johnson JA, Bukhtiyarov Y, Panemangalore R, Guo J, Guo R, Himmelsbach F, Hamilton B, Schuler-Metz A, Schauerte H, Gregg R, McGeehan GM, Leftheris K, Claremon DA. Discovery of BI 135585, an in vivo efficacious oxazinanone-based 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3649-3657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Morgan SA, Hassan-Smith ZK, Lavery GG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Tissue-specific activation of cortisol in Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:R83-9. [PMID: 26957494 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely prescribed for their anti-inflammatory properties, but have 'Cushingoid' side effects including visceral obesity, muscle myopathy, hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and hepatic steatosis. These features are replicated in patients with much rarer endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) excess (Cushing's syndrome), which has devastating consequences if left untreated. Current medical therapeutic options that reverse the tissue-specific consequences of hypercortisolism are limited. In this article, we review the current evidence that local GC metabolism via the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) plays a central role in mediating the adverse metabolic complications associated with circulatory GC excess - challenging our current view that simple delivery of active GCs from the circulation represents the most important mode of GC action. Furthermore, we explore the potential for targeting this enzyme as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of both endogenous and exogenous Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zaki K Hassan-Smith
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Freude S, Heise T, Woerle HJ, Jungnik A, Rauch T, Hamilton B, Schölch C, Huang F, Graefe-Mody U. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BI 135585, a selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (HSD1) inhibitor in humans: liver and adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 inhibition after acute and multiple administrations over 2 weeks. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:483-90. [PMID: 26799632 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the safety and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of BI 135585, a selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor, after single- and repeated-dose administration. METHODS The single-dose study included open-label administration of 200 mg BI 135585 in healthy volunteers, while in the multiple-dose study, we carried out randomized, double-blind administration of 5-200 mg BI 135585 or placebo once daily over 14 days in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Assessments included 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the liver (urinary tetrahydrocortisol (THF)/tetrahydrocotisone (THE) ratio) and in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) ex vivo and determination of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormone levels. RESULTS No major safety issues occurred with BI 135585 administration. The HPA axis was mildly activated with slightly increased, but still normal adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, increased total urinary corticoid excretion but unchanged plasma cortisol levels. After multiple doses of 5-200 mg BI 135585, exposure (area under the curve) increased dose-proportionally and half-life was 55-65 h. The urinary THF/THE ratio decreased, indicating liver 11β-HSD1 inhibition. Median 11β-HSD1 enzyme inhibition in the AT reached 90% after a single dose of BI 135585, but was low (31% or lower) after 14 days of continuous treatment. CONCLUSIONS BI 135585 was safe and well tolerated over 14 days and can be dosed once daily. Future studies are required to clarify the therapeutic potential of BI 135585 in view of its effects on 11β-HSD1 inhibition in AT after single and multiple doses. Enzyme inhibition in the AT was not adequately predicted by the urinary THF/THE ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Freude
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - H-J Woerle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - A Jungnik
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - T Rauch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - B Hamilton
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - C Schölch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - F Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - U Graefe-Mody
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany
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15
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Máčová L, Sosvorová L, Vítků J, Bičíková M, Hill M, Zamrazilová H, Sedláčková B, Stárka L. Steroid hormones related to 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in treated obesity. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S121-33. [PMID: 26680473 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The local concentration of glucocorticoids is intensively regulated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1). Human 11beta-HSD 1 also reversibly catalyzes the inter-conversion of 7alpha-hydroxy- and 7beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into 7-oxo-DHEA. The cohort of 282 obese adolescents, 154 girls (median age 15.31 years, range 14.17-16.68 years) and 128 boys (median age 14.95 years, range 13.87-16.16 years), BMI (Body Mass Index) >90th percentile was examined. In samples collected before and after one month of reductive diet therapy, circulating levels of steroids were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay methods. The model of the treatment efficacy prediction was calculated. A significant reduction in circulating levels of cortisone, E2 and increased levels of 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA after the reductive treatment was observed. Levels of cortisol, DHEA, DHT sustained without any significant change. The predictive Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (OPLS) model explained 20.1 % of variability of BMI, z-score change by the basal levels of 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, DHEA, cortisol and E2 as the strongest predictors. Reduced levels of circulating cortisone and reduced ratios of oxygenated/reduced metabolites reflect increased reductase activity of 11beta-HSD 1 with reduced BMI, z-score. We hypothesize whether these changes can be attributed to the altered activity of 11beta-HSD 1 in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Máčová
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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16
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A potent and selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, SKI2852, ameliorates metabolic syndrome in diabetic mice models. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 768:139-48. [PMID: 26519792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) has been targeted for new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In this study, we determined whether the inhibition of 11βHSD1 with a new selective inhibitor, SKI2852, could improve lipid profiles, glucose levels, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic and obese conditions. SKI2852 showed a potent inhibition of cortisone to cortisol conversion for over 80% in both liver and adipose tissue ex vivo from orally administered C57BL/6 mice, and in vivo analysis results were consistent with this. Repeated oral administrations of SKI2852 in diet-induced obesity (DIO) and ob/ob mice revealed a partially beneficial effect of SKI2852 in improving levels of cholesterols, triglycerides, free fatty acids, postprandial glucose, and/or blood hemoglobinA1c. SKI2852 significantly reduced body weight increase in ob/ob mice, and efficiently suppressed hepatic mRNA levels of gluconeogenic enzymes in DIO mice. Moreover, SKI2852 enhanced hepatic and whole body insulin sensitivities in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiment in DIO mice. In conclusion, these results indicate that selective and potent inhibition of 11βHSD1 by SKI2852, thus blockade of active glucocorticoid conversion, may improve many aspects of metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes and metabolic diseases, mainly by inhibitions of hepatic gluconeogenesis and partial improvements of lipid profiles. Our study strongly support that SKI2852 may have a great potential as a novel candidate drug for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic diseases.
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17
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Morentin Gutierrez P, Gyte A, deSchoolmeester J, Ceuppens P, Swales J, Stacey C, Eriksson JW, Sjöstrand M, Nilsson C, Leighton B. Continuous inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in adipose tissue leads to tachyphylaxis in humans and rats but not in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26218540 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11β-HSD1), a target for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, converts inactive glucocorticoids into bioactive forms, increasing tissue concentrations. We have compared the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of target inhibition after acute and repeat administration of inhibitors of 11β-HSD1 activity in human, rat and mouse adipose tissue (AT). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Studies included abdominally obese human volunteers, rats and mice. Two specific 11β-HSD1 inhibitors (AZD8329 and COMPOUND-20) were administered as single oral doses or repeat daily doses for 7-9 days. 11β-HSD1 activity in AT was measured ex vivo by conversion of (3) H-cortisone to (3) H-cortisol. KEY RESULTS In human and rat AT, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity was lost after repeat dosing of AZD8329, compared with acute administration. Similarly, in rat AT, there was loss of inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity after repeat dosing with COMPOUND-20 with continuous drug cover, but effects were substantially reduced if a 'drug holiday' period was maintained daily. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity was not lost in mouse AT after continuous cover with COMPOUND-20 for 7 days. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Human and rat AT, but not mouse AT, exhibited tachyphylaxis for inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity after repeat dosing. Translation of observed efficacy in murine disease models to human for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may be misleading. Investigators of the effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors should confirm that desired levels of enzyme inhibition in AT can be maintained over time after repeat dosing and not rely on results following a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Gyte
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J deSchoolmeester
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - P Ceuppens
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J Swales
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - C Stacey
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J W Eriksson
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - B Leighton
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
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18
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Zhao L, Pan Y, Peng K, Wang Z, Li J, Li D, Tong C, Wang Y, Liang G. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by LG13 improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice. J Mol Endocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26220348 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) controls the production of active glucocorticoid (GC) and has been proposed as a new target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We have previously reported that a natural product, curcumin, exhibited moderate inhibition and selectivity on 11β-HSD1. By analyzing the models of protein, microsome, cells and GCs-induced mice in vitro and in vivo, this study presented a novel curcumin analog, LG13, as a potent selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. In vivo, Type 2 diabetic mice were treated with LG13 for 42 days to assess the pharmacological benefits of 11β-HSD1 inhibitor on hepatic glucose metabolism. In vitro studies revealed that LG13 selectively inhibited 11β-HSD1 with IC50 values at nanomolar level and high selectivity over 11β-HSD2. Targeting 11β-HSD1, LG13 could inhibit prednisone-induced adverse changes in mice, but had no effects on dexamethasone-induced ones. Further, the 11β-HSD1 inhibitors also suppressed 11β-HSD1 and GR expression, indicating a possible positive feedback system in the 11β-HSD1/GR cycle. In type 2 diabetic mice induced by high fat diet plus low-dosage STZ injection, oral administration with LG13 for 6 weeks significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, hepatic glucose metabolism, structural disorders, and lipid deposits. LG13 exhibited better pharmacological effects in vivo than insulin sensitizer pioglitazone and potential 11β-HSD1 inhibitor PF-915275. These pharmacological and mechanistic insights on LG13 also provide us novel agents, leading structures, and strategy for the development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors treating metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Zhao
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Pan
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Peng
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieli Li
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Liang
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaChemical Biology Research CenterCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of NephrologyThe Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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19
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Abstract
After many years of research, obesity is still a disease with an unmet medical need. Very few compounds have been approved, acting mainly on neuromediators; researches, in recent years, pointed toward compounds potentially safer than first-generation antiobesity drugs, able to interact with one or more (multitarget therapy) receptors for substances produced by the gut, adipose tissue and other targets outside CNS. Other holistic approaches, such as those involving gut microbiota and plant extracts, appeared recently in the literature, and undoubtedly will contribute to the discovery of a valuable therapy for this disease. This review deals with the positive results and the pitfalls obtained following these approaches, with a view on their clinical trial studies.
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20
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Byun SY, Shin YJ, Nam KY, Hong SP, Ahn SK. A novel highly potent and selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, UI-1499. Life Sci 2015; 120:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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21
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Sun D, Ye Q, Yan X, Rew Y, Fan P, He X, Jiang M, McMinn DL, Monshouwer M, Tu H, Powers JP. Synthesis, in Vitro Covalent Binding Evaluation, and Metabolism of (14)C-Labeled Inhibitors of 11β-HSD1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1245-50. [PMID: 25408839 DOI: 10.1021/ml500331y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this letter, we reported the design and synthesis of three potent, selective, and orally bioavailable 11β-HSD1 inhibitors labeled with (14)C: AMG 456 (1), AM-6949 (2), and AM-7715 (3). We evaluated the covalent protein binding of the labeled inhibitors in human liver microsomes in vitro and assessed their potential bioactivation risk in humans. We then studied the in vitro mechanism of 2 in human hepatocytes and the formation of reactive intermediates. Our study results suggest that 1 and 3 have low potential for metabolic bioactivation in humans, while 2 has relatively high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Sun
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qiuping Ye
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xuelei Yan
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yosup Rew
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Fan
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Min Jiang
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dustin L. McMinn
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mario Monshouwer
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hua Tu
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jay P. Powers
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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22
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Wright DH, Stone JA, Crumley TM, Wenning L, Zheng W, Yan K, Yang AY, Sun L, Cilissen C, Ramael S, Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Langdon RB, Gottesdiener KM, Wagner JA, Lai E. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor MK-0916 in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 76:917-31. [PMID: 23594227 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To characterize pharmacokinetic parameters of MK-0916 and its safety and tolerability in lean, healthy male subjects following single and multiple oral doses. To assess (by stable-isotope labelling) the in vivo inhibition of cortisone-to-cortisol conversion following oral MK-0916. METHODS Data are presented from two randomized, controlled, double-blind, rising-dose phase I studies. In the first study, subjects received single oral doses of 0.4-100 mg MK-0916 (n = 16). In the second study, subjects received 0.2-225 mg MK-0916 followed by daily doses of 0.2-100 mg for 13 days beginning on day 2 or day 15 (n = 80). Plasma and urine drug concentrations were measured for pharmacokinetic analysis. For pharmacodynamic analysis, concentrations of plasma [(13)C4]cortisol were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry following a single oral dose of 5 mg [(13)C4]cortisone. RESULTS Doses ≥3 mg were rapidly absorbed (time at which maximal concentration was achieved in plasma, 1.1-1.8 h). Exposure (measured as the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 168 h) increased approximately in proportion to dose. Values for the maximal plasma concentration and the plasma concentration at 24 h increased in excess of dose proportionality at doses <6 mg and roughly in proportion to dose at doses >6 mg. In subjects dosed with 6 mg MK-0916 once daily for 14 days, the mean trough plasma concentration was 240 nm and in vivo cortisone-to-cortisol conversion was inhibited by 84%. The relationship between plasma MK-0916 and hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition was well represented by a simple Emax model with an IC50 of 70.4 nm. Exposure to MK-0916 was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is effectively inhibited in human subjects by doses of MK-0916 that are well tolerated.
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Tiganescu A, Hupe M, Uchida Y, Mauro T, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Increased glucocorticoid activation during mouse skin wound healing. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:51-61. [PMID: 24464022 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) excess inhibits wound healing causing increased patient discomfort and infection risk. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activates GCs (converting 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone in rodents) in many tissues including skin, where de novo steroidogenesis from cholesterol has also been reported. To examine the regulation of 11β-HSD1 and steroidogenic enzyme expression during wound healing, 5 mm wounds were generated in female SKH1 mice and compared at days 0, 2, 4, 8, 14, and 21 relative to unwounded skin. 11β-HSD1 expression (mRNA and protein) and enzyme activity were elevated at 2 and 4 days post-wounding, with 11β-HSD1 localizing to infiltrating inflammatory cells. 11β-HSD2 (GC-deactivating) mRNA expression and activity were undetectable. Although several steroidogenic enzymes displayed variable expression during healing, expression of the final enzyme required for the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), was lacking in unwounded skin and post-wounding. Consequently, 11-deoxycorticosterone was the principal progesterone metabolite in mouse skin before and after wounding. Our findings demonstrate that 11β-HSD1 activates considerably more corticosterone than is generated de novo from progesterone in mouse skin and drives GC exposure during healing, demonstrating the basis for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to accelerate wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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24
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Scott JS, Goldberg FW, Turnbull AV. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1). J Med Chem 2013; 57:4466-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4014746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Frederick W. Goldberg
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
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Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Morgan SA, Cooper MS, Sinclair AJ, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: translational and therapeutic aspects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:525-55. [PMID: 23612224 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone and its active form cortisol. It is widely expressed and, although bidirectional, in vivo it functions predominantly as an oxoreductase, generating active glucocorticoid. This allows glucocorticoid receptor activation to be regulated at a prereceptor level in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will discuss the enzymology and molecular biology of 11β-HSD1 and the molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiencies. We will also address how altered 11β-HSD1 activity has been implicated in a number of disease states, and we will explore its role in the physiology and pathologies of different tissues. Finally, we will address the current status of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are in development and being tested in phase II trials for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the data are preliminary, therapeutic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is also an exciting prospect for the treatment of a variety of other disorders such as osteoporosis, glaucoma, intracranial hypertension, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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26
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Tiganescu A, Tahrani AA, Morgan SA, Otranto M, Desmoulière A, Abrahams L, Hassan-Smith Z, Walker EA, Rabbitt EH, Cooper MS, Amrein K, Lavery GG, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase blockade prevents age-induced skin structure and function defects. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3051-60. [PMID: 23722901 DOI: 10.1172/jci64162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) excess adversely affects skin integrity, inducing thinning and impaired wound healing. Aged skin, particularly that which has been photo-exposed, shares a similar phenotype. Previously, we demonstrated age-induced expression of the GC-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in cultured human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Here, we determined 11β-HSD1 levels in human skin biopsies from young and older volunteers and examined the aged 11β-HSD1 KO mouse skin phenotype. 11β-HSD1 activity was elevated in aged human and mouse skin and in PE compared with donor-matched photo-protected human biopsies. Age-induced dermal atrophy with deranged collagen structural organization was prevented in 11β-HSD1 KO mice, which also exhibited increased collagen density. We found that treatment of HDFs with physiological concentrations of cortisol inhibited rate-limiting steps in collagen biosynthesis and processing. Furthermore, topical 11β-HSD1 inhibitor treatment accelerated healing of full-thickness mouse dorsal wounds, with improved healing also observed in aged 11β-HSD1 KO mice. These findings suggest that elevated 11β-HSD1 activity in aging skin leads to increased local GC generation, which may account for adverse changes occurring in the elderly, and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of age-associated impairments in dermal integrity and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Gao Q, Kimura RE, Zhang X, Nam J, Amore BM, Hickman D, Greg Slatter J, Emery MG. Intestinal and hepatic first-pass extraction of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor AMG 221 in rats with chronic vascular catheters. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:264-9. [PMID: 23517558 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.769074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. A catheterized rat model was used to define the intestinal and hepatic components of oral bioavailability for an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, AMG 221. These data were integrated with standard in vivo metabolism studies to elucidate the components contributing to the oral disposition of a novel drug candidate. 2. Intestinal and hepatic extraction ratios of AMG 221 obtained using a five-catheter rat model were 0.56 and 0.32, respectively. Therefore, both intestinal and hepatic extraction contributed to the first-pass component of oral bioavailability. There was no evidence for significant gut extraction of systemically administered drug. 3. Mass balance data and in vivo metabolite characterization obtained after administration of [(14)C] AMG 221 to rat showed that AMG 221 was completely absorbed from the gut lumen following an oral dose, primarily excreted in urine and was almost completely metabolized prior to excretion. 4. Hepatic bioavailability (FH), measured in two animals at various time points after oral dose administration was somewhat variable but generally characterized by an initial reduction during the absorption phase followed by an increase during the elimination phase, consistent with hepatic distribution of AMG 221. 5. The five-catheter rat model afforded estimates of hepatic and intestinal contribution to oral bioavailability that were used with other data to define the preclinical ADME characteristics of a drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , Seattle, WA , USA and
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28
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Anagnostis P, Katsiki N, Adamidou F, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Kita M, Mikhailidis DP. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors: novel agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and obesity-related disorders? Metabolism 2013; 62:21-33. [PMID: 22652056 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Cushing's syndrome share common features. It has been proposed that increased glucocorticoid activity at peripheral tissues may play a role in the pathogenesis of MetS and obesity-related disorders. It is well-known that intracellular cortisol concentrations are determined not only by plasma levels but also by the activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) which catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol, especially in the liver and adipose tissue. Another isoenzyme exists, the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, which acts in the opposite direction inactivating cortisol to cortisone in the kidney. This review considers the significance of the 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the treatment of several features of MetS and provides current data about the development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, as new agents for this purpose. MATERIALS/METHODS Using PubMed, we searched for publications during the last 20years regarding the development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. RESULTS Emerging data from animal and human studies indicate an association of 11β-HSD1 over-expression with obesity and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. This has led to the hypothesis that selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 could be used to treat MetS and diabetes. Indeed, natural products and older agents such as thiazolidinediones and fibrates seem to exert an inhibitory effect on 11β-HSD1, ameliorating the cardiometabolic profile. In view of this concept, novel compounds, such as adamantyltriazoles, arylsulfonamidothiazoles, anilinothiazolones, BVT2733, INCB-13739, MK-0916 and MK-0736, are currently under investigation and the preliminary findings from both experimental and human studies show a favourable effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, weight reduction and adipokine levels. CONCLUSIONS Many compounds inhibiting 11β-ΗSD1 are under development and preliminary data about their impact on glucose metabolism and obesity-related disorders are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Department of Endocrinology, Hippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos Str, Thessaloniki, 54 642, Greece.
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Glucocorticoids and type 2 diabetes: from physiology to pathology. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:525093. [PMID: 23316348 PMCID: PMC3536319 DOI: 10.1155/2012/525093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the result of interaction between genetic and environmental factors, leading to heterogeneous and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Overweight and obesity are major contributors to the development of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. The inability of β cells to secrete enough insulin produces type 2 diabetes. Abnormalities in other hormones such as reduced secretion of the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), hyperglucagonemia, and raised concentrations of other counterregulatory hormones also contribute to insulin resistance, reduced insulin secretion, and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Clinical-overt and experimental cortisol excess is associated with profound metabolic disturbances of intermediate metabolism resulting in abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and low HDL-cholesterol levels, which can lead to diabetes. It was therefore suggested that subtle abnormalities in cortisol secretion and action are one of the missing links between insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this paper is to address the role of glucocorticoids on glucose homeostasis and to explain the relationship between hypercortisolism and type 2 diabetes.
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Zhu X, Slatter JG, Emery MG, Deane MR, Akrami A, Zhang X, Hickman D, Skiles GL, Subramanian R. Activity-based exposure comparisons among humans and nonclinical safety testing species in an extensively metabolized drug candidate. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:617-27. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.747711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1055-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Fürst-Recktenwald S, Dörr HG, Quinkler M, Dötsch J, Stewart PM. Is there sufficient evidence to consider the use of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition in children? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:159-68. [PMID: 22486586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Manifestations of the metabolic syndrome [obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, blood glucose derangements including prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] in juvenile populations are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the world and are at the point of being a global public health concern. Derangements in cortisol regeneration seem to be involved in the pathophysiology. Treatment with selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors could be a therapeutic strategy in paediatric patients with manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Based on preclinical and clinical data regarding development of the 11β-HSD1 enzyme, it appears that maturation occurs within the first year of life. Different changes in biomarkers for assessing the efficacy and safety of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors are to be expected in paediatric patients compared to adults, reflecting differences in metabolism. The effect of 11β-HSD1 treatment in children on bone differentiation and development as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), circulating and local cortisol tissue concentrations, androgens and respective stress response is not yet known. Based on current literature, the concept of inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is considered a potentially effective mean to regulate local cortisol levels in the paediatric population, and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may provide a valuable target and treatment option for the metabolic syndrome in paediatric patients. However, the uncertainty over effects on the developing skeleton combined with mild increases in adrenal androgen levels raises potential concerns regarding growth as well as onset of puberty as to their future use in children. Future clinical studies are needed to thoroughly assess the risks and benefits of this new class of drugs in the paediatric population.
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33
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Greene RJ, Davis JA, Subramanian R, Deane MR, Emery MG, Slatter JG. Regiospecific and stereospecific triangulation of the structures of metabolites formed by sequential metabolism at multiple prochiral centers. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:928-42. [PMID: 22328582 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of in vivo secondary metabolites of a norbornane-containing drug candidate with multiple prochiral centers were triangulated, in a regio- and stereospecific fashion, using in vitro metabolism data from synthetic primary metabolites and in vivo metabolism data from the separate administration of a radiolabeled primary metabolite, [(14)C]-(S)-2-((1R,2S,4R,5S)-5-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)-5-isopropyl-5-methylthiazol-4(5H)-one (M1). A mass balance study on the 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme inhibitor [(14)C]-(S)-2-((1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)-5-isopropyl-5-methylthiazol-4(5H)-one (AMG 221) in rats was dosed at 2 mg/kg. Radioactivity was excreted mainly in urine. Metabolites of AMG 221 were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with radiometric detection and characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). LC-MS/MS revealed at least 38 metabolites. Seven monohydroxylated metabolites mediated formation of the other 31 metabolites. Twenty-eight metabolites were identified regio- and stereo-specifically. Little parent drug was observed in urine or feces. Monohydroxy metabolite M1 was the major metabolite comprising 17 to 24% of excreted dose, and seven monohydroxy metabolites comprised 29 (male) and 37% (female) of dose. Of 11 quantifiable isobaric dihydroxy metabolites that comprised 8.3 (male) and 24% (female) of dose, 10 were identified regio- and stereospecifically by triangulation. A single trihydroxy metabolite comprised approximately 10% of dose. Complex secondary metabolism of drugs with multiple prochiral centers can be elucidated in a regio- and stereospecific fashion without NMR through synthesis and in vitro and in vivo studies on the metabolism of chiral primary oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Greene
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
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Li A, Yuan CC, Chow D, Chen M, Emery MG, Hale C, Zhang X, Subramanian R, St. Jean DJ, Komorowski R, Véniant M, Wang M, Fotsch C. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Metabolites of AMG 221, a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:824-7. [PMID: 24900270 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All eight of the major active metabolites of (S)-2-((1S,2S,4R)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ylamino)-5-isopropyl-5-methylthiazol-4(5H)-one (AMG 221, compound 1), an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that has entered the clinic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, were synthetically prepared and confirmed by comparison with samples generated in liver microsomes. After further profiling, we determined that metabolite 2 was equipotent to 1 on human 11β-HSD1 and had lower in vivo clearance and higher bioavailability in rat and mouse. Compound 2 was advanced into a pharmacodynamic model in mouse where it inhibited adipose 11β-HSD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwen Li
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Chester C. Yuan
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David Chow
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Michelle Chen
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Maurice G. Emery
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Clarence Hale
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Xiping Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David J. St. Jean
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Murielle Véniant
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Minghan Wang
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher Fotsch
- Departments of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Metabolic Disorders, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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AKAMA H. Topics of Glucocorticoids-Centered on Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:464-75. [DOI: 10.2177/jsci.34.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto AKAMA
- Japan/Asia Clinical Research Product Creation Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd
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