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Badier L, Quelven I. Zirconium 89 and Copper 64 for ImmunoPET: From Antibody Bioconjugation and Radiolabeling to Molecular Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:882. [PMID: 39065579 PMCID: PMC11279968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment. Nevertheless, given the heterogeneity of clinical efficacy, the multiplicity of treatment options available and the possibility of serious adverse effects, selecting the most effective treatment has become the greatest challenge. Molecular imaging offers an attractive way for this purpose. ImmunoPET provides specific imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or its fragments as vector. By combining the high targeting specificity of mAb and the sensitivity of PET technique, immunoPET could noninvasively and dynamically reveal tumor antigens expression and provide theranostic tools of several types of malignancies. Because of their slow kinetics, mAbs require radioelements defined by a consistent half-life. Zirconium 89 (89Zr) and Copper 64 (64Cu) are radiometals with half-lives suitable for mAb labeling. Radiolabeling with a radiometal requires the prior use of a bifunctional chelate agent (BFCA) to functionalize mAb for radiometal chelation, in a second step. There are a number of BFCA available and much research is focused on antibody functionalization techniques or on developing the optimum chelating agent depending the selected radiometal. In this manuscript, we present a critical account of radiochemical techniques with radionuclides 89Zr and 64Cu and their applications in preclinical and clinical immuno-PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Quelven
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM/UPS UMR 1214, University Hospital of Toulouse-Purpan, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France;
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Lee HJ, Bernau K, Harr TJ, Rosenkrans ZT, Kessler GA, Stott K, Oler AT, Rahar B, Zhu T, Medina-Guevara Y, Gupta N, Cho I, Gari MK, Burkel BM, Jeffery JJ, Weichmann AM, Tomasini-Johansson BR, Ponik SM, Engle JW, Hernandez R, Kwon GS, Sandbo N. [ 64Cu]Cu-PEG-FUD peptide for noninvasive and sensitive detection of murine pulmonary fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj1444. [PMID: 38598637 PMCID: PMC11006221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease resulting in irreversible scarring within the lungs. However, the lack of biomarkers that enable real-time assessment of disease activity remains a challenge in providing efficient clinical decision-making and optimal patient care in IPF. Fibronectin (FN) is highly expressed in fibroblastic foci of the IPF lung where active extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition occurs. Functional upstream domain (FUD) tightly binds the N-terminal 70-kilodalton domain of FN that is crucial for FN assembly. In this study, we first demonstrate the capacity of PEGylated FUD (PEG-FUD) to target FN deposition in human IPF tissue ex vivo. We subsequently radiolabeled PEG-FUD with 64Cu and monitored its spatiotemporal biodistribution via μPET/CT imaging in mice using the bleomycin-induced model of pulmonary injury and fibrosis. We demonstrated [64Cu]Cu-PEG-FUD uptake 3 and 11 days following bleomycin treatment, suggesting that radiolabeled PEG-FUD holds promise as an imaging probe in aiding the assessment of fibrotic lung disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ksenija Bernau
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Thomas J. Harr
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Grace A. Kessler
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Kristen Stott
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Angie Tebon Oler
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Babita Rahar
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Terry Zhu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Yadira Medina-Guevara
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nikesh Gupta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Inyoung Cho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Metti K. Gari
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brian M. Burkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Justin J. Jeffery
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ashley M. Weichmann
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bianca R. Tomasini-Johansson
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, 502 S. Rosa Rd., Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Glen S. Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nathan Sandbo
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Miranda ACC, dos Santos SN, Fuscaldi LL, Balieiro LM, Bellini MH, Guimarães MICC, de Araújo EB. Radioimmunotheranostic Pair Based on the Anti-HER2 Monoclonal Antibody: Influence of Chelating Agents and Radionuclides on Biological Properties. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:971. [PMID: 34198999 PMCID: PMC8309196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene HER2 is an important molecular target in oncology because it is associated with aggressive disease and the worst prognosis. The development of non-invasive imaging techniques and target therapies using monoclonal antibodies is a rapidly developing field. Thus, this work proposes the study of the radioimmunotheranostic pair, [111In]In-DTPA-trastuzumab and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-trastuzumab, evaluating the influence of the chelating agents and radionuclides on the biological properties of the radioimmunoconjugates (RICs). The trastuzumab was immunoconjugated with the chelators DTPA and DOTA and radiolabeled with [111In]InCl3 and [177Lu]LuCl3, respectively. The stability of the RICs was evaluated in serum, and the immunoreactive and internalization fractions were determined in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. The in vivo pharmacokinetics and dosimetry quantification and the ex vivo biodistribution were performed in normal and SK-BR-3 tumor-bearing mice. The data showed that there was no influence of the chelating agents and radionuclides on the immunoreactive and internalization fractions of RICs. In contrast, they influenced the stability of RICs in serum, as well as the pharmacokinetics, dosimetry and biodistribution profiles. Therefore, the results showed that the nature of the chelating agent and radionuclide could influence the biological properties of the radioimmunotheranostic pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Camargo Miranda
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Sofia Nascimento dos Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Leonardo Lima Fuscaldi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01221-020, Brazil;
| | - Luiza Mascarenhas Balieiro
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Maria Helena Bellini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
| | - Maria Inês Calil Cury Guimarães
- Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-911, Brazil;
| | - Elaine Bortoleti de Araújo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (S.N.d.S.); (L.M.B.); (M.H.B.); (E.B.d.A.)
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Akaishi T, Takahashi T, Misu T, Kaneko K, Takai Y, Nishiyama S, Ogawa R, Fujimori J, Ishii T, Aoki M, Fujihara K, Nakashima I. Difference in the Source of Anti-AQP4-IgG and Anti-MOG-IgG Antibodies in CSF in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Neurology 2021; 97:e1-e12. [PMID: 33980704 PMCID: PMC8312856 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the differences in the source and in the level of intrathecal synthesis between anti–aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG) and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG). Methods Thirty-eight patients with MOG-IgG–associated disease and 36 with AQP4-IgG–positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) were studied for the antibody titers in the sera and CSF simultaneously collected in the acute attacks. The quotients between CSF and serum levels of albumin, total immunoglobulin G, and each disease-specific antibody were calculated. Intrathecal production level in each disease-specific antibody was evaluated by calculating the antibody index from these quotients. Results Eleven of the 38 patients with MOG-IgG were positive for the antibody only in the CSF, while no patient with AQP4-IgG showed CSF-restricted AQP4-IgG. Blood-brain barrier compromise as shown by raised albumin quotients was seen in 75.0% of MOG-IgG–positive cases and 43.8% of AQP4-IgG–positive cases. Moreover, MOG-IgG quotients were >10 times higher than AQP4-IgG quotients (effect size r = 0.659, p < 0.0001). Elevated antibody index (>4.0) was confirmed in 12 of 21 with MOG-IgG, whereas it was seen only in 1 of 16 with AQP4-IgG (φ = 0.528, p < 0.0001). The CSF MOG-IgG titers (ρ = 0.519, p = 0.001) and antibody indexes for MOG-IgG (ρ = 0.472, p = 0.036) correlated with the CSF cell counts but not with clinical disability. Conclusions Intrathecal production of MOG-IgG may occur more frequently than that of AQP4-IgG. This finding implies the different properties of B-cell trafficking and antibody production between MOG-IgG–associated disease and AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Akaishi
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kaneko
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Takai
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishiyama
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Ryo Ogawa
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Juichi Fujimori
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakashima
- From the Department of Neurology (T.A., T.T., T.M., K.K., Y.T., S.N., R.O., M.A.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine (T.A., T.I.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai; Department of Neurology (T.T.), National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.F., I.N.), Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai; and Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics (K.F.), Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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Christopoulos PF, Gjølberg TT, Krüger S, Haraldsen G, Andersen JT, Sundlisæter E. Targeting the Notch Signaling Pathway in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668207. [PMID: 33912195 PMCID: PMC8071949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates developmental cell-fate decisions and has recently also been linked to inflammatory diseases. Although therapies targeting Notch signaling in inflammation in theory are attractive, their design and implementation have proven difficult, at least partly due to the broad involvement of Notch signaling in regenerative and homeostatic processes. In this review, we summarize the supporting role of Notch signaling in various inflammation-driven diseases, and highlight efforts to intervene with this pathway by targeting Notch ligands and/or receptors with distinct therapeutic strategies, including antibody designs. We discuss this in light of lessons learned from Notch targeting in cancer treatment. Finally, we elaborate on the impact of individual Notch members in inflammation, which may lay the foundation for development of therapeutic strategies in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torleif T. Gjølberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Eye Research and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Krüger
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Sundlisæter
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Mavrilimumab in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation (MASH-COVID): an investigator initiated, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY 2021; 3:e410-e418. [PMID: 33754144 PMCID: PMC7969143 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with COVID-19, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) might be a mediator of the hyperactive inflammatory response associated with respiratory failure and death. We aimed to evaluate whether mavrilimumab, a monoclonal antibody to the GM-CSF receptor, would improve outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation. Methods This investigator-initiated, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trial was done at seven hospitals in the USA. Inclusion required hospitalisation, COVID-19 pneumonia, hypoxaemia, and a C-reactive protein concentration of more than 5 mg/dL. Patients were excluded if they required mechanical ventilation. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) centrally, with stratification by hospital site, to receive mavrilimumab 6 mg/kg as a single intravenous infusion, or placebo. Participants and all clinical and research personnel were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients alive and off supplemental oxygen therapy at day 14. The primary outcome and safety were analysed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04399980, NCT04463004, and NCT04492514. Findings Between May 28 and Sept 15, 2020, 40 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to mavrilimumab (n=21) or placebo (n=19). A trial of 60 patients was planned, but given slow enrolment, the study was stopped early to inform the natural history and potential treatment effect. At day 14, 12 (57%) patients in the mavrilimumab group were alive and off supplemental oxygen therapy compared with nine (47%) patients in the placebo group (odds ratio 1·48 [95% CI 0·43–5·16]; p=0·76). There were no treatment-related deaths, and adverse events were similar between groups. Interpretation There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients alive and off oxygen therapy at day 14, although benefit or harm of mavrilimumab therapy in this patient population remains possible given the wide confidence intervals, and larger trials should be completed. Funding Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals.
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Banji D, Alqahtani SS, Banji OJ, Machanchery S, Shoaib A. Calming the inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 infections: Role of biologics- A narrative review. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:213-222. [PMID: 33850422 PMCID: PMC8030716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of Coronavirus infection continues, and the fear of resurgence indicates the lack of a successful therapeutic strategy. In severe COVID-19 infection, many immune cells and their products are involved, making management difficult. The abundant release of cytokines and chemokines in severe COVID-19 patients leads to profound hyper inflammation and the mobilization of immune cells, triggering the cytokine storm. The complications associated with the cytokine storm include severe respiratory distress, intravascular coagulation, multi-organ failure, and death. The enormous formation of interleukin (IL)-6 and hemopoietic factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are implicated in the severity of the infection. Moreover, these inflammatory cytokines and factors signal through the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway causing the activation of cytokine-related genes. The neutralization of these proteins could be of therapeutic help in COVID-19 patients and could mitigate the risk of mortality. IL-6 antagonist, IL-6 receptor antagonists, GM-CSF receptor inhibitors, and JAK-STAT inhibitors are being investigated to prevent intense lung injury in COVID-19 patients and increase the chances of survival. The review focuses the role of IL-6, GM-CSF, and JAK-STAT inhibitors in regulating the immune response in severely affected COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Banji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Otilia J.F. Banji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamna Machanchery
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
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Molecular Mechanism of HER2 Rapid Internalization and Redirected Trafficking Induced by Anti-HER2 Biparatopic Antibody. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030049. [PMID: 32961882 PMCID: PMC7551206 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), an ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase, have been implicated in human cancer and metastasis. A bispecific tetravalent anti-HER2 antibody (anti-HER2-Bs), targeting two non-overlapping epitopes on HER2 in domain IV (trastuzumab) and domain II (39S), has been reported to induce rapid internalization and efficient degradation of HER2 receptors. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of this antibody-induced rapid HER2 internalization and intracellular trafficking. Using quantitative fluorescent imaging, we compared the internalization kinetics of anti-HER2-Bs and its parental arm antibodies, alone or in combinations and under various internalization-promoting conditions. The results demonstrated that concurrent engagement of both epitopes was necessary for rapid anti-HER2-Bs internalization. Cellular uptake of anti-HER2-Bs and parental arm antibodies occurred via clathrin-dependent endocytosis; however, inside the cells antibodies directed different trafficking pathways. Trastuzumab dissociated from HER2 in 2 h, enabling the receptor to recycle, whereas anti-HER2-Bs stayed associated with the receptor throughout the entire endocytic pathway, promoting receptor ubiquitination, trafficking to the lysosomes, and efficient degradation. Consistent with routing HER2 to degradation, anti-HER2-Bs significantly reduced HER2 shedding and altered its exosomal export. Collectively, these results enable a better understanding of the mechanism of action of anti-Her2-Bs and can guide the rational design of anti-HER2 therapeutics as well as other bispecific molecules.
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De Luca G, Cavalli G, Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Angelillo P, Tomelleri A, Boffini N, Tentori S, Mette F, Farina N, Rovere-Querini P, Ruggeri A, D'Aliberti T, Scarpellini P, Landoni G, De Cobelli F, Paolini JF, Zangrillo A, Tresoldi M, Trapnell BC, Ciceri F, Dagna L. GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation: a single-centre, prospective cohort study. LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e465-e473. [PMID: 32835256 PMCID: PMC7430344 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation is high. We aimed to examine whether mavrilimumab, an anti-granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor-α monoclonal antibody, added to standard management, improves clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation. Methods This single-centre prospective cohort study included patients aged 18 years or older who were admitted to San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy) with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, hypoxia, and systemic hyperinflammation. Patients received a single intravenous dose (6 mg/kg) of mavrilimumab added to standard care given by the hospital at the time. The control group consisted of contemporaneous patients with similar baseline characteristics who received standard care at the same hospital. The main outcome was time to clinical improvement (defined as improvement of two or more points on the seven-point ordinal scale of clinical status). Other outcomes included proportion of patients achieving clinical improvement, survival, mechanical ventilation-free survival, and time to fever resolution. Adverse events were monitored daily. Findings Between March 17 and April 15, 2020, 13 non-mechanically ventilated patients (median age 57 years [IQR 52–58], 12 [92%] men) received mavrilimumab and 26 patients (median age 60 [IQR 53–67], 17 [65%] men) in the control group received standard care. During the 28-day follow-up, no patients in the mavrilimumab group died, and seven (27%) patients in the control group died (p=0·086). At day 28, all patients in the mavrilimumab group and 17 (65%) patients in the control group showed clinical improvement (p=0·030), with earlier improvement in the mavrilimumab than in the control group (mean time to improvement 8 days [IQR 5 to 11] vs 19 days [11 to >28], p=0·0001). By day 28, one (8%) patient in the mavrilimumab group progressed to mechanical ventilation compared with nine (35%) patients in the control group who progressed to mechanical ventilation or died (p=0·14). By day 14, fever resolved in ten (91%) of 11 febrile patients in the mavrilimumab group, compared with 11 (61%) of 18 febrile patients in the control group (p=0·18); fever resolution was faster in mavrilimumab recipients versus controls (median time to resolution 1 day [IQR 1 to 2] vs 7 days [3 to >14], p=0·0093). Mavrilimumab was well tolerated, with no infusion reactions. Three (12%) patients in the control group developed infectious complications. Interpretation Mavrilimumab treatment was associated with improved clinical outcomes compared with standard care in non-mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation. Treatment was well tolerated. Confirmation of efficacy requires controlled testing. Funding IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo De Luca
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado Campochiaro
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuel Della-Torre
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Angelillo
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tomelleri
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Boffini
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Tentori
- Internal Medicine and Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mette
- Emergency Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Farina
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ruggeri
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa D'Aliberti
- General Medicine and Advanced Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Scarpellini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco De Cobelli
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Zangrillo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Moreno Tresoldi
- General Medicine and Advanced Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruce C Trapnell
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Yuan D, Rode F, Cao Y. A systems pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for concizumab to explore the potential of anti-TFPI recycling antibodies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 138:105032. [PMID: 31394258 PMCID: PMC6824202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Concizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody in clinical investigation directed against membrane-bound and soluble tissue factor pathway inhibitor (mTFPI and sTFPI) for treatment of hemophilia. Concizumab displays a non-linear pharmacokinetic (PK) profile due to mTFPI-mediated endocytosis and necessitates a high dose and frequent dosing to suppress the abundant sTFPI, a negative regulator of coagulation. Recycling antibodies that can dissociate bound mTFPI/sTFPI in endosomes for degradation and rescue antibody from degradation have a potential in reducing the dose by extending antibody systemic persistence and sTFPI suppression. We developed a systems PK/pharmacodynamics (PD) model with nested endosome compartments to simulate the effect of decreased antibody binding to mTFPI/sTFPI in endosomes on antibody clearance and sTFPI suppression for exploring the potential of anti-TFPI recycling antibodies in reducing the dose. A dynamic model-building strategy was taken. A reduced PK/PD model without the endosome compartments was developed to optimize unknown target turnover parameters using concizumab PK data. The optimized parameters were then employed in the systems PK/PD model for simulations. The obtained systems PK/PD model adequately described the PK of concizumab in rabbits, monkeys, and humans and the PD in humans. The systems PK/PD model predicted that an anti-TFPI recycling antibody with a 100-fold higher mTFPI/sTFPI dissociation constant in endosomes than concizumab can extend sTFPI suppression from 12 days to 1 month. Thus, the systems PK/PD model provides a quantitative platform for guiding the engineering and translational development of anti-TFPI recycling antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfen Yuan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Frederik Rode
- Novo Nordisk, Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Denmark
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Awwad S, Angkawinitwong U. Overview of Antibody Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E83. [PMID: 29973504 PMCID: PMC6161251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important classes of therapeutic proteins, which are used to treat a wide number of diseases (e.g., oncology, inflammation and autoimmune diseases). Monoclonal antibody technologies are continuing to evolve to develop medicines with increasingly improved safety profiles, with the identification of new drug targets being one key barrier for new antibody development. There are many opportunities for developing antibody formulations for better patient compliance, cost savings and lifecycle management, e.g., subcutaneous formulations. However, mAb-based medicines also have limitations that impact their clinical use; the most prominent challenges are their short pharmacokinetic properties and stability issues during manufacturing, transport and storage that can lead to aggregation and protein denaturation. The development of long acting protein formulations must maintain protein stability and be able to deliver a large enough dose over a prolonged period. Many strategies are being pursued to improve the formulation and dosage forms of antibodies to improve efficacy and to increase the range of applications for the clinical use of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK.
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12
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Wang B, Wu CY, Jin D, Vicini P, Roskos L. Model-Based Discovery and Development of Biopharmaceuticals: A Case Study of Mavrilimumab. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 7:5-15. [PMID: 28836356 PMCID: PMC5784736 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug development is a lengthy, costly process with low probability of success. Biopharmaceuticals are highly specific molecules, with efficacy and safety closely tied to target biology and pharmacology. The “learning−predicting−confirming” continuum by translational and clinical modeling and simulation (M&S) was implemented at every decision point for mavrilimumab, a human monoclonal antibody in development for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This tutorial uses mavrilimumab as an example to demonstrate rational discovery, preclinical development, clinical study design, and dose selection of biotherapeutics by M&S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- MedImmune, Mountain View, California, USA
| | | | - Denise Jin
- MedImmune, Mountain View, California, USA
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13
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Burmester GR, McInnes IB, Kremer J, Miranda P, Korkosz M, Vencovsky J, Rubbert-Roth A, Mysler E, Sleeman MA, Godwood A, Sinibaldi D, Guo X, White WI, Wang B, Wu CY, Ryan PC, Close D, Weinblatt ME. A randomised phase IIb study of mavrilimumab, a novel GM–CSF receptor alpha monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:1020-1030. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesDespite the therapeutic value of current rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments, agents with alternative modes of action are required. Mavrilimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor-α, was evaluated in patients with moderate-to-severe RA.MethodsIn a phase IIb study (NCT01706926), patients with inadequate response to ≥1 synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug(s), Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28)−C reactive protein (CRP)/erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥3.2, ≥4 swollen joints despite methotrexate (MTX) were randomised 1:1:1:1 to subcutaneous mavrilimumab (150, 100, 30 mg), or placebo every other week (eow), plus MTX for 24 weeks. Coprimary outcomes were DAS28−CRP change from baseline to week 12 and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 response rate (week 24).Results326 patients were randomised (150 mg, n=79; 100 mg, n=85; 30 mg, n=81; placebo, n=81); 305 completed the study (September 2012–June 2013). Mavrilimumab treatment significantly reduced DAS28−CRP scores from baseline compared with placebo (change from baseline (SE); 150 mg: −1.90 (0.14), 100 mg: −1.64 (0.13), 30 mg: −1.37 (0.14), placebo: −0.68 (0.14); p<0.001; all dosages compared with placebo).Significantly more mavrilimumab-treated patients achieved ACR20 compared with placebo (week 24: 73.4%, 61.2%, 50.6% vs 24.7%, respectively (p<0.001)). Adverse events were reported in 43 (54.4%), 36 (42.4%), 41 (50.6%) and 38 (46.9%) patients in the mavrilimumab 150, 100, 30 mg eow and placebo groups, respectively. No treatment-related safety signals were identified.ConclusionsMavrilimumab significantly decreased RA disease activity, with clinically meaningful responses observed 1 week after treatment initiation, representing a novel mechanism of action with persuasive therapeutic potential.Trial registration numberNCT01706926; results.
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14
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Wang B, Yan L, Yao Z, Roskos LK. Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Benralizumab in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Asthma. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:249-257. [PMID: 28109128 PMCID: PMC5397562 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Benralizumab is a humanized, afucosylated, anti‐interleukin‐5 receptor α, immunoglobulin G (IgG) 1 κ monoclonal antibody. We developed a population pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model for benralizumab by analyzing PK and blood eosinophil count data from two healthy volunteer studies (N = 48) and four studies in patients with asthma (N = 152). Benralizumab PK was dose‐proportional and adequately described by a two‐compartment model with first‐order elimination from the central compartment and first‐order absorption from the subcutaneous dosing site. The estimated systemic clearance and volume of distribution were typical for human IgG. Body weight and high‐titer antidrug antibodies were identified as relevant covariates influencing the PK of benralizumab. Depletion of blood eosinophil counts was depicted by a modified transit model in which benralizumab induced depletion of eosinophils in each age compartment. Stochastic simulations supported an every‐8‐week dosing schedule of benralizumab for a phase IIb study in patients with uncontrolled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- MedImmune LLC, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - L Yan
- MedImmune LLC, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Z Yao
- MedImmune LLC, Mountain View, California, USA.,Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - L K Roskos
- MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Tibbitts J, Canter D, Graff R, Smith A, Khawli LA. Key factors influencing ADME properties of therapeutic proteins: A need for ADME characterization in drug discovery and development. MAbs 2015; 8:229-45. [PMID: 26636901 PMCID: PMC4966629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics represent a diverse array of biologics including antibodies, fusion proteins, and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Since their inception, they have revolutionized the treatment of a wide range of diseases including respiratory, vascular, autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While in vivo pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy studies are routinely carried out for protein therapeutics, studies that identify key factors governing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties have not been fully investigated. Thorough characterization and in-depth study of their ADME properties are critical in order to support drug discovery and development processes for the production of safer and more effective biotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss the main factors affecting the ADME characteristics of these large macromolecular therapies. We also give an overview of the current tools, technologies, and approaches available to investigate key factors that influence the ADME of recombinant biotherapeutic drugs, and demonstrate how ADME studies will facilitate their future development.
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16
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Liang M, Schwickart M, Schneider AK, Vainshtein I, Del Nagro C, Standifer N, Roskos LK. Receptor occupancy assessment by flow cytometry as a pharmacodynamic biomarker in biopharmaceutical development. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:117-27. [PMID: 26054054 PMCID: PMC5042057 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor occupancy (RO) assays are designed to quantify the binding of therapeutics to their targets on the cell surface and are frequently used to generate pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker data in nonclinical and clinical studies of biopharmaceuticals. When combined with the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, RO data can establish PKPD relationships, which are crucial for informing dose decisions. RO is commonly measured by flow cytometry on fresh blood specimens and is subject to numerous technical and logistical challenges. To ensure that reliable and high quality results are generated from RO assays, careful assay design, key reagent characterization, data normalization/reporting, and thorough planning for implementation are of critical importance during development. In this article, the authors share their experiences and perspectives in these areas and discuss challenges and potential solutions when developing and implementing a flow cytometry‐based RO method in support of biopharmaceutical drug development. © 2015 The Authors Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Martin Schwickart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Amy K Schneider
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Inna Vainshtein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Christopher Del Nagro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Nathan Standifer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, Medimmune, LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
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Gizinski AM, Fox DA. Emerging therapeutic targets. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Vainshtein I, Roskos LK, Cheng J, Sleeman MA, Wang B, Liang M. Quantitative measurement of the target-mediated internalization kinetics of biopharmaceuticals. Pharm Res 2015; 32:286-99. [PMID: 25208874 PMCID: PMC4284384 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement of internalization of biopharmaceuticals targeting cell surface proteins can greatly facilitate drug development. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable method for determination of internalization rate constant (kint) and to demonstrate its utility. METHODS This method utilized confocal imaging to record the internalization kinetics of fluorescence-tagged biopharmaceuticals in live-cells and a quantitative image-analysis algorithm for kint determination. Kint was incorporated into a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model for simulation of the drug PK profiles, target occupancy and the displacement of endogenous ligand. RESULTS The method was highly sensitive, allowing kint determination in cells expressing as low as 5,000 receptors/cell, and was amenable to adherent and suspension cells. Its feasibility in a mixed cell population, such as whole blood, was also demonstrated. Accurate assessment of the kint was largely attributed to continuous monitoring of internalization in live cells, rapid confocal image acquisition and quantitative image-analysis algorithm. Translational PK-PD simulations demonstrated that kint is a major determinant of the drug PK profiles, target occupancy, and the displacement of endogenous ligand. CONCLUSIONS The developed method is robust for broad cell types. Reliable kint assessment can greatly expedite biopharmaceutical development by facilitating target evaluation, drug affinity goal setting, and clinical dose projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Vainshtein
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Hayward, CA USA
| | - Lorin K. Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Hayward, CA USA
| | - Jackie Cheng
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Hayward, CA USA
| | - Matthew A. Sleeman
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bing Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Hayward, CA USA
| | - Meina Liang
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune LLC, Hayward, CA USA
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Ryan PC, Sleeman MA, Rebelatto M, Wang B, Lu H, Chen X, Wu CY, Hinrichs MJ, Roskos L, Towers H, McKeever K, Dixit R. Nonclinical safety of mavrilimumab, an anti-GMCSF receptor alpha monoclonal antibody, in cynomolgus monkeys: Relevance for human safety. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Takeuchi T, Tanaka Y, Close D, Godwood A, Wu CY, Saurigny D. Efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab in Japanese subjects with rheumatoid arthritis: findings from a Phase IIa study. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 25:21-30. [PMID: 24720551 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2014.896448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A phase IIa study investigated efficacy and safety/tolerability of ascending doses of mavrilimumab (anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor [GM-CSFR]α monoclonal antibody) in adult subjects with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis from Japan and Europe. Findings from the Japanese population are presented. METHODS Fifty-one subjects received mavrilimumab (10-100 mg) or placebo subcutaneously every other week for 12 weeks, followed by a 12-week follow-up period. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects achieving a Disease Activity Score using 28 joints (DAS28)-C-reactive protein (CRP) response (decrease > 1.2 from baseline). Secondary endpoints included DAS28-CRP remission, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response. RESULTS By Week 12, more mavrilimumab- versus placebo-treated subjects achieved a DAS28-CRP response (50.0% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.081); a significant response was seen in the 30 mg and 100 mg dose groups (both 75.0% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.028). The 100 mg group also demonstrated statistically significant HAQ-DI and ACR20 responses at Week 12. Results were generally consistent between Japanese and European populations. Overall, adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate in intensity with one serious AE of pneumonia, considered possibly treatment-related. CONCLUSIONS A rapid and clinically meaningful response was seen in subjects treated with GM-CSFRα blockade with mavrilimumab, supporting further investigation of mavrilimumab for the treatment of RA in Japanese subjects.
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Goldberg A, Geppert T, Schiopu E, Frech T, Hsu V, Simms RW, Peng SL, Yao Y, Elgeioushi N, Chang L, Wang B, Yoo S. Dose-escalation of human anti-interferon-α receptor monoclonal antibody MEDI-546 in subjects with systemic sclerosis: a phase 1, multicenter, open label study. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R57. [PMID: 24559157 PMCID: PMC3978926 DOI: 10.1186/ar4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type I interferons (IFNs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). MEDI-546 is an investigational human monoclonal antibody directed against the type I IFN receptor. This Phase 1 study evaluated the safety/tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), immunogenicity, and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and multiple intravenous doses of MEDI-546 in adults with SSc. Methods Subjects (≥18 years) with SSc were enrolled in an open-label, dose-escalation study to receive single (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg), or 4 weekly intravenous doses (0.3, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg/week) of MEDI-546. Subjects were followed for 12 weeks. Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), laboratory results, and viral monitoring. Blood samples were collected from all subjects for determination of PK, presence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), and expression of type I IFN-inducible genes. Results Of 34 subjects (mean age 47.4 years), 32 completed treatment and 33 completed the study. Overall, 148 treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) were reported (68.9% mild, 27.7% moderate). TEAEs included one grade 1 infusion reaction (5.0 mg/kg/week multiple dose). Of 4 treatment-emergent serious AEs (skin ulcer, osteomyelitis, vertigo, and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)), only CML (1.0 mg/kg/week multiple dose) was considered possibly treatment-related. MEDI-546 exhibited non-linear PK at lower doses. ADAs were detected in 5 subjects; no apparent impact on PK was observed. Peak inhibition of the type I IFN signature in whole blood was achieved within 1 day and in skin after 7 days. Conclusion The safety/tolerability, PK, and PD profiles observed in this study support further clinical development of MEDI-546. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00930683
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Quantitative Analysis of Target Coverage and Germinal Center Response by a CXCL13 Neutralizing Antibody in a T-Dependent Mouse Immunization Model. Pharm Res 2013; 31:635-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Aston PJ, Derks G, Agoram BM, van der Graaf PH. A mathematical analysis of rebound in a target-mediated drug disposition model: I.without feedback. J Math Biol 2013; 68:1453-78. [PMID: 23591581 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-013-0675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We consider the possibility of free receptor (antigen/cytokine) levels rebounding to higher than the baseline level after one or more applications of an antibody drug using a target-mediated drug disposition model. Using geometry and dynamical systems analysis, we show that rebound will occur if and only if the elimination rate of the drug-receptor product is slower than the elimination rates of the drug and of the receptor. We also analyse the magnitude of rebound through approximations and simulations and demonstrate that it increases if the drug dose increases or if the difference between the elimination rate of the drug-receptor product and the minimum of the elimination rates of the drug and of the receptor increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Aston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Burmester GR, Weinblatt ME, McInnes IB, Porter D, Barbarash O, Vatutin M, Szombati I, Esfandiari E, Sleeman MA, Kane CD, Cavet G, Wang B, Godwood A, Magrini F. Efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1445-52. [PMID: 23234647 PMCID: PMC3756523 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Mavrilimumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the alpha subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, was evaluated in a phase 2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate efficacy and safety in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Subcutaneous mavrilimumab (10 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg) or placebo was administered every other week for 12 weeks in subjects on stable background methotrexate therapy. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects achieving a ≥1.2 decrease from baseline in Disease Activity Score (DAS28-CRP) at week 12. Results 55.7% of mavrilimumab-treated subjects met the primary endpoint versus 34.7% placebo (p=0.003) at week 12; for the 10 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg groups, responses were 41.0% (p=0.543), 61.0% (p=0.011), 53.8% (p=0.071), and 66.7% (p=0.001) respectively. Response rate differences from placebo were observed at week 2 and increased throughout the treatment period. The 100 mg dose demonstrated a significant effect versus placebo on DAS28-CRP<2.6 (23.1% vs 6.7%, p=0.016), all categories of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria (ACR20: 69.2% vs 40.0%, p=0.005; ACR50: 30.8% vs 12.0%, p=0.021; ACR70: 17.9% vs 4.0%, p=0.030), and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (−0.48 vs −0.25, p=0.005). A biomarker-based disease activity score showed a dose-dependent decrease at week 12, indicating suppression of disease-related biological pathways. Adverse events were generally mild or moderate in intensity. No significant hypersensitivity reactions, serious or opportunistic infections, or changes in pulmonary parameters were observed. Conclusions Mavrilimumab induced rapid clinically significant responses in RA subjects, suggesting that inhibiting the mononuclear phagocyte pathway may provide a novel therapeutic approach for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd R Burmester
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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Nair JR, Edwards SW, Moots RJ. Mavrilimumab, a human monoclonal GM-CSF receptor-α antibody for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: a novel approach to therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1661-8. [PMID: 23094973 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.732062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mavrilimumab , formerly known as CAM-3001, a GM-CSF receptor-α antibody, is the first human monoclonal antibody to be used in Phase II studies (2011) to modulate the innate immunity pathway targeting GM-CSF signaling in moderate rheumatoid arthritis (RA). AREAS COVERED Analysis of available clinical trial data on GM-CSF receptor-α antibody and medical literature search using MEDLINE for molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of RA and its treatment forms the basis of this expert opinion review. The mavrilimumab Phase II double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled ascending dose trial demonstrated statistically significant achievement of primary and secondary end points in patients with moderate RA. The trial demonstrated significant clinical benefit in the 100 mg mavrilimumab cohort compared to the placebo group. EXPERT OPINION The novel molecular targeting mechanism of mavrilimumab together with its demonstrated clinical efficacy, tolerability and safety profile in Phase II clinical trials in moderate RA, suggests significant potential utility for this drug to induce clinical remission, reduce flares and improve morbidity and mortality in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish R Nair
- Aintree University Hospital, Rheumatology, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, UK
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