1
|
Criss S, Kim M, De La Cruz MM, Thai N, Nguyen QC, Hswen Y, Gee GC, Nguyen TT. Vigilance and Protection: How Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern Women Cope with Racism. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:773-782. [PMID: 36917397 PMCID: PMC10013280 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is needed to fully investigate the differential mechanisms racial and ethnic groups use to deal with ongoing intersectional racism in women's lives. The aim of this paper was to understand how Asian American and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women experience racism-from personal perceptions and interactions to coping mechanisms and methods of protection. METHODS A purposive sample of 52 participants participated in 11 online racially/ethnically homogeneous focus groups conducted throughout the USA. A team consensus approach was utilized with codebook development and thematic analysis. RESULTS The findings relate to personal perceptions and interactions related to race and ethnicity, methods of protection against racism, vigilant behavior based on safety concerns, and unity across people of color. A few unique concerns by group included experiences of racism including physical violence among Asian American Pacific Islander groups, police brutality among Black groups, immigration discrimination in Latina groups, and religious discrimination in Middle Eastern groups. Changes in behavior for safety and protection include altering methods of transportation, teaching their children safety measures, and defending their immigration status. They shared strategies to help racial and ethnic minorities against racism including mental health resources and greater political representation. All racial and ethnic groups discussed the need for unity, solidarity, and allyship across various communities of color but for it to be authentic and long-lasting. CONCLUSION Greater understanding of the types of racism specific groups experience can inform policies and cultural change to reduce those factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaniece Criss
- Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, Greenville, SC, 29613, USA.
| | - Melanie Kim
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Monica M De La Cruz
- School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nhung Thai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Quynh C Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yulin Hswen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Gilbert C Gee
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thu T Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wagner GJ, Bogart LM, Klein DJ, Lawrence SJ, Goggin K, Gizaw M, Mutchler MG. Culturally Relevant Africultural Coping Moderates the Association Between Discrimination and Antiretroviral Adherence Among Sexual Minority Black Americans Living with HIV. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:408-420. [PMID: 38060112 PMCID: PMC10876751 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to discrimination has been linked to lower HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and poor HIV care outcomes among Black Americans. Coping has been shown to mitigate the harmful effects of discrimination on health behaviors, but the use of cultural relevant Africultural coping strategies is understudied as a moderator of the association between intersectional discrimination and ART adherence among Black Americans. We used adjusted logistic regression to test whether Africultural coping strategies (cognitive/emotional debriefing; collective; spiritual-centered; ritual-centered) moderated associations between multiple forms of discrimination (HIV, sexual orientation, race) and good ART adherence (minimum of 75% or 85% of prescribed doses taken, as measured by electronic monitoring in separate analyses) among 92 sexual minority Black Americans living with HIV. Mean adherence was 66.5% in month 8 after baseline (36% ≥ 85% adherence; 49% ≥ 75% adherence). Ritual-centered coping moderated the relationship between each of the three types of discrimination at baseline and good ART adherence in month 8 (regardless of the minimum threshold for good adherence); when use of ritual coping was low, the association between discrimination and adherence was statistically significant. The other three coping scales each moderated the association between racial discrimination and good ART adherence (defined by the 75% threshold); cognitive/emotional debriefing was also a moderator for both HIV- and race-related discrimination at the 85% adherence threshold. These findings support the benefits of Africultural coping, particularly ritual-centered coping, to help sexual minority Black Americans manage stressors associated with discrimination and to adhere well to ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J Wagner
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA.
| | - Laura M Bogart
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA
| | - David J Klein
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA
| | | | - Kathy Goggin
- Children's Mercy Kansas City and University of Missouri - Kansas City Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mahlet Gizaw
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA
| | - Matt G Mutchler
- APLA Health & Wellness, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gingles D. Igniting Collective Freedom: An Integrative Behavioral Model of Acceptance and Commitment Toward Black Liberation. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 15:1050-1065. [PMID: 36605157 PMCID: PMC9744996 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Racism continues to reveal disastrous effects on the Black community. There exists no behavior-analytic literature with a specific focus on ending Black psychological suffering due to continual acts of violence perpetrated against the community. I present a behavioral model to promote Black psychological liberation, infusing preestablished frameworks of Black psychology and cultural healing practices with acceptance and commitment therapy. The model addresses behaviors observed within systemic and internalized racism.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ponting C, Chavira DA, Ramos I, Christensen W, Guardino C, Schetter CD. Postpartum depressive symptoms in low-income Latinas: Cultural and contextual contributors. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 26:544-556. [PMID: 32105108 PMCID: PMC7483184 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a conceptual model of postpartum depression risk in Latinas including both contextual and cultural stressors, we tested contributions to depressive symptom levels and trajectories over the course of 1 year following birth in a community sample of Latinas. METHOD A multisite sample of low-income U.S.-born and foreign-born Latinas (n = 537; M age = 25.70) was interviewed on many topics including measures of stress and maternal health at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Nested multilevel growth curve models were implemented to test associations of contextual stressors (poverty, domestic violence) with trajectories of depressive symptoms, adjusting for confounds. This model was compared to 1 that added cultural stress variables (everyday discrimination, foreign-born status, language preference, age at immigration) measured 1-month postpartum. RESULTS The best fitting model provided evidence for the independent effects of cultural and contextual stressors. Discrimination (β = .13 SE = .02, p = < .001) and domestic violence (β = .39 SE = .09, p = < .001) predicted trajectories with higher levels of depressive symptoms 1 month postpartum, but not linear change in symptoms over the year. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that discrimination, a cultural factor, and domestic violence, a contextual factor, each predict higher levels of early postpartum depressive symptoms. Interventions addressing discrimination and maternal safety are recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ponting
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Denise A. Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Isabel Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wendy Christensen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tahir MW. Combating discrimination at workplaces through mainstreaming ‘gender’ and ‘integration’ needs in legislation: Testing a new analytical framework in Germany and Sweden. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2020.102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Kawika Allen GE, Wang KT, Richards PS, Ming M, Suh HN. Religious Discrimination Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:700-713. [PMID: 29705827 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and initial psychometric evaluation of the Religious Discrimination Scale (RDS). This 11-item instrument identified three dimensions based on perceived discrimination experiences of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS): Perceived Prejudice, Closet Symptoms, and Negative Labels. The psychometric evaluations of the RDS indicated a strong and clear factor structure as well as good internal consistency reliability. The test of measurement and structural invariance across gender also suggested that the RDS scale is equally appropriate to be used with both men and women. Implications for practice and research as well as future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G E Kawika Allen
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, McKay School of Education, 273 MCKB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Kenneth T Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary, 180 N. Oakland Ave, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - P Scott Richards
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, McKay School of Education, 340 MCKB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Mason Ming
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, McKay School of Education, 340 MCKB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Han Na Suh
- Department of Educational, School and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liao KYH, Wei M, Yin M. The Misunderstood Schema of the Strong Black Woman: Exploring Its Mental Health Consequences and Coping Responses Among African American Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684319883198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The internalization of the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema is associated with negative psychological outcomes. However, not much is known about the mechanisms through which this schema leads to poor health. We examined the direct associations between the SBW schema and depression, anxiety, and loneliness. We also tested four mediators—maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, and two Africultural coping strategies of collective coping and spiritual coping—between the schema and psychological outcomes. Moreover, we examined serial mediation effects. A total of 222 African American women participated in an online survey. Structural equation modeling was conducted, and after controlling for age, family income, and level of education, the direct associations were supported, and the mediator roles of maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, and collective coping but not spiritual coping were supported. For serial mediation effects, the SBW schema was first positively associated with maladaptive perfectionism, which was associated with low self-compassion and low use of collective coping, which in turn were correlated with negative psychological outcomes. Racial, economic, and structural inequalities that maintain the SBW schema need to be examined and removed. Clinical interventions should focus on reducing maladaptive perfectionism and increasing self-compassion and collective coping among those who have internalized the schema. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684319883198
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Yu-Hsin Liao
- Department of Counseling, Administration, Supervision, and Adult Learning, Cleveland State University, OH, USA
| | - Meifen Wei
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mengxi Yin
- Department of Counseling, Administration, Supervision, and Adult Learning, Cleveland State University, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bey GS, Ulbricht CM, Person SD. Theories for Race and Gender Differences in Management of Social Identity-Related Stressors: a Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018; 6:117-132. [PMID: 29987597 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-018-0507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sociodemographic group-specific strategies for stress management may contribute to racial and gender disparities in health outcomes in the USA. We aimed to systematically review theoretical and empirical investigations of factors influencing variation in response to and management of identity-related stress among black and white Americans. OvidPsychInfo and PubMed databases were searched to identify eligible studies. Criteria were participant age of ≥ 18 years, conducted in the US sampling black or white participants, and published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. The final sample included 167 articles. Theories suggesting social status inequities as the primary contributor to disparate strategies employed by black and white women and men to manage social identity-related stress were most frequently tested and supported. Studies disproportionally focused on how women and black persons cope as targets of prejudice and discrimination rather than on how management strategies of men or white persons are affected as perpetrators. Finally, there was theoretical support for an interactive effect of race and gender on stress management, but empirical evidence was lacking, particularly among black men, white women, and white men. The literature could be strengthened through the use of prospective cohorts and nationally representative samples, as well as study designs accounting for potential within-race and within-gender variation in the effects of social identity-related stressors on coping. With greater consistency in methodology, future empirical studies may yield additional information regarding group differences in stress management pertinent to clarifying mechanisms for the health consequences of exposure to social inequity among black and white women and men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganga S Bey
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Christine M Ulbricht
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sharina D Person
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Greer TM, Ricks J, Baylor AA. The Moderating Role of Coping Strategies in Understanding the Effects of Intragroup Race-Related Stressors on Academic Performance and Overall Levels of Perceived Stress for African American Students. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798414560018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to test coping strategies as moderators of the effects of intragroup race-related stressors on academic performance and overall perceived stress for 201 African American students at a predominantly White college institution. Few investigations have documented effects of intragroup race-related difficulties for African American college students. Even fewer investigations have pinpointed types of coping efforts that are used to address intragroup race-related difficulty. It was hypothesized that coping strategies would moderate the effects of intragroup race-related stressors on academic performance and perceived stress, such that adaptive strategies would be associated with low levels of perceived stress and positive academic performance, whereas maladaptive strategies were expected to be associated with high levels of perceived stress and poor academic performance in relation to exposure to intragroup race-related stressors. Moderated regression analyses revealed no significant interactions in predicting academic performance. Results further revealed that greater use of disengagement strategies were associated with increased levels of perceived stress in relation to increased exposure to intragroup race-related stressors. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kelso GA, Cohen MH, Weber KM, Dale SK, Cruise RC, Brody LR. Critical consciousness, racial and gender discrimination, and HIV disease markers in African American women with HIV. AIDS Behav 2014; 18:1237-46. [PMID: 24077930 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Critical consciousness, the awareness of social oppression, is important to investigate as a buffer against HIV disease progression in HIV-infected African American women in the context of experiences with discrimination. Critical consciousness comprises several dimensions, including social group identification, discontent with distribution of social power, rejection of social system legitimacy, and a collective action orientation. The current study investigated self-reported critical consciousness as a moderator of perceived gender and racial discrimination on HIV viral load and CD4+ cell count in 67 African American HIV-infected women. Higher critical consciousness was found to be related to higher likelihood of having CD4+ counts over 350 and lower likelihood of detectable viral load when perceived racial discrimination was high, as revealed by multiple logistic regressions that controlled for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence. Multiple linear regressions showed that at higher levels of perceived gender and racial discrimination, women endorsing high critical consciousness had a larger positive difference between nadir CD4+ (lowest pre-HAART) and current CD4+ count than women endorsing low critical consciousness. These findings suggest that raising awareness of social oppression to promote joining with others to enact social change may be an important intervention strategy to improve HIV outcomes in African American HIV-infected women who report experiencing high levels of gender and racial discrimination.
Collapse
|
11
|
West LM, Graham JR, Roemer L. Functioning in the face of racism: Preliminary findings on the buffering role of values clarification in a Black American sample. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Pearson MR, Derlega VJ, Henson JM, Holmes KY, Ferrer RA, Harrison SB. Role of Neuroticism and Coping Strategies in Psychological Reactions to a Racist Incident Among African American University Students. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798412471682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 562 African American university students provided data on individual differences in neuroticism; coping with a recent experience being the target of prejudice, racism, and/or discrimination; and psychological reactions to the incident. Higher negative affect, lower positive affect, more intrusive thoughts about the incident, and lack of forgiveness for the perpetrator were used to index distress in response to the racist incident. Using factor analyses, we determined the factor structure of the Brief COPE in our sample. Using structural equation modeling, we then examined neuroticism and each coping factor as unique predictors of reactions to the race-related incident. We documented that there were direct and indirect associations (via the selection of coping strategies) between neuroticism and the outcome measures. Neuroticism also moderated the association between particular coping strategies and reactions to the racist incident. There was also evidence for direct associations between various coping strategies and the outcome measures. The research, though preliminary, suggests the importance of neuroticism and coping strategies in understanding psychological reactions to being the target of racism.
Collapse
|
13
|
Duvall JL, Oser CB, Mooney J, Staton-Tindall M, Havens JR, Leukefeld CG. Feeling good in your own skin: the influence of complimentary sexual stereotypes on risky sexual attitudes and behaviors in a community sample of African American women. Women Health 2013; 53:1-19. [PMID: 23421336 PMCID: PMC3579527 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2012.750260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although negative racial stereotypes may affect the mental and physical health of African Americans, little research has examined the influence of positive or complimentary racial stereotypes on such outcomes. More specifically, this study explored the relationship between African American women's endorsement of complimentary stereotypes about their sexuality and attitudes/behaviors that have been associated with sexual risk. Data were gathered from 206 African American women as part of the Black Women in the Study of Epidemics project. Multivariate regression models were used to examine associations between women's endorsement of complimentary stereotypes about their sexuality and selected sex-related attitudes and behaviors. Participants' endorsement of complimentary sexual stereotypes was significantly positively associated with beliefs that having sex without protection would strengthen their relationship (B = .28, SE = .10, p < .01) and that they could use drugs and always make healthy choices about using protection (B = .31, SE = .09, p < .01). Significant positive associations were also found between complimentary sexual stereotypes and the number of casual sexual partners women reported in the past year (B = .29, SE = .15, p = .05) as well as their willingness to have sex in exchange for money or drugs during that time (B = .78, OR = 2.18, p < .05). These findings suggest that endorsement of complimentary sexual stereotypes by African American women can lead to increased risk behavior, particularly relating to possible infection with HIV or other sexually transmitted infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamieson L. Duvall
- Associate Professor, Department of Behavioral Science, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 643 Maxwelton Court, Lexington, KY, 40506-0350
| | - Carrie B. Oser
- Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Center on Drug & Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 643 Maxwelton Court, Lexington, KY 40506-0350
| | - Jenny Mooney
- Study Director, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 643 Maxwelton Court, Lexington, KY, 40506-0350
| | - Michele Staton-Tindall
- Associate Professor, College of Social Work, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Suite 100, Lexington, KY 40509
| | - Jennifer R. Havens
- Associate Professor, Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, 333 Waller Ave. Suite 480, Lexington, KY, 40504
| | - Carl G. Leukefeld
- Professor, Department of Behavioral Science, 111 College of Medicine Office Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506
| |
Collapse
|