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Manrique-Millones D, Vasin GM, Dominguez-Lara S, Millones-Rivalles R, Ricci RT, Abregu Rey M, Escobar MJ, Oyarce D, Pérez-Díaz P, Santelices MP, Pineda-Marín C, Tapia J, Artavia M, Valdés Pacheco M, Miranda MI, Sánchez Rodríguez R, Morgades-Bamba CI, Peña-Sarrionandia A, Salinas-Quiroz F, Silva Cabrera P, Mikolajczak M, Roskam I. Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) in Different Hispanic Countries: An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Front Psychol 2022; 13:827014. [PMID: 35465477 PMCID: PMC9022033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental burnout is a unique and context-specific syndrome resulting from a chronic imbalance of risks over resources in the parenting domain. The current research aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) across Spanish-speaking countries with two consecutive studies. In Study 1, we analyzed the data through a bifactor model within an Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) on the pooled sample of participants (N = 1,979) obtaining good fit indices. We then attained measurement invariance across both gender and countries in a set of nested models with gradually increasing parameter constraints. Latent means comparisons across countries showed that among the participants' countries, Chile had the highest parental burnout score, likewise, comparisons across gender evidenced that mothers displayed higher scores than fathers, as shown in previous studies. Reliability coefficients were high. In Study 2 (N = 1,171), we tested the relations between parental burnout and three specific consequences, i.e., escape and suicidal ideations, parental neglect, and parental violence toward one's children. The medium to large associations found provided support for the PBA's predictive validity. Overall, we concluded that the Spanish version of the PBA has good psychometric properties. The results support its relevance for the assessment of parental burnout among Spanish-speaking parents, offering new opportunities for cross-cultural research in the parenting domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgy M Vasin
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Education, Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergio Dominguez-Lara
- Escuela de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación de Psicología, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ricardo T Ricci
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Milagros Abregu Rey
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Escobar
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Oyarce
- Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile
| | - Pablo Pérez-Díaz
- Instituto de Psicología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - María Pía Santelices
- School of Psychology, Millenium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Javier Tapia
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mariana Artavia
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - María Isabel Miranda
- Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Raquel Sánchez Rodríguez
- Céres Research Unit, TR3, Free Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Catholic Institute of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Center for Studies and Research in Psychopathology and Health Psychology (CERPPS), Faculty of Psychology, University of Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Clara Isabel Morgades-Bamba
- Departamento Metodología de Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainize Peña-Sarrionandia
- Departamento "Psicología Clínica y de la Salud y Metodología de Investigación", Facultad de Psicología, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fernando Salinas-Quiroz
- "Abby & Anna" SOGIE Lab, Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Paola Silva Cabrera
- Departamento de Psicología, Instituto de Psicología, Educación y Desarrollo Humano, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Isabelle Roskam
- Department of Psychology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Vaughan-Johnston TI, Lambe L, Craig W, Jacobson JA. Self-esteem importance beliefs: A new perspective on adolescent self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2019.1711157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Lambe
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Craig
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill A. Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Glowacka M, Bergeron S, Delisle I, Rosen NO. Sexual Distress Mediates the Associations Between Sexual Contingent Self-Worth and Well-Being in Women With Genitopelvic Pain: A Dyadic Daily Experience Study. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:314-326. [PMID: 30299977 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1525334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD), a common cause of women's genitopelvic pain, is associated with poorer psychological and sexual well-being in affected couples. Greater sexual contingent self-worth (CSW)-defined as self-esteem that is dependent on the perceived success or failure of a sexual relationship-has been linked to poorer well-being in a cross-sectional study of couples coping with PVD. This study aimed to examine whether daily sexual distress mediated the associations between greater sexual CSW and lower sexual satisfaction and greater anxiety, depressed mood, and women's pain in affected couples. Women (N = 125) diagnosed with PVD and their partners completed the Sexual CSW Scale and then online daily surveys for eight weeks measuring sexual distress, sexual satisfaction, anxiety, depressed mood, and women's pain during intercourse. Multilevel analyses were based on the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM). For women who had higher sexual CSW (compared to lower sexual CSW), on sexual activity days when their sexual distress was higher, they reported lower sexual satisfaction and greater anxiety, depressed mood, and pain (compared to their average level across all sexual activity days). Findings suggest that daily sexual distress may be one pathway between greater sexual CSW and poorer day-to-day well-being in women with PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Glowacka
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Dalhousie University
| | | | | | - Natalie O Rosen
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Dalhousie University
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , IWK Health Centre
- d Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Life Sciences Centre
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Krys K, Uchida Y, Oishi S, Diener E. Open society fosters satisfaction: explanation to why individualism associates with country level measures of satisfaction. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2018.1557243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuba Krys
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ed Diener
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Glowacka M, Bergeron S, Dubé J, Rosen NO. When Self-Worth Is Tied to One's Sexual and Romantic Relationship: Associations with Well-Being in Couples Coping with Genito-Pelvic Pain. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1649-1661. [PMID: 29305775 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contingent self-worth (CSW; the pursuit of self-esteem via a particular domain in one's life) impacts well-being based on one's perceived success or failure in the contingent domain. In a community sample, individuals with sexual problems reported greater sexual CSW-self-worth dependent on maintaining a sexual relationship-than those without problems. Couples coping with provoked vestibulodynia (PVD), a genito-pelvic pain condition, perceive failures in their sexual relationship, which could be associated with more pain and poorer well-being. In contrast, relationship CSW-self-worth dependent on the overall romantic relationship-may act as a buffer against adverse outcomes. Eighty-two women with PVD and their partners completed online standardized measures of sexual and relationship CSW, sexual distress and satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and depressive symptoms, and women reported their pain intensity. Analyses were based on the actor-partner interdependence model. Women with PVD who reported greater sexual CSW experienced more sexual distress and pain. Additionally, when partners reported greater sexual CSW, they were less sexually and relationally satisfied and more sexually distressed, and women had greater depressive symptoms and lower relationship satisfaction. In contrast, when partners reported higher relationship CSW, they were more sexually and relationally satisfied and less sexually distressed, and women reported lower depressive symptoms and greater relationship satisfaction. Results suggest that couples' (particularly partners') greater sexual CSW is linked to poorer sexual, relational, and psychological well-being in couples affected by PVD, whereas partners' greater relationship CSW is associated with better well-being. Thus, sexual and relationship CSW may be important treatment targets for interventions aimed at improving how couples adjust to PVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Glowacka
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sophie Bergeron
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Dubé
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Natalie O Rosen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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T Buckingham J, Lam TA, Andrade FC, Boring BL, Emery D. Reducing contingent self-worth: A defensive response to self-threats. The Journal of Social Psychology 2018; 159:284-298. [PMID: 29634454 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2018.1461604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that people with high self-esteem cope with threats to the self by reducing the extent to which their self-worth is contingent on the threatened domain (Buckingham, Weber, & Sypher, 2012). The present studies tested the hypothesis that this is a defensive process. In support of this hypothesis, Study 1 (N = 160), showed that self-affirmation attenuates the tendency for people with high self-esteem to reduce their contingencies of self-worth following self-threat. Furthermore, Study 2 (N = 286), showed that this tendency was more prevalent among people with defensive self-esteem than among those with secure self-esteem. The present studies imply that reducing contingent self-worth after self-threat is a defensive process. We discuss implications for theories of contingent self-worth.
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Weber DM, Herr NR. The Messenger Matters: Invalidating Remarks From Men Provoke a More Negative Emotional Reaction Than Do Remarks From Women. Psychol Rep 2017; 122:180-200. [PMID: 29298582 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117748618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite negative consequences of emotional invalidation, research has not examined the effect of gender on responses to validation or invalidation or how an invalidating comment from a male versus a female confederate may influence affective responses. We used a two-study quasi-experimental design to examine variables that influence the emotions of individuals validated or invalidated for their emotions. Male and female undergraduates received either validating or invalidating remarks from a gender-ambiguous confederate (Study 1) or invalidating remarks from either a male or female confederate (Study 2). Results showed that invalidation from a gender-ambiguous confederate produced more negative emotional reactions than validation regardless of participants' gender. Furthermore, being invalidated by a man rather than by a woman provoked a specifically more negative emotional response. Interpersonal interventions should explore ways to reduce invalidation and particularly strive to mitigate the effects of invalidation from men, whose criticisms may provoke heightened negative responses from others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Weber
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Herr
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
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Opelt F, Schwinger M. Selbstwertkontingenz im Studium. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ENTWICKLUNGSPSYCHOLOGIE UND PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1026/0049-8637/a000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Selbstwertkontingenz beschreibt die Abhängigkeit des Selbstwerts von äußeren Faktoren ( Crocker & Wolfe, 2001 ; Kernis, 2003 ). Das Ausmaß, in dem Studierende ihren Selbstwert von äußeren Faktoren wie z. B. Anerkennung durch andere, akademische Kompetenz oder Wettbewerb abhängig machen, sollte mit ihrem Lern- und Leistungsverhalten, und hierbei insbesondere mit der Nutzung bestimmter Lernstrategien, assoziiert sein. Theoretisch sind diesbezüglich sowohl Zusammenhänge der Selbstwertkontingenz mit der ressourcenbezogenen Lernstrategie Anstrengungsbereitschaft als auch mit verschiedenen weiteren Lernstrategien denkbar. Welche selbstregulierten Lernstrategien mit der Selbstwertkontingenz von Studierenden assoziiert sind und inwiefern diese die Beziehung zwischen der Selbstwertkontingenz und der resultierenden Studienleistung mediieren, wurde bislang kaum untersucht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden daher bei N = 614 Studierenden die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Selbstwertkontingenz, verschiedenen selbstregulierten Lernstrategien sowie den später erfassten Studienleistungen analysiert. Pfadanalysen zeigten, dass die Selbstwertkontingenz mit der Anstrengungsbereitschaft sowie mit oberflächenorientierten Lernstrategien signifikant positiv zusammenhing, während sich keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge zwischen der Selbstwertkontingenz und tiefenorientierten Lernstrategien nachweisen ließen. Außerdem zeigte sich eine signifikante indirekte Beziehung zwischen der Selbstwertkontingenz und den Noten, welche durch die ressourcenbezogene Lernstrategie Anstrengungsbereitschaft mediiert wurde. Die überwiegend erwartungskonformen Ergebnisse blieben auch bei Kontrolle der Selbstwerthöhe robust und unterstreichen insgesamt die Relevanz der Selbstwertkontingenz für das Lern- und Leistungsverhalten im Studium.
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Huang AB, Berenbaum H. Accepting our weaknesses and enjoying better relationships: An initial examination of self-security. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Glowacka M, Rosen NO, Vannier S, MacLellan MC. Development and Validation of the Sexual Contingent Self-Worth Scale. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:117-129. [PMID: 27253332 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1186587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual contingent self-worth (CSW) refers to self-worth that is dependent on maintaining a sexual relationship, and has not been studied previously. This novel construct may have implications for sexual, relationship, and psychological well-being, because it could affect the cognitions, affect, and behaviors of individuals in sexual relationships. The purpose of this study was to develop the Sexual Contingent Self-Worth Scale and examine its reliability and validity in community samples. Two separate online studies (N = 329 and N = 282) included men and women who were in committed, sexually active relationships. The Sexual CSW Scale was adapted from a validated measure of relationship CSW. In Study 1, participants completed the Sexual CSW Scale, whereas in Study 2, participants also responded to standardized measures of related constructs. In addition, participants completed the Sexual CSW Scale again two weeks later in Study 2. Factor analysis yielded two subscales: (a) sexual CSW dependent on positive sexual events in the relationship and (b) sexual CSW dependent on negative sexual events. Results indicated good construct validity, incremental validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability for the Sexual CSW Scale. This research contributes to the fields of both CSW and sexuality by introducing a novel domain of CSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Glowacka
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Dalhousie University
| | - Natalie O Rosen
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Dalhousie University
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , IWK Health Centre
| | - Sarah Vannier
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Dalhousie University
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Wong KS, Cheuk WH. Effects of Spurned Help and Self-Esteem on Self-Protective Reactions of Primary School Teachers. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2016.1245659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hart J, Chabris CF. Does a “Triple Package” of traits predict success? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schöne C, Tandler SS, Stiensmeier-Pelster J. Contingent self-esteem and vulnerability to depression: academic contingent self-esteem predicts depressive symptoms in students. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1573. [PMID: 26539135 PMCID: PMC4611308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low self-esteem has been established as a vulnerability factor for depression. In line with recent research, we suggest that a full understanding of the role of self-esteem in depression requires consideration of contingent self-esteem as well. For most people, competence is an important source of self-esteem. Students in particular link their self-esteem to academic competence. To test the hypothesis that academic contingent self-esteem (aCSE) predicts depressive symptoms (DS), two studies were conducted. Preceding the investigation of our hypothesis, the first purpose of Study 1 was to describe the development of aCSE, self-esteem (SE) level, and DS in adolescence in a sample of German students aged 10-16 (N = 1888) in order to provide a foundation for further analyses. Then, to address the main question, age and gender differences in aCSE, SE level, and DS as well as their relations were investigated. The results show that (1) gender differences emerged after the age of 10/11. Girls scored higher on aCSE and DS and lower on SE level than did boys, and aCSE and DS decreased and SE level increased over time in boys, while the rather disadvantageous pattern in girls remained stable. (2) After controlling for SE level and aCSE, the effects of gender and age × gender interaction on DS disappeared, suggesting an influence of aCSE on DS. (3) aCSE predicted DS over and above SE level. Since the results of Study 1 did not allow for causal conclusions, a longitudinal study (N = 160) was conducted to further investigate the causal role of aCSE. According to the diathesis-stress model, aCSE was expected to serve as a diathesis for developing DS in the face of academic stress (daily hassles) during an academic semester at university. The results of Study 2 revealed that aCSE interacted with corresponding hassles to predict increases in DS. High levels of academic stress led to increases in DS only among students who strongly based their SE on academic competence. Implications for prevention and intervention of depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schöne
- Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah S Tandler
- Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
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Wilkinson MR, Ball LJ, Alford D. Counterfactual reasoning for regretted situations involving controllable versus uncontrollable events: the modulating role of contingent self-esteem. Adv Cogn Psychol 2015; 11:22-30. [PMID: 25883697 PMCID: PMC4397263 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a study that examined the modulating impact of
contingent self-esteem on regret intensity for regretted
outcomes associated with controllable versus uncontrollable events. The
Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (e.g., Kernis &
Goldman, 2006) was used to assess the extent to which a person’s
sense of self-worth is based on self and others’ expectations. We found that
there was an influence of self-esteem contingency for controllable but not for
uncontrollable regret types. For controllable regret types individuals with a
high contingent (i.e., unstable) self-esteem reported greater regret intensity
than those with a low contingent (i.e., stable) self-esteem. We interpret this
finding as reflecting a functional and adaptive role of high contingent
self-esteem in terms of mobilizing the application of counterfactual reasoning
and planning mechanisms that can enable personal expectations to be achieved in
the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linden J. Ball
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston,
UK
| | - David Alford
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London,
UK
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Himmelstein MS, Sanchez DT. Masculinity impediments: Internalized masculinity contributes to healthcare avoidance in men and women. J Health Psychol 2014; 21:1283-92. [PMID: 25293967 DOI: 10.1177/1359105314551623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender beliefs contribute to men's healthcare avoidance, but little research examines these outcomes in women. This article models healthcare avoidance related to masculine contingencies of self-worth in men and women. Nested path modelling tested relationships between social role beliefs, masculine contingencies of self-worth, barriers to help seeking and avoidance of health care in university and non-university-student adult samples. Results indicated social role beliefs predicted masculine contingencies of self-worth in men but not in women. Regardless of gender, masculine contingencies of self-worth predicted barriers to help seeking, which predicted healthcare avoidance in both men and women. Thus, masculine contingencies of self-worth have downstream consequences for men and women through barriers to help seeking.
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Lakey CE, Hirsch JK, Nelson LA, Nsamenang SA. Effects of contingent self-esteem on depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. DEATH STUDIES 2014; 38:563-570. [PMID: 24499415 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2013.809035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Contingent self-esteem, or self-worth hinged upon successfully meeting standards or attaining goals, requires continual maintenance and validation. Despite the inherent instability that accompanies contingent self-esteem, relatively little is known about how it relates to markers of mental health. A sample of 371 college students completed measures of self-esteem, contingent self-esteem, suicidal behaviors, and depression. Individuals with fragile low self-esteem, described as highly contingent, reported greater depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Among those with secure high self-esteem, or high yet noncontingent, depression and suicide risk were markedly lower. Therapeutically promoting positive but noncontingent self-worth may reduce poor mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Lakey
- a Department of Psychology , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , Tennessee , USA
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Ogihara Y, Uchida Y. Does individualism bring happiness? Negative effects of individualism on interpersonal relationships and happiness. Front Psychol 2014; 5:135. [PMID: 24634663 PMCID: PMC3942875 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the negative effects of individualism in an East Asian culture. Although individualistic systems decrease interpersonal relationships through competition, individualistic values have prevailed in European American cultures. One reason is because individuals could overcome negativity by actively constructing interpersonal relationships. In contrast, people in East Asian cultures do not have such strategies to overcome the negative impact of individualistic systems, leading to decreased well-being. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between individualistic values, number of close friends, and subjective well-being (SWB). Study 1 indicated that individualistic values were negatively related with the number of close friends and SWB for Japanese college students but not for American college students. Moreover, Study 2 showed that even in an individualistic workplace in Japan, individualistic values were negatively related with the number of close friends and SWB. We discuss how cultural change toward increasing individualism might affect interpersonal relationships and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogihara
- Department of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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Zeigler-Hill V, Stubbs WJ, Madson MB. Fragile Self-Esteem and Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences Among College Student Drinkers. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.5.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Buckingham JT, Weber AM, Sypher AK. Self-esteem and Self-perpetuating Effects of Threat on Contingencies of Self-worth. SELF AND IDENTITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2011.591537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Borton JLS, Crimmins AE, Ashby RS, Ruddiman JF. How Do Individuals with Fragile High Self-esteem Cope with Intrusive Thoughts Following Ego Threat? SELF AND IDENTITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2010.500935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zeigler-Hill V, Besser A, King K. Contingent Self-Esteem and Anticipated Reactions to Interpersonal Rejection and Achievement Failure. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.10.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Meier LL, Orth U, Denissen JJ, Kühnel A. Age differences in instability, contingency, and level of self-esteem across the life span. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sanchez DT, Moss-Racusin CA, Phelan JE, Crocker J. Relationship contingency and sexual motivation in women: implications for sexual satisfaction. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2011; 40:99-110. [PMID: 20174863 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-009-9593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Deriving self-worth from romantic relationships (relationship contingency) may have implications for women's sexual motives in relationships. Because relationship contingency enhances motivation to sustain relationships to maintain positive self-worth, relationship contingent women may engage in sex to maintain and enhance their relationships (relational sex motives). Using structural equation modeling on Internet survey data from a convenience sample of 462 women in heterosexual and lesbian relationships, we found that greater relationship contingency predicted greater relational sex motives, which simultaneously predicted both sexual satisfaction and dissatisfaction via two distinct motivational states. Having sex to improve intimacy with one's partner was associated with greater sexual satisfaction and autonomy, while having sex to earn partner's approval was associated with sexual dissatisfaction and inhibition. While some differences exist between lesbian and heterosexual relationships, relationship contingency had sexual costs and benefits, regardless of relationship type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana T Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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McGregor I, Nash KA, Inzlicht M. Threat, high self-esteem, and reactive approach-motivation: Electroencephalographic evidence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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[Contingencies of self-worth in Japanese culture: validation of the Japanese contingencies of self-worth scale]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 79:250-6. [PMID: 18939446 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.79.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The author developed a Japanese version of the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale (CSWS) that was originally developed in the United States (Crocker, Luhtanen, Cooper, & Bouvrette, 2003). The Japanese version of the scale measures seven contingencies of self-esteem: Defeating others in competition, appearance, relationship harmony, other's approval, academic competence, virtue, and support of family and friends. Scores on the scale had systematic relationships with related variables, and the scale therefore exhibited satisfactory levels of construct validity: Relationship harmony, other's approval, and support of family and friends were positively correlated with sympathy and interdependence, whereas competitiveness was negatively correlated with sympathy. Moreover, competitiveness and academic achievement contingencies predicted competitive motivation, whereas the support of family and friends contingency predicted self-sufficient motivation. The scale has adequate test-retest reliability and a seven-factor structural model was confirmed. The implications for self-esteem and interpersonal relationships in Japanese culture are discussed.
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Lemay EP, Clark MS. "You're Just Saying That." Contingencies of Self-Worth, Suspicion, and Authenticity in the Interpersonal Affirmation Process. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008; 44:1376-1382. [PMID: 19727425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A model of the role and costs of contingent self-worth in the partner-affirmation process was tested. Actors whose self-worth was contingent on appearance or intelligence claimed to have expressed their particular heightened sensitivity to their romantic partners. Suggesting a cost to these reactions, actors' beliefs about having expressed heightened sensitivity, in turn, predicted their doubts about the authenticity of partners' positive feedback in the domain of contingency, independently of whether partners claimed to deliver inauthentic feedback. Suggesting a cost for partners, partners of contingent actors appeared to detect actors' expressions of sensitivity in the domain of contingency and respond by delivering inauthentic feedback to actors in the domain, which in turn predicted partners' increased relationship anxiety and decreased satisfaction. Results suggest that contingent self-worth may undermine the functioning of the partner-affirmation process through actors discrediting partners' positive feedback and partners behaving in an inauthentic and controlled manner.
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Kernis MH, Lakey CE, Heppner WL. Secure versus fragile high self-esteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness: converging findings across three different markers. J Pers 2008; 76:477-512. [PMID: 18447858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Why is it that many individuals verbally rationalize and distort self-esteem threatening information? We examined whether such verbal defensiveness (Feldman Barrett, Williams, & Fong, 2002) differs as a function of whether individuals' high self-esteem is secure or fragile. Our findings indicated that individuals whose self-esteem was stable, not contingent, or congruent with high implicit self-esteem exhibited especially low amounts of verbal defensiveness. In contrast, verbal defensiveness was considerably higher when individuals' high self-esteem was unstable, contingent, or paired with discrepant low implicit self-esteem. Discussion centers on why the possession of well-anchored and secure high self-esteem obviates defensiveness directed toward enhancing, maintaining, or bolstering feelings of self-worth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kernis
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Park LE, Crocker J, Kiefer AK. Contingencies of Self-Worth, Academic Failure, and Goal Pursuit. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 33:1503-17. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167207305538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two studies examine the effects of failure on explicit and implicit self-esteem, affect, and self-presentation goals as a function of people's trait self-esteem and academic contingency of self-worth. Study 1 shows that participants with low self-esteem (LSE) who receive failure feedback experience lower state self-esteem, less positive affect, and less desire to be perceived as competent the more they base self-worth on academics. In contrast, participants with high self-esteem (HSE) who strongly base self-worth on academics show a slight boost in state self-esteem and desire to be perceived as competent following failure. Study 2 shows that following failure, academically contingent LSE participants downplay the importance of appearing competent to others and associate themselves with failure on an implicit level. Taken together, these findings suggest that academically contingent HSE people show resilience following failure, whereas academically contingent LSE people experience negative outcomes and disengage from the pursuit of competence self-presentation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora E. Park
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York,
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Park LE. Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity: Implications for Mental and Physical Health, Affect, and Motivation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 33:490-504. [PMID: 17363761 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206296301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity (Appearance-RS) is a personality-processing system characterized by anxious concerns and expectations about being rejected based on one's physical attractiveness. People differ in their sensitivity to rejection based on appearance, with consequences for mental and physical health, self-esteem, affect, and feelings of belonging. Study 1 describes the development and validation of the Appearance-RS scale, its relation to personality variables and to health-related outcomes. Study 2 provides experimental evidence that high Appearance-RS people feel more alone and rejected when asked to think about negative aspects of their appearance. Finally, Study 3 tests ways to reduce the negative effects of receiving an appearance threat among high Appearance-RS participants. Specifically, high Appearance-RS participants who engaged in self-affirmation (thought of their personal strengths) or received a secure attachment prime (thought of a close, caring relationship) were buffered from the negative effects of an appearance threat on subsequent state self-esteem and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora E Park
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 14260, USA.
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Rudich EA, Sedikides C, Gregg AP. Self-esteem moderates preferences for accepting versus rejecting interaction partners. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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