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Hoyniak CP, Vogel AC, Puricelli A, Luby JL, Whalen DJ. Day-to-day bidirectional associations between sleep and emotion states in early childhood: Importance of end-of-day mood for sleep quality. Sleep Health 2024; 10:264-271. [PMID: 38423949 PMCID: PMC11162920 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Poor quality sleep can impact emotions and emotion regulation, resulting in a "sleep-mood" cycle where poor sleep affects mood and vice-versa. This relationship is poorly understood during early childhood, when sleep patterns and emotion displays are rapidly changing. This study aimed to understand the day-to-day effects of poor sleep on emotions in preschoolers by using objective (actigraphy) and subjective (ecological momentary assessment) measures to assess both between- and within-child effects. We hypothesized that disrupted sleep would lead to affect disruptions and vice versa. METHODS This study included 133 preschoolers and their caregivers recruited from the community. Children's sleep was measured via actigraphy (ActiGraph GT3X+) across 1week. Affect was collected concurrently via caregiver report during an ecological momentary assessment protocol. Caregivers reported on their child's affect four times per day: morning, afternoon, early evening, and before bed. RESULTS Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that children with sleep disturbances displayed less positive affect overall, more negative affect in the evenings, and alterations in positive affect lability, and that daytime affect was associated with subsequent nighttime sleep. Within-child associations also showed fluctuations in positive affect correlated with shorter sleep durations and later bedtimes. CONCLUSIONS This study identified both between- and within-child associations between sleep and affect in early childhood, revealing a dynamic and reciprocal relationship between the two. These findings highlight the importance of considering both sleep and affect in early childhood interventions, as promoting positive affect may enhance sleep quality and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Alecia C Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alex Puricelli
- Foster and Adoptive Care Coalition, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Loeffler A, Rankin P, Smith SS, Thorpe K, Staton S. Exploring the Relationship Between Age at Nap Cessation and Social-Emotional Functioning in Children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2024; 45:e150-e158. [PMID: 38451866 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine variations in age at nap cessation and identify whether there is an association with social-emotional functioning (SEF) as measured by internalizing/externalizing behavior, child temperament, and social skills in a sample of early childhood education and care-attending children. METHODS The sample comprised 1117 children from the Australian Effectiveness Early Educational Experiences for Children longitudinal early childhood study. We used children's age at nap cessation as retrospectively recalled by caregivers in 2011 or 2013 when children were between ages 2 and 7 years. Each child's SEF was reported by a caregiver using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Short Temperament Scale for Children, and the Social Skills Inventory Scale. Associations between children's age of nap cessation and SEF were tested using linear regressions. RESULTS The children's age at nap cessation ranged from 6 months to 6 years. For each additional year of napping, children's total , conduct , externalizing , and peer behavior problems decreased by 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.70 to -0.09), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.21 to -0.01), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.51 to -0.06), and 0.11 (95% CI, -0.20 to -0.02) units on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scale, respectively. No further significant associations were found. CONCLUSION This is the first study reporting the age range of nap cessation and its associations with social-emotional functioning. Our findings demonstrate earlier cessation ages in Australian children attending Early Childhood Education and Care programs than previously reported and a small association with externalizing and peer problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loeffler
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Peter Rankin
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Simon S Smith
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Thorpe
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Sally Staton
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
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3
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Williamson AA, Min J, Fay K, Cicalese O, Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. A multimethod evaluation of bed provision and sleep education for young children and their families living in poverty. J Clin Sleep Med 2023; 19:1583-1594. [PMID: 37086055 PMCID: PMC10476044 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We evaluated the impact of bed provision and sleep education through the Beds for Kids (BfK) program on early childhood sleep and behavior and maternal mood and sleep. METHODS Twenty-seven mother-child dyads (childage= 2-5 years, 85.2% Black) living in poverty and without an individual child bed were randomly assigned (multimethod randomized waitlist control trial design) to BfK intervention ∼1 week postbaseline (initial intervention) or ∼2 weeks postbaseline (waitlist control), with follow-up at 1 month. BfK intervention (home bed delivery and written sleep health education) was provided to all families. Children wore actigraphs and mothers completed daily diaries to assess child and maternal sleep, child behavior, and maternal mood for the initial 1-week comparison period. Maternal-reported child sleep and behavior (internalizing and externalizing problems) were collected at 1 month after BfK participation for all families; 11 families completed a qualitative interview at 1-month follow-up. RESULTS At 1 week after BfK, mothers' sleep duration increased by 1 hour compared to that of waitlist controls. No changes were found in child sleep, child behavior, or maternal mood. However, at 1 month after BfK intervention, improvements were found in mother-reported child night awakenings, sleep quality, sleep problems, and behavior. Mothers qualitatively reported significant BfK benefits for child sleep and family well-being, although they noted challenges to transitioning young children to sleeping independently. CONCLUSIONS Bed provision and sleep education for families living in poverty has an immediate impact on maternal sleep and reported well-being. Child sleep and behavioral improvements are seen by 1 month, with children experiencing an initial adjustment period to sleeping independently. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Impact of Beds for Kids Program on Child Sleep; URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03392844; Identifier: NCT03392844. CITATION Williamson AA, Min J, Fay K, Cicalese O, Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. A multimethod evaluation of bed provision and sleep education for young children and their families living in poverty. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(9):1583-1594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A. Williamson
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Beds for Kids Program, One House at a Time, Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania
| | - Jungwon Min
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kate Fay
- Beds for Kids Program, One House at a Time, Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania
| | - Olivia Cicalese
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jodi A. Mindell
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Varma P, Jackson ML, Junge M, Conduit R. Actigraphy‐measured sleep concordance, night‐wakings, intraindividual sleep variability in parents and their children—Associations with childhood sleep disturbances. J Sleep Res 2022; 32:e13773. [PMID: 36345126 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the sleep of parents and their children has primarily been studied using self-reported measures, but data using objective sleep assessments are limited. In particular, objective assessments of sleep disturbance and night-wakings in parents in relation to their children's night-wakings is underexamined. This pilot study employed actigraphy to determine concordance in sleep-wake patterns between parents and their children, and examine temporal links between their wakings lasting five min or longer. The study also explored individual variability in parents' sleep based on parent-reported sleep disturbances in children. A total of 20 parents and children (aged 2-12 years, no co-sleepers) contributed actigraphy data for the 14-night study, totalling 280 nights of data. Parents reported their sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and children's sleep using the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Concordance analysis of actigraphy data revealed an average of 70.6% match in sleep/wake state between parents and children. Parents were three times more likely to have an awakening within 10 min of their child waking than vice versa. Parent-reported sleep disturbances in children were associated with poorer actigraphic sleep outcomes for both the parent and child. Parents of poorly sleeping children demonstrated greater variability in their bedtime, and wake after sleep onset. Further examination of temporal links between parent-child sleep can improve our understanding of factors that predispose or precipitate sleep disturbances across families. Given the high concordance in parent-child sleep and poorer actigraphy sleep outcomes in parents of children with sleep disturbances, there is a need to deliver efficacious sleep interventions at the family level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Varma
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Melinda L. Jackson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Moira Junge
- Sleep Health Foundation Blacktown New South Wales Australia
| | - Russell Conduit
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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5
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Hoyniak CP, Bates JE, Catalina Camacho M, McQuillan ME, Whalen DJ, Staples AD, Rudasill KM, Deater-Deckard K. The physical home environment and sleep: What matters most for sleep in early childhood. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2022; 36:757-769. [PMID: 35266772 PMCID: PMC9747092 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The physical home environment is thought to play a crucial role in facilitating healthy sleep in young children. However, relatively little is known about how various features of the physical home environment are associated with sleep in early childhood, and some of the recommendations clinicians make for improving child sleep environments are based on limited research evidence. The present study examined how observer and parent descriptions of the child's physical home environment were associated with child sleep, measured using actigraphy and parent's reports, across a year in early childhood. The study used a machine learning approach (elastic net regression) to specify which aspects of the physical home environment were most important for predicting five aspects of child sleep, sleep duration, sleep variability, sleep timing, sleep activity, and latency to fall asleep. The study included 546 toddlers (265 females) recruited at 30 months of age and reassessed at 36 and 42 months of age. Poorer quality physical home environments were associated with later sleep schedules, more variable sleep schedules, shorter sleep durations, and more parent-reported sleep problems in young children. The most important environmental predictors of sleep were room sharing with an adult, bed sharing, and quality of both the child's sleep space and the wider home environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - John E. Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - M. Catalina Camacho
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Maureen E. McQuillan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Diana J. Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | | | | | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
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6
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Bai L, Kim CY, Crosby B, Teti DM. Maternal nighttime sleep and infant-mother attachment security: The mediating role of maternal parenting quality during bedtime and free play. Dev Psychol 2022; 58:923-934. [PMID: 35298188 PMCID: PMC9585969 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined mothers' emotional availability (EA) during daytime free play and bedtime as a mediator of linkages between maternal nighttime sleep and infant-mother attachment. Participants included 153 mothers (85% White) with infants (53% female). When infants were 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, maternal sleep was assessed using actigraphy and daily sleep diaries for 7 consecutive days. At each time point, mothers' EA was scored from one observation of daytime free play and from one evening observation of infant bedtime by trained observers who were blind to all other participant information. Average scores were created for maternal sleep and EA across the five occasions in the first year. At 12 and 18 months, infant-mother attachment security in the home was scored by blind observers using the Attachment Q-Set, averaged across the two age points, and used in analyses. Mediational analyses revealed that mothers who experienced highly variable sleep and had poor sleep quality were less emotionally available with infants at bedtime during infants' first year of life, which in turn was predictive of lower infant-mother attachment security in the second year, supporting mediation. Linkages between maternal sleep characteristics and daytime EA were less evident. Later maternal sleep timing was also directly predictive of low attachment security, after accounting for maternal EA. Findings emphasize that poor parental sleep places both parenting and infant socioemotional development at risk, and that parental sleep hygiene and sleep habits should be a salient focus of parenting intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Bai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies
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7
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Bai L, Crosby B, Teti DM. Socioeconomic status and infant nighttime sleep across the second year of life: The moderating role of infant attachment security. Child Dev 2022; 93:845-861. [PMID: 34962285 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined socioeconomic status (SES) and attachment security as predictors of infant nighttime sleep during the second year. Participants included 128 mothers (86% White) with infants (48.4% boys). Data collection took place between April, 2009 and February, 2014. At 12, 18, and 24 months, infant sleep was assessed via actigraphy and daily diaries, and attachment with the Attachment Q-Set. SES indicators included income-to-needs ratios and education. Lower SES predicted greater variability in sleep duration and later sleep timing only for less secure infants. Less secure attachment was associated with poorer sleep at both between- and within-person levels, especially when infants were 12 months of age. Results emphasize the complex interactive effects of environmental and relational factors on infant sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Bai
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Crosby
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas M Teti
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Sam G, Naif M, Zinaf S, Hamoud M, Inad N. Socioemotional behaviour of toddlers influenced by the sleep patterns: Prevalence study. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:941-947. [PMID: 35495796 PMCID: PMC9051712 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_340_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigates the influence of sleep duration and sleep patterns on the social-emotional behaviour of 3–70-month-old children. Methods: A Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) and Ages, Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE) were filled by the participants through a web link. The internal consistency of the items used in the questionnaire was analysed using Cronbach’s alpha and the effects of sleeping disorders on the likelihood of children having social-emotional problems were performed by binary logistic regressions. Results: The highest level of bedtime resistance and nocturnal awakening was observed in children of 27–32 months of age, while sleep anxiety was maximum in 42–53-month-old children. The logistic regression models were found to be statistically significant with Χ2 (3) =19.556 for 3–8-month-old children, Χ2 (3) =11.874 for 9–14-month-old children, Χ2 (3) =8.928 for 15–20-month-old children, Χ2 (3) =10.061 for 21–26-month-old children and Χ2 (3) =38.358 for 54–70-month-old children, P < 0.0005. Conclusion: Our findings imply that no statistically significant association was observed between sleep duration and social-emotional problems, however, sleep disorders significantly impacted social-emotional behaviour and also night-waking caused social-emotional behavioural issues in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigi Sam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Naif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Zinaf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Hamoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noora Inad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kundel V, Agyapong PD, Parekh A, Kaali S, Prah RKD, Taweesedt P, Tawiah T, Ayappa I, Mujtaba MN, Agyei O, Jack D, Osei M, Kwarteng AA, Lee A, Asante KP. Characterizing sleep-wake patterns in mothers and children in an agrarian community: results from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study. Sleep 2022; 45:6526421. [PMID: 35143676 PMCID: PMC9366631 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Several studies have examined sleep patterns in rural/indigenous communities, however little is known about sleep characteristics in women of reproductive age, and children within these populations. We investigate sleep-wake patterns in mothers and children (ages 3-5 years) leveraging data from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS). METHODS The GRAPHS cohort comprises of rural/agrarian communities in Ghana and collected multiday actigraphy in a subset of women and children to assess objective sleep-wake patterns. Data were scored using the Cole-Kripke and Sadeh algorithms for mothers/children. We report descriptive, baseline characteristics and objective sleep measures, compared by access to electricity/poverty status. RESULTS We analyzed data for 58 mothers (mean age 33 ± 6.6) and 64 children (mean age 4 ± 0.4). For mothers, mean bedtime was 9:40 pm ± 56 min, risetime 5:46 am ± 40 min, and total sleep time (TST) was 6.3 h ± 46 min. For children, median bedtime was 8:07 pm (interquartile range [IQR]: 7:50,8:43), risetime 6:09 am (IQR: 5:50,6:37), and mean 24-h TST 10.44 h ± 78 min. Children with access to electricity had a reduced TST compared to those without electricity (p = 0.02). Mean bedtime was later for both mothers (p = 0.05) and children (p = 0.08) classified as poor. CONCLUSIONS Mothers in our cohort demonstrated a shorter TST, and earlier bed/risetimes compared to adults in postindustrialized nations. In contrast, children had a higher TST compared to children in postindustrialized nations, also with earlier sleep-onset and offset times. Investigating objective sleep-wake patterns in rural/indigenous communities can highlight important differences in sleep health related to sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, and help estimate the impact of industrialization on sleep in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kundel
- Corresponding author. Vaishnavi Kundel, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Prince Darko Agyapong
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Ankit Parekh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seyram Kaali
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | - Pahnwat Taweesedt
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Corpus Christi Medical Center, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Theresa Tawiah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Indu Ayappa
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Nuhu Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Oscar Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Musah Osei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | - Alison Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Brong Ahafo Region, Kintampo, Ghana
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10
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A 1-year longitudinal study of the stress, sleep, and parenting of mothers of toddlers. Sleep Health 2022; 8:47-53. [PMID: 34620578 PMCID: PMC8821202 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study, building on cross-sectional research showing links between mothers' sleep, stress, and parenting, used a longitudinal design to consider (1) the temporal direction of links between mothers' sleep and stress, (2) whether mother sleep deficits predict change in parenting across time, and (3) whether mother sleep deficits mediate the inverse association between stress and positive parenting. DESIGN The study used repeated measures of stress, mother sleep, and positive parenting at toddler ages 30, 36, and 42 months. SETTING Data were collected at 2 sites, one in the Midwest and one in the East. PARTICIPANTS Four hundred thirteen mother-toddler pairs were followed. Mothers were mostly married, college educated, and middle class, but there was also considerable variability between families. MEASUREMENTS Stress was measured via parenting hassles, CHAOS, and role overload scales. Mother sleep was measured via actigraphy. Positive parenting was observed during the bedtime routine and rated using the HOME scale and other items. RESULTS Mother stress and sleep were inextricably linked across toddlerhood, and worse sleep was predictive of less observed positive parenting, even when controlling for prior levels of stress and parenting. CONCLUSIONS Improving mothers' sleep may be important in efforts to improve their parenting.
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11
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Sleep and Negative Affect Across Toddlerhood in the Context of Stress. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:370-382. [PMID: 36046005 PMCID: PMC9382980 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Negative affect is associated with both high stress and poor sleep, but questions remain about the direction of these associations across time and interactions between stress and sleep, especially in early childhood. The present study examined sleep deficits, family stress, and observed negative affect in a sample of toddlers at 30, 36, and 42 months (N = 504). Negative affect was observed during a parent-child free play task. Sleep was measured via actigraphy. Stress was measured using a cumulative risk index of socioeconomic status, single parent status, household chaos, role overload, parenting hassles, social support, and stressful events. Findings showed few associations between sleep and negative affect, except for toddlers experiencing high levels of family stress. Toddlers experiencing both high stress and poor sleep demonstrated the highest levels of negative affect in the lab at 30 months. Adequate sleep may serve as a protective factor for children in high-stress families.
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12
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Blume C, Schoch SF, Vienneau D, Röösli M, Kohler M, Moeller A, Kurth S, Usemann J. Association of transportation noise with sleep during the first year of life: A longitudinal study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111776. [PMID: 34329637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES During infancy, adequate sleep is crucial for physical and neurocognitive development. In adults and children, night-time noise exposure is associated with sleep disturbances. However, whether and to what extent infants' sleep is affected, is unknown. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between nocturnal transportation noise and actimetry-derived habitual sleep behavior across the first year of life. METHODS In 144 healthy infants (63 girls), nocturnal (23:00-7:00) transportation noise (i.e., road, railway, and aircraft) was modelled at the infants' individual places of residence. Using actimetry, we recorded movement patterns for 11 days in a longitudinal design at 3, 6, and 12 months of age and derived the recently proposed core sleep composites of night-time sleep duration, activity, and variability. Using linear mixed-effects models, we determined associations between noise exposure and sleep composites. Sex, gestational age, parents' highest educational level, infants' age, and the existence of siblings served as control variables. RESULTS In models without interactions, night-time transportation noise was unrelated to sleep composites across the first year of life (p > .16). Exploratory analyses of an interaction between noise and the existence of siblings yielded an association between night-time transportation noise and sleep duration in infants without siblings only (p = .004). CONCLUSION In our study, sleep in infants during the first year of life was relatively robust against external perturbation by night-time transportation noise. However, particularly in children without siblings increasing night-time transportation noise reduced sleep duration. This suggests that the habitual noise environment may modulate individual susceptibility to adverse effects of noise on sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Blume
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah F Schoch
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Childhood Research Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Usemann
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Childhood Research Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Schoch SF, Castro-Mejía JL, Krych L, Leng B, Kot W, Kohler M, Huber R, Rogler G, Biedermann L, Walser JC, Nielsen DS, Kurth S. From Alpha Diversity to Zzz: Interactions among sleep, the brain, and gut microbiota in the first year of life. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 209:102208. [PMID: 34923049 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have been linked to alterations of gut microbiota composition in adult humans and animal models, but it is unclear how this link develops. With longitudinal assessments in 162 healthy infants, we present a so far unrecognized sleep-brain-gut interrelationship. First, we report a link between sleep habits and gut microbiota: daytime sleep is associated with bacterial diversity, and nighttime sleep fragmentation and variability link with bacterial maturity and enterotype. Second, we demonstrate a sleep-brain-gut link: bacterial diversity and enterotype are associated with sleep neurophysiology. Third, we show that the sleep-brain-gut link is relevant in development: sleep habits and bacterial markers predict behavioral-developmental outcomes. Our results demonstrate the dynamic interplay between sleep, gut microbiota, and the maturation of brain and behavior during infancy, which aligns with the lately emerging concept of a sleep-brain-gut axis. Importantly, sleep and gut microbiota represent promising health targets since both can be modified non-invasively. As many adult diseases root in early childhood, leveraging protective factors of adequate sleep and age-appropriate gut microbiota in infancy could constitute a health promoting factor across the entire human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Schoch
- Department of PulmonOlogy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - L Krych
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Leng
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kohler
- Department of PulmonOlogy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Huber
- Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Rogler
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Biedermann
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J C Walser
- Genetic Diversity Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Kurth
- Department of PulmonOlogy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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14
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Hoyniak CP, McQuillan MM, Bates JE, Staples AD, Schwichtenberg A, Honaker SM. Presleep Arousal and Sleep in Early Childhood. J Genet Psychol 2021; 182:236-251. [PMID: 33870880 PMCID: PMC8684049 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1905596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that arousal during the transition to sleep-presleep arousal-is associated with sleep disturbances. Although a robust literature has examined the role of presleep arousal in conferring risk for sleep disturbances in adults, substantially less research has examined the developmental origins of presleep arousal in early childhood. The authors examined presleep arousal using parent report and psychophysiological measures in a sample of preschoolers to explore the association between different measures of presleep arousal, and to examine how nightly presleep arousal is associated with sleep. Participants included 29 children assessed at 54 months of age. Presleep arousal was measured using parent reports of child arousal each night at bedtime and using a wearable device that took minute-by-minute recordings of heart rate, peripheral skin temperature, and electrodermal activity each night during the child's bedtime routine. This yielded a dataset with 4,550 min of ambulatory recordings across an average of 3.52 nights per child (SD = 1.84 nights per child; range = 1-8 nights). Sleep was estimated using actigraphy. Findings demonstrated an association between parent-reported and psychophysiological arousal, including heart rate, peripheral skin temperature, and skin conductance responses during the child's bedtime routine. Both the parent report and psychophysiological measures of presleep arousal showed some associations with poorer sleep, with the most robust associations occurring between presleep arousal and sleep onset latency. Behavioral and biological measures of hyperarousal at bedtime are associated with poorer sleep in young children. Findings provide early evidence of the utility of wearable devices for assessing individual differences in presleep arousal in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - John E. Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University – Bloomington, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah M. Honaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
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15
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McQuillan ME, Bates JE, Staples AD, Hoyniak CP, Rudasill KM, Molfese VJ. Sustained attention across toddlerhood: The roles of language and sleep. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:1042-1057. [PMID: 34435821 PMCID: PMC8406408 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined individual differences in the development of sustained attention across toddlerhood, as well as how these individual differences related to the development of language and sleep. Toddlers (N = 314; 54% male) were assessed at 30, 36, and 42 months using multiple measures of attention, a standardized language assessment, and actigraphic measures of sleep. Toddlers were 80% White. Family socioeconomic status (SES) was calculated using the Hollingshead Four Factor Index and ranged from 13 to 66 (M = 47.59, SD = 14.13). Aims were (a) to examine associations between measures of attention across situations, informants, and time; (b) to consider the independent and interactive effects of language and sleep on attention; and (c) to test potential bidirectional associations between sleep and attention. Findings showed attention measures were stable across time but were only weakly linked with each other at 42 months. Attention was consistently linked with language. More variable sleep and longer naps were associated with less growth in sustained attention across time. Nighttime sleep duration interacted with language in that sleep duration was positively associated with attention scores among toddlers with less advanced language, even when SES was controlled. The findings describe an understudied aspect of how sustained attention develops, involving the main effect of consistent sleep schedules and the interaction effect of amount of sleep and child language development. These findings are relevant to understanding early childhood risk for developing attention problems and to exploring a potential prevention target in family sleep practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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16
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Breitenstein RS, Hoyniak CP, McQuillan ME, Bates JE. Sleep and self-regulation in early childhood. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 60:111-137. [PMID: 33641790 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
What is the role of sleep in children's behavioral, emotional, and cognitive regulation? This chapter considers theoretical and conceptual links between sleep and self-regulation, with special attention to sleep and self-regulation in early childhood. We selectively review the growing body of research on associations between sleep and self-regulation, mentioning some methodological issues. We also consider how child characteristics and sociocontextual factors may interact with sleep in the development of self-regulation in early childhood. We provide some relevant empirical examples from our own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan S Breitenstein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Caroline P Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maureen E McQuillan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John E Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
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17
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Daniel LC, Childress JL, Flannery JL, Weaver-Rogers S, Garcia WI, Bonilla-Santiago G, Williamson AA. Identifying Modifiable Factors Linking Parenting and Sleep in Racial/Ethnic Minority Children. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 45:867-876. [PMID: 32447371 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young children from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds are at risk for poor sleep, yet few studies have tested behavioral interventions in diverse samples. This study tests factors that could contribute to associations between parenting skills and child sleep to inform interventions for children at risk of poor sleep outcomes. Specifically, we examined household chaos, caregiver sleep knowledge, and caregiver sleep quality as putative mediators that may be relevant to interventions seeking to improve child sleep. METHODS Caregivers (M age 31.83 years; 46.2% African American; 52.1% Hispanic/Latinx, 95% female) of 119 1- to 5-year-old children (M age 3.99 years; 43.7% African American; 42.0% Hispanic/Latinx, 14.3% biracial; 51.3% female) completed measures of parenting practices, child and caregiver sleep, household chaos, and sleep knowledge. Indices of pediatric insomnia symptoms (difficulty falling/remaining asleep) and sleep health (sleep duration/hygiene) were constructed based on previous research. Parallel mediation models were conducted using ordinary least squares path analysis. RESULTS Lower household chaos significantly attenuated the relationship between positive parenting skills and better child sleep health, suggesting chaos may serve as a potential mediator. There were no significant contributing factors in the pediatric insomnia model. Sleep knowledge was related to sleep health and caregiver sleep quality was related to pediatric insomnia, independent of parenting skills. CONCLUSION Interventions to improve sleep in early childhood may be enhanced by targeting parenting skills and household routines to reduce chaos. Future longitudinal research is needed to test household chaos and other potential mediators of child sleep outcomes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wanda I Garcia
- Early Learning Research Academy, Rutgers University - Camden.,Community Leadership Center, Rutgers University - Camden
| | - Gloria Bonilla-Santiago
- Early Learning Research Academy, Rutgers University - Camden.,Community Leadership Center, Rutgers University - Camden
| | - Ariel A Williamson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
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18
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Staples AD, Hoyniak C, McQuillan ME, Molfese V, Bates JE. Screen use before bedtime: Consequences for nighttime sleep in young children. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 62:101522. [PMID: 33385752 PMCID: PMC7977486 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the relation between screen use and sleep problems in early childhood. In a sample of 30-month-old children, this study used observational measures of screen use during the hour or so leading up to bedtime, parent reports of screen use during the child's bedtime routine, and actigraphic measures of toddler sleep to complement parent-reported sleep problems. Whether screen use was observed during the pre-bedtime period or was reported by the parents as part of the nightly bedtime routine, greater screen use in either context was associated with more parent-reported sleep problems. Additionally, more frequent parent-reported screen use during the bedtime routine was also associated with actigraphic measures of later sleep, shorter sleep, and more night-to-night variability in duration and timing of sleep. These associations suggest the negative consequences of screen use for children's sleep extend both to aspects of sleep reported by parents (e.g., bedtime resistance, signaled awakenings) and to aspects measured by actigraphy (e.g., shorter and more variable sleep).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Hoyniak
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, United States
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19
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Deater-Deckard K, Chary M, McQuillan ME, Staples AD, Bates JE. Mothers' sleep deficits and cognitive performance: Moderation by stress and age. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241188. [PMID: 33411778 PMCID: PMC7790244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are well-known associations between stress, poor sleep, and cognitive deficits, but little is known about their interactive effects, which the present study explored in a sample of mothers of toddlers. Since certain types of cognitive decline start during the 20s and continue into later ages, we also explored whether mothers’ age interacted with stress and sleep in the prediction of cognitive functioning. We hypothesized that poorer sleep [measured using one week of 24-hour wrist actigraphy data] and having more chronic stressors [e.g., life events, household chaos, work/family role conflict] would be linked with poorer cognitive performance [both executive function and standardized cognitive ability tasks], and that the interactive combination of poorer sleep and more stressors would account for the effect. We also explored whether this process operated differently for younger versus older women. In a socioeconomically and geographically diverse community sample of 227 women with toddler-age children [age, M = 32.73 yrs, SD = 5.15 yrs], poorer cognitive performance was predicted by greater activity during the sleep period, shorter sleep duration, and lower night-to-night consistency in sleep; it was not associated with higher levels of stress. The interactive effects hypothesis was supported for sleep activity [fragmented sleep] and sleep timing [when mothers went to bed]. The combination of more exposure to stressors and frequent night waking was particularly deleterious for older women’s performance. For younger women, going to bed late was associated with poorer performance if they were experiencing high levels of stress; for those experiencing low levels of stress, going to bed late was associated with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Deater-Deckard
- University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mamatha Chary
- University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maureen E. McQuillan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angela D. Staples
- Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John E. Bates
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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20
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Phillips SM, Summerbell C, Ball HL, Hesketh KR, Saxena S, Hillier-Brown FC. The Validity, Reliability, and Feasibility of Measurement Tools Used to Assess Sleep of Pre-school Aged Children: A Systematic Rapid Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:770262. [PMID: 34900870 PMCID: PMC8662360 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.770262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep of pre-school aged children is important for their health and development, but there are currently no standards for measuring sleep in this age group. We aimed to examine the validity, reliability and feasibility of tools used to assess sleep of pre-school aged children. Methods: Studies were eligible for inclusion if they examined the validity and/or reliability and/or feasibility of a measurement tool used to examine sleep of pre-school aged children (aged 3-7 years). We systematically searched six electronic databases, grey literature and trial registries. We manually searched topic specific journals, reference and citations of included studies, and reference lists of existing reviews. We extracted data and conducted a risk of bias assessment on the included studies using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) risk of bias checklist. We used a narrative synthesis to present the results. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria: these explored accelerometers (n = 3) and parental reported tools (n = 13; nine questionnaires, six diaries). Studies assessed construct validity (n = 3), criterion validity (n = 1), convergent validity (n = 13), test-retest reliability (n = 2), internal consistency (n = 4) and feasibility (n = 12). Most studies assessed the convergent validity of questionnaires and diaries compared with accelerometers, but the validity of accelerometers for sleep in this age group is unknown. Of studies with a low risk of bias, one sleep diary was shown to be valid for measuring sleep duration. No measurement tools were appropriate for determining sleep quality. Reporting of reliability and feasibility was minimal. Discussion: The evidence base in this field is limited, and most studies had high risk of bias. Future research on sleep in pre-school aged children should focus on assessing the validity, reliability and feasibility of accelerometers, which in turn will improve the quality of studies that assess questionnaires and diaries against accelerometers. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021230900; PROSPERO: CRD42021230900.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Phillips
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, United Kingdom.,The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham City, United Kingdom.,The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Ball
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Anthropology, Infancy and Sleep Centre, Durham University, Durham City, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn R Hesketh
- Department of Population Policy & Practice Research and Teaching, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Diet and Activity Research and MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances C Hillier-Brown
- The Centre for Translational Research in Public Health (Fuse), Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Newcastle University Centre of Research Excellence in Healthier Lives, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Schoch SF, Huber R, Kohler M, Kurth S. Which are the Central Aspects of Infant Sleep? The Dynamics of Sleep Composites across Infancy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E7188. [PMID: 33333904 PMCID: PMC7765288 DOI: 10.3390/s20247188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep during infancy is important for the well-being of both infant and parent. Therefore, there is large interest in characterizing infant sleep with reliable tools, for example by combining actigraphy with 24-h-diaries. However, it is critical to select the right variables to characterize sleep. In a longitudinal investigation, we collected sleep data of 152 infants at ages 3, 6, and 12 months. Using principal component analysis, we identified five underlying sleep composites from 48 commonly-used sleep variables: Sleep Night, Sleep Day, Sleep Activity, Sleep Timing, and Sleep Variability. These composites accurately reflect known sleep dynamics throughout infancy as Sleep Day (representing naps), Sleep Activity (representing sleep efficiency and consolidation), and Sleep Variability (representing day-to-day stability) decrease across infancy, while Sleep Night (representing nighttime sleep) slightly increases, and Sleep Timing becomes earlier as one ages. We uncover interesting dynamics between the sleep composites and demonstrate that infant sleep is not only highly variable between infants but also dynamic within infants across time. Interestingly, Sleep Day is associated with behavioral development and therefore a potential marker for maturation. We recommend either the use of sleep composites or the core representative variables within each sleep composite for more reliable research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Schoch
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.F.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.F.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.F.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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22
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Varma P, Conduit R, Junge M, Jackson ML. Examining Sleep and Mood in Parents of Children with Sleep Disturbances. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:865-874. [PMID: 33154690 PMCID: PMC7608549 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s271140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined sleep and mood associations in parents of children with sleep disturbances across a sample of typically developing children and children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The mediating effect of children's sleep on the relationship between parents' sleep and mood was also assessed. The study explored differences in parents' sleep based on whether 1) the child had a sleep disturbance, and 2) the child was typically developing or had a neurodevelopmental disorder. METHODS A total of 293 parents of children aged 2-12 years completed an online questionnaire. Parental sleep was examined using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale and the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale, and mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States-short form. Measures for children included the Child's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS Across the overall sample, children's sleep disturbances were associated with parents' sleep disturbances, accounting for 22% of the change in parental sleep quality. Children's sleep partially mediated parents' sleep and mood. Significant differences were observed for sleep and mood outcomes in parents of children with sleep disturbances (CSHQ scores ≥41). However, no significant differences were reported for children's sleep disturbances and parents' sleep quality based on whether the child was typically developing or had a neurodevelopmental disorder. CONCLUSION Parents of children with sleep disturbances experience poor sleep and high pre-sleep arousal, indicative of insomnia. Given that these parents experience cognitive arousal and insomnia, it is recommended that parents' sleep problems are addressed and treated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Varma
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Russell Conduit
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Moira Junge
- Sleep Health Foundation, Blacktown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melinda L Jackson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
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23
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Hoyniak CP, Bates JE, McQuillan ME, Staples AD, Petersen IT, Rudasill KM, Molfese VJ. Sleep across early childhood: implications for internalizing and externalizing problems, socioemotional skills, and cognitive and academic abilities in preschool. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1080-1091. [PMID: 32173864 PMCID: PMC7812691 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep is thought to be important for behavioral and cognitive development. However, much of the prior research on sleep's role in behavioral/cognitive development has relied upon self-report measures and cross-sectional designs. METHODS The current study examined how early childhood sleep, measured actigraphically, was developmentally associated with child functioning at 54 months. Emphasis was on functioning at preschool, a crucial setting for the emergence of psychopathology. Participants included 119 children assessed longitudinally at 30, 36, 42, and 54 months. We examined correlations between child sleep and adjustment across three domains: behavioral adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems), socioemotional skills, and academic/cognitive abilities. We further probed consistent associations with growth curve modeling. RESULTS Internalizing problems were associated with sleep variability, and cognitive and academic abilities were associated with sleep timing. Growth curve analysis suggested that children with more variable sleep at 30 months had higher teacher-reported internalizing problems in preschool and that children with later sleep timing at 30 months had poorer cognitive and academic skills at 54 months. However, changes in sleep from 30 to 54 months were not associated with any of the domains of adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that objectively measured sleep variability and late sleep timing in toddlerhood are associated with higher levels of internalizing problems and poorer academic/cognitive abilities in preschool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E. Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Maureen E. McQuillan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Angela D. Staples
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Isaac T. Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Victoria J. Molfese
- Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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